Ammonia - Knowledge

3454: 5314:. Excess ammonia may accumulate and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in the body pH of the exposed organism. Tolerance varies among fish species. At lower concentrations, around 0.05 mg/L, un-ionised ammonia is harmful to fish species and can result in poor growth and feed conversion rates, reduced fecundity and fertility and increase stress and susceptibility to bacterial infections and diseases. Exposed to excess ammonia, fish may suffer loss of equilibrium, hyper-excitability, increased respiratory activity and oxygen uptake and increased heart rate. At concentrations exceeding 2.0 mg/L, ammonia causes gill and tissue damage, extreme lethargy, convulsions, coma, and death. Experiments have shown that the lethal concentration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/L. 4340: 3457: 3456: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3462: 17347: 3459: 484: 319: 4733: 7326:

formation. Detections of ammonia in dark clouds show very narrow lines – indicative not only of low temperatures, but also of a low level of inner-cloud turbulence. Line ratio calculations provide a measurement of cloud temperature that is independent of previous CO observations. The ammonia observations were consistent with CO measurements of rotation temperatures of ≈10 K. With this, densities can be determined, and have been calculated to range between 10 and 10 cm in dark clouds. Mapping of

5365: 6281: 5080: 86: 5489: 5453: 5425: 5494: 997: 982: 5204:(NIOSH) recently reduced the IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, the level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes without suffering irreversible health effects) from 500 to 300 based on recent more conservative interpretations of original research in 1943. Other organisations have varying exposure levels. US Navy Standards maximum allowable concentrations (MACs): for continuous exposure (60 days) is 25 ppm; for exposure of 1 hour is 400 ppm. 992: 5484: 5448: 987: 18576: 7372: 96: 3042: 17329: 1092: 4348: 2855: 73: 18540: 9173:(Spirit of the salt of urine requires a long method to prepare; this process from the salt from Armenia , however, is somewhat easier and shorter ... Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all ; put it in a flask; pour oil of tartar on it, that it becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it quickly; for that connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" ...) 4027: 13387: 1699: 3030: 5713: 9171:"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, ... Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch ... " 1714: 5170: 17338: 2612: 18564: 18552: 6225:. Subsequent studies have further explored the ethanol–tetrahydrofuran system for electrochemical ammonia synthesis. Beyond simply mediating proton transfer to the nitrogen reduction reaction, ethanol has been found to play a multifaceted role, influencing electrolyte transformations and contributing to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, which enhances overall reaction efficiency 1413: 7346:

understanding this surrounding molecular material. Since this molecular material can be spatially resolved, it is possible to constrain the heating/ionising sources, temperatures, masses, and sizes of the regions. Doppler-shifted velocity components allow for the separation of distinct regions of molecular gas that can trace outflows and hot cores originating from forming stars.

6602: 5873: 4783: 3458: 1097: 3692:. However, recent studies have shown that efficient and stable combustion of ammonia can be achieved using swirl combustors, thereby rekindling research interest in ammonia as a fuel for thermal power production. The flammable range of ammonia in dry air is 15.15–27.35% and in 100% relative humidity air is 15.95–26.55%. For studying the 4285:, and lethal above 500 ppm by volume. Higher concentrations are hardly detected by conventional detectors, the type of detector is chosen according to the sensitivity required (e.g. semiconductor, catalytic, electrochemical). Holographic sensors have been proposed for detecting concentrations up to 12.5% in volume. 1096: 6121: 4748:

Ammonia has been used as fuel, and is a proposed alternative to fossil fuels and hydrogen. Being liquid at ambient temperature under its own vapour pressure and having high volumetric and gravimetric energy density, ammonia is considered a suitable carrier for hydrogen, and may be cheaper than direct

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The hazards of ammonia solutions depend on the concentration: 'dilute' ammonia solutions are usually 5–10% by weight (< 5.62 mol/L); 'concentrated' solutions are usually prepared at >25% by weight. A 25% (by weight) solution has a density of 0.907 g/cm, and a solution that has a

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such as Pluto, ammonia can act as a geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as −100 °C (−148 °F; 173 K) if the ammonia concentration is high enough and thus allow such bodies to retain internal oceans and active geology at a

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Ammonia vapour has a sharp, irritating, pungent odor that acts as a warning of potentially dangerous exposure. The average odor threshold is 5 ppm, well below any danger or damage. Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death. Ammonia is regulated

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Ultra-compact HII regions are among the best tracers of high-mass star formation. The dense material surrounding UCHII regions is likely primarily molecular. Since a complete study of massive star formation necessarily involves the cloud from which the star formed, ammonia is an invaluable tool in

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Ammonia has been detected in external galaxies, and by simultaneously measuring several lines, it is possible to directly measure the gas temperature in these galaxies. Line ratios imply that gas temperatures are warm (≈50 K), originating from dense clouds with sizes of tens of parsecs. This

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Ammonia has one of the highest rates of production of any inorganic chemical. Production is sometimes expressed in terms of 'fixed nitrogen'. Global production was estimated as being 160 million tonnes in 2020 (147 tons of fixed nitrogen). China accounted for 26.5% of that, followed by Russia at

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Fu, Xianbiao; Pedersen, Jakob B.; Zhou, Yuanyuan; Saccoccio, Mattia; Li, Shaofeng; Sažinas, Rokas; Li, Katja; Andersen, Suzanne Z.; Xu, Aoni; Deissler, Niklas H.; Mygind, Jon Bjarke Valbæk; Wei, Chao; Kibsgaard, Jakob; Vesborg, Peter C. K.; Nørskov, Jens K.; Chorkendorff, Ib (16 February 2022).

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concentration is estimated at 300 ppm. Repeated exposure to ammonia lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than 50 ppm, but desensitised individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of 100 ppm. Anhydrous

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and density. Moreover, since the transitional levels of ammonia can be approximated by a 2-level system at low temperatures, this calculation is fairly simple. This premise can be applied to dark clouds, regions suspected of having extremely low temperatures and possible sites for future star

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was also monitored by VLA toward a sample of four galactic ultracompact HII regions: G9.62+0.19, G10.47+0.03, G29.96-0.02, and G31.41+0.31. Based upon temperature and density diagnostics, it is concluded that in general such clumps are probably the sites of massive star formation in an early

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During winter, when reduced feeds are administered to aquaculture stock, ammonia levels can be higher. Lower ambient temperatures reduce the rate of algal photosynthesis so less ammonia is removed by any algae present. Within an aquaculture environment, especially at large scale, there is no

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in loops that are used to regulate the internal temperature and enable temperature-dependent experiments. The ammonia is under sufficient pressure to remain liquid throughout the process. Single-phase ammonia cooling systems also serve the power electronics in each pair of solar arrays.

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Bjarke Valbæk Mygind, Jon; Pedersen, Jakob B.; Li, Katja; Deissler, Niklas H.; Saccoccio, Mattia; Fu, Xianbiao; Li, Shaofeng; Sažinas, Rokas; Andersen, Suzanne Z.; Enemark‐Rasmussen, Kasper; Vesborg, Peter C. K.; Doganli‐Kibsgaard, Jakob; Chorkendorff, Ib (22 November 2023).

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All other proposed formation reactions have rate constants of between two and 13 orders of magnitude smaller, making their contribution to the abundance of ammonia relatively insignificant. As an example of the minor contribution other formation reactions play, the reaction:

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Ammonia can be synthesized electrochemically. The only required inputs are sources of nitrogen (potentially atmospheric) and hydrogen (water), allowing generation at the point of use. The availability of renewable energy creates the possibility of zero emission production.

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Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Lee, Hong-In; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. (May 2005). "Trapping H- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H2 Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy".

3012:), is only +0.04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow. This is particularly true of reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days, slowly decomposing to the 3060:(VSEPR theory) with an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°. The central nitrogen atom has five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives a total of eight electrons, or four electron pairs that are arranged 11398: 9290:"Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, &c. Shewing How They May be Condensed without Loss, and How Thereby We May Avoid Disagreeable and Noxious Fumes: In a Letter from Mr. Peter Woulfe, F. R. S. to John Ellis, Esq; F. R. S." 7881:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXI. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION, CHAP. 39. (7.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF SALT; THE METHODS OF PREPARING IT, AND THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT. TWO HUNDRED AND FOUR OBSERVATIONS THERE UPON" 5208:

in the US as a non-flammable gas, but it meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than 3,500 US gallons (13,000 L; 2,900 imp gal).

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has been used as such a source. The first use of this chemistry was reported in 1930, where lithium solutions in ethanol were used to produce ammonia at pressures of up to 1000 bar. In 1994, Tsuneto et al. used lithium electrodeposition in

5342:) is suitable to contain the liquid. Ammonia is used in numerous different industrial applications requiring carbon or stainless steel storage vessels. Ammonia with at least 0.2% by weight water content is not corrosive to carbon steel. 5107:. The Birch method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added. 8186:

Neufeld, R.; Michel, R.; Herbst-Irmer, R.; Schöne, R.; Stalke, D. (2016). "Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia".

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nations of Japan, the U.S., Australia and India agreed to promote technological development for clean-burning hydrogen and ammonia as fuels at the security grouping's first energy meeting. As of 2022, however, significant amounts of

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has been widely astronomically detected–its detection has been reported in hundreds of journal articles. Listed below is a sample of journal articles that highlights the range of detectors that have been used to identify ammonia.

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Japan intends to implement a plan to develop ammonia co-firing technology that can increase the use of ammonia in power generation, as part of efforts to assist domestic and other Asian utilities to accelerate their transition to

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molecule to be so detected. The sensitivity of the molecule to a broad range of excitations and the ease with which it can be observed in a number of regions has made ammonia one of the most important molecules for studies of

5091:. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertiliser that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to provide thousands of locks to prevent criminals from gaining access to the tanks. 6188:

Ammonia' is a name for ammonia produced from hydrogen that is in turn produced from carbon-free sources such as electrolysis of water. Ammonia from this source can be used as a liquid fuel with zero contribution to global

1531:. The process helped revolutionize agriculture by providing cheap fertilizers. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes. Industrial ammonia is transported in tank cars or cylinders. 12057:

Suryanto, Bryan H. R.; Matuszek, Karolina; Choi, Jaecheol; Hodgetts, Rebecca Y.; Du, Hoang-Long; Bakker, Jacinta M.; Kang, Colin S. M.; Cherepanov, Pavel V.; Simonov, Alexandr N.; MacFarlane, Douglas R. (11 June 2021).

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showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac. At a later period, when sal ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hooves and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with

4222:, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the slightest trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with 11893:

Andersen, Suzanne Z.; Čolić, Viktor; Yang, Sungeun; Schwalbe, Jay A.; Nielander, Adam C.; McEnaney, Joshua M.; Enemark-Rasmussen, Kasper; Baker, Jon G.; Singh, Aayush R.; Rohr, Brian A.; Statt, Michael J. (June 2019).

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The study of interstellar ammonia has been important to a number of areas of research in the last few decades. Some of these are delineated below and primarily involve using ammonia as an interstellar thermometer.

4933:. Its energy density by volume is nearly double that of liquid hydrogen. If the process of creating it can be scaled up via purely renewable resources, producing green ammonia, it could make a major difference in 7220:, H–H objects, and other objects associated with star formation. A comparison of emission line widths indicates that turbulent or systematic velocities do not increase in the central cores of molecular clouds. 12821:

Lininger, W.; Albritton, D. L.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Schmeltekopf, A. L.; Ferguson, E. E. (1975). "Flow–drift tube measurements of kinetic energy dependences of some exothermic proton transfer rate constants".

8890:(In Egypt it is adulterated with lime, which is detected by taste; for pure natron melts at once, but adulterated natron stings because of the lime, and emits a strong, bitter odour emits a vehement odour]) 9579: 5533:) solutions can develop a significant pressure inside a closed bottle in warm weather, and experts also warn that the bottle be opened with care. This is not usually a problem for 25% ('0.900') solutions. 2835:

These solutions are strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and in electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two types of solution can coexist as

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Liquid ammonia is a widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conductive solutions containing

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and dihydrogen. Most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions; although oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, particularly if

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galaxy – hot dense molecular cores form around newly forming stars embedded in larger clouds of molecular material on the scale of several hundred parsecs (giant molecular clouds; GMCs).

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of electrons. The lone pair repels more strongly than bond pairs; therefore, the bond angle is not 109.5°, as expected for a regular tetrahedral arrangement, but 106.8°. This shape gives the molecule a

9154:(spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, 7073:. Of these, 39 were tabulated in extensive tables of the chemistry among C, N and O compounds. A review of interstellar ammonia cites the following reactions as the principal dissociation mechanisms: 5255:

lack this mechanism, as they can usually eliminate ammonia from their bodies by direct excretion. Ammonia even at dilute concentrations is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and for this reason it is

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The toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals, as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build-up in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to

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Shibata, Naoki; Tamagaki, Hiroko; Hieda, Naoki; Akita, Keita; Komori, Hirofumi; Shomura, Yasuhito; Terawaki, Shin-Ichi; Mori, Koichi; Yasuoka, Noritake; Higuchi, Yoshiki; Toraya, Tetsuo (2010).

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reveal that the ammonia line is separated into two components–a background ridge and an unresolved core. The background corresponds well with the locations previously detected CO. The 25 m

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In 2022, ammonia was produced via the lithium mediated process in a continuous-flow electrolyzer also demonstrating the hydrogen gas as proton source. The study synthesized ammonia at 61 ± 1%

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The interstellar abundance for ammonia has been measured for a variety of environments. The / ratio has been estimated to range from 10 in small dark clouds up to 10 in the dense core of the

11371: 7313:. The finding is significant because they may represent the birthplaces for the Population I metallicity B-type stars in the galactic halo that could have been borne in the galactic disk. 7268:. The hot gas has temperatures above 70 K, which was inferred from ammonia line ratios and appears to be closely associated with the innermost portions of the nuclear bar seen in CO. 6427:. Intense effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. The scientific interest in this problem is motivated by the unusual structure of the 13365: 11395: 9920: 6349:. It is an important source of nitrogen for living systems. Although atmospheric nitrogen abounds (more than 75%), few living creatures are capable of using atmospheric nitrogen in its 4756:, ammonia is much more energy efficient, and could be produced, stored and delivered at a much lower cost than hydrogen, which must be kept compressed or as a cryogenic liquid. The raw 4639:

and low cost. It suffers from the disadvantage of toxicity, and requiring corrosion resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Along with its use in modern

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Orton, G. S.; Aumann, H. H.; Martonchik, J. V.; Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze".

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Wang, Mingyi; Kong, Weimeng; Marten, Ruby; He, Xu-Cheng; Chen, Dexian; Pfeifer, Joschka; Heitto, Arto; Kontkanen, Jenni; Dada, Lubna; Kürten, Andreas; Yli-Juuti, Taina (13 May 2020).

7261:. Three individual condensations were detected in Cepheus A, one of them with a highly elongated shape. They may play an important role in creating the bipolar outflow in the region. 5352:

construction storage tanks with 0.2% by weight or more of water could last more than 50 years in service. Experts warn that ammonium compounds not be allowed to come in contact with

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fast-acting remedy to elevated ammonia levels. Prevention rather than correction is recommended to reduce harm to farmed fish and in open water systems, the surrounding environment.

4556:. The ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain war efforts. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 was awarded to Fritz Haber "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements". 9982: 7302:. In general, the cores are not spherically shaped, with aspect ratios ranging from 1.1 to 4.4. It is also found that cores with stars have broader lines than cores without stars. 6760:

has proved to be an invaluable spectroscopic tool in the study of the interstellar medium. With a large number of transitions sensitive to a wide range of excitation conditions,

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Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; Riemann, H. P.; Hajmeer, M. N.; Gomez, E. L.; Razavilar, V.; Cliver, D. O.; et al. (2008). "Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds – Laboratory study".

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because four equivalents of reactant gases are converted into two equivalents of product gas. As a result, high pressures and moderately high temperatures are needed to

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ammonia was considered a surprise as deuterium is relatively scarce. It is thought that the low-temperature conditions allow this molecule to survive and accumulate.

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ions, derived naturally from ammonia, and returned to ammonia via organic processes, in water or waste liquids. It is a measure used mainly for quantifying values in

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has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35 ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppm by volume. The

17057: 16730: 10464: 7295:, covering the 100 to 300 cm spectral range. Analysis of the spectrum provides information on global mean properties of ammonia gas and an ammonia ice haze. 6547:

ions, which are then available as buffers for dietary acids. Ammonium is excreted in the urine, resulting in net acid loss. Ammonia may itself diffuse across the

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are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with

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Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows".

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David, William I. F.; Makepeace, Joshua W.; Callear, Samantha K.; Hunter, Hazel M. A.; Taylor, James D.; Wood, Thomas J.; Jones, Martin O. (24 September 2014).

19621: 19138: 18191: 17519: 17460: 17368: 17041: 16985: 16818: 16786: 16738: 16698: 16475: 16454: 16067: 16055: 16043: 16019: 6116:{\displaystyle {\ce {N2 + 3H2 <=> 2NH3}}\qquad {\Delta H^{\circ }=-92.28\;{\ce {kJ}}}\ ({\Delta H_{298\mathrm {K} }^{\circ }=-46.14\;\mathrm {kJ/mol} })} 1063: 9630: 4288:

In a laboratorial setting, gaseous ammonia can be detected by using concentrated hydrochloric acid or gaseous hydrogen chloride. A dense white fume (which is

19601: 19274: 18280: 18096: 18031: 17971: 17899: 17805: 17699: 17569: 17524: 17195: 17033: 17009: 16977: 16935: 16898: 16770: 16690: 16682: 16462: 16449: 16433: 16393: 16377: 16369: 8552: 8003:"Decomposition of supercritical ammonia and modeling of supercritical ammonia–nitrogen–hydrogen solutions with applicability toward ammonothermal conditions" 7726: 7691: 5201: 1260: 18360: 4724:

to undetectable levels. There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of ammonia-treated beef.

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production rates of up to 30 ± 5 nmol/s/cm and Faradaic efficiencies of up to 47.5 ± 4% at ambient temperature and 1 bar pressure were achieved.

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decomposes spontaneously into trivalent ammonia (λ-amine) and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid

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By 1775, Priestley had observed that electricity could decompose ammonia ("alkaline air"), yielding a flammable gas (hydrogen). See: Priestley, Joseph,

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and probably in NGC 2264-IR as well. This detection helped explain the physical shape of previously poorly understood and related ice absorption lines.

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The potential importance of ammonia as a refrigerant has increased with the discovery that vented CFCs and HFCs are potent and stable greenhouse gases.

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of liquid 'blue ammonia' to Japan for use as a fuel. It was produced as a by-product by petrochemical industries, and can be burned without giving off

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announced the construction of an ammonia-based ship, DSME plans to commercialize it by 2025. The use of ammonia as a potential alternative fuel for

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to produce ammonia with just three chemical inputs: water, natural gas, and atmospheric nitrogen. Both Haber and Bosch were eventually awarded the

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Kim, J. S.; Lee, Y. Y.; Kim, T. H. (January 2016). "A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass".

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Cleeton, C. E.; Williams, N. H. (1934). "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm (0 in). Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia".

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ammonia decomposes into its constituent elements. Decomposition of ammonia is a slightly endothermic process requiring 23 kJ/mol (5.5

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succeeded in reducing greenhouse gases by over 99% during combustion of liquid ammonia in a 2,000-kilowatt-class gas turbine achieving truly CO

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Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and Mission-style furniture. Ammonia fumes react with the natural

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At standard temperature and pressure, ammonia is less dense than atmosphere and has approximately 45–48% of the lifting power of hydrogen or

4812:, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by 4277:, when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent. Ammonia is an irritant and irritation increases with concentration; the 2828:

using an electrolytic process). At low concentrations (<0.06 mol/L), deep blue solutions are formed: these contain metal cations and

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Binz, Arthur (1936) "Altes und Neues über die technische Verwendung des Harnes" (Ancient and modern about the technological use of urine),

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Hewat, A. W.; Riekel, C. (1979). "The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement".

6372:. Some plants rely on ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes incorporated into the soil by decaying matter. Others, such as nitrogen-fixing 1681:

far lower temperature than would be possible with water alone. Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called

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A total of 149 dark cloud positions were surveyed for evidence of 'dense cores' by using the (J,K) = (1,1) rotating inversion line of NH

6581:. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the 2560:. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in 17097: 16241: 15443: 15431: 15419: 15395: 15144: 11113: 10882: 8657:

Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation".

13581: 13402: 9028:(magnesium ammonium phosphate) is thereby precipitated, and the yield of struvite can be increased by then treating the solution with 4767:

Ammonia can be converted back to hydrogen to be used to power hydrogen fuel cells, or it may be used directly within high-temperature

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to colourless crystals at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F). Little data is available at very high temperatures and pressures, but the

9531:"50-year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland" 5220: 4615:

ammonia, and worldwide, 110 million tonnes are applied each year. Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the

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The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish genius, a doomed tycoon, and the scientific discovery that fed the world but fueled the rise of Hitler

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of ammonia combustion, knowledge of a detailed reliable reaction mechanism is required, but this has been challenging to obtain.

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Vikor, L.; Al-Khalili, A.; Danared, H.; Djuric, N.; Dunn, G. H.; Larsson, M.; Le Padellec, A.; Rosen, S.; Af Ugglas, M. (1999).

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Giddey, S.; Badwal, S. P. S.; Munnings, C.; Dolan, M. (10 October 2017). "Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Transportation Media".

7783: 5556:, and that it needs to be lightly acidified but not concentrated (<6% w/v) before disposal once the test is completed. 3565: 2990:

The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen,

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Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L.; Stryer, L. (2002). "23.4: Ammonium Ion is Converted into Urea in Most Terrestrial Vertebrates".

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Lucentini, Ilaria; García Colli, Germán; Luzi, Carlos D.; Serrano, Isabel; Martínez, Osvaldo M.; Llorca, Jordi (5 June 2021).

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Hawkins' Mechanical Dictionary: A Cyclopedia of Words, Terms, Phrases and Data Used in the Mechanic Arts, Trades and Sciences

7851: 7636: 7515: 6296:, fundamental building blocks of life. Ammonia is however quite toxic. Nature thus uses carriers for ammonia. Within a cell, 6151:

developed the process in the first decade of the 20th century, and its improved efficiency over existing methods such as the

4651:, which is of growing importance to geothermal power plants, depends on the wide boiling range of the ammonia–water mixture. 2737:

Liquid ammonia is an ionising solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds, including many

931: 18231: 11081: 19911: 10856: 6164: 10637: 9685: 9032:, a magnesium-rich solution that is a byproduct of making salt from sea water. Roasting struvite releases ammonia vapours. 85: 10585: 8885:"Adulteratur in Aegypto calce, deprehenditur gusto. Sincerum enim statim resolvitur, adulteratum calce pungit et asperum 4635:(Freons). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high 3580:

of ammonia and with condensation of the water formed, is −382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is the thermodynamic product of

10754: 10723: 10457: 6784:. Although a total of 18 total production routes have been proposed, the principal formation mechanism for interstellar 18613: 18483: 13122:

Cesaroni, R.; Churchwell, E.; Hofner, P.; Walmsley, C. M.; Kurtz, S. (1994). "Hot ammonia toward compact HII regions".

12707: 12359: 11610: 10951: 10779: 9452: 8297: 7907: 72: 9020:(1) : 179–191. Witty speculates that the Romans obtained ammonia in concentrated form by adding wood ash (impure 7784:"40 C.F.R.: Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities" 18383: 12219: 12009:"Non-aqueous gas diffusion electrodes for rapid ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and water-splitting-derived hydrogen" 10239: 9660: 9247: 8644: 8331: 4323:

systems, as well as a measure of the health of natural and man-made water reserves. It is measured in units of mg/L (

1835: 498: 95: 11325: 10039:

Afif, Ahmed; Radenahmad, Nikdilila; Cheok, Quentin; Shams, Shahriar; Hyun Kim, Jung; Azad, Abul (12 February 2016).

7801: 5540:, as toxic and/or explosive products are formed. Experts also warn that prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with 1516:

Ammonia occurs in nature and has been detected in the interstellar medium. In many countries it is classified as an

1502:. Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as 1421: 1106: 19906: 13601: 13552: 10967:

Włochowicz, A.; Stelmasiak, E. (1983). "Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia".

9345: 8513: 7197: 4640: 1127: 9638: 8514:"Detailed kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of ammonia including the formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides" 6159:

processes was a major advancement in the industrial production of ammonia. The Haber process can be combined with

3920:

The hydrogen in ammonia is susceptible to replacement by a myriad substituents. Ammonia gas reacts with metallic

1433: 18508: 14312: 4983: 2758: 659: 10665: 8700:

Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William; Aylett, Bernhard J., eds. (2001).

10918: 7321:

By balancing and stimulated emission with spontaneous emission, it is possible to construct a relation between

5553: 5236: 5099:, has found significant use as a respiratory stimulant. Ammonia is commonly used in the illegal manufacture of 4415:, although it is not known whether the term is equivalent to the more modern sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride). 11969: 10265: 9837: 6453: 4188:= 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by 18433: 8822: 8781: 8777: 7605:

Iwasaki, Hiroji; Takahashi, Mitsuo (1968). "Studies on the transport properties of fluids at high pressure".

