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7 ft 4.6 in) for captive males, 8.1–379 kg (18–836 lb) and 71.0–266 cm (2 ft 4.0 in – 8 ft 8.7 in) for captive females, and 120.0–270 kg (264.6–595.2 lb) and 162.0–230 cm (5 ft 3.8 in – 7 ft 6.6 in) for free-ranging manatees, respectively. The maximum actual
Amazonian manatee weight reported is 379 kilograms (836 lb). Calves of the species are born weighing 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) and 85–105 cm (33–41 in) long. The Amazonian Manatees increase in length approximately 1.6-2.0 mm per day. This length is measured along the curvature of the body so absolute length can differ between individuals. As calves, they gain an average of 1 kilogram per week.
42:
103:
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and streams near the Pacaya-Samiria
National Reserve in northeastern Peru. The species is slow-moving, docile, and is often found feeding at the surface of the lakes and rivers it inhabits. Manatees are also at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from deforestation. Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin.
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will be resorbed and the thin enamel will wear down until the tooth is eventually shed. Referred to as cheek teeth, differentiation of manatee teeth into molars and premolars has not occurred, and manatees additionally do not have incisors or canine teeth. These teeth migrate at a rate of about 1–2 mm/month, based on wear and chewing rates.
305:
other manatees, and moving food into and cleaning the mouth. The manatee's upper lip is modified into a large bristly surface, which is deeply divided. It can move each side of the lips independently while feeding. The general coloration is grey, and most
Amazonian manatees have a distinct white or bright pink patch on the breast.
413:
The
Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region. After the calf is born, it will
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Amazonian manatees are large, cylindrically shaped mammals, with forelimbs modified into flippers, no free hind-limbs, and the rear of the body in the form of a flat, rounded, horizontal paddle. The flexible flippers are used for aiding motion over the bottom, scratching, touching, and even embracing
433:
Amazonian manatees occur through most of the Amazon River drainage, from the headwaters, in
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to the mouth of the Amazon (close to the Marajó Island) in Brazil over an estimated seven million square kilometers. However, their distribution is patchy, concentrating in areas of
425:
As of 1977 the population count of the
Amazonian manatee was estimated to be around 10,000. As of now the total population count is undetermined, however the population trend seems to be decreasing. They are mainly distributed throughout the Amazon River Basin in northern South America, ranging from
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portion throughout the manatee's life, a unique trait among mammals. Only the closest living relative of order
Sirenia, elephants, show a similar characteristic of teeth replacement, but elephants have a limited set of these replacement teeth. As the teeth migrate rostrally in the manatee, the roots
461:
They are mainly hunted for their high value meat but the fat and skin are also used for cooking and in medicines. The meat is sold locally to neighbors or at produce markets. It can be illegally sold as sausage or mixira in public markets in Brazil and
Ecuador. Mixira is a meat preserved in its own
449:
The main threat to the
Amazonian manatee is illegal hunting. They are hunted for subsistent and local use, not commercially. The hunting has led to the large decline in the population and low population numbers. Between 1935 and 1954, over 140,000 manatees are estimated to have been killed. Despite
320:
The
Amazonian manatee lacks nails on its flippers, setting it apart from other manatees. Additionally, Amazonian manatees have a very small degree of rostral deflection (30.4°), which can be used as an indication of where in the water column the animal feeds. A small degree of deflection means that
515:
The Amazonian manatees of Peru have experienced much of their decline due to hunting by human populations for meat, blubber, skin and other materials that can be collected from the manatee. Such hunting is carried out with harpoons, gillnets, and set traps. Much of this hunting occurs in the lakes
404:
During the July–August dry season when water levels begin to fall, some populations become restricted to the deep parts of large lakes, where they often remain until the end of the dry season in March. They are thought to fast during this period, their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates –
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Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin. They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season, when food is abundant. The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25° to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to
507:
Hunting remains the largest problem and continues in much of its range, even within reserves. In 1986, it was estimated that the hunting levels in Ecuador were unsustainable and it would be gone from this country within 10–15 years. While hunting still occurs, an increasing risk to its continued
342:
that lives exclusively in freshwater habitat. The species relies on changes in the peripheral circulation for its primary mechanism for thermoregulation by using sphincters to deflect blood flow from areas of the body in close contact with water. They also rely on subcutaneous fat to reduce heat
437:
The Amazonian manatee is completely aquatic and never leaves the water. It is the only manatee to occur exclusively in freshwater environments. The Amazonian manatee favors backwater lakes, oxbows, and lagoons with deep connections to large rivers and abundant aquatic vegetation They are mainly
503:
There are no national management plans for the Amazonian Manatee, except in Colombia. As of 2008, the INPA takes care of 34 captive manatees and the CPPMA is caring for 31 manatees. The manatee has been protected by Peruvian law since 1973, via Supreme Decree 934-73-AG, prohibiting hunting and
300:
The Amazonian manatee is the smallest member of the manatee family and can be distinguished by its smoother rubbery skin and lack of vestigial nails on its flippers. Ranges of body weight and size observed are 7.5–346 kg (17–763 lb) and 76.0–225 cm (2 ft 5.9 in –
346:
Manatees have nostrils, not blowholes like other aquatic mammals, which close when underwater to keep water out and open when above water to breathe. Although manatees can remain under water for extended periods, surfacing for air about every five minutes is common. The longest documented
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434:
nutrient-rich flooded forest, which covers around 300,000 km They also inhabit environments in lowland tropical areas below 300 m asl, where there is large production of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; they are also found in calm, shallow waters, away from human settlements
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has a smaller rostral deflection of about 25.8°. This is believed to maximize the efficiency of feeding. A small degree of rostral deflection allows Amazonian manatees to feed more effectively at the surface of the water, where much of their food is found.