7412: 7285: 6781: 6705:. The relative intensity of the ammonia lines can be used to measure the temperature of the emitting medium. 5057: 4003: 3994: 3821: 3543: 125: 12287: 11208:

Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon (2011).

9921:"SPECIAL REPORT | Why shipping pure hydrogen around the world might already be dead in the water | Recharge" 8430: 7951:

Tables of the properties of aqua–ammonia solutions. Part 1 of The Thermodynamics of Absorption Refrigeration

7744: 5002:

greenhouse gas that is known to possess up to 300 times the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of carbon dioxide

19916: 18468: 14328: 10896: 4817: 4717: 4636: 4243: 2991: 2876: 2867: 1479: 1045: 431: 314: 8256: 5493: 5356:(unless in an intended and contained reaction), as dangerous quantities of ammonia gas could be released. 4599:

either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of

4339: 3220:

As a demonstration experiment under air with ambient moisture, opened bottles of concentrated ammonia and

996: 276: 19926: 17664: 13594: 10316: 8953:

Faber, G.A. (pseudonym of: Goldschmidt, Günther) (May 1938) "Dyeing and tanning in classical antiquity,"

8759: 8729: 7292: 6138: 4655: 3255: 3033:

Molecular structure of ammonia and its three-dimensional shape. It has a net dipole moment of 1.484

462: 11268:"Cutting-Edge Solutions For Coking Wastewater Reuse To Meet The Standard of Circulation Cooling Systems" 9263: 8881: 8767: 8763: 7161:= 10, typical of cold, dense, molecular clouds. Clearly, between these two primary reactions, equation ( 5334:

ammonia boils below room temperature when at atmospheric pressure. A storage vessel capable of 250

1059: 19936: 19901: 19283: 18975: 14305: 10382: 7787: 6816: 6513: 6308: 6152: 5577: 5488: 5452: 5424: 4840: 4403:

described this salt as forming clear crystals that could be used for cooking and that were essentially

4278: 1544:, but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or 1541: 1292: 1271: 752: 734: 12007:

Lazouski, Nikifar; Chung, Minju; Williams, Kindle; Gala, Michal L.; Manthiram, Karthish (1 May 2020).

10137: 9381: 9180: 8799: 4910:

hypersonic research aircraft used liquid ammonia. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no

4897:(hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming where the carbon dioxide has been captured and stored). 3797:

are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the

1513:

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals.

382: 19921: 19896: 18423: 18418: 17599: 16337: 13266:

Mebold, U.; Heithausen, A.; Reif, K. (1987). "Ammonia in the galactic halo and the infrared cirrus".

12402: 12237:"Crystal Structures of Ethanolamine Ammonia-lyase Complexed with Coenzyme B12 Analogs and Substrates" 9362: 8972: 6972:

and an electron abundance of 10 typical of molecular clouds, the formation will proceed at a rate of

6939: 6606: 4855:

of 120 and low flame temperature allows the use of high compression ratios without a penalty of high

4737: 4532:

and Robert LeRossignol. The patent was sent in 1909 (USPTO Nr 1,202,995) and awarded in 1916. Later,

4435: 3708:. It is the precursor to nitric acid, which is the source for most N-substituted aromatic compounds. 3681: 981: 326: 18591: 12708:"Comprehensive models of diffuse interstellar clouds – Physical conditions and molecular abundances" 11702: 9893: 8228:

Combellas, C; Kanoufi, F; Thiébault, A (2001). "Solutions of solvated electrons in liquid ammonia".

6854: 5725: 19025: 18869: 18786: 18463: 8448:

Kobayashi, Hideaki; Hayakawa, Akihiro; Somarathne, K.D. Kunkuma A.; Okafor, Ekenechukwu C. (2019).

8146: 6167:: Haber in 1918 for ammonia synthesis specifically, and Bosch in 1931 for related contributions to 5573: 4948:

Green ammonia is considered as a potential fuel for future container ships. In 2020, the companies

3336: 2754: 1819: 1140: 479: 376: 44: 18687: 12060:"Nitrogen reduction to ammonia at high efficiency and rates based on a phosphonium proton shuttle" 10349: 9724: 8908: 7566: 7309:

and in one or possibly two molecular clouds, which are associated with the high-latitude galactic

7253:

in seven regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows revealed condensations of less than 0.1

5519:

The ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the

4914:

in the reusable rocket engine, and its density approximately matches the density of the oxidiser,

3273:

Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. It is a

2761:. Most ammonium salts are soluble and act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The solubility of 19931: 19752: 18543: 16953: 12464:

Cheung, A. C.; Rank, D. M.; Townes, C. H.; Thornton, D. D.; Welch, W. J. (1968). "Detection of NH

11468: 9842: 9128:

Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones)

7457: 7284:

Absorption at 2.97 micrometres due to solid ammonia was recorded from interstellar grains in the

7258: 6229: 6168: 5264: 4934: 4644: 4616: 4537: 4522: 4360: 2587: 1567: 795: 12962:

MacDonald, G. H.; Little, L. T.; Brown, A. T.; Riley, P. W.; Matheson, D. N.; Felli, M. (1981).

12820: 11836:

Lazouski, Nikifar; Schiffer, Zachary J.; Williams, Kindle; Manthiram, Karthish (17 April 2019).

9529:

Lassaletta, Luis; Billen, Gilles; Grizzetti, Bruna; Anglade, Juliette; Garnier, Josette (2014).

7816:"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries BrandVoice: Scaling Ammonia Production for the World's Food Supply" 4430:

to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a

1610:, it is likely to have been common sea salt. In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and 224: 18971: 18606: 18398: 17363: 17273: 17150: 17145: 16754: 14103: 13648: 12444: 11764: 10209: 8745: 7322: 7201: 6525: 6387:

In humans, inhaling ammonia in high concentrations can be fatal. Exposure to ammonia can cause

6156: 5676: 3849: 3485:, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–28% ammonia by volume in air. When mixed with 3167: 907: 11896:"A rigorous electrochemical ammonia synthesis protocol with quantitative isotope measurements" 11293: 11045: 10284:"Development of new combustion strategy for internal combustion engine fueled by pure ammonia" 8996: 8978: 7708: 7503: 7337:

and masses near 1 solar mass. These cold, dense cores are the sites of future star formation.

5483: 5447: 4218:

Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of

3813:

to amides by heating to 150–200 °C as long as no thermally sensitive groups are present.

986: 19946: 19852: 18856: 18453: 18428: 18066: 17684: 17231: 16882: 16746: 16706: 16417: 15864: 15847: 14400: 14395: 14179: 14082: 13698: 13478: 11628:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

10728:-free power generation achieved with the world's first gas turbine using 100% liquid ammonia" 10535:"Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon" 9415: 9391: 9237: 9193: 9167: 8948: 8937: 8933: 8929: 7306: 7224: 5335: 5282:

Ammonia is present in coking wastewater streams, as a liquid by-product of the production of

4901: 4768: 4454: 4219: 4069: 3946: 3045: 2598: 1834:

14.6 kJ/mol) and can be transported in pressurized or refrigerated vessels; however, at

1019: 974: 115: 40: 13306: 13279: 13135: 12948: 12692: 12601: 12519: 11496: 10434: 8898: 7481: 7223:

Microwave radiation from ammonia was observed in several galactic objects including W3(OH),

19811: 19727: 19052: 18882: 18514: 18498: 18123: 17494: 17465: 17346: 17170: 17017: 16961: 16493: 16409: 16146: 14909: 14114: 14095: 13893: 13881: 13333: 13302: 13275: 13238: 13199: 13162: 13131: 13094: 13047: 13012: 12975: 12944: 12909: 12870: 12831: 12793: 12722: 12688: 12628: 12597: 12550: 12515: 12477: 12071: 11907: 11849: 11156: 10153: 10054: 9841:, Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, 9782: 9542: 9300: 8905:

Ancient Mineralogy: Or, An Inquiry Respecting Mineral Substances Mentioned by the Ancients:

8461: 8356: 8043: 7540: 6535:

Ammonia is important for normal animal acid/base balance. After formation of ammonium from

5374: 5256: 4971:. In October 2021, the first International Conference on Fuel Ammonia (ICFA2021) was held. 4953: 4514: 4375:

of salt in an area of Libya that was inhabited by a people called the 'Ammonians' (now the

4061: 4020: 4012: 3964: 3810: 3685: 3498: 3415: 1635: 1507: 991: 440: 12124:"Continuous-flow electrosynthesis of ammonia by nitrogen reduction and hydrogen oxidation" 11733: 10695: 8776:(London, England: William Heinemann Ltd., 1979), vol. 2, Book 3, Ch. 18, § 3, pp. 109 and 4619:

industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation.

4099:'s revolutionary theory on the structure of coordination compounds. Werner noted only two 182: 8: 19951: 19297: 18772: 18458: 18438: 18251: 17941: 17429: 17293: 17268: 17236: 17155: 17078: 16969: 16654: 16488: 16110: 15884: 15130: 14904: 14405: 14122: 14087: 13838: 13536: 13530: 13417: 9718: 9021: 7769: 7385: 6269: 6254: 6222: 5232: 4809: 4568: 4478: 4427: 4304: 4235: 4227: 4160: 3719: 3673: 3603: 3467: 3151: 3100:

of 11.6, and if a strong acid is added to such a solution until the solution is neutral (

3090: 2583: 1827: 1813: 1770: 1592:. However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of 1589: 1395: 1323: 622: 296: 172: 59: 13337: 13242: 13203: 13189: 13166: 13098: 13051: 13016: 12979: 12913: 12874: 12835: 12797: 12726: 12632: 12554: 12527: 12481: 12162: 12075: 11911: 11853: 11566:

Appl, M. (1982). "The Haber–Bosch Process and the Development of Chemical Engineering".

11160: 10157: 10058: 9856: 9786: 9555: 9546: 9530: 9493: 9304: 8465: 8360: 8047: 7544: 7167:) is the dominant destruction reaction, with a rate ≈10,000 times faster than equation ( 6456:. Ammonia excretion is common in aquatic animals. In humans, it is quickly converted to 5302:

is one example of a coke-producing facility that discharges ammonia into marine waters.

4127:

could be formed, and concluded the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the

4007: 256: 19762: 19737: 19614: 19459: 19380: 19012: 19008: 18556: 18478: 18448: 18393: 18270: 18246: 17745: 17679: 17544: 17504: 17355: 17318: 17278: 17257: 17200: 17175: 16642: 16637: 16546: 16530: 16137: 15971: 15941: 15877: 14130: 13993: 13830: 13441: 13063: 12566: 12376: 12263: 12236: 12103: 12036: 11949: 11875: 11244: 11209: 11185: 11144: 10984: 10187: 9686:"Reducing Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Use and Emissions in the Federal Sector through SNAP" 8869:

would emit a pungent smell, which some authors have interpreted as signifying that the

8544: 7950: 7436: 7397: 5888: 5699: 5617: 5295: 5291: 5174: 5139:

to reduce lift and add ballast (and returned to a gas to add lift and reduce ballast).

4813: 4808:, have been proposed and occasionally used. The principle is similar to that used in a 4753: 4632: 4560: 4320: 4282: 3990: 3689: 3677: 3139: 3053: 2726: 1863: 1859: 1545: 1360: 873: 858: 236: 13149:

Knacke, R. F.; McCorkle, S.; Puetter, R. C.; Erickson, E. F.; Kraetschmer, W. (1982).

13148: 12420: 12414: 12123: 12059: 11795: 9751: 9401: 8971:(London, England: John Murray, 1875), article: "Fullo" (i.e., fullers or launderers), 8241: 6540: 6212:

source, which can be hydrogen. In the early years of the development of this process,

4893:(hydrogen produced by electrolysis), whereas 'blue ammonia' is ammonia produced using 4732: 4400: 2837: 2590:. These differences are attributed at least in part to the weaker hydrogen bonding in 483: 318: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19782: 19732: 19717: 19444: 19370: 19336: 19256: 19172: 19080: 18948: 18921: 18723: 18599: 18503: 18086: 17986: 17956: 17874: 17614: 17499: 17455: 17403: 17210: 17205: 17137: 17001: 16993: 16559: 16522: 16425: 16316: 16301: 16296: 16101: 15893: 15320: 14721: 14651: 14511: 14459: 14443: 14435: 14356: 14006: 13501: 13482: 13458: 13448: 13211: 13067: 13037: 13003:

Morris, M.; Zuckerman, B.; Palmer, P.; Turner, B. E. (1973). "Interstellar ammonia".

12961: 12882: 12586:"Ammonia and cyanoacetylene observations of the high-density core of L-183 (L-134-N)" 12570: 12424: 12382: 12355: 12332: 12268: 12215: 12192: 12143: 12107: 12095: 12087: 12040: 12028: 11989: 11953: 11941: 11933: 11879: 11867: 11815: 11811: 11681: 11656: 11631: 11606: 11571: 11546: 11299: 11249: 11231: 11190: 11172: 11019: 10947: 10878: 10834: 10235: 10191: 10179: 10118: 10110: 10040: 9798: 9755: 9560: 9473: 9448: 9318: 9243: 9199: 9132: 9105: 9078: 9051: 8962: 8880:(London, England: William Heinemann Ltd., 1963), vol. 8, Book 31, § 46, pp. 448–449. 8865:, impure sodium carbonate) were treated with lime (calcium carbonate) and water, the 8705: 8682: 8674: 8640: 8574: 8548: 8536: 8494: 8327: 8293: 8262: 8205: 8090: 7903: 7847: 7632: 7511: 6424: 6361: 6126: 5822: 5652: 5621: 5581: 5545: 5520: 4968: 4679: 4498: 4483: 4289: 4239: 3981: 3798: 3693: 3607: 3494: 3302: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3202: 3198: 2829: 2801: 2676: 2557: 1623: 1601: 1593: 1524: 1491: 1483: 1452: 1317: 17089: 16590: 13080: 12463: 12008: 11895: 10988: 9875: 9047:

High Heels and Bound Feet: And Other Essays on Everyday Anthropology, Second Edition

8532: 8107: 5691:

This section is about industrial synthesis. For synthesis in certain organisms, see

206: 19891: 19816: 19747: 19742: 19554: 19549: 19533: 19528: 19439: 19278: 19269: 19157: 19152: 19134: 19129: 19070: 18988: 18891: 18580: 18568: 18488: 18388: 18293: 18241: 17674: 17549: 17514: 17435: 17423: 17383: 17288: 17221: 16778: 16514: 16501: 16401: 16345: 16306: 16232: 16219: 16173: 15962: 14840: 14484: 14361: 14275: 14054: 13949: 13874: 13746: 13470: 13341: 13246: 13207: 13170: 13121: 13102: 13055: 13020: 12983: 12917: 12878: 12839: 12801: 12738: 12730: 12677:"Branching fractions of dissociative recombination of NH4+ and NH2+ molecular ions" 12636: 12558: 12523: 12485: 12324: 12258: 12248: 12135: 12079: 12020: 11981: 11923: 11915: 11857: 11807: 11776: 11598: 11239: 11221: 11180: 11164: 11145:"Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation" 11011: 10976: 10826: 10814: 10169: 10161: 10100: 10062: 10021: 9961: 9794: 9790: 9747: 9550: 9440: 9341: 9308: 8666: 8528: 8469: 8412: 8364: 8285: 8237: 8197: 8082: 8070: 8051: 8014: 7983: 7900:

Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica – Translated from the first Latin edition of 1556

7835: 7548: 7406: 7391: 7377: 7243: 6529: 6528:, as well as the neurological disease common in people with urea cycle defects and 6262: 6243: 5826: 5777: 5750: 5353: 5044: 4518: 4423: 4223: 4213: 4200:

This section is about detection in the laboratory. For detection in astronomy, see

4016: 3973: 3968: 3880: 3210: 3194: 3093: 3086: 3018: 2774: 2646: 2636: 2561: 1867: 1855: 1746: 1631: 1464: 879: 814: 679: 556: 51: 16663: 16610: 16197: 11765:"Elektrolytische Bindung von komprimiertem Stickstoff bei gewöhnlicher Temperatur" 11602: 11291: 11070: 10025: 9444: 7652: 6813:, of this reaction depends on the temperature of the environment, with a value of 5721: 4528:

The production of ammonia from nitrogen in the air (and hydrogen) was invented by

3809:

also react with ammonia to form amides. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be

1037: 19795: 19777: 19767: 19757: 19587: 19417: 19375: 19365: 19349: 19251: 19100: 19090: 18966: 18953: 18934: 18736: 18703: 18670: 18664: 18176: 18151: 17689: 17629: 17413: 17313: 17298: 17283: 17190: 17180: 16629: 16509: 16353: 16311: 16287: 16273: 16259: 14925: 14576: 14451: 14366: 14346: 14237: 14039: 13937: 12451: 11402: 11110:

Is Anhydrous Ammonia covered under the Hazardous Materials Safety Permit Program?

11008:

AIAA 5th ATIO and 16th Lighter-Than-Air Sys Tech. And Balloon Systems Conferences

10731: 10165: 9126: 8165: 8019: 8002: 7531:

Blum, Alexander (1975). "On crystalline character of transparent solid ammonia".

7310: 6702: 6342: 6218: 6201: 6197: 6185: 6160: 5311: 5299: 5115:

Liquid ammonia is used for treatment of cotton materials, giving properties like

5104: 5100: 5084: 4975: 4871: 4506: 4462: 4412: 4316: 4049: 3864: 3845: 3775: 3765: 3379: 2786: 2696: 2686: 2656: 1606: 1563: 1153: 887: 345: 16322: 14376: 14336: 13542: 12489: 12443:

Edited by Kirk Munsell. Image page credit Lunar and Planetary Institute. NASA. "

11862: 11837: 9388:

The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804

8834: 8512:

Shrestha, Krishna P.; Seidel, Lars; Zeuch, Thomas; Mauss, Fabian (7 July 2018).

8474: 8449: 7975: 7025:

10, more than three orders of magnitude slower than the primary reaction above.

6288:

Ammonia is essential for life. For example, it is required for the formation of

5887:, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the 1025: 404: 19847: 19772: 19722: 19640: 19478: 19431: 19406: 19326: 19061: 19038: 18993: 18901: 18846: 18826: 18800: 18660: 18413: 18378: 18161: 18051: 18016: 18001: 17936: 17931: 17830: 17730: 17649: 17624: 17589: 17534: 17509: 17378: 17226: 16604: 16554: 15825: 14917: 14624: 14600: 14588: 14564: 14467: 14351: 14297: 14191: 14146: 14138: 13818: 13805: 13783: 13682: 11127: 10560:"Will Saudi Arabia build the world's largest green hydrogen and ammonia plant?" 10066: 9029: 8185: 7740: 6517: 6509: 6190: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5402: 5148: 5096: 5079: 4945:

have announced the construction of a green hydrogen and ammonia plant in 2020.

4930: 4890: 4867: 4772: 4757: 4707: 4703: 3939: 3761: 3753: 3585: 3340: 3298: 3147: 3078: 2706: 2666: 1782: 1597: 1581: 1404: 1345: 782: 770: 724: 15803: 15277: 13575: 13002: 12988: 12963: 12562: 12024: 11919: 11838:"Understanding Continuous Lithium-Mediated Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction" 11168: 11097: 10376: 9604: 8055: 7722: 7683: 7552: 7143:

with rate constants of 4.39×10 and 2.2×10, respectively. The above equations (

6492:

through normal amino acid metabolism and is toxic in high concentrations. The

5736:

Global ammonia production 1950–2020 (expressed as fixed nitrogen in U.S. tons)

5605:

fittings not appropriate for handling the gas. Liquid ammonia can also attack

5364: 5310:

Ammonia toxicity is believed to be a cause of otherwise unexplained losses in

4771:

direct ammonia fuel cells to provide efficient power sources that do not emit

4578:

industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of

1246: 1195: 1177: 1051: 19885: 19488: 19307: 19188: 19113: 18754: 18750: 18713: 18443: 18298: 18181: 18156: 18137: 18081: 17961: 17919: 17914: 17654: 17644: 17604: 17479: 17373: 17328: 17303: 17185: 17165: 14255: 14154: 14017: 14001: 13972: 13661: 13398: 13393: 12410: 12285: 12091: 12032: 11993: 11937: 11871: 11819: 11780: 11235: 11176: 10838: 10183: 10114: 9966: 9949: 9564: 9322: 8678: 8540: 8289: 8189: 8128: 8094: 7987: 7704: 7424: 7228: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6280: 5884: 5865: 5552:

salts can also lead to explosive products: such mixtures are often formed in

5511: 5395: 5383: 5339: 5271: 5221:

Gas carrier § Health effects of specific cargoes carried on gas carriers

5178: 5116: 4997: 4915: 4894: 4852: 4805: 4798: 4683: 4270: 4231: 4096: 3986: 3830: 3826: 3794: 3306: 3128: 3082: 3065: 2782: 2716: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1528: 709: 649: 635: 307: 14785: 13462: 13411:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 861–863. 13346: 13321: 12583: 12253: 12139: 12083: 11970:"Is Ethanol Essential for the Lithium‐Mediated Nitrogen Reduction Reaction?" 10427: 9390:(University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 6512:). Likewise, defects in the enzymes responsible for the urea cycle, such as 5043:

from the burning of fossil fuels, and the resulting product is converted to

4866:

production. Since ammonia contains no carbon, its combustion cannot produce

19511: 19469: 19237: 18911: 18519: 18373: 18226: 18166: 18146: 18118: 18046: 17926: 17909: 17864: 17815: 17720: 17440: 17393: 17241: 17070: 16621: 16224: 15929: 15917: 15660: 15550: 15469: 14263: 14208: 14162: 14026: 13850: 13826: 13788: 13569: 12336: 12272: 12196: 12147: 12099: 11985: 11945: 11928: 11253: 11194: 11004:"Ammonia – A Solution for Airships Demanding Rapid Changes in Net Buoyancy" 10282:

Lee, Dongeun; Min, Hyungeun; Park, Hyunho; Song, Han Ho (1 November 2017).

10205: 10122: 9802: 9759: 9313: 9098:

Bonitz, Michael; Lopez, Jose; Becker, Kurt; Thomsen, Hauke (9 April 2014).

8686: 8368: 8209: 8201: 7276:

evolutionary phase prior to the development of an ultracompact HII region.

6634: 6489: 6293: 5765: 5672: 5668: 5349: 5216: 4922: 4875: 4825: 4776: 4648: 4564: 4510: 4490: 4379:

in northwestern Egypt, where salt lakes still exist). The Greek geographer

4356: 3876: 3841: 3757: 3715: 3259: 2797: 1677: 1649: 1627: 641: 13555:(in French). Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. Archived from 13293:

Martin, R. N.; Ho, P. T. P. (1979). "Detection of extragalactic ammonia".

11678:

Fertilizer Industry: Processes, Pollution Control, and Energy Conservation

11517: 11226: 9661:"International Space Station's Cooling System: How It Works (Infographic)" 7021:

densities of 10 and / ratio of 10, this reaction proceeds at a rate of 2.2

4690:. Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate 4521:

in 1773 and was termed by him 'alkaline air'. Eleven years later in 1785,

3085:, makes ammonia highly miscible with water. The lone pair makes ammonia a 1119: 18493: 18403: 18368: 18335: 18261: 18236: 18076: 17981: 17951: 17835: 17750: 17740: 17470: 17398: 16264: 16079: 15954: 15668: 15538: 14995: 14983: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14849: 14552: 14540: 14528: 14170: 13956: 13905: 13869: 13083:"VLA imaging of extragalactic ammonia – Hot gas in the nucleus of IC 342" 10642: 9222:

Experiments upon magnesia alba, quick-lime, and other alcaline substances

8416: 7866: 7860: 7418: 7209: 6544: 6449: 6428: 6420: 6144: 5876: 5746: 5283: 5212: 5132: 5088: 4926: 4836: 4821: 4779:

process or the catalytic decomposition of ammonia using solid catalysts.

4761: 4741: 4628: 4545: 4529: 4470: 4384: 3977: 3950: 3860: 3779: 3615: 3577: 3206: 3124: 3061: 2750: 1786: 1572: 1126: 13556: 12541:

Millar, T. J. (2003). "Deuterium Fractionation in Interstellar Clouds".

11703:"Green ammonia electrolysis breakthrough could finally kill Haber–Bosch" 11015: 10830: 10797:"Nitrogen Oxides as a By-product of Ammonia/Hydrogen Combustion Regimes" 10229: 9220: 8855:

Pliny also mentioned that when some samples of what was purported to be

8817:

xxxi. 39. See: Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, ed.s,

8086: 6593:, which is solid and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. 6284:

Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).

4347: 4230:(KOH), the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard 4128: 2854: 1105: 18841: 18816: 18408: 18350: 18313: 18288: 18186: 17996: 17859: 15983: 15905: 15779: 15007: 14612: 13778: 12406: 11796:"Lithium-mediated electrochemical reduction of high pressure N2 to NH3" 11292:

Vasudevan Rajaram; Subijoy Dutta; Krishna Parameswaran (30 June 2005).

10980: 10758: 10174: 7415: – Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources 6697: 6582: 6574: 6501: 6485: 6446: 6415:

In certain organisms, ammonia is produced from atmospheric nitrogen by

6404: 6365: 6289: 6258: 6205: 6148: 5640: 5244: 5240: 4960: 4938: 4844: 4699: 4671: 4596: 4533: 4458: 4383:

also mentioned the salt from this region. However, the ancient authors

4376: 4143: 4132: 3910: 3837: 3817: 3664:

The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a

3581: 3516: 3512: 3482: 3163: 3105: 3041: 2789:

of less than 1 bar even at 25 °C (77 °F). However, few

1847: 1499: 1380: 1112: 705: 699: 573: 327: 287: 36: 12328: 11966: 11003: 10142:

for hydrogen production: Effect of metal loading and kinetic analysis"

10105: 10088: 9817:

Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef

9166:(The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). 9101:

Complex Plasmas: Scientific Challenges and Technological Opportunities

8670: 5720:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

5576:: 651 °C) and can form explosive mixtures with air (16–25%). The 5559: 3254:

The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the

18647: 18621: 18340: 18205: 18041: 17845: 17725: 17579: 17554: 15838: 15530: 15501: 15347: 15217: 15160: 14971: 14887: 14694: 14251: 13981: 13924: 13764: 13670: 12895: 12843: 12743: 11734:"FuelPositive promises green ammonia at 60% the cost of today's gray" 10673: 10264:. Norm Olson – Iowa Energy Center. 15–16 October 2007. Archived from 9737: 9338:

Pictorial life history of the apothecary chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele

8498: 8323: 7589:

Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution

7430: 7356: 7066:

There are 113 total proposed reactions leading to the destruction of

6747: 6728: 6693: 6689: 6618: 6590: 6564: 6552: 6536: 6505: 6473: 6388: 6377: 6346: 6301: 6297: 6272:

at a current density of −6 mA/cm at 1 bar and room temperature.

5781: 5761: 5660: 5656: 5524: 5499: 5458: 5430: 5407: 5331: 5252: 5056:) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. This technology, called SCR ( 4691: 4612: 4404: 4368: 4324: 4274: 4189: 4177: 4173: 4073: 4030: 3960: 3914: 3868: 3806: 3783: 3611: 3375: 3233: 3213:, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia gas will not combine with perfectly dry 3159: 3069: 2832:, free electrons that are surrounded by a cage of ammonia molecules. 2825: 2821: 2809: 2579: 1850:

in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The

1831: 1794: 1639: 1495: 1449: 1365: 1341: 1029: 833: 451: 10350:"Ammonia: New possibilities for hydrogen storage and transportation" 9983:"He's Creating a New Fuel Out of Thin Air – for 85 Cents per Gallon" 9289: 9179:(Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, 8993:

Trade and Taboo: Disreputable Professions in the Roman Mediterranean

8798:(Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, 8758:(New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol. 1, Book 2, § 42, 8728:(New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol.2, Book 4, § 181, 8400: 8117:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) 4760:

of liquid ammonia is 11.5 MJ/L, which is about a third that of

3029: 1576:, so called because of the proximity of its source to the Temple of 1403:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

18308: 18220: 18021: 17884: 17869: 17840: 17709: 17484: 17308: 17252: 17246: 17215: 17160: 17128: 16254: 15833: 15729: 15489: 15359: 15260: 15225: 15118: 15089: 14959: 14756: 14516: 14259: 13945: 13756: 13640: 13617: 13586: 13251: 13226: 13175: 13150: 13107: 13082: 13081:

Ho, P. T. P.; Martin, R. N.; Turner, J. L.; Jackson, J. M. (1990).

13059: 13024: 12935:

Wilson, T. L.; Downes, D.; Bieging, J. (1979). "Ammonia in Orion".

12921: 12806: 12781: 12734: 12640: 12468:

molecules in the interstellar medium by their microwave emission".

12163:"eMedicine Specialties > Metabolic Diseases > Hyperammonemia" 10289:. Seoul National University, Department of Mechanical Engineering. 9025: 6688:

Ammonia was first detected in interstellar space in 1968, based on

6657: 6396: 6381: 6350: 6130: 5904: 5892: 5772:

with hydrogen; in addition, it was produced by the distillation of

5680: 5390: 5169: 5119:, using alkalis. In particular, it is used for prewashing of wool. 5068: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 4957: 4790: 4611:. 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of 4559:

Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to

4396: 4312: 4092: 4026: 3925: 3872: 3669: 3665: 3490: 3489:, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. Ignition occurs when 3383: 3191: 3183: 3143: 3113: 3109: 2817: 2790: 2766: 1818:

of 22 at −35 °C (−31 °F). Liquid ammonia has a very high

1742: 1611: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1078: 775: 717: 365: 32: 13570:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health–Ammonia Page

13392:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

13322:"Observations of Ammonia in External Galaxies I. NGC 253 and M 82" 12934: 12445:

NASA's Solar Exploration: Multimedia: Gallery: Gas Giant Interiors

11763:

Fichter, Fr.; Girard, Pierre; Erlenmeyer, Hans (1 December 1930).

11619: 10508:"Saudi Arabia Sends Blue Ammonia to Japan in World-First Shipment" 9363:"Extrait d'une lettre de M. Priestley, en date du 14 Octobre 1773" 7720: 4434:

in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron. It was also used by

3553:= −1267.20 kJ (or −316.8 kJ/mol if expressed per mol of 205: 18623: 18473: 18303: 18256: 18171: 18113: 18108: 18071: 18061: 18056: 18011: 18006: 17946: 17879: 17770: 17765: 17715: 17594: 17337: 16093: 15756: 15477: 15152: 15081: 15067: 14943: 14686: 14659: 14495: 14281: 14269: 14245: 13912: 13857: 13800: 13773: 13751: 13741: 13656: 13546: 12896:

Wooten, A.; Bozyan, E. P.; Garrett, D. B. (1980). "Detection of C

12291: 11835: 11794:

Tsuneto, Akira; Kudo, Akihiko; Sakata, Tadayoshi (4 March 1994).

11214:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

9365:(Extract of a letter from Mr. Priestley, dated 14 October 1773), 9239:

Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions

8493:. U.S.: U.S. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 8447: 7205: 6653: 6649: 6637: 6626: 6610: 6548: 6369: 6232:

was shown to improve nitrogen transport to the reactive lithium.

6221:

to synthesize ammonia at more moderate pressures with reasonable

6213: 6134: 5769: 5664: 5613: 5537: 5327: 5190: 5136: 5061: 4829: 4712: 4549: 4541: 4431: 4388: 4372: 3614:, a reaction of great industrial importance in the production of 3399: 3294: 3229: 3166:

of 1.260 cm. The absorption at this frequency was the first

3132: 2805: 2746: 2742: 2738: 1698: 1669: 1657: 1375: 787: 713: 604: 391: 13563: 13265: 12674: 12614: 12419:(6th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 12349: 11372:"The Management of Ammonia Levels in an Aquaculture Environment" 10458:"Characteristics of an SI Engine Using Direct Ammonia Injection" 10135: 9528: 9012:

Witty, Michael (December 2016) "Ancient Roman urine chemistry,"

8266: 7458:"NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005" 6849:

at 10 K. The rate constant was calculated from the formula

6307:

Ethanolamine, required for cell membranes, is the substrate for

3875:

catalyst at 700–850 °C (1,292–1,562 °F), ≈9 atm.

2611: 1713: 18759: 18524: 18345: 18327: 17790: 17760: 17262: 15721: 15713: 14951: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14503: 12705: 12304:

Identifying the direct effects of ammonia on the brain – PubMed

12286:

Adjei, M. B.; Quesenberry, K. H.; Chamblis, C. G. (June 2002).

12214:(4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 632-633. 10463:. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University. 9720:

Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of

8928:, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1966), pp. 8907:... (New York, New York: G. & C. Carvill & Co., 1834), 8873:

either was ammonium chloride or was contaminated with it. See:

8857: 8740:

The land of the Ammonians is mentioned elsewhere in Herodotus'

7820: 7334: 7265: 7254: 6665: 6661: 6645: 6641: 6622: 6614: 6578: 6551:, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further acid 6416: 6373: 6209: 5757: 5648: 5628: 5606: 5590: 5549: 5541: 5182: 5154: 5128: 5047:

for use as fertiliser. Ammonia neutralises the nitrogen oxide (

4687: 4678:(broth).' In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of 4595:

In the US as of 2019, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as

4579: 4392: 4380: 4156: 4147: 4139: 4100: 4057: 3921: 3855: 3486: 3274: 3074: 2813: 2770: 2762: 1823: 1805: 1758: 1665: 1661: 1540:

boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one

1510:. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. 1490:

with a distinctive pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common

1370: 1055: 673:

132.4 °C (405.5 K), 111.3 atm (11,280 kPa)

267: 12313: 11207: 10915:"Illinois Attorney General | Basic Understanding of Meth" 9580:"Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous" 9164:"Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen." 8489:

Khan, A.S.; Kelley, R.D.; Chapman, K.S.; Fenton, D.L. (1995).

6708:

The following isotopic species of ammonia have been detected:

5872: 5753:

of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste products, including

5503: 5462: 4752:

Compared to hydrogen, ammonia is easier to store. Compared to

4627:

Because of ammonia's vapourization properties, it is a useful

3497:; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly explosive 3081:. The molecule's polarity, and especially its ability to form 2785:) contains 0.83 mol solute per mole of ammonia and has a 17559: 17489: 15455: 15331: 13733: 13728: 13720: 13690: 13566:

for the Minnesota Department of Agriculture.ammoniaspills.org

10223: 8110:

in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);

7688:

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)

7217: 6570: 6493: 6469: 6461: 6392: 5794: 5754: 5602: 5598: 5523:, and experts warn that these solutions only be handled in a 5186: 4775:. Ammonia to hydrogen conversion can be achieved through the 4675: 4670:

As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was 'strongly

4608: 4604: 4575: 4553: 4474: 4419: 4328: 3802: 3771: 3711: 3278: 3171: 3089:, a proton acceptor. Ammonia is moderately basic; a 1.0 3034: 3013: 2849: 1851: 1673: 1642: 1299:

TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m)

1279: 894: 415: 247: 195: 12779: 12758: 12506:

Ho, P. T. P.; Townes, C. H. (1983). "Interstellar ammonia".

12056: 11518:"Chemistry of the Group 2 Elements – Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra" 11441:"Nitrogen Statistics and Information U.S. Geological Survey" 11415: 10138:"Catalytic ammonia decomposition over Ni–Ru supported on CeO 8821:(London, England: H. G. Bohn, 1857), vol. 5, Book 31, § 39, 8699: 7834: 7433: – Colorless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor 4835:

Ammonia is sometimes proposed as a practical alternative to

4477:

to alter the colour of vegetable dyes. In the 15th century,

4292:

vapor) arises from the reaction between ammonia and HCl(g).

3186:. Ammonia is considered to be a weak base. It combines with 3182:

One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its

1877:

Thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid ammonia

1498:

needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to

467: 14287: 10755:"Quad members agree to promote hydrogen, ammonia fuel tech" 10394: 10086: 9500: 8995:(Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2016), 8593: 7963:

An ammonia–water slurry may swirl below Pluto's icy surface

6586: 6521: 6497: 6457: 6400: 5912: 5818: 5773: 5644: 5594: 5585: 5287: 5263:. Atmospheric ammonia plays a key role in the formation of 5248: 5158: 4949: 4942: 4911: 4906: 4879: 4794: 4787: 4695: 4600: 4548:, following the allied blockade that cut off the supply of 4352: 4311:–N) is a measure commonly used for testing the quantity of 3999: 3187: 1653: 1577: 1503: 1305: 1283: 594: 356: 58:"R-717" redirects here. For the route in South Africa, see 13564:

Emergency Response to Ammonia Fertiliser Releases (Spills)

9437:

Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

8619: 8617: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8112: 7953:. Lehigh University studies. Science and technology series 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 6601: 12584:

Ungerechts, H.; Walmsley, C. M.; Winnewisser, G. (1980).

12505: 12374: 12234: 12006: 11892: 11416:"Ammonia Tanks – Carbon and Stainless Steel Construction" 10416: 10080: 10032: 10011: 9825:

American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers

8568: 8227: 6012: 5955: 5935: 5809: 4856: 4654:

Ammonia coolant is also used in the radiators aboard the

4643:

it is used in a mixture along with hydrogen and water in

4486:, the name 'spirit of hartshorn' was applied to ammonia. 4466: 3155: 1809: 1757:

between molecules. Gaseous ammonia turns to a colourless

1750: 1738: 1487: 12782:"A model for gas phase chemistry in interstellar clouds" 10586:"DSME gets LR AIP for ammonia-fueled 23,000 TEU boxship" 10038: 9838:

Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef

9158:... (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), 9097: 8511: 7291:

A spectrum of the disk of Jupiter was obtained from the

6508:, may lead to elevated amounts of ammonia in the blood ( 6484:

Ammonia plays a role in both normal and abnormal animal

6384:

bacteria that create ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen.

5507: 5466: 5131:. Ammonia has sometimes been used to fill balloons as a 4889:

emissions. 'Green ammonia' is ammonia produced by using

4665: 4536:

developed the industrial method for ammonia production (

4351:

This high-pressure ammonia reactor was built in 1921 by

3778:

and their derivatives. For example, ammonia reacts with

3699: 3217:

gas; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction.

12120: 11762: 11497:"Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1918) – Haber–Bosch process" 9605:"Applications of Anhydrous Ammonia and Aqueous Ammonia" 9382:

Part 2, § 1: Observations on Alkaline Air, pp. 163–177.

8614: 8488: 8375: 7916: 4782: 4720:

based on a study that found that the treatment reduces

4343:

Jabir ibn Hayyan wrote about ammonia in the 9th century

3705: 3097: 13224: 12290:. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Archived from 10943:

Occupational, Industrial, and Environmental Toxicology

9398:

Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air

9378:

Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air

9104:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 465. 9024:) to urine that had been fermented for several hours. 8346: 7061: 6468:. This urea is a major component of the dry weight of 5979: 5536:

Experts warn that ammonia solutions not be mixed with

5007:

At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable

4885:

Ammonia production currently creates 1.8% of global CO

4851:. Despite this, several tests have been run. Its high 4804:

Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a

4453:, likely written in the 9th century and attributed to 3956:

Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds:

1830:'s is 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol and 17119: 15276: 13320:

Takano, S.; Nakai, N.; Kawaguchi, K. (1 April 2002).

12401: 12288:"Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes" 10696:"First International Conference on Fuel Ammonia Held" 10666:"First International Conference on Fuel Ammonia 2021" 10089:"Hydrogen Production from Ammonia Using Sodium Amide" 9631:"Cooling System Keeps Space Station Safe, Productive" 9494:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020, p. 117 – Nitrogen" 8069:

Billaud, Gerard; Demortier, Antoine (December 1975).

7727:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7692:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7400: – Overview of history and methods to produce NH 7316: 6942: 6857: 6819: 6253:

production rates of 53 ± 1 nmol/s/cm at 69 ± 1%

5923: 5776:, and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by 5742:

11.0%, the United States at 9.5%, and India at 8.3%.

5202:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4900:

Rocket engines have also been fueled by ammonia. The

4843:. However, ammonia cannot be easily used in existing 4674:... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve 4091:, a widely used anticancer drug. Ammine complexes of 3228:, which seems to appear 'out of nothing' as the salt 2843: 2578:

has the lower melting point, boiling point, density,

1523:

Ammonia is produced biologically in a process called

14784: 13447:(4th ed.). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. 13319: 11644: 11405:. Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. Retrieved on 22 December 2011. 10966: 7367: 7028:

Some of the other possible formation reactions are:

6775: 6668:

may include frozen ammonia crystals. It is found on

6633:

Ammonia has been detected in the atmospheres of the

6472:. Most reptiles, birds, insects, and snails excrete 5198:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

4631:. It was commonly used before the popularisation of 4242:

and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as

621:

0.6819 g/cm at −33.3 °C (liquid) See also

13519:(53rd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co. 12654: 11655:(1st ed.). New York, New York: Harmony Books. 11584: 10815:"The Decomposition of Ammonia at High Temperatures" 10456:Zacharakis-Jutz, George; Kong, Song-Charng (2013). 10455: 10230:Louis C. Hennick; Elbridge Harper Charlton (1965). 9918: 9191: 8255:Audrieth, Ludwig F.; Kleinberg, Jacob (1953). 8001:Pimputkar, Siddha; Nakamura, Shuji (January 2016). 7173:). This is due to the relatively high abundance of 6200:synthesis mode involves the reductive formation of 5817:For small scale laboratory synthesis, one can heat 5560:

Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)