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feed closer to the water surface. It is both nocturnal and diurnal and lives its life almost entirely underwater. Only its nostrils protrude from the surface of the water while it searches river and lake bottoms for vegetation.
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solitary but sometimes they will gather in small groups consisting of up to eight individuals. They engage in long seasonal movements, moving from flooded areas during the wet season to deep water-bodies during the dry season
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fruits that fall into the water. Maintaining a herbivorous diet, the manatee has a similar post-gastric digestive process to that of the horse. The manatee consumes approximately 8% of its body weight in food per day.
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The Amazonian and West Indian manatees are the only manatees known to vocalize. They have been observed vocalizing alone and with others, particularly between cows and their calves.
276:. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a white chest patch. It is the smallest of the three extant species of manatee.
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Between 2011 and 2015, 195 manatees were killed for meat in a single region of Brazil. In another region, 460 were killed in a protected area between 2004 and 2014.
1588:
801:
1531:
Gallivan, G.J; Kanwisher, J.W; Best, R.C (1986-05-01). "Heart rates and gas exchange in the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis) in relation to diving".
881:
761:
844:"Body weight/length relationship and mass estimation using morphometric measurements in Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis (Mammalia: Sirenia)"
1284:
Bullock, Theodore H.; Domning, Daryl P.; Best, Robin C. (1980). "Evoked Brain Potentials Demonstrate Hearing in a Manatee (Trichechus inunguis)".
1934:
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at about 70° of deflection, are more of a benthic species, feed on the seafloor, and have snouts that point almost completely ventrally. Only
1999:
1973:
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the end of the snout is straighter with regard to the caudal portion of the jaw. Animals with a greater degree of deflection, such as
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1908:
1217:"Feeding Ecology of the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis) in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, Brazil"
1947:
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only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate – allowing them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.
2191:
1026:
Gallivan, G. J.; Best, R. C.; Kanwisher, J. W. (1983). "Temperature Regulation in the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis".
313:
2025:
1991:
568:
1952:
1182:
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1616:
895:
Rosas, Fernando Cesar Weber (1994). "Biology, conservation and status of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis".
17:
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the Marajó Islands in Brazil through Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. They are occasionally found overlapping with the
2004:
1477:
1319:
1451:
525:
1851:
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Best, Robin C. (1982). "Seasonal Breeding in the Amazonian Manatee, Trichechus inunguis (Mammalia: Sirenia)".
1837:
2166:
2156:
1350:"Ecology, Distribution, Harvest, and Conservation of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis in Ecuador"
2171:
1986:
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are the most common weapon used against the manatees, but in Ecuador they are also known to be caught in
728:
558:
496:. Population declines are primarily a result of hunting, as well as calf mortality, climate change, and
2161:
1181:
Reeves, Randall R.; Leatherwood, Stephen; Jefferson, Thomas A.; Curry, Barbara E.; Henningsen, Thomas.
102:
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teeth. Their teeth are continuously replaced horizontally from the caudal portion of the jaw to the
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500:. However, due to their murky water habitat it is difficult to gain accurate population estimates.
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the laws in place against hunting, hunting continues to occur even in protected areas. Traditional
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Wild individuals have a lifespan of about 30 years. The record captive lifespan is 17 years.
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Amazonian manatees, similar to all living manatee species in the family Trichechidae, have
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292:, comes from Latin meaning "hair", referencing the whiskers around the manatee's mouth.
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Amaral, Rodrigo S.; Silva, Vera M. F. da; Rosas, Fernando C. W. (27 October 2010).
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1978:
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959:"Horizontal tooth replacement in the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis)"
633:
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489:
70:
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512:. The oil exploration also means an increase in boat traffic on the rivers.
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1127:"Metabolism and Respiration of the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis)"
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Proceedings of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine
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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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submergence of an Amazonian manatee in captivity is 14 minutes.