5031: 4716:. The process was deemed effective and safe by the 4706:(c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and 1862:. The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a 1622:Traces of ammonia/ammonium are found in rainwater. 1617: 13440: 11545:. India: Arihant publications. 2018. p. 264. 11319: 11317: 11315: 11295:Sustainable Mining Practices: A Global Perspective 11201: 11125: 10317:"Ammonia as fuel for internal combustion engines?" 8315: 8127:Jepsen, S. Dee; McGuire, Kent (27 November 2017). 7626: 7355:picture is consistent with the picture within our 7264:Extragalactic ammonia was imaged using the VLA in 6964: 6893: 6841: 6520:. Hyperammonemia contributes to the confusion and 6115: 5290:. In some cases, the ammonia is discharged to the 5067:Ammonia may be used to mitigate gaseous spills of 3704:Ammonia is a direct or indirect precursor to most 627:0.817 g/cm at −80 °C (transparent solid) 13469: 13326:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 12052: 12050: 11831: 11829: 11793: 11285: 10780:"On the use of ammonia as a fuel – A perspective" 10314: 9346:1811/28946/Pictorial%20Life%20History_Scheele.pdf 9340:. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. 8254: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8000: 7745:"How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed?" 7439: – Process of removing impurities from water 7427: – Industrial process for ammonia production 5987: 5986: 5969: 5968: 5667:. Violent reactions have also been reported with 4698:. Lean finely textured beef (popularly known as ' 3236:clouds of reagents meet between the two bottles. 1527:, but even more is generated industrially by the 640:−77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K) ( 223: 19883: 14327: 13495: 12857:Smith, D.; Adams, N. G. (1977). "Reactions of CH 12615:Genzel, R.; Downes, D.; Ho, P. T. P. (1982). "NH 12182: 11349: 11142: 11078:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 10041:"Ammonia-fed fuel cells: a comprehensive review" 9876:"Safety of Beef Processing Method Is Questioned" 8151:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 8068: 7604: 7569:. The American Chemical Society. 8 February 2021 3774:can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with 3146:turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The 403: 11312: 11065: 11063: 10638:"Japan to advance ammonia co-firing technology" 9723:. London: Charles Griffin and Company. p. 9195:Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry 8650: 8279: 8261:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. 7530: 6464:), which is much less toxic, particularly less 5627:, is formed when ammonia comes in contact with 4540:). It was first used on an industrial scale in 3477:catalyzes the combustion of a flask of ammonia. 3382:ability. Shifts in pH will cause more or fewer 3150:to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the 1870:of 0.880 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'. 1094: 654:−33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K) 181: 13576:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards–Ammonia 13438: 12856: 12047: 11826: 11594:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 10813:White, Alfred H.; Melville, Wm. (April 1905). 10281: 9919:Collins (l_collins), Leigh (27 January 2022). 9400:, vol. 2 (London, England: J. Johnson, 1775), 9074:Tooth Whitening: An Evidence-Based Perspective 8596:"High pressure chemistry of hydrogenous fuels" 8450:"Science and technology of ammonia combustion" 8282:Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 8216: 8181: 8179: 8177: 7776: 6596: 5177:(roughly 2400 km long), running from the 4295: 4195: 3714:can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with 1033: 18607: 17105: 14313: 13602: 13368:. airgasspecialtyproducts.com. Archived from 12540: 11326:"Ammonia in Groundwater, Runoff, and Streams" 10917:. Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov. Archived from 10812: 9716: 9467: 8126: 7902:. New York: Dover Publications. p. 560. 6617:(0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and 5373:lower density will be more concentrated. The 5368:A standard laboratory solution of 28% ammonia 3493:is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and 1858:, and may be described as aqueous ammonia or 1634:are found in volcanic districts. Crystals of 13514: 11463: 11461: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11060: 10204: 9044:Lenkeit, Roberta Edwards (23 October 2018). 8827: 8637:Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials 8398: 8115:, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 7501: 7184: 7157:]/ = 2×10, / = 2×10, and total densities of 6275: 5377:of ammonia solutions is given in the table. 3856:Precursor to inorganic nitrogenous compounds 3142:at room temperature; a useful analogy is an 3058:valence shell electron pair repulsion theory 2624:Solubility (g of salt per 100 g liquid 2206:Thermal and physical properties of ammonia ( 1600:'s commentary in his English translation of 89:Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule 16189: 15953: 15876: 14848: 14388: 12786:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 12350:Zschocke, Johannes; Hoffman, Georg (2004). 11680:. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corp. 10969:Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 10806: 10752: 10449: 10014:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9950:"Ammonia as a suitable fuel for fuel cells" 9577: 9380:, vol. 1, 2nd ed. (London, England: 1775), 8969:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 8897:(Oxford, England: N. Bliss, 1809), vol. 2, 8656: 8491:Flammability limits of ammonia–air mixtures 8311: 8309: 8280:Edwin M. Kaiser (2001). "Calcium–Ammonia". 8174: 8147:"Medical Management Guidelines for Ammonia" 8033: 7802:"Global ammonia annual production capacity" 6500:through a series of reactions known as the 4702:') in the beef industry is made from fatty 4064:. For historical reasons, ammonia is named 2564:. Comparison of the physical properties of 1753:. It is easily liquefied due to the strong 612:0.86 kg/m (1.013 bar at boiling point) 99:Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule 18614: 18600: 17112: 17098: 15772: 14320: 14306: 13609: 13595: 12706:van Dishoeck, E. F.; Black, J. H. (1986). 12210:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005). 11570:. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 29–54. 11114:United States Department of Transportation 11001: 10883:International Programme on Chemical Safety 9948:Lan, Rong; Tao, Shanwen (28 August 2014). 9740:International Journal of Food Microbiology 9461: 9430: 9428: 9420:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences 9198:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 72. 8401:"Influence of moisture on chemical change" 7846:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 276. 7349: 7238: 6504:. Liver dysfunction, such as that seen in 6242:Ethanol can be replaced with a tetraalkyl 6086: 6040: 5564:Anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic ( 5211:Liquid ammonia is dangerous because it is 4918:, which simplified the aircraft's design. 4359:and was re-erected on the premises of the 3909:Nitric acid is used for the production of 3706:manufactured nitrogen-containing compounds 3170:to be observed and was used in the first 1494:, and it contributes significantly to the 482: 317: 295: 15795: 15659: 15521: 14428: 13500:(1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. 13496:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2000). 13345: 13250: 13227:"A survey for dense cores in dark clouds" 13174: 13151:"Observation of interstellar ammonia ice" 13106: 12987: 12805: 12742: 12262: 12252: 12209: 12160: 11927: 11861: 11476:U.S. National Minerals Information Center 11458: 11358: 11243: 11225: 11184: 10939: 10897:"Anhydrous ammonia tank locks have flaws" 10612:"What will power aircraft in the future?" 10347: 10173: 10104: 9965: 9772: 9554: 9312: 8947:(Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1976), 8754:Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., 8724:Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., 8473: 8441: 8018: 7631:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. 7607:The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan 6001: 5944: 3945:Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ-amine, 3680:, a lower laminar burning velocity, high 3515:of ammonia to form nitrogen and water is 3481:Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain 3068:are used as bond pairs, which leaves one 1820:standard enthalpy change of vapourization 1773:occurs at 405 K and 11.35 MPa. 439: 15253: 15216: 14749: 14714: 13397: 13292: 12317:Journal of the American Chemical Society 11369: 10940:Greenberg, Michael I. (1 January 2003). 10819:Journal of the American Chemical Society 10093:Journal of the American Chemical Society 10046:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 9486: 9434: 9235: 9070: 8810: 8623: 8386: 8306: 7937: 7721:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 7421: – Mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen 7208:detected radio signatures of ammonia in 6600: 6279: 5871: 5363: 5168: 5078: 4781: 4731: 4710:, then treating it with ammonia to kill 4461:of the 13th century, being mentioned by 4457:. It was also important to the European 4346: 4338: 4025: 3452: 3418:. At standard pressure and temperature, 3123:. The latter has the shape of a regular 3040: 3028: 3021:ions are present as possible catalysts. 2853: 2796:Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the 2610: 1838:liquid anhydrous ammonia will vaporize. 1749:, its density being 0.589 times that of 1148:651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K) 618:0.73 kg/m (1.013 bar at 15 °C) 19:"NH3" and "Ammoniac" redirect here. For 16130: 15749: 15143: 14679: 13537:International Chemical Safety Card 0215 13531:International Chemical Safety Card 0414 13231:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 12780:Prasad, S. S.; Huntress, W. T. (1980). 12114: 11396:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: 11354:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. 11350:Hargreaves, J.A.; Tucker, C.S. (2004). 10532: 9980: 9925:Recharge | Latest renewable energy news 9425: 9118: 9043: 8454:Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 8340: 8163: 7770:"Ammonia Technology Roadmap – Analysis" 7678: 7676: 7533:Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 7333:gives typical clouds sizes of 0.1 6445:Ammonia is also a metabolic product of 5962: 4234:and the excess of acid then determined 3836:Other organonitrogen compounds include 3138:The ammonia molecule readily undergoes 1793:3 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 1765:at −33.1 °C (−27.58 °F), and 747:32.5 (−33 °C), 9.24 (of ammonium) 478: 381: 19884: 18682: 18622:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 16166: 16092: 15712: 15109: 15080: 14942: 14494: 12501: 12499: 12183:Mohiuddin, S. S.; Khattar, D. (2023). 11800:Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 11731: 11700: 11675: 11210:"Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke" 10234:. Pelican Publishing. pp. 14–16. 9947: 9943: 9941: 9628: 9335: 9287: 9156:Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini 8704:. San Diego, Calif. London: Academic. 8659:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8594:Sterrett, K. F.; Caron, A. P. (1966). 8230:Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 7897: 7653:"Ammonia, Anhydrous Safety Data Sheet" 7504:"Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia Solutions" 7394: – Type of chemical demonstration 7279: 6980:in a molecular cloud of total density 6903:. For the primary formation reaction, 6300:serves this role. In the bloodstream, 5580:(PEL) in the United States is 50 5321: 4982:-free power generation. In July 2022, 4489:Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by 4207: 3566:standard enthalpy change of combustion 3104:), 99.4% of the ammonia molecules are 1676:, among other places: on smaller, icy 308: 19706: 18595: 17093: 15468: 15330: 14644: 14301: 13590: 13415: 12619:in Orion-KL – A new interpretation". 12381:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 11744:from the original on 19 November 2021 11713:from the original on 30 November 2021 11650: 10322:. Chalmers University of Technology. 10308: 10259:"Ammonia as a Transportation Fuel IV" 10253: 10251: 9218: 9162:(Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: 8772:Pausanias with W.H.S. Jones, trans., 8635:(OSHA) Source: Sax, N. Irving (1984) 8598:. Northrop Space Labs. Archived from 8319:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 7965:. Purdue University (9 November 2015) 7714: 7698: 6683: 6345:and a metabolic input throughout the 5568:) and dangerous for the environment ( 4666:Antimicrobial agent for food products 4622: 3917:, and many organonitrogen compounds. 3883:are intermediate in this conversion: 3700:Precursor to organonitrogen compounds 3335:Like water, liquid ammonia undergoes 2793:salts with other cations dissolve. 1841: 510:Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 275: 255: 13616: 12375:Rose, Burton; Helmut Rennke (1994). 11630:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT. 11625: 11590: 11565: 11087:from the original on 9 October 2022. 10490:"Green ammonia | Royal Society" 10366:from the original on 8 October 2010. 9873: 9857:"The Burger That Shattered Her Life" 9854: 8569:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). 8558:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8129:"Safe Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia" 7673: 7622: 7620: 7470:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7112: 7075: 6692:emissions from the direction of the 6431:of the enzyme, which consists of an 5706: 5277: 4441:In the form of sal ammoniac (نشادر, 4426:; hence fermented urine was used in 4238:; or the ammonia may be absorbed in 3602:, which is the principle behind the 3330: 12655:"The UMIST data for Astrochemistry" 12528:10.1146/annurev.aa.21.090183.001323 12496: 11370:Sergeant, Chris (5 February 2014). 10879:"Phosgene: Health and Safety Guide" 10533:Service, Robert F. (12 July 2018). 10470:from the original on 9 October 2022 10329:from the original on 9 October 2022 10296:from the original on 9 October 2022 10275: 9981:Lindzon, Jared (27 February 2019). 9938: 9698:from the original on 9 October 2022 9510:from the original on 9 October 2022 9236:Jacobson, Mark Z. (23 April 2012). 9124: 8702:Holleman-Wiberg inorganic chemistry 8007:The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7739: 7591:; 2nd Ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford, 7062:Interstellar destruction mechanisms 6609:of the outer giant planets such as 6368:, which are the building blocks of 5749:, most ammonia was obtained by the 5095:Ammonia, as the vapour released by 5087:sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, 4847:engines because of its very narrow 4828:ammonia was used to power buses in 4824:in the 1870s and 1880s, and during 3606:. Nitrogen oxides can be formed as 520:Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF 394: 364: 13: 18484:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 13443:Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory 13432: 12964:"Detection of new ammonia sources" 12861:IONS with ammonia at 300 K". 11469:"Nitrogen (Fixed)--Ammonia (2022)" 10248: 10146:Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 9894:"MOL studies ammonia FSRU concept" 9874:Moss, Michael (31 December 2009). 7317:Observations of nearby dark clouds 6753:Since its interstellar discovery, 6175: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6091: 6088: 6066: 6054: 6018: 5612:Ammonia reacts violently with the 5294:where it acts as a pollutant. The 5000:may also be a problem as it is a " 4265: 2844:Redox properties of liquid ammonia 2615:A train carrying anhydrous ammonia 1255:5000 ppm (human, 5 min) 1253:5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min) 1211:20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min) 1208:28,595 ppm (rat, 20 min) 1205:40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min) 1090: 94: 84: 14: 19963: 18384:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 17121:Molecules detected in outer space 13524: 13517:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 13225:Benson, P. J.; Myers, P. (1989). 11701:Lavars, Nick (30 November 2021). 11568:A Century of Chemical Engineering 9752:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040 9071:Perdigão, Jorge (3 August 2016). 9003:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 8945:The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii 8876:Pliny with W.H.S. Jones, trans., 8780:and vol. 4, Book 9, Ch. 16, § 1, 8639:. 6th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 8075:The Journal of Physical Chemistry 7617: 7340: 7305:Ammonia has been detected in the 6842:{\displaystyle 5.2\times 10^{-6}} 6776:Interstellar formation mechanisms 6652:, along with other gases such as 6364:is required for the synthesis of 5692: 4201: 1836:standard temperature and pressure 1223:9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr) 644:at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K) 18574: 18562: 18550: 18539: 18538: 17345: 17336: 17327: 13553:"Ammoniac et solutions aqueuses" 13385: 13313: 13286: 13259: 13218: 13183: 13142: 13115: 13074: 13031: 12996: 12955: 12928: 12889: 12850: 12814: 12773: 12751: 12699: 12668: 12647: 12608: 12577: 12534: 12457: 12437: 12395: 12368: 12343: 12307: 12298: 12279: 12228: 12203: 12176: 12154: 12000: 11960: 11886: 11787: 11756: 11732:Blaine, Loz (19 November 2021). 11725: 11694: 11669: 11559: 11535: 11510: 11489: 11433: 11408: 11389: 11343: 11323: 11260: 11136: 11119: 11103: 11091: 11051: 11039: 10995: 10960: 10933: 10907: 10889: 10871: 10853:"Diesel: Greener Than You Think" 10845: 10789: 10772: 10746: 10716: 10688: 10672:. 6 October 2021. Archived from 10658: 10630: 10604: 10578: 10552: 10526: 10500: 10482: 10409: 10387: 10370: 9855:Moss, Michael (3 October 2009). 9288:Woulfe, Peter (1 January 1767). 8979:"The laundries of the Ancients," 8316:Haynes, William M., ed. (2013). 8036:Acta Crystallographica Section A 7949:Shannon, Francis Patrick (1938) 7370: 7198:Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope 6423:. The overall process is called 6133:, but is disfavored in terms of 5864:This section is an excerpt from 5711: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5451: 5446: 5423: 5032:Remediation of gaseous emissions 4641:vapour-compression refrigeration 4445:), ammonia was important to the 4072:. One notable ammine complex is 3177: 2755:metal cyclopentadienyl complexes 1712: 1697: 1648:Ammonia is found throughout the 1618:Natural occurrence (abiological) 1411: 1232:4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) 1220:4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) 1214:11,590 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 995: 990: 985: 980: 71: 18509:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 12241:Journal of Biological Chemistry 10341: 10198: 10129: 10005: 9974: 9912: 9886: 9867: 9848: 9830: 9809: 9766: 9731: 9710: 9678: 9653: 9629:Wright, Jerry (13 April 2015). 9622: 9597: 9571: 9522: 9418:(Analysis of volatile alkali), 9408: 9352: 9329: 9281: 9256: 9229: 9212: 9185: 9145: 9091: 9064: 9037: 8977:Rousset, Henri (31 March 1917) 8961: : 277–312. Available at: 8915: 8849: 8804: 8788: 8734: 8718: 8693: 8629: 8587: 8562: 8533:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01056 8505: 8482: 8423: 8392: 8273: 8248: 8157: 8139: 8133:Ohio State University Extension 8120: 8101: 8062: 8027: 7994: 7968: 7956: 7943: 7891: 7873: 7828: 7808: 7794: 7762: 7733: 6965:{\displaystyle 3\times 10^{-7}} 6543:may be degraded to produce two 6410: 6261:hydrogen and 19.5-bar nitrogen 6016: 5631:. Ammonia causes the explosive 5529: 5243:to be either incorporated into 5161:and cause it to change colour. 4904:rocket engine that powered the 4848: 4585: 3752:Its ring-opening reaction with 3640:A subsequent reaction leads to 3610:in the presence of appropriate 3277:and is capable of formation of 2759:metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides 1781:The crystal symmetry is cubic, 1407:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 13358: 11352:Managing ammonia in fish ponds 9795:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 9535:Environmental Research Letters 9242:. Cambridge University Press. 9050:. Waveland Press. p. 72. 8982:Scientific American Supplement 7645: 7598: 7581: 7559: 7524: 7508:Systematic Inorganic Chemistry 7495: 7474: 7450: 6894:{\displaystyle k=a(T/300)^{B}} 6882: 6867: 6110: 6050: 5989: 5964: 5858: 5554:qualitative inorganic analysis 5305: 5237:carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 5122: 4793:used ammonia as one component 4749:transport of liquid hydrogen. 3112:also affect the proportion of 1229:2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 1226:9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr) 1217:7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 844:0.276 mPa·s (−40 °C) 1: 18434:Extraterrestrial liquid water 13539:(aqueous solutions), ilo.org. 13533:(anhydrous ammonia), ilo.org. 13087:Astrophysical Journal Letters 11603:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2 11591:Appl, Max (2006). "Ammonia". 11071:"Toxic FAQ Sheet for Ammonia" 10348:Elucidare (2 February 2008). 10232:The Streetcars of New Orleans 10026:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02219 9578:David Brown (18 April 2013). 9556:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011 9445:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2 9416:"Analyse de l'alkali volatil" 8926:Studies in Ancient Technology 8573:. San Diego: Academic Press. 8242:10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00504-0 7443: 7413:Cost of electricity by source 6782:Orion molecular cloud complex 6479: 6476:solely as nitrogenous waste. 6465: 6452:catalyzed by enzymes such as 5686: 5375:European Union classification 5359: 5261:dangerous for the environment 5058:selective catalytic reduction 4590: 4525:ascertained its composition. 3822:Strecker amino-acid synthesis 3676:), due to the relatively low 3588:are unstable with respect to 3448: 3374:Ammonia often functions as a 3224:solutions produce a cloud of 1688: 1518:extremely hazardous substance 1265:(US health exposure limits): 841:10.07 µPa·s (25 °C) 14329:Binary compounds of hydrogen 13439:Bretherick, L., ed. (1986). 13212:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1 12883:10.1016/0009-2614(77)85326-8 12508:Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 11812:10.1016/0022-0728(93)03025-K 10946:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 10753:Masaya Kato (14 July 2022). 10166:10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.119896 9954:Frontiers in Energy Research 9435:Max Appl (2006). "Ammonia". 9367:Observations sur la Physique 9192:Maurice P. Crosland (2004). 8766:, and vol. 2, Book 3, § 26, 8020:10.1016/j.supflu.2015.07.032 6558: 6228:In 2020, a solvent-agnostic 5643:compounds with compounds of 5270:Ammonia is a constituent of 5173:The world's longest ammonia 5074: 4818:St. Charles Avenue Streetcar 4718:US Department of Agriculture 4509:). It was isolated again by 4367:The ancient Greek historian 4244:ammonium hexachloroplatinate 3024: 2608:at −50 °C is about 10. 1558: 35:. For the gum ammoniac, see 7: 19912:Gaseous signaling molecules 17665:Protonated hydrogen cyanide 12490:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1701 12454:". Retrieved 26 April 2006. 11863:10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.003 11002:Horkheimer, Donald (2005). 8475:10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029 7844:Chemical Process Industries 7627:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). 7510:. READ BOOKS. p. 132. 7363: 7293:Kuiper Airborne Observatory 7169: 7163: 7151: 7145: 7133: 7103: 6597:Extraterrestrial occurrence 5226: 4841:internal combustion engines 4656:International Space Station 4411:appears in the writings of 4196:Detection and determination 3871:of ammonia with air over a 3056:shape, as predicted by the 3052:The ammonia molecule has a 1812:powers reflecting its high 1771:liquid-vapor critical point 1588:) in the Roman province of 1184:350 mg/kg (rat, oral) 1166:or concentration (LD, LC): 80: 10: 19968: 19708: 13515:Weast, R. C., ed. (1972). 13416:Clark, Jim (April 2013) . 13295:Astronomy and Astrophysics 13268:Astronomy and Astrophysics 13124:Astronomy and Astrophysics 12937:Astronomy and Astrophysics 12681:Astronomy and Astrophysics 12212:Principles of Biochemistry 11298:. CRC Press. p. 113. 11057:minerals year book, vol. 3 10315:Brohi, Emtiaz Ali (2014). 10067:10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.120 9293:Philosophical Transactions 9160:"Supplementum oder Zugabe" 9125:Haq, Syed Nomanul (1995). 8888:reddit odorem vehementer." 8164:Hawkins, Nehemiah (1909). 7788:Government Printing Office 7629:Chemical Principles 6th Ed 7388: – Chemical data page 7010:has a rate constant of 2.2 6746:. The detection of triply 6562: 6514:ornithine transcarbamylase 6311:, which produces ammonia: 6309:ethanolamine ammonia-lyase 6139:drive the reaction forward 6125:This reaction is slightly 5891:. It converts atmospheric 5863: 5697: 5690: 5639:. It also forms explosive 5584:(35 mg/m), while the 5578:permissible exposure limit 5247:or excreted in the urine. 5146: 5110: 4449:. It was mentioned in the 4371:mentioned that there were 4334: 4279:permissible exposure limit 4211: 4199: 4095:(III) formed the basis of 2847: 2773:. A saturated solution of 2571:with those of water shows 2213:) at atmospheric pressure 1741:with a characteristically 1486:, ammonia is a colourless 57: 49: 18: 18684: 18631: 18533: 18424:Earliest known life forms 18419:Diffuse interstellar band 18359: 18279: 18204: 18095: 18030: 17970: 17898: 17890:Protonated cyanoacetylene 17804: 17698: 17660:Protonated carbon dioxide 17620:Hydromagnesium isocyanide 17568: 17354: 17325: 17136: 17127: 17069: 16910: 16681: 16338:Transition metal hydrides 16336: 16286: 15863: 15319: 14900: 14839: 14483: 14375: 14335: 14236: 14075: 13817: 13713: 13625: 13475:Chemistry of the Elements 13473:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 12025:10.1038/s41929-020-0455-8 11920:10.1038/s41586-019-1260-x 11676:Sittig, Marshall (1979). 11169:10.1038/s41586-020-2270-4 11080:(ATSDR). September 2004. 9361:Priestley, Joseph (1773) 9175:See also: Kopp, Hermann, 9077:. Springer. p. 170. 8056:10.1107/S0567739479001340 7980:Oxford English Dictionary 7553:10.1080/00337577508240819 7409: – Chemical compound 7286:Becklin–Neugebauer Object 7185:Single antenna detections 6454:glutamate dehydrogenase 1 6276:Biochemistry and medicine 5911:) using a finely divided 5572:). The gas is flammable ( 5527:. Saturated ('0.880'–see 5215:and because it can cause 5164: 5142: 5036:Ammonia is used to scrub 5015:) of ammonia, and yields 4473:in the form of fermented 4004:Bosch–Meiser urea process 3682:auto-ignition temperature 3301:to give a blue solution ( 1808:ammonia possesses strong 1800: 1570:, refers to a salt named 1401: 1394: 1389: 1337:Related nitrogen hydrides 1330: 1278:50 ppm (25 ppm 1259: 1162: 961: 956: 900: 851: 549: 529: 494: 165: 136: 124: 114: 109: 79: 70: 19942:Nitrogen(−III) compounds 18469:Iron–sulfur world theory 18464:Photodissociation region 18167:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene 12900:H in cold dark clouds". 12863:Chemical Physics Letters 12715:Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser 12450:20 February 2006 at the 11781:10.1002/hlca.19300130604 11543:Habers process chemistry 11112:from the website of the 9967:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00035 9843:Texas A&M University 8762:, vol. 2, Book 3, § 25, 8756:The History of Herodotus 8726:The History of Herodotus 8290:10.1002/047084289X.rc003 7898:Hoover, Herbert (1950). 6304:is a source of ammonia. 6265:at ambient temperature. 6165:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 5574:autoignition temperature 5026: 4963:is also being explored. 4738:Streetcar in New Orleans 4645:absorption refrigerators 3718:or, more commonly, with 3341:acid and base conjugates 3337:molecular autoionisation 1776: 1737:Ammonia is a colourless 1728:Two visible states of NH 1390:Supplementary data page 1046:Precautionary statements 45:Ammonia (disambiguation) 19907:Foul-smelling chemicals 18544:Category:Astrochemistry 18134:, fullerene, buckyball) 17821:Cyanobutadiynyl radical 17796:Silicon-carbide cluster 17786:Protonated formaldehyde 13408:Encyclopædia Britannica 13307:1979A&A....74L...7M 13280:1987A&A...180..213M 13136:1994A&A...288..903C 12989:10.1093/mnras/195.2.387 12949:1979A&A....71..275W 12693:1999A&A...344.1027V 12602:1980A&A....88..259U 12563:10.1023/A:1024677318645 12520:1983ARA&A..21..239H 12254:10.1074/jbc.M110.125112 12185:"Biochemistry, Ammonia" 12140:10.1126/science.adf4403 12084:10.1126/science.abg2371 11597:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 11401:4 November 2011 at the 9472:. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. 9439:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 9336:Urdang, George (1942). 9225:. Edinburgh: W.F. Clay. 9219:Black, Joseph (1893) . 8903:Moore, Nathaniel Fish, 8170:. T. Audel. p. 15. 7350:Extragalactic detection 7239:Interferometric studies 6230:gas diffusion electrode 6169:high-pressure chemistry 5265:fine particulate matter 4935:avoiding climate change 4727: 4574:With the advent of the 4523:Claude Louis Berthollet 4422:by bacteria produces a 4361:University of Karlsruhe 4296:Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 4068:in the nomenclature of 2588:electrical conductivity 1854:solution of ammonia is 796:Magnetic susceptibility 18557:Outer space portal 18399:Circumstellar envelope 17364:Aluminium(I) hydroxide 17274:Phosphorus mononitride 17151:Aluminium monofluoride 17146:Aluminium monochloride 17071:Exotic matter hydrides 11986:10.1002/cssc.202301011 11769:Helvetica Chimica Acta 11651:Hager, Thomas (2008). 10395:"Watch 'Ammonia Fuel'" 9775:Bioresource Technology 9717:Samuel Rideal (1895). 9468:Smith, Roland (2001). 9386:Schofield, Robert E., 9314:10.1098/rstl.1767.0052 8895:Outlines of Mineralogy 8369:10.1103/PhysRev.45.234 8202:10.1002/chem.201600833 8113:NIST Chemistry WebBook 7988:10.1093/OED/3565252514 7323:excitation temperature 7189:Radio observations of 6966: 6895: 6843: 6630: 6605:Ammonia occurs in the 6526:hepatic encephalopathy 6285: 6257:experiments under 0.5- 6117: 5880: 5677:potassium ferricyanide 5609:and certain plastics. 5440:5.62–13.29 mol/L 5369: 5239:, and then enters the 5223:for more information. 5193: 5092: 4801: 4745: 4736:Ammoniacal Gas Engine 4567:of water or using the 4465:. It was also used by 4364: 4344: 4176:(HSAB theory) and its 4070:coordination compounds 4062:metal ammine complexes 4053: 3850:hexamethylenetetramine 3478: 3049: 3038: 2859: 2616: 1614:compounds their name. 1566:, in Book XXXI of his 1101: 100: 90: 39:. For other uses, see 18454:Interplanetary medium 18429:Extraterrestrial life 18067:Octatetraynyl radical 17685:Tricarbon monosulfide 17232:Magnesium monohydride 13479:Butterworth-Heinemann 13471:Greenwood, Norman N. 13347:10.1093/pasj/54.2.195 13155:Astrophysical Journal 13040:Astrophysical Journal 13005:Astrophysical Journal 12902:Astrophysical Journal 12621:Astrophysical Journal 12543:Space Science Reviews 12378:Renal Pathophysiology 12354:. Schattauer Verlag. 11626:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 11227:10.3390/ijerph8020613 9609:www.mysoreammonia.com 9177:Geschichte der Chemie 9009:(23) : 355–360. 8796:Geschichte der Chemie 8774:Description of Greece 8749:Description of Greece 8399:Baker, H. B. (1894). 7885:www.perseus.tufts.edu 7660:University of Florida 7502:Yost, Don M. (2007). 6967: 6896: 6844: 6696:. This was the first 6604: 6283: 6246:. The study observed 6118: 5903:) by a reaction with 5889:production of ammonia 5875: 5476:>13.29 mol/L 5417:2.87–5.62 mol/L 5367: 5172: 5082: 4902:Reaction Motors XLR99 4785: 4735: 4563:was produced via the 4350: 4342: 4029: 3947:nitrogen pentahydride 3863:is generated via the 3686:heat of vapourization 3465: 3205:(sal ammoniac); with 3044: 3032: 2858:Liquid ammonia bottle 2857: 2765:salts increases from 2614: 2599:dissociation constant 1480:stable binary hydride 1100: 615:0.769 kg/m (STP) 599:Strong pungent odour 126:Systematic IUPAC name 98: 88: 41:NH 3 (disambiguation) 18581:Chemistry portal 18569:Astronomy portal 18515:RNA world hypothesis 18499:PAH world hypothesis 18192:Heptatrienyl radical 18124:Buckminsterfullerene 18012:Methylcyanoacetylene 17520:Silicon carbonitride 17495:Methylidynephosphane 17461:Magnesium isocyanide 17369:Aluminium isocyanide 17171:Carbon monophosphide 13559:on 11 December 2010. 12761:. astrochemistry.net 12759:"astrochemistry.net" 12352:Vademecum Metabolism 11100:, IDLH Documentation 10921:on 10 September 2010 10901:Cedar Rapids Gazette 10417:"Welcome to NH3 Car" 9470:Conquering Chemistry 9152:Spiritus salis urinæ 8943:Moeller, Walter O., 8417:10.1039/CT8946500611 8258:Non-aqueous solvents 7257:in L1551, S140, and 7202:Chilbolton telescope 6940: 6855: 6817: 6569:Ammonium ions are a 6496:converts ammonia to 6208:to ammonia, given a 6143:The German chemists 5921: 5764:by the reduction of 5745:Before the start of 5443:95.7–226.3 g/L 4954:MAN Energy Solutions 4515:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 4493:in 1756 by reacting 4418:The fermentation of 4178:E & C parameters 4021:ammonium bicarbonate 4013:ammonium perchlorate 3965:Olin Raschig process 3499:nitrogen trichloride 3258:and all contain the 3232:forms where the two 3077:moment and makes it 3048:structure of ammonia 1636:ammonium bicarbonate 1508:diammonium phosphate 1196:median concentration 1083:(fire diamond) 19917:Household chemicals 18459:Interstellar medium 18439:Forbidden mechanism 18252:Hydrogen isocyanide 17942:Hexatriynyl radical 17525:c-Silicon dicarbide 17430:Hydrogen isocyanide 17294:Silicon monosulfide 17269:Phosphorus monoxide 17237:Methylidyne radical 17196:Fluoromethylidynium 17156:Aluminium(II) oxide 16683:Lanthanide hydrides 16290:(Group 17 hydrides) 15869:(Group 16 hydrides) 15323:(Group 15) hydrides 13498:Inorganic Chemistry 13418:"The Haber Process" 13372:on 19 November 2010 13338:2002PASJ...54..195T 13243:1989ApJS...71...89B 13204:1982Icar...52...81O 13167:1982ApJ...260..141K 13099:1990ApJ...355L..19H 13052:1985ApJ...288..595T 13017:1973ApJ...186..501M 12980:1981MNRAS.195..387M 12914:1980ApJ...239..844W 12875:1977CPL....47..145S 12836:1975JChPh..62.3549L 12798:1980ApJS...43....1P 12727:1986ApJS...62..109V 12633:1982ApJ...259L.103G 12555:2003SSRv..106...73M 12482:1968PhRvL..21.1701C 12247:(34): 26484–26493. 12191:. Treasure Island. 12076:2021Sci...372.1187S 12070:(6547): 1187–1191. 11912:2019Natur.570..504A 11854:2019Joule...3.1127L 11272:www.wateronline.com 11161:2020Natur.581..184W 11016:10.2514/6.2005-7393 10831:10.1021/ja01982a005 10566:. 17 September 2020 10514:. 27 September 2020 10378:Ammonia Powered Car 10271:on 7 February 2012. 10158:2021AppCB.28619896L 10099:(38): 13082–13085. 10059:2016RSERv..60..822A 10020:(11): 10231–10239. 9845:, May 2009, page 12 9827:Annual Meeting 2009 9787:2016BiTec.199...42K 9547:2014ERL.....9j5011L 9376:Priestley, Joseph, 9305:1767RSPT...57..517W 9022:potassium carbonate 8963:Elizabethan Costume 8819:The Natural History 8571:Inorganic Chemistry 8527:(10): 10202–10217. 8466:2019PComI..37..109K 8361:1934PhRv...45..234C 8196:(35): 12340–12346. 8087:10.1021/j100593a053 8048:1979AcCrA..35..569H 7976:"ammoniacal (adj.)" 7545:1975RadEf..24..277B 7482:"Gases – Densities" 7386:Ammonia (data page) 7280:Infrared detections 6809:The rate constant, 6395:, impaired memory, 6380:relationships with 6270:Faradaic efficiency 6255:faradaic efficiency 6223:Faradaic efficiency 6076: 6014: 5975: 5957: 5937: 5778:alkaline hydroxides 5693:§ Biosynthesis 5479:>226.3 g/L 5420:48.9–95.7 g/L 5322:Storage information 5233:carbamoyl phosphate 4810:fireless locomotive 4633:chlorofluorocarbons 4569:chloralkali process 4538:Haber–Bosch process 4479:Basilius Valentinus 4428:Classical Antiquity 4424:solution of ammonia 4305:Ammoniacal nitrogen 4228:potassium hydroxide 4208:Ammonia in solution 4202:§ In astronomy 4048:) is a widely used 3674:chromium(III) oxide 3604:catalytic converter 3414:) to be present in 3293:ion). For example, 3281:(which contain the 3158:, corresponding to 3152:resonance frequency 2584:dielectric constant 2214: 1878: 1638:have been found in 1396:Ammonia (data page) 1282:- TLV; 35 ppm 1072:P305+P351+P338+P310 925:193 J/(mol·K) 691:320g/l(25 °C) 680:Solubility in water 660:Critical point 623:Ammonia (data page) 581: g·mol 237:Beilstein Reference 67: 60:R717 (South Africa) 19927:Inorganic solvents 18479:Molecules in stars 18449:Intergalactic dust 18394:Circumstellar dust 18336:Naphthalene cation 18271:Trihydrogen cation 18247:Hydrogen deuteride 18172:Methyltriacetylene 18007:Hexapentaenylidene 17826:E-Cyanomethanimine 17746:Cyclopropenylidene 17680:Tricarbon monoxide 17670:Silicon tricarbide 17640:Methylene amidogen 17630:Isothiocyanic acid 17545:Thioxoethenylidene 17505:Trihydrogen cation 17319:Titanium(II) oxide 17279:Potassium chloride 17258:Sulfur mononitride 17201:Helium hydride ion 17176:Carbon monosulfide 14339:(Group 1) hydrides 10981:10.1007/BF01914084 10676:on 7 November 2021 10208:(1 October 2007). 9880:The New York Times 9861:The New York Times 9819:", Jensen, Jean L 9641:on 12 January 2017 9414:Berthollet (1785) 9014:Acta Archaeologica 8988:(2152) : 197. 8521:Energy & Fuels 8153:. 12 January 2017. 7772:. 11 October 2021. 7437:Water purification 7398:Ammonia production 6962: 6891: 6839: 6684:Interstellar space 6664:. The interior of 6631: 6613:(0.026% ammonia), 6341:Ammonia is both a 6286: 6113: 6057: 6002: 5994: 5945: 5925: 5881: 5700:Ammonia production 5618:Nitrogen triiodide 5399:mass/volume (w/v) 5370: 5296:Whyalla Steelworks 5292:marine environment 5194: 5093: 4849:flammability range 4816:in the UK and the 4814:Goldsworthy Gurney 4802: 4754:hydrogen as a fuel 4746: 4682:in three types of 4623:Refrigeration–R717 4561:ammonia production 4365: 4345: 4321:water purification 4220:Nessler's solution 4142:with a variety of 4138:Ammonia forms 1:1 4111:-) of the complex 4054: 3991:ammonium carbonate 3690:flammability range 3678:heat of combustion 3508:) is also formed. 3479: 3168:microwave spectrum 3140:nitrogen inversion 3108:. Temperature and 3054:trigonal pyramidal 3050: 3039: 2860: 2830:solvated electrons 2727:Sodium thiocyanate 2617: 2558:solvated electrons 2205: 1876: 1864:saturated solution 1860:ammonium hydroxide 1842:Solvent properties 1826:; for comparison, 1546:ammonium hydroxide 1434:Infobox references 1361:Ammonium hydroxide 1331:Related compounds 1308:(Immediate danger) 1102: 688:530g/l(20 °C) 148:R717 (refrigerant) 101: 91: 65: 19937:Nitrogen hydrides 19902:Bases (chemistry) 19879: 19878: 19873: 19872: 18589: 18588: 18504:Pseudo-panspermia 18200: 18199: 18147:Cyanodecapentayne 18087:N-Methylformamide 18062:Methyldiacetylene 17987:Aminoacetonitrile 17957:Methyl isocyanate 17875:Methyl isocyanide 17756:Isocyanoacetylene 17736:Cyanoformaldehyde 17615:Hydrogen peroxide 17500:Potassium cyanide 17456:Magnesium cyanide 17409:Disilicon carbide 17404:Dicarbon monoxide 17211:Hydrogen fluoride 17206:Hydrogen chloride 17087: 17086: 16912:Actinide hydrides 16288:Hydrogen halides 16250: 16215: 16214: 16185: 16184: 16162: 16161: 16126: 16125: 16088: 16087: 15949: 15948: 15855: 15821: 15820: 15791: 15790: 15768: 15767: 15745: 15744: 15708: 15707: 15655: 15654: 15517: 15516: 15464: 15463: 15315: 15314: 15272: 15271: 15249: 15248: 15212: 15211: 15139: 15138: 15105: 15104: 15076: 15075: 14938: 14937: 14896: 14895: 14841:Group 14 hydrides 14835: 14834: 14780: 14779: 14745: 14744: 14710: 14709: 14675: 14674: 14640: 14639: 14479: 14478: 14424: 14423: 14295: 14294: 13507:978-0-582-31080-3 13488:978-0-08-037941-8 13454:978-0-85186-489-1 12590:Astron. Astrophys 12430:978-0-8053-6624-2 12403:Campbell, Neil A. 12388:978-0-683-07354-6 12329:10.1021/ja043596p 12323:(17): 6231–6241. 12134:(6633): 707–712. 11906:(7762): 504–508. 11687:978-0-8155-0734-5 11662:978-0-307-35178-4 11637:978-0-262-69313-4 11577:978-0-306-40895-3 11552:978-93-131-6303-9 11305:978-1-4398-3423-7 11155:(7807): 184–189. 11025:978-1-62410-067-3 10903:. 6 October 2009. 10730:(Press release). 10704:. 12 October 2021 10357:Elucidare Limited 10106:10.1021/ja5042836 9900:. 3 February 2022 9479:978-0-07-470146-1 9264:"Woulfe's bottle" 9205:978-0-486-43802-3 9138:978-0-7923-3254-1 9111:978-3-319-05437-7 9084:978-3-319-38849-6 9057:978-1-4786-3841-4 8882:From pp. 448–449: 8711:978-0-12-352651-9 8671:10.1021/am5016588 8665:(11): 8903–8908. 8602:on 23 August 2011 8580:978-0-12-352651-9 8326:. pp. 9–26. 8322:(94th ed.). 8081:(26): 3053–3055. 7853:978-0-07-057145-7 7749:Our World in Data 7705:Sigma-Aldrich Co. 7638:978-0-618-94690-7 7517:978-1-4067-7302-6 7141: 7140: 7111: 7110: 6791:is the reaction: 6573:waste product of 6530:organic acidurias 6425:nitrogen fixation 6362:nitrogen fixation 6049: 6044: 6005: 5996: 5948: 5928: 5823:calcium hydroxide 5733: 5732: 5589:ammonia corrodes 5530:§ Properties 5521:respiratory tract 5517: 5516: 5278:Coking wastewater 5064:-based catalyst. 4969:carbon neutrality 4694:contamination of 4680:zoonotic bacteria 4637:energy efficiency 4503:calcined magnesia 4499:ammonium chloride 4484:hydrochloric acid 4447:Muslim alchemists 4290:ammonium chloride 4240:hydrochloric acid 3982:Andrussow process 3799:hydrogen chloride 3782:(HCOOH) to yield 3495:hydrogen chloride 3463: 3378:, so it has some 3331:Self-dissociation 3303:solvated electron 3226:ammonium chloride 3222:hydrochloric acid 3215:hydrogen chloride 3203:ammonium chloride 3199:hydrochloric acid 3064:. Three of these 2988: 2987: 2735: 2734: 2677:Potassium nitrate 2597:. The ionic self- 2562:aqueous solutions 2553: 2552: 2203: 2202: 1624:Ammonium chloride 1602:Georgius Agricola 1594:ammonium chloride 1548:is a solution of 1525:nitrogen fixation 1492:nitrogenous waste 1484:pnictogen hydride 1482:and the simplest 1453:chemical compound 1442:Chemical compound 1440: 1439: 1353:Related compounds 1318:Safety data sheet 1020:Hazard statements 507:InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 463:CompTox Dashboard 207:Interactive image 105: 104: 16:Chemical compound 19959: 19922:Industrial gases 19897:Inorganic amines 19827: 19821: 19806: 19800: 19650: 19608: 19597: 19570: 19564: 19545: 19521: 19508: 19494: 19475: 19466: 19454: 19427: 19413: 19388: 19359: 19346: 19332: 19313: 19304: 19293: 19266: 19247: 19233: 19222: 19211: 19199: 19193: 19183: 19177: 19168: 19148: 19123: 19110: 19096: 19087: 19067: 19058: 19048: 19035: 19022: 19004: 18998: 18985: 18963: 18944: 18931: 18917: 18908: 18888: 18879: 18866: 18853: 18837: 18831: 18822: 18811: 18805: 18797: 18783: 18769: 18746: 18733: 18719: 18710: 18697: 18677: 18667: 18657: 18644: 18635: 18634: 18616: 18609: 18602: 18593: 18592: 18579: 18578: 18577: 18567: 18566: 18565: 18555: 18554: 18553: 18542: 18541: 18489:Organic compound 18389:Chemical formula 18294:Dihydroxyacetone 18242:Hydrogen cyanide 17927:Cyanodiacetylene 17781:Propadienylidene 17675:Thioformaldehyde 17550:Titanium dioxide 17515:Sodium hydroxide 17436:Hydrogen sulfide 17424:Hydrogen cyanide 17384:Carbonyl sulfide 17349: 17340: 17331: 17289:Silicon monoxide 17222:Hydroxyl radical 17134: 17133: 17114: 17107: 17100: 17091: 17090: 16248: 16187: 16186: 16164: 16163: 16128: 16127: 16090: 16089: 15951: 15950: 15874: 15873: 15853: 15793: 15792: 15770: 15769: 15747: 15746: 15710: 15709: 15657: 15656: 15519: 15518: 15466: 15465: 15328: 15327: 15274: 15273: 15251: 15250: 15214: 15213: 15141: 15140: 15107: 15106: 15078: 15077: 14940: 14939: 14898: 14897: 14846: 14845: 14782: 14781: 14747: 14746: 14712: 14711: 14677: 14676: 14642: 14641: 14492: 14491: 14426: 14425: 14386: 14385: 14322: 14315: 14308: 14299: 14298: 14285: 14273: 14249: 14238:Oxidation states 14067: 14066: 14035: 14034: 13969: 13968: 13933: 13932: 13921: 13920: 13866: 13865: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13588: 13587: 13560: 13520: 13511: 13492: 13477:(2nd ed.). 13466: 13446: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13412: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13317: 13311: 13310: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13146: 13140: 13139: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13078: 13072: 13071: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12959: 12953: 12952: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12893: 12887: 12886: 12854: 12848: 12847: 12844:10.1063/1.430946 12818: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12712: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12672: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12503: 12494: 12493: 12461: 12455: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12311: 12305: 12302: 12296: 12295: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12266: 12256: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12158: 12152: 12151: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12054: 12045: 12044: 12013:Nature Catalysis 12004: 11998: 11997: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11931: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11865: 11848:(4): 1127–1139. 11833: 11824: 11823: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11775:(6): 1228–1236. 11760: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11673: 11667: 11666: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11588: 11582: 11581: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11473: 11465: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11420:ammoniatanks.com 11412: 11406: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11376:Water/Wastewater 11367: 11356: 11355: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11330:The Water Centre 11321: 11310: 11309: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11247: 11229: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11188: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11123: 11117: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11075: 11067: 11058: 11055: 11049: 11046:Fuming white oak 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10855:. Archived from 10849: 10843: 10842: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10592:. 6 October 2020 10582: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10494:royalsociety.org 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10469: 10462: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10437:. chm.bris.ac.uk 10431: 10425: 10424: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10354: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10328: 10321: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10295: 10288: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10263: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10210:"Ammonia Motors" 10202: 10196: 10195: 10177: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10108: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10009: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9993:on 26 April 2019 9989:. Archived from 9978: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9945: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9852: 9846: 9834: 9828: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9637:. Archived from 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9558: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9509: 9498: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9432: 9423: 9412: 9406: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9316: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9189: 9183: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9041: 9035: 8991:Bond, Sarah E., 8967:Smith, William, 8919: 8913: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8831: 8825: 8808: 8802: 8792: 8786: 8738: 8732: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8654: 8648: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8518: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8373: 8372: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8313: 8304: 8303: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8225: 8214: 8213: 8183: 8172: 8171: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8124: 8118: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7914: 7913: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7877: 7871: 7857: 7836:R. Norris Shreve 7832: 7826: 7825: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7718: 7712: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7680: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7657: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7624: 7615: 7614: 7602: 7596: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7407:Ammonia solution 7392:Ammonia fountain 7380: 7378:Chemistry portal 7375: 7374: 7373: 7332: 7274: 7252: 7246:observations of 7195: 7180: 7156: 7135: 7126: 7113: 7105: 7096: 7076: 7072: 7057: 7045: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6877: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6805: 6790: 6766: 6759: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6721: 6714: 6703:molecular clouds 6441: 6360:gas. Therefore, 6359: 6337: 6263:partial pressure 6252: 6244:phosphonium salt 6238: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6030: 6029: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5946: 5936: 5933: 5926: 5915:metal catalyst: 5899:) to ammonia (NH 5854: 5827:sodium hydroxide 5813: 5751:dry distillation 5715: 5714: 5707: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5432: 5427: 5387:by weight (w/w) 5380: 5379: 5348: 5055: 5045:ammonium sulfate 5042: 4995: 4941:and the city of 4931:greenhouse gases 4909: 4864: 4773:greenhouse gases 4519:Joseph Priestley 4455:Jābir ibn Hayyān 4436:ancient dentists 4261: 4214:Ammonia solution 4170: 4153: 4126: 4090: 4047: 4017:ammonium nitrate 4008:Wöhler synthesis 3974:Hydrogen cyanide 3969:peroxide process 3934: 3905: 3881:nitrogen dioxide 3792: 3748: 3660: 3646: 3636: 3608:kinetic products 3601: 3594: 3576:, expressed per 3559: 3541: 3507: 3464: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3326: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3275:protic substance 3269: 3250: 3211:ammonium nitrate 3122: 3103: 3094:aqueous solution 3019:transition metal 3011: 2978: 2965: 2952: 2928: 2915: 2902: 2889: 2862: 2861: 2779:Divers' solution 2775:ammonium nitrate 2647:Ammonium nitrate 2637:Ammonium acetate 2630: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2596: 2577: 2570: 2215: 2212: 2204: 1879: 1875: 1868:specific gravity 1846:Ammonia readily 1755:hydrogen bonding 1747:lighter than air 1716: 1701: 1632:ammonium sulfate 1554: 1539: 1477: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1247:lowest published 1154:Explosive limits 1129: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1093: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 999: 994: 989: 984: 952:−46 kJ/mol 948: 921: 901:Thermochemistry 880:Trigonal pyramid 815:Refractive index 808: 806: 580: 567: 557:Chemical formula 517:InChI=1/H3N/h1H3 487: 486: 471: 469: 443: 407: 396: 385: 368: 346:Gmelin Reference 329: 321: 310: 299: 279: 259: 227: 209: 185: 157:Nitrogen hydride 142:Hydrogen nitride 81: 75: 68: 64: 52:Ammonia solution 30: 29: 28: 25: 19967: 19966: 19962: 19961: 19960: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19882: 19881: 19880: 19875: 19874: 19828: 19825: 19822: 19819: 19807: 19804: 19801: 19798: 19649: 19645: 19641: 19606: 19602: 19596: 19592: 19588: 19571: 19568: 19565: 19562: 19544: 19540: 19536: 19535: 19520: 19516: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19503: 19499: 19493: 19489: 19477: 19474: 19470: 19468: 19464: 19460: 19453: 19449: 19445: 19426: 19422: 19418: 19411: 19407: 19386: 19382: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19341: 19337: 19331: 19327: 19315: 19312: 19308: 19306: 19302: 19298: 19292: 19288: 19284: 19277: 19268: 19265: 19261: 19257: 19246: 19242: 19238: 19231: 19227: 19220: 19216: 19209: 19205: 19200: 19197: 19194: 19191: 19184: 19181: 19178: 19175: 19166: 19162: 19160: 19147: 19143: 19139: 19137: 19122: 19118: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19105: 19101: 19095: 19091: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19069: 19066: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19053: 19047: 19043: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19017: 19013: 19011: 19007: 19005: 19002: 18999: 18996: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18976: 18974: 18965: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18943: 18939: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18926: 18922: 18916: 18912: 18910: 18906: 18902: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18874: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18861: 18857: 18855: 18851: 18847: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18832: 18829: 18821: 18817: 18812: 18809: 18806: 18803: 18799: 18796: 18792: 18788: 18785: 18782: 18778: 18774: 18771: 18768: 18764: 18760: 18753: 18745: 18741: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18728: 18724: 18718: 18714: 18712: 18708: 18704: 18696: 18692: 18688: 18675: 18671: 18669: 18665: 18663: 18659: 18656: 18652: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18639: 18627: 18620: 18590: 18585: 18575: 18573: 18563: 18561: 18551: 18549: 18529: 18355: 18331: 18322: 18275: 18265: 18208: 18196: 18177:Propionaldehyde 18152:Ethylene glycol 18141: 18133: 18129: 18100: 18098: 18091: 18047:Cyanohexatriyne 18033: 18026: 17973: 17966: 17901: 17894: 17854: 17807: 17800: 17771:Methoxy radical 17701: 17694: 17690:Thiocyanic acid 17571: 17564: 17474: 17414:Ethynyl radical 17350: 17344: 17343: 17342: 17341: 17335: 17334: 17333: 17332: 17323: 17314:Sulfur monoxide 17299:Sodium chloride 17284:Silicon carbide 17191:Diatomic carbon 17181:Carbon monoxide 17123: 17118: 17088: 17083: 17065: 17061: 17053: 17045: 17037: 17029: 17021: 17013: 17005: 16997: 16989: 16981: 16973: 16965: 16957: 16950: 16946: 16939: 16931: 16923: 16906: 16902: 16894: 16886: 16878: 16870: 16862: 16854: 16846: 16838: 16830: 16822: 16814: 16806: 16798: 16790: 16782: 16774: 16766: 16758: 16750: 16742: 16734: 16726: 16718: 16710: 16702: 16694: 16677: 16667: 16658: 16650: 16646: 16633: 16625: 16594: 16580: 16565: 16550: 16542: 16534: 16526: 16518: 16505: 16497: 16484: 16471: 16458: 16445: 16437: 16429: 16421: 16413: 16405: 16397: 16389: 16381: 16373: 16365: 16357: 16349: 16332: 16289: 16282: 16277: 16268: 16245: 16236: 16228: 16211: 16201: 16181: 16177: 16158: 16154: 16150: 16141: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16105: 16084: 16075: 16071: 16063: 16059: 16051: 16047: 16039: 16035: 16027: 16023: 16015: 16011: 16003: 15999: 15991: 15987: 15979: 15975: 15966: 15945: 15937: 15933: 15925: 15921: 15913: 15909: 15901: 15897: 15888: 15868: 15866: 15859: 15851: 15842: 15829: 15817: 15807: 15787: 15783: 15764: 15760: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15725: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15688: 15684: 15676: 15672: 15651: 15642: 15638: 15630: 15626: 15618: 15614: 15606: 15602: 15594: 15590: 15582: 15578: 15570: 15566: 15558: 15554: 15546: 15542: 15534: 15513: 15509: 15505: 15497: 15493: 15485: 15481: 15460: 15451: 15447: 15439: 15435: 15427: 15423: 15415: 15411: 15403: 15399: 15391: 15387: 15379: 15375: 15367: 15363: 15355: 15351: 15343: 15322: 15311: 15307: 15299: 15268: 15264: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15229: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15192: 15188: 15180: 15176: 15168: 15164: 15156: 15135: 15126: 15122: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15072: 15063: 15059: 15051: 15047: 15039: 15035: 15027: 15023: 15015: 15011: 15003: 14999: 14991: 14987: 14979: 14975: 14967: 14963: 14955: 14934: 14929: 14921: 14913: 14892: 14831: 14827: 14819: 14815: 14807: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14760: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14725: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14690: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14655: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14620: 14616: 14608: 14604: 14596: 14592: 14584: 14580: 14572: 14568: 14560: 14556: 14548: 14544: 14536: 14532: 14524: 14520: 14507: 14486: 14475: 14471: 14463: 14455: 14447: 14439: 14420: 14380: 14378: 14371: 14338: 14331: 14326: 14296: 14291: 14279: 14267: 14243: 14232: 14228: 14220: 14212: 14204: 14195: 14187: 14183: 14174: 14166: 14158: 14150: 14142: 14134: 14126: 14118: 14108: 14099: 14091: 14071: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14058: 14051: 14047: 14043: 14033: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14021: 14014: 14010: 13997: 13989: 13985: 13976: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13953: 13941: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13901: 13897: 13889: 13885: 13878: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13854: 13846: 13842: 13834: 13813: 13809: 13796: 13792: 13768: 13760: 13737: 13724: 13709: 13703: 13694: 13686: 13678: 13674: 13665: 13652: 13644: 13636: 13621: 13615: 13551: 13527: 13508: 13489: 13455: 13435: 13433:Further reading 13422: 13420: 13401:, ed. (1911). " 13386: 13384: 13375: 13373: 13364: 13361: 13356: 13355: 13318: 13314: 13291: 13287: 13264: 13260: 13223: 13219: 13188: 13184: 13147: 13143: 13120: 13116: 13079: 13075: 13036: 13032: 13001: 12997: 12960: 12956: 12933: 12929: 12899: 12894: 12890: 12860: 12855: 12851: 12819: 12815: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12710: 12704: 12700: 12673: 12669: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12618: 12613: 12609: 12582: 12578: 12539: 12535: 12504: 12497: 12470:Phys. Rev. Lett 12467: 12462: 12458: 12452:Wayback Machine 12442: 12438: 12431: 12400: 12396: 12389: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12348: 12344: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12299: 12294:on 20 May 2007. 