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1187:, In Peru: Distribution, Exploitation, and Conservation Status"
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begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.
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563:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 93.
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Timm, Robert M.; Albuja, Luis; Clauson, Barbara L. (1986).
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Natural predators include jaguars, sharks, and crocodiles.
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Multiple new species of large, living mammals (part III)
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survival in Ecuador is now believed to be the risk of
1530:
1338:
1025:
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The manatees themselves feed on a variety of aquatic
1624:
998:"North American Eocene Sea Cows (Mammalia: Sirenia)"
1283:
1347:
623:Marmontel, M.; de Souza, D.; Kendall, S. (2016).
2138:
995:
841:
996:Domning, D.P.; Morgan, G.S.; Ray, C.E. (1982).
462:fat and is expensive which drives the hunters.
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
880:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
812:. Zoological Society of London. Archived from
766:- smithsonianmag.com. Accessed March 16, 2008.
648:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T22102A43793736.en
420:
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924:
922:
920:
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1591:- Tetrapod zoology. Accessed March 16, 2008.
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1576:images and movies of the Amazonian manatee
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1584:Amazonian Manatee article at sirenian.org
1478:"The Life and Death of an Amazon Manatee"
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1005:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
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1444:
1326:. WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature. 2017
1165:
837:
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288:is Latin for "nailless". The genus name
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1259:"ADW: Trichechus inunguis: INFORMATION"
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957:Domning, D.P.; Hayek, L.-A.C. (1984).
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1125:Gallivan, G. J.; Best, R. C. (1980).
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703:Canisius Ambassadors for Conservation
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755:
1533:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
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1239:
769:
634:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
543:
24:
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1102:. 11 November 2010. Archived from
909:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1994.tb00134.x
444:
338:The Amazonian manatee is the only
25:
2203:
1568:
1215:Pazin-Guterres, Michelle (2014).
932:"Animal Info - Amazonian Manatee"
2147:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
101:
1469:
1398:
1312:
1277:
1118:
1088:
1062:
1019:
504:commercial use of the manatee.
492:ranks the Amazonian manatee as
477:Rehabilitation of an infant at
468:
1143:10.1086/physzool.53.3.30155787
1040:10.1086/physzool.56.2.30156057
888:
720:
662:
526:Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
13:
1:
2192:Taxa named by Johann Natterer
536:
396:. They are also known to eat
430:along the coasts of Brazil.
7:
1320:"Amazon manatee | WWF"
848:Marine Biodiversity Records
519:
421:Population and distribution
380:"water lettuce"), grasses,
279:
10:
2208:
1476:Morales, Patricia (1986).
975:10.1515/mamm.1984.48.1.105
763:Trials of a Primatologist.
409:Reproduction and lifecycle
2187:Mammals described in 1883
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1806:
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868:10.1017/S1755267210000886
727:Husar, Sandra L. (1977).
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98:Scientific classification
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34:
1265:. University of Michigan
1233:10.1578/AM.40.2.2014.139
1013:10.5479/si.00810266.52.1
296:Physical characteristics
232:Amazonian manatee range
1257:Gorog, Antonia (1999).
557:; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).
357:
1070:"Facts about Manatees"
870:(inactive 2024-08-10).
531:Evolution of sirenians
485:
2052:Paleobiology Database
1755:West Indian manatee (
1578:(Trichechus inunguis)
1183:"Amazonian Manatees,
1131:Physiological Zoology
1028:Physiological Zoology
729:"Trichechus inunguis"
641:: e.T22102A43793736.
476:
1286:Journal of Mammalogy
1263:Animal Diversity Web
1096:"Manatee Trichechus"
802:"Amazonian manatee (
670:"Appendices | CITES"
392:, and particularly,
334:Behavior and biology
2167:Mammals of Colombia
2157:Fauna of the Amazon
1878:trichechus-inunguis
1852:trichechus-inunguis
1838:Trichechus inunguis
1808:Trichechus inunguis
1746:Amazonian manatee (
1452:"Amazonian Manatee"
1419:1982Biotr..14...76B
1366:1986Biotr..18..150T
1106:on January 14, 2010
1100:National Geographic
860:2010MBdR....3E.105A
810:edgeofexistence.org
804:Trichechus inunguis
627:Trichechus inunguis
428:West Indian manatee
284:The specific name,
245:Trichechus inunguis
207:Trichechus inunguis
51:Conservation status
2172:Mammals of Ecuador
1545:10.1007/BF01101104
1456:theanimalfiles.com
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256:that lives in the
35:Amazonian manatee
2162:Mammals of Brazil
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2039:Open Tree of Life
1800:Taxon identifiers
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1776:
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1764:African manatee (
1728:
1713:
1712:
1683:
1629:species by family
1185:Tricheus inunguis
816:on 10 August 2016
733:Mammalian Species
570:978-0-8018-8221-0
240:Amazonian manatee
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27:Species of mammal
18:Amazonian Manatee
16:(Redirected from
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1503:"Arkive closure"
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2177:Mammals of Peru
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2013:Observation.org
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1719:Trichechidae
1702:
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1511:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1485:
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1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1413:(1): 76–78.