12284: 12280: 12233: 12229: 12222: 12208: 12204: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12165: 12159: 12155: 12119: 12115: 12055: 12048: 12005: 12001: 11965: 11961: 11891: 11887: 11834: 11827: 11792: 11788: 11761: 11757: 11747: 11745: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11649: 11645: 11638: 11624: 11620: 11613: 11589: 11585: 11578: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11526: 11524: 11516: 11515: 11511: 11501: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11480: 11478: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11459: 11449: 11447: 11439: 11438: 11434: 11424: 11422: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11403:Wayback Machine 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11368: 11359: 11348: 11344: 11334: 11332: 11322: 11313: 11306: 11290: 11286: 11276: 11274: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11220:(12): 613–628. 11206: 11202: 11141: 11137: 11132:(5th ed.). 11124: 11120: 11108: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11084: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11061: 11056: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11000: 10996: 10965: 10961: 10954: 10938: 10934: 10924: 10922: 10913: 10912: 10908: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10751: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10732:IHI Corporation 10727: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10649: 10647: 10636: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10618:. 30 March 2022 10610: 10609: 10605: 10595: 10593: 10590:Offshore Energy 10584: 10583: 10579: 10569: 10567: 10558: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10531: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10488: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10400: 10398: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10363: 10352: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10268: 10261: 10257: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10203: 10199: 10141: 10134: 10130: 10085: 10081: 10071: 10069: 10037: 10033: 10010: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9979: 9975: 9946: 9939: 9929: 9927: 9917: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9898:Offshore Energy 9892: 9891: 9887: 9872: 9868: 9853: 9849: 9835: 9831: 9814: 9810: 9771: 9767: 9736: 9732: 9715: 9711: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9679: 9669: 9667: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9644: 9642: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9584:Washington Post 9576: 9572: 9527: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9433: 9426: 9413: 9409: 9357: 9353: 9334: 9330: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9268:Chemistry World 9262: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9174: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9123: 9119: 9112: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9042: 9038: 8920: 8916: 8878:Natural History 8854: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8809: 8805: 8794:Kopp, Hermann, 8793: 8789: 8739: 8735: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8698: 8694: 8655: 8651: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8567: 8563: 8555: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8487: 8483: 8446: 8442: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8376: 8349:Physical Review 8345: 8341: 8334: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8278: 8274: 8253: 8249: 8226: 8217: 8184: 8175: 8162: 8158: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8125: 8121: 8106: 8102: 8067: 8063: 8032: 8028: 7999: 7995: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7917: 7910: 7896: 7892: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7854: 7833: 7829: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7741:Ritchie, Hannah 7738: 7734: 7719: 7715: 7703: 7699: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7625: 7618: 7603: 7599: 7587:Perrin, D. D., 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7403: 7376: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7352: 7343: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7311:infrared cirrus 7301: 7282: 7273: 7269: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7215: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7178: 7174: 7124: 7121:+ HCO → [NH 7120: 7116: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6909: 6904: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6686: 6599: 6567: 6561: 6541:α-ketoglutarate 6482: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6413: 6376:, benefit from 6358: 6354: 6343:metabolic waste 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6278: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6233: 6219:tetrahydrofuran 6204:, which can be 6202:lithium nitride 6198:electrochemical 6178: 6176:Electrochemical 6173: 6172: 6161:steam reforming 6094: 6087: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6006: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5760:, where it was 5739: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5729: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5562: 5398: 5386: 5362: 5347: 5343: 5324: 5312:fish hatcheries 5308: 5300:South Australia 5280: 5229: 5167: 5151: 5145: 5125: 5113: 5105:Birch reduction 5101:methamphetamine 5077: 5060:), relies on a 5054: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5029: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4976:IHI Corporation 4905: 4888: 4872:carbon monoxide 4863: 4857: 4730: 4668: 4625: 4593: 4588: 4517:in 1770 and by 4507:magnesium oxide 4463:Albertus Magnus 4438:to wash teeth. 4409:Hammoniacus sal 4401:Aëtius of Amida 4337: 4317:waste treatment 4310: 4302: 4299: 4268: 4266:Gaseous ammonia 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4216: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4187: 4183: 4172:. Ammonia is a 4169: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4050:anticancer drug 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 3995:Raschig process 3938:With chlorine, 3933: 3929: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3865:Ostwald process 3858: 3846:ethyl carbamate 3793:) when heated. 3791: 3787: 3776:carboxylic acid 3766:triethanolamine 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3702: 3688:, and a narrow 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3586:nitrogen oxides 3575: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3506: 3502: 3475: 3471: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3245:+ HCl → [NH 3244: 3240: 3180: 3162:radiation of a 3120: 3116: 3101: 3027: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2976: 2963: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2926: 2913: 2900: 2887: 2852: 2846: 2804:metals such as 2802:electropositive 2787:vapour pressure 2697:Sodium chloride 2687:Sodium fluoride 2657:Lithium nitrate 2629: 2625: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2207: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1873: 1844: 1803: 1792: 1779: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1691: 1620: 1607:De re metallica 1596:. According to 1568:Natural History 1561: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1534: 1476: 1467: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1429: ?) 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1385: 1354: 1344: 1338: 1309: 1296: 1275: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1235: 1199: 1193: 1181: 1175: 1145: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1048: 1022: 1008: 977: 949: 946: 940: 936: 933: 932:Std enthalpy of 922: 919: 912: 909: 890: 876: 874:Molecular shape 867: 861: 847: 825: 823: 804: 802: 799: 761: 743: 729:857.3 kPa 694: 682: 630: 589:Colourless gas 578: 566: 562: 559: 545: 542: 537: 536: 525: 522: 521: 518: 512: 511: 508: 502: 501: 490: 472: 465: 446: 426: 410: 397: 371: 348: 339: 302: 282: 262: 239: 230: 212: 199: 188: 175: 161: 160: 132: 131: 120: 63: 54: 48: 26: 23: 22: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19965: 19955: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19932:Nitrogen cycle 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19877: 19876: 19871: 19870: 19867: 19864: 19861: 19858: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19824: 19818: 19814: 19809: 19803: 19797: 19793: 19790: 19786: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19711: 19710: 19707: 19704: 19703: 19700: 19697: 19694: 19691: 19688: 19685: 19682: 19679: 19676: 19673: 19670: 19667: 19664: 19661: 19658: 19655: 19652: 19647: 19643: 19638: 19634: 19633: 19630: 19627: 19624: 19619: 19610: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19590: 19585: 19582: 19579: 19576: 19573: 19567: 19561: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19538: 19531: 19526: 19523: 19518: 19514: 19505: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19485: 19484: 19481: 19472: 19462: 19457: 19451: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19420: 19415: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19396: 19393: 19390: 19384: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19361: 19356: 19352: 19343: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19323: 19322: 19319: 19310: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19286: 19281: 19272: 19263: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19240: 19235: 19229: 19224: 19218: 19213: 19207: 19202: 19196: 19190: 19186: 19180: 19174: 19170: 19164: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19141: 19132: 19127: 19125: 19120: 19116: 19107: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19083: 19077: 19076: 19073: 19064: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19041: 19032: 19028: 19019: 19015: 19001: 18995: 18991: 18982: 18978: 18969: 18960: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18937: 18928: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18904: 18898: 18897: 18894: 18885: 18876: 18872: 18863: 18859: 18849: 18844: 18834: 18828: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18808: 18802: 18794: 18790: 18780: 18776: 18766: 18762: 18757: 18748: 18743: 18739: 18730: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18706: 18700: 18699: 18694: 18690: 18685: 18683: 18681: 18679: 18673: 18654: 18650: 18641: 18633: 18632: 18629: 18628: 18619: 18618: 18611: 18604: 18596: 18587: 18586: 18584: 18583: 18571: 18559: 18547: 18534: 18531: 18530: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18414:Cosmochemistry 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18379:Astrochemistry 18376: 18371: 18365: 18363: 18357: 18356: 18354: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18329: 18325: 18320: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18285: 18283: 18277: 18276: 18274: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18232:Formyl radical 18229: 18224: 18218: 18212: 18210: 18202: 18201: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18162:Methyl acetate 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18135: 18131: 18127: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18105: 18103: 18093: 18092: 18090: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18052:Dimethyl ether 18049: 18044: 18038: 18036: 18028: 18027: 18025: 18024: 18019: 18017:Methyl formate 18014: 18009: 18004: 18002:Glycolaldehyde 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17978: 17976: 17968: 17967: 17965: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17937:Glycolonitrile 17934: 17932:Ethylene oxide 17929: 17924: 17923: 17922: 17912: 17906: 17904: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17831:Cyclopropenone 17828: 17823: 17818: 17812: 17810: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17731:Cyanoacetylene 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17706: 17704: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17650:Methyl radical 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17625:Isocyanic acid 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17590:Isocyanic acid 17587: 17582: 17576: 17574: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17535:Sulfur dioxide 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17510:Sodium cyanide 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17427: 17421: 17419:Formyl radical 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17379:Carbon dioxide 17376: 17371: 17366: 17360: 17358: 17352: 17351: 17326: 17324: 17322: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17227:Iron(II) oxide 17224: 17219: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17142: 17140: 17131: 17125: 17124: 17117: 17116: 17109: 17102: 17094: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17081: 17075: 17073: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17031: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16916: 16914: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16884: 16880: 16876: 16872: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16687: 16685: 16679: 16678: 16676: 16675: 16665: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16619: 16607: 16602: 16592: 16587: 16576: 16572: 16561: 16557: 16552: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16473: 16469: 16465: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16427: 16423: 16419: 16415: 16411: 16407: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16383: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16342: 16340: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16292: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16280: 16275: 16271: 16266: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16243: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16222: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16210: 16209: 16199: 16193: 16191: 16183: 16182: 16180: 16179: 16175: 16170: 16168: 16160: 16159: 16157: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16132: 16124: 16123: 16121: 16120: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16096: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16082: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16061: 16057: 16053: 16049: 16045: 16041: 16037: 16033: 16029: 16025: 16021: 16017: 16013: 16009: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15957: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15886: 15882: 15880: 15871: 15867:chalcogenides 15861: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15849: 15844: 15840: 15836: 15831: 15827: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15815: 15805: 15799: 15797: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15785: 15781: 15776: 15774: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15762: 15758: 15753: 15751: 15743: 15742: 15740: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15718: 15716: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15686: 15682: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15665: 15663: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15644: 15640: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15612: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15527: 15525: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15491: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15474: 15472: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15458: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15429: 15425: 15421: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15341: 15336: 15334: 15325: 15317: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15287: 15285: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15266: 15262: 15257: 15255: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15222: 15220: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15178: 15174: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15149: 15147: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15133: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15115: 15113: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15086: 15084: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14948: 14946: 14936: 14935: 14933: 14932: 14927: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14854: 14852: 14843: 14837: 14836: 14833: 14832: 14830: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14793: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14753: 14751: 14743: 14742: 14740: 14739: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14723: 14718: 14716: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14683: 14681: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14648: 14646: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14509: 14505: 14500: 14498: 14489: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14474: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14437: 14432: 14430: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14392: 14390: 14383: 14381:earth hydrides 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14343: 14341: 14333: 14332: 14325: 14324: 14317: 14310: 14302: 14293: 14292: 14242: 14240: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14198: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14106: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14077: 14073: 14072: 14070: 14069: 14063: 14056: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14031: 14024: 14019: 14012: 14008: 14004: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13974: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13929: 13917: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13876: 13872: 13862: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13823: 13821: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13726: 13722: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13701: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13629: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13614: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13582:Ammonia, video 13579: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13549: 13540: 13534: 13526: 13525:External links 13523: 13522: 13521: 13512: 13506: 13493: 13487: 13467: 13453: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13429: 13413: 13399:Chisholm, Hugh 13382: 13366:"Aqua Ammonia" 13360: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13332:(2): 195–207. 13312: 13285: 13258: 13252:10.1086/191365 13217: 13182: 13176:10.1086/160241 13141: 13114: 13108:10.1086/185728 13073: 13060:10.1086/162825 13030: 13025:10.1086/152515 12995: 12954: 12927: 12922:10.1086/158168 12897: 12888: 12858: 12849: 12813: 12807:10.1086/190665 12772: 12750: 12735:10.1086/191135 12698: 12667: 12646: 12641:10.1086/183856 12616: 12607: 12576: 12533: 12495: 12465: 12456: 12436: 12429: 12394: 12387: 12367: 12361:978-3794523856 12360: 12342: 12306: 12297: 12278: 12227: 12220: 12202: 12175: 12161:Roth, Karl S. 12153: 12113: 12046: 12019:(5): 463–469. 11999: 11959: 11885: 11825: 11806:(1): 183–188. 11786: 11755: 11724: 11693: 11686: 11668: 11661: 11643: 11636: 11618: 11612:978-3527306732 11611: 11583: 11576: 11558: 11551: 11534: 11509: 11488: 11457: 11432: 11407: 11388: 11357: 11342: 11311: 11304: 11284: 11259: 11200: 11135: 11118: 11102: 11090: 11059: 11050: 11038: 11024: 10994: 10959: 10953:978-0323013406 10952: 10932: 10906: 10888: 10870: 10859:on 10 May 2008 10844: 10825:(4): 373–386. 10805: 10788: 10771: 10745: 10734:. 16 June 2022 10725: 10715: 10687: 10657: 10646:. 24 June 2021 10629: 10603: 10577: 10551: 10539:Science | AAAS 10525: 10499: 10481: 10448: 10426: 10408: 10386: 10369: 10340: 10307: 10274: 10247: 10240: 10222: 10197: 10139: 10128: 10079: 10031: 10004: 9973: 9937: 9911: 9885: 9866: 9847: 9829: 9808: 9765: 9746:(1–2): 23–28. 9730: 9709: 9677: 9652: 9621: 9596: 9570: 9541:(10): 105011. 9521: 9485: 9478: 9460: 9454:978-3527306732 9453: 9424: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9394: 9384: 9374: 9351: 9328: 9280: 9255: 9248: 9228: 9211: 9204: 9184: 9144: 9137: 9117: 9110: 9090: 9083: 9063: 9056: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9010: 8999: 8989: 8975: 8965: 8951: 8941: 8924:Forbes, R.J., 8914: 8912: 8911: 8901: 8891: 8848: 8835:"Sal-ammoniac" 8826: 8803: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8770: 8733: 8717: 8710: 8692: 8649: 8628: 8626:, p. 863. 8613: 8586: 8579: 8561: 8504: 8481: 8460:(1): 109–133. 8440: 8422: 8391: 8389:, p. 862. 8374: 8339: 8332: 8305: 8299:978-0471936237 8298: 8272: 8247: 8215: 8173: 8156: 8138: 8119: 8100: 8061: 8026: 7993: 7967: 7955: 7942: 7940:, p. 861. 7915: 7909:978-0486600062 7908: 7890: 7872: 7852: 7827: 7807: 7793: 7775: 7761: 7732: 7713: 7697: 7672: 7644: 7637: 7616: 7597: 7580: 7558: 7523: 7516: 7494: 7473: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7382: 7381: 7365: 7362: 7351: 7348: 7342: 7341:UC HII regions 7339: 7329: 7318: 7315: 7299: 7281: 7278: 7271: 7249: 7240: 7237: 7213: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7176: 7139: 7138: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7053:] + e → P + NH 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7017: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6924:. Assuming an 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6777: 6774: 6763: 6756: 6742: 6735: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6685: 6682: 6598: 6595: 6563:Main article: 6560: 6557: 6518:hyperammonemia 6510:hyperammonemia 6490:biosynthesised 6481: 6478: 6438: 6434: 6412: 6409: 6356: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6277: 6274: 6249: 6235: 6191:climate change 6177: 6174: 6153:Birkeland-Eyde 6112: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5984: 5973: 5966: 5952: 5943: 5940: 5932: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5870: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5815: 5814: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5793:]Cl + 2 CaO → 5790: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5698:Main article: 5688: 5685: 5637:ethylene oxide 5633:polymerisation 5625:high explosive 5601:, which makes 5561: 5558: 5515: 5514: 5497: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5456: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5403:GHS pictograms 5400: 5393: 5388: 5361: 5358: 5345: 5323: 5320: 5307: 5304: 5279: 5276: 5235:by the enzyme 5228: 5225: 5166: 5163: 5149:Ammonia fuming 5144: 5141: 5124: 5121: 5112: 5109: 5097:smelling salts 5076: 5073: 5050: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 4996:are produced. 4990: 4979: 4974:In June 2022, 4937:. The company 4891:green hydrogen 4886: 4868:carbon dioxide 4859: 4758:energy density 4729: 4726: 4708:centrifugation 4704:beef trimmings 4667: 4664: 4624: 4621: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4451:Book of Stones 4336: 4333: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4267: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4236:volumetrically 4212:Main article: 4209: 4206: 4197: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4167: 4163: 4150: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4023: 4010: 3997: 3984: 3971: 3940:monochloramine 3931: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3857: 3854: 3834: 3833: 3824: 3795:Acyl chlorides 3789: 3762:diethanolamine 3754:ethylene oxide 3750: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3701: 3698: 3672:gauze or warm 3662: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3598: 3591: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3504: 3473: 3469: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3372: 3371: 3349: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3299:liquid ammonia 3265: 3256:ammonium salts 3252: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3179: 3176: 3154:is 23.79 3148:energy barrier 3118: 3083:hydrogen bonds 3066:electron pairs 3026: 3023: 3008: 3007:] + 6 e ⇌ 8 NH 3004: 3000: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2845: 2842: 2781:, named after 2733: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2707:Sodium bromide 2703: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2667:Sodium nitrate 2663: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2604: 2593: 2574: 2567: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1843: 1840: 1802: 1799: 1790: 1783:Pearson symbol 1778: 1775: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1619: 1616: 1598:Herbert Hoover 1560: 1557: 1551: 1536: 1474: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1410: 1409: 1405:standard state 1402: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1346:Hydrazoic acid 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1068:P304+P340+P311 1064:P303+P361+P353 1049: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1001: 1000: 978: 973: 970: 969: 959: 958: 954: 953: 950: 944: 938: 930: 927: 926: 923: 917: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 891: 886: 883: 882: 877: 872: 869: 868: 865: 862: 857: 854: 853: 849: 848: 846: 845: 842: 838: 836: 830: 829: 826: 821: 813: 810: 809: 807:10 cm/mol 800: 794: 791: 790: 785: 783:Conjugate base 779: 778: 773: 771:Conjugate acid 767: 766: 763: 759: 749: 748: 745: 741: 731: 730: 727: 725:Vapor pressure 721: 720: 702: 696: 695: 693: 692: 689: 685: 683: 678: 675: 674: 671: 656: 655: 652: 646: 645: 638: 632: 631: 629: 628: 625: 619: 616: 613: 609: 607: 601: 600: 597: 591: 590: 587: 583: 582: 576: 570: 569: 564: 560: 555: 552: 551: 547: 546: 544: 543: 540: 532: 531: 530: 527: 526: 524: 523: 519: 516: 515: 513: 509: 506: 505: 497: 496: 495: 492: 491: 489: 488: 475: 473: 461: 458: 457: 454: 448: 447: 445: 444: 436: 434: 428: 427: 425: 424: 420: 418: 412: 411: 409: 408: 400: 398: 390: 387: 386: 379: 373: 372: 370: 369: 361: 359: 353: 352: 349: 344: 341: 340: 338: 337: 333: 331: 323: 322: 312: 304: 303: 301: 300: 292: 290: 284: 283: 281: 280: 272: 270: 264: 263: 261: 260: 252: 250: 244: 243: 240: 235: 232: 231: 229: 228: 220: 218: 214: 213: 211: 210: 202: 200: 193: 190: 189: 187: 186: 178: 176: 171: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154:Hydrogen amine 152: 149: 146: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 129: 128: 122: 121: 118: 112: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102: 92: 77: 76: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19964: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19889: 19887: 19868: 19865: 19862: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19794: 19791: 19788: 19787: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19705: 19701: 19698: 19695: 19692: 19689: 19686: 19683: 19680: 19677: 19674: 19671: 19668: 19665: 19662: 19659: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19631: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19616: 19611: 19609: 19600: 19598: 19586: 19583: 19580: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19509: 19497: 19495: 19487: 19486: 19482: 19480: 19476: 19467: 19458: 19455: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19416: 19414: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19397: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19360: 19347: 19335: 19333: 19325: 19324: 19320: 19318: 19314: 19305: 19296: 19294: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19267: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19236: 19234: 19225: 19223: 19214: 19212: 19203: 19201: 19187: 19185: 19171: 19169: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19124: 19111: 19099: 19097: 19088: 19079: 19078: 19074: 19072: 19068: 19059: 19051: 19049: 19036: 19023: 19010: 19006: 18992: 18990: 18986: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18964: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18932: 18920: 18918: 18909: 18900: 18899: 18895: 18893: 18889: 18880: 18867: 18854: 18845: 18843: 18839: 18825: 18823: 18815: 18813: 18798: 18784: 18770: 18758: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18734: 18722: 18720: 18711: 18702: 18701: 18698: 18686: 18680: 18678: 18668: 18662: 18658: 18645: 18637: 18636: 18630: 18625: 18617: 18612: 18610: 18605: 18603: 18598: 18597: 18594: 18582: 18572: 18570: 18560: 18558: 18548: 18546: 18545: 18536: 18535: 18532: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18444:Homochirality 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18364: 18362: 18358: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18326: 18324: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18299:Methoxyethane 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18286: 18284: 18282: 18278: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18207: 18203: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18182:Butyronitrile 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18157:Ethyl formate 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18136: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18102: 18094: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18082:Propionitrile 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18035: 18029: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17979: 17977: 17975: 17969: 17963: 17962:Vinyl alcohol 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17921: 17920:Vinyl cyanide 17918: 17917: 17916: 17915:Acrylonitrile 17913: 17911: 17908: 17907: 17905: 17903: 17897: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17880:Pentynylidyne 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17809: 17803: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17776:Methylenimine 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17711: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17703: 17697: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17655:Propynylidyne 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17645:Methyl cation 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17605:Fulminic acid 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17573: 17567: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17480:Nitrous oxide 17478: 17476: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17431: 17428: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17374:Amino radical 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17361: 17359: 17357: 17353: 17348: 17339: 17330: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17304:Sodium iodide 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17186:Cyano radical 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17166:Carbon cation 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17143: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17115: 17110: 17108: 17103: 17101: 17096: 17095: 17092: 17080: 17077: 17076: 17074: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17056: 17054: 17048: 17046: 17040: 17038: 17032: 17030: 17024: 17022: 17016: 17014: 17008: 17006: 17000: 16998: 16992: 16990: 16984: 16982: 16976: 16974: 16968: 16966: 16960: 16958: 16952: 16942: 16940: 16934: 16932: 16926: 16924: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16909: 16903: 16897: 16895: 16889: 16887: 16881: 16879: 16873: 16871: 16865: 16863: 16857: 16855: 16849: 16847: 16841: 16839: 16833: 16831: 16825: 16823: 16817: 16815: 16809: 16807: 16801: 16799: 16793: 16791: 16785: 16783: 16777: 16775: 16769: 16767: 16761: 16759: 16753: 16751: 16745: 16743: 16737: 16735: 16729: 16727: 16721: 16719: 16713: 16711: 16705: 16703: 16697: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16684: 16680: 16673: 16669: 16668: 16661: 16659: 16653: 16651: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16628: 16626: 16620: 16617: 16613: 16612: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16595: 16588: 16586: 16584: 16579: 16573: 16571: 16569: 16564: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16545: 16543: 16537: 16535: 16529: 16527: 16521: 16519: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16500: 16498: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16440: 16438: 16432: 16430: 16424: 16422: 16416: 16414: 16408: 16406: 16400: 16398: 16392: 16390: 16384: 16382: 16376: 16374: 16368: 16366: 16360: 16358: 16352: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16339: 16335: 16329: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16291: 16285: 16279: 16272: 16270: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16247: 16239: 16237: 16231: 16229: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16217: 16207: 16203: 16202: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16188: 16178: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16165: 16155: 16145: 16143: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16119: 16109: 16107: 16100: 16099: 16097: 16095: 16091: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16066: 16064: 16054: 16052: 16042: 16040: 16030: 16028: 16018: 16016: 16006: 16004: 15994: 15992: 15982: 15980: 15970: 15968: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15928: 15926: 15916: 15914: 15904: 15902: 15892: 15890: 15883: 15881: 15879: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15862: 15856: 15852: 15845: 15843: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15784: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15771: 15761: 15755: 15754: 15752: 15748: 15738: 15728: 15726: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15715: 15711: 15701: 15691: 15689: 15679: 15677: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15662: 15658: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15633: 15631: 15621: 15619: 15609: 15607: 15597: 15595: 15585: 15583: 15573: 15571: 15561: 15559: 15549: 15547: 15537: 15535: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15520: 15510: 15500: 15498: 15488: 15486: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15471: 15467: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15442: 15440: 15430: 15428: 15418: 15416: 15406: 15404: 15394: 15392: 15382: 15380: 15370: 15368: 15358: 15356: 15346: 15344: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15318: 15308: 15302: 15300: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15265: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15242: 15232: 15230: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15219: 15215: 15205: 15195: 15193: 15183: 15181: 15171: 15169: 15159: 15157: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15142: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15112: 15108: 15098: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15083: 15079: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15054: 15052: 15042: 15040: 15030: 15028: 15018: 15016: 15006: 15004: 14994: 14992: 14982: 14980: 14970: 14968: 14958: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14931: 14924: 14922: 14916: 14914: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14853: 14851: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14838: 14828: 14822: 14820: 14810: 14808: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14773: 14763: 14761: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14748: 14738: 14728: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14713: 14703: 14693: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14678: 14668: 14658: 14656: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14633: 14623: 14621: 14611: 14609: 14599: 14597: 14587: 14585: 14575: 14573: 14563: 14561: 14551: 14549: 14539: 14537: 14527: 14525: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14482: 14472: 14466: 14464: 14458: 14456: 14450: 14448: 14442: 14440: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14374: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14337:Alkali metal 14334: 14330: 14323: 14318: 14316: 14311: 14309: 14304: 14303: 14300: 14289: 14284: 14283: 14277: 14272: 14271: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14248: 14247: 14241: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14223: 14221: 14215: 14213: 14207: 14205: 14199: 14197: 14190: 14188: 14178: 14176: 14169: 14167: 14161: 14159: 14153: 14151: 14145: 14143: 14137: 14135: 14129: 14127: 14121: 14119: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14102: 14100: 14094: 14092: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14074: 14068: 14052: 14038: 14036: 14025: 14023: 14015: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13992: 13990: 13980: 13978: 13970: 13954: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13936: 13934: 13922: 13910: 13904: 13902: 13892: 13890: 13879: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13855: 13849: 13847: 13837: 13835: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13816: 13810: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13763: 13761: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13705: 13704: 13697: 13695: 13689: 13687: 13681: 13679: 13669: 13667: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13639: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13619: 13612: 13607: 13605: 13600: 13598: 13593: 13592: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13574: 13571: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13518: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13499: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13445: 13444: 13437: 13436: 13419: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13394:public domain 13383: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13348: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13316: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13289: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13262: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13221: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13186: 13177: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13145: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13118: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13077: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13034: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 12999: 12990: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12958: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12931: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12892: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12853: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12824:J. Chem. Phys 12817: 12808: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12776: 12760: 12754: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12671: 12656: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12611: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12580: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12514:(1): 239–70. 12513: 12509: 12502: 12500: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12460: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12440: 12432: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12417: 12412: 12408: 12407:Jane B. Reece 12404: 12398: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12371: 12363: 12357: 12353: 12346: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12310: 12301: 12293: 12289: 12282: 12274: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12231: 12223: 12221:0-7167-4339-6 12217: 12213: 12206: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12179: 12164: 12157: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12117: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12053: 12051: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11963: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11930: 11929:10044/1/72812 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11889: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11832: 11830: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11790: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11759: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11672: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11647: 11639: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11614: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11587: 11579: 11573: 11569: 11562: 11554: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11498: 11492: 11477: 11470: 11464: 11462: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11392: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11353: 11346: 11331: 11327: 11324:Oram, Brian. 11320: 11318: 11316: 11307: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11288: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11255: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11196: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11131: 11130: 11122: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11099: 11094: 11083: 11079: 11072: 11066: 11064: 11054: 11048:. woodweb.com 11047: 11042: 11027: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10998: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10955: 10949: 10945: 10944: 10936: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10809: 10798: 10792: 10781: 10775: 10760: 10756: 10749: 10733: 10729: 10719: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10691: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10591: 10587: 10581: 10565: 10564:energypost.eu 10561: 10555: 10540: 10536: 10529: 10513: 10512:Bloomberg.com 10509: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10436: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10412: 10397:. Greg Vezina 10396: 10390: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10362: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10267: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10243: 10241:9781455612598 10237: 10233: 10226: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10008: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9942: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9713: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9489: 9481: 9475: 9471: 9464: 9456: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9284: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9251: 9249:9781107691155 9245: 9241: 9240: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9215: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9148: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9121: 9113: 9107: 9103: 9102: 9094: 9086: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9067: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9040: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8852: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8811:Chisholm 1911 8807: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8645:0-442-28304-0 8642: 8638: 8632: 8625: 8624:Chisholm 1911 8620: 8618: 8601: 8597: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8565: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8387:Chisholm 1911 8383: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8335: 8333:9781466571143 8329: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8312: 8310: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190:Chem. Eur. J. 8182: 8180: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7982:. July 2023. 7981: 7977: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7938:Chisholm 1911 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7911: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7661: 7654: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7568: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7483: 7477: 7466: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7425:Haber process 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7368: 7361: 7358: 7347: 7338: 7336: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7277: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7245: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7182: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7130: 7128: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7098: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7047: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7014:10. Assuming 6991: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6936:abundance of 6921: 6908: = 6907: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6812: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6783: 6773: 6769: 6751: 6749: 6730: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6694:galactic core 6691: 6681: 6679: 6678:moons of Mars 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635:giant planets 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549:renal tubules 6546: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6443: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6294:nucleic acids 6291: 6282: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6245: 6240: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6095: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6062: 6058: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6007: 5998: 5982: 5971: 5950: 5941: 5938: 5930: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5885:Haber process 5878: 5874: 5867: 5866:Haber process 5832: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5727: 5726:MediaWiki.org 5723: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5498: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5396:Concentration 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384:Concentration 5382: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5272:tobacco smoke 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5217:caustic burns 5214: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179:TogliattiAzot 5176: 5171: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5117:mercerisation 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5046: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4998:Nitrous oxide 4993: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4916:liquid oxygen 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4895:blue hydrogen 4892: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4854: 4853:octane rating 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806:working fluid 4800: 4799:rocket engine 4796: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271:Sulfur sticks 4263: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232:sulfuric acid 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097:Alfred Werner 4094: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056:Ammonia is a 4051: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987:Hydroxylamine 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3831:Sohio process 3828: 3827:Acrylonitrile 3825: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716:alkyl halides 3713: 3709: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3552: 3547: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307:lithium amide 3304: 3300: 3297:dissolves in 3296: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3261: 3257: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3197:; thus, with 3196: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178:Amphotericity 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129:isoelectronic 3126: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062:tetrahedrally 3059: 3055: 3047: 3046:Dot and cross 3043: 3036: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3015: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964:Cu + 2 e ⇌ Cu 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927:Zn + 2 e ⇌ Zn 2925: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2873:(V, ammonia) 2872: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798:alkali metals 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783:Edward Divers 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2717:Sodium iodide 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2228:Specific heat 2227: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1892:Specific heat 1891: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743:pungent smell 1740: 1715: 1700: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1532: 1530: 1529:Haber process 1526: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1435: 1428: 1423: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312:300 ppm 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295:(Recommended) 1294: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1274:(Permissible) 1273: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 998: 993: 988: 983: 979: 976: 972: 971: 967: 965: 960: 955: 951: 943: 935: 929: 928: 924: 916: 911: 905: 904: 899: 896: 892: 889: 888:Dipole moment 885: 884: 881: 878: 875: 871: 870: 863: 860: 856: 855: 850: 843: 840: 839: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 820: 816: 812: 811: 801: 797: 793: 792: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 764: 758: 754: 751: 750: 746: 740: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 701: 698: 697: 690: 687: 686: 684: 681: 677: 676: 672: 669: 665: 661: 658: 657: 653: 651: 650:Boiling point 648: 647: 643: 639: 637: 636:Melting point 634: 633: 626: 624: 620: 617: 614: 611: 610: 608: 606: 603: 602: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 585: 584: 577: 575: 572: 571: 561: 558: 554: 553: 548: 539: 538: 535: 528: 514: 504: 503: 500: 493: 485: 481: 480:DTXSID0023872 477: 476: 474: 464: 460: 459: 455: 453: 450: 449: 442: 438: 437: 435: 433: 430: 429: 422: 421: 419: 417: 414: 413: 406: 402: 401: 399: 393: 389: 388: 384: 380: 378: 375: 374: 367: 363: 362: 360: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 343: 342: 335: 334: 332: 330: 325: 324: 320: 316: 313: 311: 309:ECHA InfoCard 306: 305: 298: 294: 293: 291: 289: 286: 285: 278: 277:ChEMBL1160819 274: 273: 271: 269: 266: 265: 258: 254: 253: 251: 249: 246: 245: 241: 238: 234: 233: 226: 222: 221: 219: 216: 215: 208: 204: 203: 201: 197: 192: 191: 184: 180: 179: 177: 174: 170: 169: 164: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 135: 127: 123: 117: 113: 108: 97: 93: 87: 83: 82: 78: 74: 69: 61: 56: 53: 46: 42: 38: 34: 19947:Refrigerants 19612: 18638: 18537: 18520:Spectroscopy 18374:Astrobiology 18227:Formaldehyde 18215: 18119:Benzonitrile 17910:Acetaldehyde 17865:Methanethiol 17816:Acetonitrile 17721:Carbodiimide 17600:Formaldehyde 17595:Cyanoethynyl 17584: 17446:Iron cyanide 17441:Hydroperoxyl 17242:Nitric oxide 16671: 16662: 16615: 16609: 16598: 16589: 16582: 16577: 16567: 16562: 16327: 16321: 16240: 16205: 16196: 16190:Livermoranes 15955:Polysulfanes 15878:Polyoxidanes 15846: 15811: 15802: 15339: 15303: 15295: 15290: 15281: 14883:Cycloalkynes 14878:Cycloalkenes 14873:Cycloalkanes 14850:Hydrocarbons 14823: 14811: 14803: 14798: 14789: 14389:Monohydrides 14286:(a strongly 14280: 14268: 14244: 14104: 13699: 13632: 13557:the original 13516: 13497: 13474: 13442: 13421:. Retrieved 13406: 13374:. Retrieved 13370:the original 13329: 13325: 13315: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13271: 13267: 13261: 13234: 13230: 13220: 13195: 13191: 13185: 13158: 13154: 13144: 13127: 13123: 13117: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13008: 13004: 12998: 12971: 12967: 12957: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12905: 12901: 12891: 12866: 12862: 12852: 12827: 12823: 12816: 12789: 12785: 12775: 12763:. Retrieved 12753: 12718: 12714: 12701: 12684: 12680: 12670: 12658:. Retrieved 12649: 12624: 12620: 12610: 12593: 12589: 12579: 12549:(1): 73–86. 12546: 12542: 12536: 12511: 12507: 12476:(25): 1701. 12473: 12469: 12459: 12439: 12415: 12397: 12377: 12370: 12351: 12345: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12300: 12292:the original 12281: 12244: 12240: 12230: 12211: 12205: 12188: 12178: 12166:. Retrieved 12156: 12131: 12127: 12116: 12067: 12063: 12016: 12012: 12002: 11977: 11973: 11962: 11903: 11899: 11888: 11845: 11841: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11772: 11768: 11758: 11746:. Retrieved 11737: 11727: 11715:. Retrieved 11706: 11696: 11677: 11671: 11652: 11646: 11627: 11621: 11592: 11586: 11567: 11561: 11542: 11537: 11525:. Retrieved 11521: 11512: 11500:. Retrieved 11491: 11479:. Retrieved 11475: 11448:. Retrieved 11445:www.usgs.gov 11444: 11435: 11423:. Retrieved 11419: 11410: 11391: 11379:. Retrieved 11375: 11351: 11345: 11333:. Retrieved 11329: 11294: 11287: 11275:. Retrieved 11271: 11262: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11129:Biochemistry 11128: 11121: 11105: 11093: 11053: 11041: 11029:. Retrieved 11007: 10997: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10942: 10935: 10923:. Retrieved 10919:the original 10909: 10900: 10891: 10873: 10861:. Retrieved 10857:the original 10847: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10791: 10774: 10762:. Retrieved 10748: 10736:. Retrieved 10718: 10706:. Retrieved 10699: 10690: 10678:. Retrieved 10674:the original 10669: 10660: 10648:. Retrieved 10641: 10632: 10620:. Retrieved 10615: 10606: 10594:. Retrieved 10589: 10580: 10568:. Retrieved 10563: 10554: 10544:28 September 10542:. Retrieved 10538: 10528: 10518:28 September 10516:. Retrieved 10511: 10502: 10493: 10484: 10472:. Retrieved 10451: 10439:. Retrieved 10429: 10420: 10411: 10399:. Retrieved 10389: 10372: 10356: 10343: 10331:. Retrieved 10310: 10298:. Retrieved 10277: 10266:the original 10231: 10225: 10213:. Retrieved 10206:Douglas Self 10200: 10149: 10145: 10131: 10096: 10092: 10082: 10070:. Retrieved 10050: 10044: 10034: 10017: 10013: 10007: 9995:. Retrieved 9991:the original 9986: 9976: 9957: 9953: 9928:. Retrieved 9924: 9914: 9902:. Retrieved 9897: 9888: 9879: 9869: 9860: 9850: 9836: 9832: 9820: 9811: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9719: 9712: 9700:. Retrieved 9680: 9668:. Retrieved 9664: 9655: 9643:. Retrieved 9639:the original 9634: 9624: 9612:. Retrieved 9608: 9599: 9587:. Retrieved 9583: 9573: 9538: 9534: 9524: 9512:. Retrieved 9488: 9469: 9463: 9436: 9419: 9410: 9402:pp. 239–240. 