1410:
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1328:. Retrieved
1323:
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1267:. Retrieved
1262:
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1193:. Retrieved
1184:
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1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1099:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1073:
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1007:(52): 1–69.
1004:
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940:. Retrieved
935:
903:(2): 49–59.
900:
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876:cite journal
851:
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818:. Retrieved
814:the original
809:
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711:. Retrieved
707:the original
702:
677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
652:. Retrieved
638:
632:
626:
559:
555:Wilson, D.E.
551:Shoshani, J.
545:
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502:
498:habitat loss
487:
469:Conservation
464:
460:
458:fish traps.
448:
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436:
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390:water lilies
382:bladderworts
371:
370:(especially
366:, including
361:
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310:polyphyodont
307:
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258:Amazon Basin
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188:
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175:
165:Trichechidae
29:
1922:iNaturalist
1832:Wikispecies
1748:T. inunguis
1662:Superorder
1656:Infraclass
1488:(3): 43–48.
936:Animal Info
854:(e105): 4.
735:(72): 1–4.
654:11 November
364:macrophytes
2141:Categories
2110:Q109647351
1757:T. manatus
1737:Trichechus
1725:(Manatees)
1692:Dugonginae
1674:Dugongidae
1664:Afrotheria
1513:2014-10-24
1461:24 October
1407:Biotropica
1354:Biotropica
1195:20 October
1110:8 December
1080:8 December
969:(1): 105.
942:23 October
820:24 October
713:2008-11-03
699:"Manatees"
679:2022-01-14
537:References
510:oil spills
494:vulnerable
290:Trichechus
176:Trichechus
84:Appendix I
66:Vulnerable
1680:(Dugongs)
1574:ARKive -
1383:1808/6920
674:cites.org
386:hornworts
323:D. dugong
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
2152:Manatees
2104:Wikidata
2065:Species+
1992:11600011
1940:10199007
1901:46559225
1817:Wikidata
1784:Category
1703:D. dugon
1701:Dugong (
1658:Eutheria
1652:Mammalia
1646:Chordata
1640:Animalia
1638:Kingdom
1330:29 March
1159:87433725
1151:30155787
1056:88367955
1048:30156057
983:83985834
963:Mammalia
579:62265494
553:(2005).
520:See also
456:Arapaima
452:harpoons
340:sirenian
286:inunguis
280:Taxonomy
270:Colombia
215:Natterer
161:Family:
145:Mammalia
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2124:4968904
1979:1000531
1914:2435292
1823:Q456206
1644:Phylum
1627:Sirenia
1625:Extant
1561:9935913
1553:3088073
1435:2387764
1415:Bibcode
1392:2388757
1362:Bibcode
1306:1379969
1269:9 April
856:Bibcode
749:3503928
479:"IBAMA"
314:rostral
274:Ecuador
254:manatee
250:species
248:) is a
217:, 1883)
171:Genus:
155:Sirenia
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
69: (
2083:255026
2044:226185
2031:255026
1953:180686
1885:ECOS:
1847:ARKive
1650:Class
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1076:. 2014
1054:
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577:
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483:Marajó
373:Pistia
368:aroids
343:loss.
262:Brazil
2078:WoRMS
2057:64977
2018:80532
1966:22102
1935:IRMNG
1927:46319
1865:58862
1557:S2CID
1431:JSTOR
1388:JSTOR
1302:JSTOR
1190:(PDF)
1155:S2CID
1147:JSTOR
1052:S2CID
1044:JSTOR
1001:(PDF)
979:S2CID
745:JSTOR
88:CITES
82:CITES
2119:GBIF
2070:9454
2026:OBIS
2005:9777
2000:NCBI
1961:IUCN
1948:ITIS
1909:GBIF
1888:4106
1549:PMID
1463:2014
1332:2018
1271:2014
1197:2014
1112:2014
1082:2014
944:2014
882:link
822:2014
656:2021
639:2016
575:OCLC
565:ISBN
488:The
398:palm
358:Diet
272:and
266:Peru
238:The
1987:MSW
1974:MDD
1896:EoL
1873:CMS
1860:CoL
1541:doi
1537:156
1423:doi
1378:hdl
1370:doi
1294:doi
1229:doi
1139:doi
1036:doi
1009:doi
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864:doi
737:doi
643:doi
481:on
378:aka
260:in
252:of
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