9397: 9387: 9377: 9373: : 389. 9370: 9366: 9354: 9337: 9331: 9296: 9292: 9283: 9271:. Retrieved 9267: 9258: 9238: 9231: 9221: 9214: 9194: 9187: 9176: 9170: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9131:. Springer. 9127: 9120: 9100: 9093: 9073: 9066: 9046: 9039: 9017: 9013: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8985: 8981: 8973:pp. 551–553. 8968: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8925: 8917: 8904: 8894: 8893:Kidd, John, 8887: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8851: 8839:. Retrieved 8837:. Webmineral 8829: 8818: 8814: 8813:cites Pliny 8806: 8795: 8790: 8773: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8730:pp. 304–305. 8725: 8720: 8701: 8695: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8636: 8631: 8604:. Retrieved 8600:the original 8589: 8570: 8564: 8524: 8520: 8507: 8490: 8484: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8434: 8425: 8408: 8405:J. Chem. Soc 8404: 8394: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8318: 8281: 8275: 8257: 8250: 8233: 8229: 8193: 8188: 8166: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8122: 8111: 8103: 8078: 8074: 8064: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7979: 7970: 7958: 7945: 7899: 7893: 7884: 7875: 7865: 7859: 7843: 7840:Joseph Brink 7830: 7819: 7810: 7796: 7778: 7764: 7752:. Retrieved 7748: 7735: 7716: 7700: 7687: 7663:. Retrieved 7659: 7647: 7628: 7610: 7606: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7571:. Retrieved 7561: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7507: 7497: 7485:. Retrieved 7476: 7452: 7353: 7344: 7320: 7307:Draco Nebula 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7263: 7242: 7222: 7210:H II regions 7188: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7131: 7101: 7065: 7027: 7009: 6986: 6919: 6905: 6810: 6808: 6779: 6770: 6752: 6707: 6687: 6632: 6568: 6534: 6483: 6444: 6421:nitrogenases 6414: 6411:Biosynthesis 6386: 6340: 6306: 6287: 6267: 6241: 6227: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6129:in terms of 6124: 5917: 5882: 5816: 5766:nitrous acid 5744: 5740: 5673:hypochlorite 5669:acetaldehyde 5611: 5597:-containing 5569: 5565: 5563: 5535: 5528: 5518: 5371: 5350:carbon steel 5325: 5316: 5309: 5281: 5269: 5260: 5230: 5210: 5206: 5195: 5152: 5126: 5114: 5094: 5066: 5051: 5035: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4973: 4965: 4947: 4923:Saudi Arabia 4920: 4899: 4884: 4876:hydrocarbons 4860: 4834: 4826:World War II 4803: 4777:sodium amide 4766: 4751: 4747: 4721: 4711: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4649:Kalina cycle 4626: 4617:fermentation 4594: 4586:Applications 4573: 4565:electrolysis 4558: 4527: 4513:in 1767, by 4511:Peter Woulfe 4502: 4495:sal ammoniac 4494: 4491:Joseph Black 4488: 4450: 4442: 4440: 4417: 4408: 4366: 4357:Ludwigshafen 4303: 4287: 4269: 4217: 4184:= 2.31 and C 4137: 4108: 4104: 4065: 4055: 3955: 3944: 3937: 3919: 3908: 3877:Nitric oxide 3859: 3842:ethanolamine 3835: 3770: 3758:ethanolamine 3751: 3710: 3703: 3663: 3639: 3631:→ 4 NO + 6 H 3569: 3563: 3545: 3510: 3480: 3400:amide anions 3373: 3339:to form its 3334: 3272: 3260:ammonium ion 3253: 3219: 3181: 3137: 3051: 2992: 2989: 2877: 2868: 2834: 2795: 2778: 2751:thiocyanates 2736: 2554: 2249:conductivity 2230:(kJ/(kg·K)) 1923:Bulk modulus 1906:conductivity 1894:(kJ/(kg·K)) 1872: 1845: 1814: 1804: 1780: 1736: 1682: 1650:Solar System 1647: 1628:sal ammoniac 1621: 1605: 1585: 1578:Jupiter Amun 1571: 1562: 1533: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1445: 1444: 1326:(anhydrous) 1261: 1163: 1141:Autoignition 1079: 1011: 963: 941: 914: 818: 756: 738: 667: 663: 642:Triple point 416:RTECS number 166:Identifiers 137:Other names 55: 18494:Outer space 18404:Cosmic dust 18369:Abiogenesis 18281:Unconfirmed 18237:Heavy water 18077:Ethanethiol 17992:Cyanoallene 17982:Acetic acid 17952:Methylamine 17836:Diacetylene 17751:Formic acid 17741:Cyanomethyl 17399:Diazenylium 17389:CCP radical 17265:(molecular) 17249:(molecular) 17218:(molecular) 15773:Bismuthanes 13423:15 December 13376:28 November 13359:Works cited 12830:(9): 3549. 12721:: 109–145. 11974:ChemSusChem 10701:METI, Japan 10643:Argus Media 10215:28 November 10175:2117/364129 10053:: 822–835. 9514:12 February 9299:: 517–536. 9168:From p. 81: 8955:Ciba Review 8606:24 December 8411:: 611–624. 8236:: 144–151. 7867:Bottled gas 7861:Gas carrier 7754:4 September 7419:Forming gas 7088:] → [NH 7033:H + [NH 6978:10 cms 6607:atmospheres 6545:bicarbonate 6450:deamination 6429:active site 6407:in nature. 6366:amino acids 6328:OH → NH 6290:amino acids 6145:Fritz Haber 5877:Fritz Haber 5859:Haber–Bosch 5842:CO + Ca(OH) 5747:World War I 5722:Phabricator 5675:solutions, 5663:, and with 5641:fulminating 5326:Similar to 5306:Aquaculture 5245:amino acids 5213:hygroscopic 5133:lifting gas 5123:Lifting gas 5089:Otley, Iowa 4961:jet engines 4927:metric tons 4925:shipped 40 4837:fossil fuel 4822:New Orleans 4769:solid oxide 4742:Alfred Waud 4684:animal feed 4629:refrigerant 4597:fertilisers 4546:World War I 4530:Fritz Haber 4471:Middle Ages 4385:Dioscorides 4363:in Germany. 4281:is 25 4144:Lewis acids 3978:BMA process 3951:rocket fuel 3942:is formed. 3911:fertilisers 3861:Nitric acid 3818:Amino acids 3780:formic acid 3616:nitric acid 3433:] × [NH 3314:2 Li + 2 NH 3207:nitric acid 3125:tetrahedron 3014:metal amide 3003:+ 6 [NH 2977:Ag + e ⇌ Ag 2944:] + 2 e ⇌ H 2914:Na + e ⇌ Na 2888:Li + e ⇌ Li 2882:(V, water) 2256:diffusivity 2237:(kg/(m·s)) 2218:Temperature 1913:diffusivity 1882:Temperature 1822:(23.5 1787:space group 1573:hammoniacum 1500:fertilisers 1496:nutritional 1178:median dose 1164:Lethal dose 1158:15.0–33.6% 1143:temperature 1006:Signal word 859:Point group 704:soluble in 586:Appearance 550:Properties 315:100.028.760 257:CHEBI:16134 19952:Toxicology 19886:Categories 18409:Cosmic ray 18351:Silylidyne 18314:Hemolithin 18289:Anthracene 18206:Deuterated 18187:Pyrimidine 17997:Ethanimine 17860:Ketenimine 17716:Butadiynyl 17540:Thioformyl 17394:Chloronium 15796:Moscovanes 15661:Phosphenes 15523:Phosphanes 15321:Pnictogen 15278:Flerovanes 14429:Dihydrides 14379:(Group 2) 12974:(2): 387. 12943:(3): 275. 12869:(1): 145. 12189:StatPearls 11748:3 December 11717:3 December 11481:24 January 11450:24 January 11381:3 December 11335:3 December 11277:16 January 11031:27 October 10759:The Nikkei 10708:7 November 10680:7 November 10650:8 November 10616:Aviafuture 10474:29 January 10421:NH3Car.com 10333:29 January 10300:29 January 10152:: 119896. 9930:3 February 9904:3 February 9702:2 December 9614:2 February 9422:, 316–326. 9392:pp. 93–94. 8909:pp. 96–97. 8815:Nat. Hist. 8746:Pausanias' 8355:(4): 234. 8042:(4): 569. 7539:(4): 277. 7444:References 6982:10 cm 6800:] + e → NH 6748:deuterated 6698:polyatomic 6583:urea cycle 6575:metabolism 6516:, lead to 6502:urea cycle 6486:physiology 6480:Physiology 6447:amino acid 6442:ensemble. 6405:neurotoxic 6206:protonated 6157:Frank-Caro 6149:Carl Bosch 5687:Production 5360:Laboratory 5338:(1.7 5257:classified 5253:amphibians 5241:urea cycle 5147:See also: 5103:through a 4939:ACWA Power 4845:Otto cycle 4700:pink slime 4686:, but not 4672:antiseptic 4591:Fertiliser 4534:Carl Bosch 4459:alchemists 4377:Siwa oasis 4226:(NaOH) or 4133:octahedron 4035:[Pt(NH 3915:explosives 3838:alprazolam 3811:dehydrated 3807:anhydrides 3582:combustion 3517:exothermic 3513:combustion 3483:combustion 3449:Combustion 3164:wavelength 3106:protonated 2848:See also: 2838:immiscible 2800:and other 2601:of liquid 2251:(W/(m·K)) 1908:(W/(m·K)) 1689:Properties 1683:ammoniacal 1555:in water. 1542:atmosphere 1381:Bismuthine 975:Pictograms 893:1.42 852:Structure 706:chloroform 700:Solubility 574:Molar mass 441:5138Q19F1X 288:ChemSpider 194:3D model ( 173:CAS Number 116:IUPAC name 50:See also: 37:Ammoniacum 18341:Phosphine 18209:molecules 18142:fullerene 18042:Acetamide 17846:Formamide 17726:Cyanamide 17580:Acetylene 17555:Tricarbon 17466:Methylene 17451:Isoformyl 17356:Triatomic 17129:Molecules 16672:predicted 16616:predicted 16599:predicted 16328:predicted 16206:predicted 15865:Hydrogen 15812:predicted 15282:predicted 15254:Plumbanes 15218:Stannanes 14888:Annulenes 14790:predicted 14786:Nihonanes 14750:Thallanes 14715:Indiganes 14485:Group 13 14377:Alkaline 13578:, cdc.gov 13572:, cdc.gov 13301:(1): L7. 13198:(1): 81. 13068:123014355 12744:1887/1980 12571:189793190 12108:235396282 12092:0036-8075 12041:218495730 12033:2520-1158 11994:1864-5631 11954:162182383 11938:1476-4687 11880:107985507 11872:2542-4351 11820:1572-6657 11738:New Atlas 11707:New Atlas 11522:BBC.co.uk 11236:1660-4601 11177:1476-4687 10975:(1): 17. 10839:0002-7863 10596:9 October 10570:9 October 10435:"Ammonia" 10192:233540470 10184:0926-3373 10115:0002-7863 10072:1 January 9781:: 42–48. 9665:Space.com 9565:1748-9326 9323:0261-0523 8679:1944-8244 8549:103854263 8541:0887-0624 8431:"Ammonia" 8324:CRC Press 8095:0022-3654 8013:: 17–30. 7858:See also 7684:"Ammonia" 7567:"Ammonia" 7431:Hydrazine 7357:Milky Way 7259:Cepheus A 7196:from the 6955:− 6947:× 6832:− 6824:× 6690:microwave 6676:–the two 6591:uric acid 6565:Excretion 6559:Excretion 6553:excretion 6537:glutamine 6506:cirrhosis 6474:uric acid 6403:as it is 6389:headaches 6378:symbiotic 6347:biosphere 6302:glutamine 6298:glutamate 6127:favorable 6081:− 6073:∘ 6055:Δ 6035:− 6027:∘ 6019:Δ 5990:⇀ 5983:− 5972:− 5965:↽ 5789:2 [NH 5782:quicklime 5762:distilled 5681:peroxides 5661:tellurium 5657:germanium 5525:fume hood 5408:H-phrases 5332:anhydrous 5181:plant in 5075:Stimulant 4921:In 2020, 4740:drawn by 4692:microbial 4613:anhydrous 4405:rock salt 4369:Herodotus 4325:milligram 4275:quicklime 4256:[PtCl 4190:C-B plots 4174:hard base 4113:[CrCl 4074:cisplatin 4031:Cisplatin 4002:, in the 3993:, in the 3976:, in the 3963:, in the 3961:Hydrazine 3953:in 1966. 3869:oxidation 3829:, in the 3784:formamide 3731:OH + NH 3668:(such as 3612:catalysts 3386:cations ( 3380:buffering 3376:weak base 3234:diffusing 3201:it forms 3160:microwave 3070:lone pair 3025:Structure 2940:2 [NH 2901:K + e ⇌ K 2580:viscosity 2242:viscosity 2240:Kinematic 2235:viscosity 1899:viscosity 1897:Kinematic 1848:dissolves 1832:phosphine 1704:Liquid NH 1640:Patagonia 1590:Cyrenaica 1559:Etymology 1463:with the 1450:inorganic 1366:Phosphine 1342:Hydrazine 1324:ICSC 0414 966:labelling 934:formation 908:Std molar 834:Viscosity 452:UN number 423:BO0875000 336:231-635-3 328:EC Number 183:7664-41-7 18328:Linear C 18309:Graphene 18221:Ammonium 18022:Acrolein 17885:Propynal 17870:Methanol 17841:Ethylene 17710:Ammonium 17485:Nitroxyl 17309:Sulfanyl 17253:Imidogen 17247:Nitrogen 17216:Hydrogen 17161:Argonium 17138:Diatomic 16585:< 1) 16131:Tellanes 15750:Stibanes 15145:Germanes 14680:Gallanes 14487:hydrides 14053: / 14016: / 14000: / 13971: / 13955: / 13948: / 13923: / 13911: / 13880: / 13868: / 13856: / 13829: / 13729:>C=NR 13626:Hydrides 13618:Nitrogen 13463:16985764 12687:: 1027. 12627:: L103. 12448:Archived 12409:(2002). 12337:15853328 12273:20519496 12197:31082083 12148:36795804 12100:34112690 11946:31117118 11742:Archived 11711:Archived 11399:Archived 11254:21556207 11195:32405020 11082:Archived 10989:96930751 10465:Archived 10361:Archived 10324:Archived 10291:Archived 10123:24972299 9997:26 April 9803:26341010 9760:18155794 9693:Archived 9589:23 April 9505:Archived 9503:. 2020. 9026:Struvite 8861:(Latin: 8687:24803236 8553:Archived 8267:52-12057 8210:27457218 7842:(1977). 7729:(NIOSH). 7694:(NIOSH). 7665:19 April 7573:20 March 7465:Archived 7364:See also 7084:+ [H 7049:[PNH 6658:hydrogen 6488:. It is 6397:seizures 6382:rhizobia 6351:diatomic 6196:Another 6131:enthalpy 5905:hydrogen 5893:nitrogen 5800:+ Ca(OH) 5780:such as 5770:nitrites 5614:halogens 5538:halogens 5473:>25% 5391:Molarity 5227:Toxicity 5175:pipeline 5069:phosgene 5021:nitrogen 5017:hydrogen 5013:kcal/mol 5009:catalyst 4958:aircraft 4820:line in 4791:aircraft 4676:beef tea 4603:such as 4550:nitrates 4443:nushadir 4397:Synesius 4373:outcrops 4313:ammonium 4146:such as 4129:vertices 4093:chromium 4060:forming 3980:and the 3967:and the 3926:sodamide 3924:to give 3873:platinum 3820:, using 3801:formed. 3720:alcohols 3694:kinetics 3670:platinum 3666:catalyst 3652:2 NO + O 3491:chlorine 3416:solution 3384:ammonium 3318:→ 2 LiNH 3192:ammonium 3190:to form 3184:basicity 3144:umbrella 3114:ammonium 3110:salinity 2840:phases. 2791:oxyanion 2767:fluoride 2747:cyanides 2743:nitrites 2739:nitrates 2546:6.91×10 2540:5.65×10 2537:2.00×10 2520:6.34×10 2514:5.20×10 2511:1.93×10 2494:5.97×10 2488:4.91×10 2485:1.87×10 2468:5.52×10 2462:4.57×10 2459:1.80×10 2442:5.19×10 2436:4.22×10 2433:1.73×10 2416:4.74×10 2410:3.90×10 2407:1.67×10 2390:4.42×10 2384:3.74×10 2381:1.65×10 2364:3.43×10 2358:2.97×10 2355:1.47×10 2338:2.62×10 2332:1.30×10 2329:1.29×10 2312:1.92×10 2306:1.70×10 2303:1.10×10 2286:1.31×10 2280:1.18×10 2277:9.35×10 2196:1.65×10 2190:3.30×10 2171:1.70×10 2165:3.40×10 2146:1.74×10 2140:3.49×10 2126:2.45×10 2120:1.78×10 2114:3.59×10 2095:1.80×10 2089:3.68×10 2070:1.82×10 2064:3.73×10 2045:1.83×10 2039:3.78×10 2020:1.82×10 2014:3.81×10 1995:1.80×10 1989:3.87×10 1970:1.78×10 1964:4.06×10 1945:1.74×10 1939:4.35×10 1866:) has a 1810:ionising 1761:, which 1745:. It is 1719:Solid NH 1612:ammonium 1461:hydrogen 1457:nitrogen 1080:NFPA 704 957:Hazards 798:(χ) 776:Ammonium 753:Basicity 718:methanol 242:3587154 151:Amidogen 66:Ammonia 33:Ammonium 19892:Ammonia 19709: 18624:nitride 18474:Kerogen 18361:Related 18304:Glycine 18257:Propyne 18216:Ammonia 18114:Benzene 18109:Acetone 18101:or more 18072:Propene 18057:Ethanol 17947:Propyne 17766:Methane 17635:Ketenyl 17585:Ammonia 16570:< 1) 16167:Polanes 16094:Selanes 16080:more... 15942:more... 15714:Arsanes 15647:more... 15456:more... 15111:Silynes 15082:Silenes 15068:more... 14944:Silanes 14868:alkynes 14863:alkenes 14858:alkanes 14496:Boranes 14076:Halides 13714:Organic 13620:species 13547:PubChem 13543:CID 222 13403:Ammonia 13396:: 13334:Bibcode 13303:Bibcode 13276:Bibcode 13274:: 213. 13239:Bibcode 13200:Bibcode 13163:Bibcode 13161:: 141. 13132:Bibcode 13130:: 903. 13095:Bibcode 13093:: L19. 13048:Bibcode 13046:: 595. 13013:Bibcode 13011:: 501. 12976:Bibcode 12945:Bibcode 12910:Bibcode 12908:: 844. 12871:Bibcode 12832:Bibcode 12794:Bibcode 12723:Bibcode 12689:Bibcode 12629:Bibcode 12598:Bibcode 12596:: 259. 12551:Bibcode 12516:Bibcode 12478:Bibcode 12421:937–938 12416:Biology 12264:2924083 12128:Science 12072:Bibcode 12064:Science 11908:Bibcode 11850:Bibcode 11425:28 June 11245:3084482 11186:7334196 11157:Bibcode 11098:Ammonia 10885:. 1998. 10764:14 July 10441:3 March 10383:YouTube 10154:Bibcode 10055:Bibcode 9783:Bibcode 9543:Bibcode 9301:Bibcode 9181:p. 243. 9030:bittern 8997:p. 112. 8823:p. 502. 8800:p. 237. 8782:p. 239. 8744:and in 8742:History 8462:Bibcode 8435:PubChem 8357:Bibcode 8108:Ammonia 8044:Bibcode 7723:"#0028" 7709:Ammonia 7541:Bibcode 7487:3 March 7225:Orion A 7206:England 6922:= −0.47 6901:⁠ 6851:⁠ 6796:[NH 6654:methane 6650:Neptune 6638:Jupiter 6627:Neptune 6611:Jupiter 6579:animals 6419:called 6417:enzymes 6374:legumes 6370:protein 6214:ethanol 6135:entropy 5724:and on 5665:stibine 5653:mercury 5622:primary 5546:mercury 5437:10–25% 5328:propane 5196:The US 5191:Ukraine 5157:in the 5155:tannins 5137:airship 5111:Textile 5062:vanadia 4830:Belgium 4797:of its 4744:in 1871 4722:E. coli 4713:E. coli 4544:during 4542:Germany 4501:) with 4469:in the 4432:mordant 4389:Apicius 4335:History 4248:[NH 4140:adducts 4101:isomers 4006:and in 3684:, high 3466:Heated 3424:[NH 3295:lithium 3264:[NH 3230:aerosol 3133:methane 3127:and is 3117:[NH 2543:0.0638 2531:0.3533 2517:0.0606 2505:0.3708 2491:0.0575 2479:0.3795 2465:0.0545 2453:0.3942 2439:0.0525 2427:0.4101 2413:0.0492 2401:0.4273 2387:0.0467 2375:0.4405 2361:0.0391 2349:0.4934 2335:0.0327 2297:0.6487 2271:0.7929 2263:Number 2261:Prandtl 2254:Thermal 2247:Thermal 2233:Dynamic 2225:(kg/m) 2223:Density 2184:564.33 2159:580.99 2134:596.37 2108:611.75 2083:626.16 2033:653.55 2008:666.69 1983:679.34 1958:691.68 1933:703.69 1920:Number 1918:Prandtl 1911:Thermal 1904:Thermal 1889:(kg/m) 1887:Density 1852:aqueous 1767:freezes 1670:Neptune 1658:Jupiter 1630:), and 1465:formula 1446:Ammonia 1427:what is 1425: ( 1376:Stibine 910:entropy 828:1.3327 735:Acidity 714:ethanol 605:Density 568: 392:PubChem 383:Ammonia 119:Ammonia 18525:Tholin 18346:Pyrene 17791:Silane 17761:Ketene 17263:Oxygen 15470:Azenes 15332:Azanes 14645:Alanes 14290:oxide) 14288:acidic 13819:Oxides 13504: 13485: 13461: 13451: 13390: 13237:: 89. 13192:Icarus 13066: 12765:21 May 12660:7 July 12569: 12427: 12385: 12358: 12335: 12271: 12261: 12218: 12195: 12168:7 July 12146: 12106: 12098: 12090: 12039: 12031: 11992: 11980:(22). 11952: 11944: 11936: 11900:Nature 11878: 11870: 11818: 11684: 11659: 11634: 11609: 11574: 11549: 11527:7 July 11502:7 July 11302: 11252: 11242: 11234: 11193: 11183: 11175: 11149:Nature 11022: 10987: 10950: 10925:21 May 10863:7 July 10837: 10738:1 July 10622:24 May 10401:7 July 10238: 10190: 10182: 10121: 10113: 9960:: 35. 9821:et al. 9801: 9758: 9670:1 July 9645:1 July 9563: 9476: 9451: 9321: 9273:1 July 9246: 9202: 9135: 9108: 9081: 9054: 8949:p. 20. 8936:, and 8871:natron 8867:natron 8863:nitrum 8858:natron 8841:7 July 8768:p. 74. 8760:p. 245 8708: 8685: 8677: 8643: 8577: 8547: 8539: 8499:215703 8497: 8330: 8296: 8265: 8208: 8093: 7906: 7850: 7821:Forbes 7635: 7514: 7266:IC 342 7218:masers 7175:[H 7125:] + CO 7037:] → NH 6739:, and 6674:Phobos 6670:Deimos 6666:Saturn 6662:helium 6660:, and 6646:Uranus 6642:Saturn 6623:Uranus 6615:Saturn 6353:form, 6210:proton 6048: 5879:, 1918 5850:+ 2 NH 5846:→ CaCO 5804:+ 2 NH 5649:silver 5629:iodine 5607:rubber 5599:alloys 5593:- and 5591:copper 5550:iodide 5542:silver 5414:5–10% 5219:. See 5183:Russia 5165:Safety 5143:Fuming 5129:helium 4762:diesel 4688:silage 4647:. The 4582:coal. 4580:coking 4399:, and 4393:Arrian 4381:Strabo 4224:sodium 4159:, and 4157:phenol 4131:of an 4107:- and 4066:ammine 4058:ligand 4019:, and 3922:sodium 3803:Esters 3772:Amides 3764:, and 3735:→ CH 3712:Amines 3656:→ 2 NO 3584:: all 3487:oxygen 3398:) and 3279:amides 3102:pH = 7 3096:has a 3075:dipole 2984:+0.80 2981:+0.83 2971:+0.34 2968:+0.43 2948:+ 2 NH 2934:−0.76 2931:−0.53 2921:−2.71 2918:−1.85 2908:−2.93 2905:−1.98 2895:−3.04 2892:−2.24 2824:(also 2771:iodide 2763:halide 2731:205.5 2721:161.9 2711:138.0 2701:157.0 2661:243.7 2651:389.6 2641:253.2 2549:0.817 2534:2.613 2523:0.827 2508:2.577 2497:0.824 2471:0.827 2456:2.504 2445:0.813 2430:2.467 2419:0.822 2378:2.395 2352:2.315 2326:2.236 2323:0.559 2309:0.027 2300:2.177 2283:0.022 2274:2.177 2258:(m/s) 2244:(m/s) 2193:0.476 2187:5.116 2168:0.493 2162:4.999 2143:0.507 2117:0.521 2111:4.798 2092:0.531 2086:4.714 2061:4.635 2058:640.1 2042:0.543 2036:4.564 2017:0.547 2011:4.509 1992:0.549 1986:4.476 1967:0.547 1961:4.467 1942:0.547 1936:4.463 1915:(m/s) 1901:(m/s) 1824:kJ/mol 1806:Liquid 1801:Liquid 1785:cP16, 1759:liquid 1678:bodies 1672:, and 1666:Uranus 1662:Saturn 1584:Ἄμμων 1448:is an 1422:verify 1419: 1371:Arsine 1320:(SDS) 1012:Danger 579:17.031 534:SMILES 366:D02916 268:ChEMBL 225:B00004 217:3DMet 110:Names 31:, see 18511:(PAH) 18099:atoms 18034:atoms 17974:atoms 17972:Eight 17902:atoms 17900:Seven 17808:atoms 17702:atoms 17572:atoms 17560:Water 17490:Ozone 17432:(HNC) 17426:(HCN) 14258:, 0, 13950:(HON) 13734:-CONR 13545:from 13064:S2CID 12968:MNRAS 12792:: 1. 12711:(PDF) 12567:S2CID 12104:S2CID 12037:S2CID 11950:S2CID 11876:S2CID 11842:Joule 11472:(PDF) 11116:(DOT) 11085:(PDF) 11074:(PDF) 10985:S2CID 10800:(PDF) 10783:(PDF) 10468:(PDF) 10461:(PDF) 10364:(PDF) 10353:(PDF) 10327:(PDF) 10320:(PDF) 10294:(PDF) 10287:(PDF) 10269:(PDF) 10262:(PDF) 10188:S2CID 9696:(PDF) 9689:(PDF) 9508:(PDF) 9497:(PDF) 9369:..., 9358:See: 8921:See: 8899:p. 6. 8764:p. 73 8556:(PDF) 8545:S2CID 8517:(PDF) 7656:(PDF) 7468:(PDF) 7461:(PDF) 7212:, HNH 7092:] + H 6571:toxic 6494:liver 6470:urine 6466:basic 6462:liver 6393:edema 6332:+ CH 6186:Green 6084:46.14 6038:92.28 5755:camel 5603:brass 5354:bases 5286:from 5187:Odesa 5083:Anti- 5027:Other 5023:gas. 4878:, or 4609:wheat 4605:maize 4601:crops 4576:steel 4554:Chile 4552:from 4475:urine 4467:dyers 4420:urine 4413:Pliny 4329:litre 4180:are E 4162:Al(CH 4078:Pt(NH 3896:→ HNO 3892:+ 2 O 3788:HCONH 3756:give 3627:+ 5 O 3536:+ 6 H 3532:→ 2 N 3528:+ 3 O 3444:= 10. 3305:) of 3195:salts 3188:acids 3172:maser 3131:with 3079:polar 2955:0.00 2850:Redox 2691:0.35 2681:10.4 2671:97.6 2482:2.54 2404:2.43 2393:0.84 2367:0.87 2341:0.87 2315:0.88 2199:1.99 2149:2.01 2137:4.89 2123:2.02 2098:2.04 2073:2.05 2067:0.54 2048:2.07 2023:2.09 1998:2.15 1973:2.28 1884:(°C) 1856:basic 1828:water 1777:Solid 1763:boils 1674:Pluto 1643:guano 1586:Ammon 1582:Greek 1564:Pliny 1280:ACGIH 1262:NIOSH 803:−18.0 788:Amide 765:4.75 710:ether 499:InChI 456:1005 248:ChEBI 196:JSmol 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10236:ISBN 10217:2010 10180:ISSN 10119:PMID 10111:ISSN 10074:2021 9999:2019 9932:2022 9906:2022 9799:PMID 9756:PMID 9704:2018 9672:2017 9647:2017 9635:NASA 9616:2022 9591:2013 9561:ISSN 9516:2020 9501:USGS 9474:ISBN 9449:ISBN 9319:ISSN 9275:2017 9244:ISBN 9200:ISBN 9133:ISBN 9106:ISBN 9079:ISBN 9052:ISBN 8843:2009 8706:ISBN 8683:PMID 8675:ISSN 8641:ISBN 8608:2009 8575:ISBN 8537:ISSN 8495:OSTI 8328:ISBN 8294:ISBN 8263:LCCN 8206:PMID 8091:ISSN 7904:ISBN 7864:and 7848:ISBN 7756:2021 7667:2024 7633:ISBN 7613:(1). 7593:1982 7575:2024 7512:ISBN 7489:2016 7001:→ NH 6997:+ NH 6917:and 6910:1.05 6672:and 6648:and 6625:and 6619:ices 6587:urea 6522:coma 6498:urea 6460:(by 6458:urea 6401:coma 6399:and 6292:and 6155:and 6147:and 5913:iron 5883:The 5821:and 5819:urea 5795:CaCl 5774:coal 5768:and 5758:dung 5679:and 5645:gold 5620:, a 5595:zinc 5586:IDLH 5512:H411 5508:H400 5504:H335 5500:H314 5467:H400 5463:H335 5459:H314 5431:H314 5288:coal 5284:coke 5251:and 5249:Fish 5159:wood 5085:meth 5019:and 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A 1459:and 1306:IDLH 1284:STEL 1060:P280 1056:P273 1052:P260 1038:H410 1034:H331 1030:H314 1026:H280 595:Odor 432:UNII 377:MeSH 357:KEGG 43:and 19869:No 19866:Md 19863:Fm 19860:Es 19857:Cf 19853:BkN 19848:CmN 19843:AmN 19838:PuN 19833:NpN 19812:PaN 19792:Ac 19789:** 19783:YbN 19778:TmN 19773:ErN 19768:HoN 19763:DyN 19758:TbN 19753:GdN 19748:EuN 19743:SmN 19738:PmN 19733:NdN 19728:PrN 19723:CeN 19718:LaN 19702:Og 19699:Ts 19696:Lv 19693:Mc 19690:Fl 19687:Nh 19684:Cn 19681:Rg 19678:Ds 19675:Mt 19672:Hs 19669:Bh 19666:Sg 19663:Db 19660:Rf 19657:Lr 19654:** 19637:Fr 19632:Rn 19629:At 19626:Po 19622:BiN 19584:Au 19581:Pt 19578:Ir 19575:Os 19550:TaN 19534:HfN 19529:LuN 19490:CsN 19483:Xe 19440:SbN 19436:Sn 19432:InN 19402:PdN 19398:Rh 19395:Ru 19392:Tc 19376:NbN 19371:ZrN 19328:RbN 19321:Kr 19317:+Br 19309:BrN 19279:+As 19275:AsN 19270:-Ge 19252:GaN 19158:CrN 19135:TiN 19130:ScN 19075:Ar 19071:+Cl 19063:ClN 19054:NCl 18967:-Si 18949:AlN 18913:NaN 18896:Ne 18715:LiN 18626:ion 18323:NCO 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15153:GeH 15131:SiH 14952:SiH 14824:NhH 14804:NhH 14799:NhH 14757:TlH 14722:InH 14687:GaH 14652:AlH 14468:BaH 14460:SrH 14452:CaH 14444:MgH 14436:BeH 14416:BaH 14411:SrH 14406:CaH 14401:MgH 14396:BeH 14367:CsH 14362:RbH 14352:NaH 14347:LiH 14278:, 14225:NHI 14201:NHF 14155:BrN 14147:ClN 14123:NBr 14115:NCl 14111:(?) 14022:NOO 13986:NNO 13946:HNO 13906:HNO 13882:(NO 13851:HNO 13806:-NO 13801:-NO 13769:NCN 13747:HCN 13742:-CN 13706:(?) 13405:". 13342:doi 13272:180 13247:doi 13208:doi 13171:doi 13159:260 13128:288 13103:doi 13091:355 13056:doi 13044:288 13021:doi 13009:186 12984:doi 12972:195 12918:doi 12906:239 12879:doi 12840:doi 12802:doi 12739:hdl 12731:doi 12685:344 12637:doi 12625:259 12559:doi 12547:106 12524:doi 12486:doi 12325:doi 12321:127 12259:PMC 12249:doi 12245:285 12136:doi 12132:379 12080:doi 12068:372 12021:doi 11982:doi 11924:hdl 11916:doi 11904:570 11858:doi 11808:doi 11804:367 11777:doi 11599:doi 11240:PMC 11222:doi 11181:PMC 11165:doi 11153:581 11012:doi 10977:doi 10827:doi 10724:"CO 10381:on 10170:hdl 10162:doi 10150:286 10101:doi 10097:136 10063:doi 10022:doi 9987:OZY 9962:doi 9791:doi 9779:199 9748:doi 9744:122 9725:109 9551:doi 9441:doi 9342:hdl 9309:doi 8778:111 8667:doi 8529:doi 8470:doi 8413:doi 8365:doi 8286:doi 8238:doi 8234:499 8198:doi 8083:doi 8052:doi 8015:doi 8011:107 7984:doi 7549:doi 7244:VLA 7233:W51 7229:W43 7204:in 7041:+ H 7005:+ H 6974:1.6 6879:300 6821:5.2 6804:+ H 6734:NHD 6621:of 6585:to 6577:in 6524:of 6437:MoS 6336:CHO 6320:NCH 6259:bar 6141:. 6063:298 5834:(NH 5825:or 5659:or 5635:of 5582:ppm 5548:or 5340:MPa 5336:psi 5298:in 5259:as 5189:in 5185:to 5004:". 4355:in 4331:). 4307:(NH 4300:–N) 4283:ppm 4117:(NH 4109:mer 4105:fac 3900:+ H 3867:by 3568:, Δ 3503:NCl 3322:+ H 3270:). 3249:]Cl 3156:GHz 2769:to 2181:50 2156:40 2131:30 2105:20 2080:10 1751:air 1739:gas 1652:on 1604:'s 1488:gas 1455:of 1293:REL 1272:PEL 1128:COR 964:GHS 945:298 918:298 468:EPA 405:222 395:CID 351:79 297:217 19888:: 19796:Th 19714:* 19642:Ra 19603:Tl 19589:Hg 19560:Re 19555:WN 19537:Hf 19525:* 19500:Ba 19479:+I 19471:IN 19456:? 19446:Te 19419:Cd 19408:Ag 19383:Mo 19381:β- 19366:YN 19338:Sr 19299:Br 19285:Se 19258:Ge 19239:Zn 19228:Cu 19217:Ni 19206:Co 19189:Fe 19173:Mn 19163:Cr 19153:VN 19140:Ti 19102:Ca 19092:KN 19040:SN 19009:SN 18989:-P 18972:PN 18955:Si 18923:Mg 18903:Na 18892:+F 18884:NF 18842:+O 18787:g- 18773:β- 18755:-B 18751:BN 18725:Be 18705:Li 18695:11 18666:HN 18661:+H 18640:NH 18140:70 18132:60 18128:60 18126:(C 17851:HC 16970:UH 16962:UH 16949:15 16943:Th 16709:10 16643:Hg 16455:VH 16450:VH 16378:YH 16370:YH 16362:YH 16354:YH 16312:HI 16297:HF 16255:HS 16233:HO 16225:HO 16220:HO 16151:Te 16142:Te 16115:Se 16106:Se 16074:10 15848:NH 15839:HN 15834:NH 15826:HN 15730:As 15641:12 15637:10 15629:11 15617:10 15531:PH 15450:12 15446:10 15438:11 15426:10 15340:NH 15234:Sn 15203:12 15197:Ge 15191:10 15185:Ge 15173:Ge 15161:Ge 15119:Si 15090:Si 15062:22 15058:10 15056:Si 15050:20 15044:Si 15038:18 15032:Si 15026:16 15020:Si 15014:14 15008:Si 15002:12 14996:Si 14990:10 14984:Si 14972:Si 14960:Si 14918:CH 14910:CH 14905:CH 14812:Nh 14765:Tl 14730:In 14695:Ga 14660:Al 14631:22 14627:18 14619:14 14615:10 14607:12 14595:10 14583:11 14559:10 14512:BH 14504:BH 14357:KH 14282:+5 14276:+4 14274:, 14270:+3 14266:, 14264:+2 14262:, 14260:+1 14256:−1 14254:, 14252:−2 14250:, 14246:−3 14196:Cl 14192:NH 14171:NH 14163:IN 14139:FN 14131:NI 14105:NF 14096:NF 14088:NF 14083:NF 14027:NO 14011:NO 14007:HO 13998:NO 13994:HO 13938:NO 13925:NO 13913:NO 13875:NO 13870:NO 13858:NO 13827:NO 13789:CH 13752:CN 13721:NR 13700:NH 13683:HN 13666:OH 13662:NH 13649:NH 13641:NH 13633:NH 13481:. 13457:. 13340:. 13330:54 13328:. 13324:. 13299:74 13297:. 13270:. 13245:. 13235:71 13233:. 13229:. 13206:. 13196:52 13194:. 13169:. 13157:. 13153:. 13126:. 13101:. 13089:. 13085:. 13062:. 13054:. 13042:. 13019:. 13007:. 12982:. 12970:. 12966:. 12941:71 12939:. 12916:. 12904:. 12877:. 12867:47 12865:. 12838:. 12828:62 12826:. 12800:. 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