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board regarding streamlining the name of the journal reported significant differences in the way the terms "optics" and "photonics" describe the subject area, with some description proposing that "photonics embraces optics". In practice, as the field evolves, evidences that "modern optics" and
Photonics are often used interchangeably are very diffused and absorbed in the scientific jargon.
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levels, and measure biometrics such as pulse rate. Photonic integrated circuits are being designed as comprehensive and ubiquitous sensors with glass/silicon, and embedded via high-volume production in various mobile devices. Mobile platform sensors are enabling us to more directly engage with practices that better protect the environment, monitor food supply and keep us healthy.
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circuits can remove background noise from an RF signal with unprecedented precision, which will increase the signal to noise performance and make possible new benchmarks in low power performance. Taken together, this high precision processing enables us to now pack large amounts of information into ultra-long-distance radio communications.
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Data Center
Interconnects: Data centers continue to grow in scale as companies and institutions store and process more information in the cloud. With the increase in data center compute, the demands on data center networks correspondingly increase. Optical cables can support greater lane bandwidth at
226:
Incidentally, I’ve decided to invent a new science — photonics. It bears the same relationship to Optics that electronics does to electrical engineering. Photonics, like electronics, will deal with the individual units; optics and EE deal with the group-phenomena! And note that you can do things with
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distances of more than 100 km without amplification depending on the bit rate and modulation format used for transmission. A very advanced research topic within photonics is the investigation and fabrication of special structures and "materials" with engineered optical properties. These include
399:
An important aspect in the modern definition of
Photonics is that there is not necessarily a widespread agreement in the perception of the field boundaries. Following a source on optics.org, the response of a query from the publisher of Journal of Optics: A Pure and Applied Physics to the editorial
210:
The word 'Photonics' is derived from the Greek word "phos" meaning light (which has genitive case "photos" and in compound words the root "photo-" is used); it appeared in the late 1960s to describe a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the
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is having an immediate application in driverless cars to reduce collisions, and in biomedical imaging. Phased arrays can also be used for free-space communications and novel display technologies. Current versions of LIDAR predominantly rely on moving parts, making them large, slow, low resolution,
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Analog RF Signal
Applications: Using the GHz precision signal processing of photonic integrated circuits, radiofrequency (RF) signals can be manipulated with high fidelity to add or drop multiple channels of radio, spread across an ultra-broadband frequency range. In addition, photonic integrated
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Sensors: Photons can also be used to detect and differentiate the optical properties of materials. They can identify chemical or biochemical gases from air pollution, organic produce, and contaminants in the water. They can also be used to detect abnormalities in the blood, such as low glucose
278:
circa 2001, photonics was a field focused largely on optical telecommunications. However, photonics covers a huge range of science and technology applications, including laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology, and
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Taubert, Martin; Stöckel, Stephan; Geesink, Patricia; Girnus, Sophie; Jehmlich, Nico; von Bergen, Martin; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen; Küsel, Kirsten (January 2018). "Tracking active groundwater microbes with D2 O labelling to understand their ecosystem function".
356:. However, each area has slightly different connotations by scientific and government communities and in the marketplace. Quantum optics often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research and development.
1130:. Biophotonics mainly focuses on improving medical diagnostic abilities (for example for cancer or infectious diseases) but can also be used for environmental or other applications. The main advantages of this approach are speed of analysis,
194:. Photonics is closely related to quantum electronics, where quantum electronics deals with the theoretical part of it while photonics deal with its engineering applications. Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole
1099:: Arrays of PICs can take advantage of phase delays in the light reflected from objects with three-dimensional shapes to reconstruct 3D images, and Light Imaging, Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) with laser light can offer a complement to
1057:
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are optically active integrated semiconductor photonic devices. The leading commercial application of PICs are optical transceivers for data center optical networks. PICs were fabricated on III-V
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costly, and prone to mechanical vibration and premature failure. Integrated photonics can realize LIDAR within a footprint the size of a postage stamp, scan without moving parts, and be produced in high volume at low cost.
258:
Though coined earlier, the term photonics came into common use in the 1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications network operators. At that time, the term was used widely at
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Wichmann, Christina; Chhallani, Mehul; Bocklitz, Thomas; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen (5 November 2019). "Simulation of
Transportation and Storage and Their Influence on Raman Spectra of Bacteria".
604:
of high-power lasers. The potential applications of photonics are virtually unlimited and include chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication, sensors, laser defense, and
1520:
Bhargava, P.; Kim, T.; Poulton, C. V.; Notaros, J.; Yaacobi, A.; Timurdogan, E.; Baiocco, C.; Fahrenkopf, N.; Kruger, S.; Ngai, T.; Timalsina, Y.; Watts, M. R.; Stojanovic, V. (June 2019).
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Modulation of a light source is used to encode information on a light source. Modulation can be achieved by the light source directly. One of the simplest examples is to use a
202:
light. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s.
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Lorenz, Björn; Wichmann, Christina; Stöckel, Stephan; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen (May 2017). "Cultivation-Free Raman
Spectroscopic Investigations of Bacteria".
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longer transmission distances than copper cables. For short-reach distances and up to 40 Gbit/s data transmission rates, non-integrated approaches such as
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semiconductor wafer substrates were the first to achieve commercial success; PICs based on silicon wafer substrates are now also a commercialized technology.
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systems. This area of research focuses on the implementation of photonic systems like high speed photonic networks. This also includes research on
392:
came into earlier use and specifically encompasses nonlinear electrical-optical interactions applied, e.g., as bulk crystal modulators such as the
2812:
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1711:
251:. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and provided the infrastructure for the
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networks. Beyond this range and bandwidth, photonic integrated circuits are key to enable high-performance, low-cost optical transceivers.
320:, and various optical components and instruments developed throughout the 15th to 19th centuries. Key tenets of classical optics, such as
2901:
489:, which studies the development of photonic circuits that can be reprogrammed to implement different functions in the same fashion as an
517:
Applications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g. light detection,
439:, in which devices integrate both photonic and atomic devices for applications such as precision timekeeping, navigation, and metrology;
1020:
436:
1396:
Al-Tarawni, Musab A. M. (October 2017). "Improvement of integrated electric field sensor based on hybrid segmented slot waveguide".
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connotes devices or circuits that comprise both electrical and optical functions, i.e., a thin-film semiconductor device. The term
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has been the commonly used modulation format in optical communications. In the last years more advanced modulation formats like
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433:, which involves the study of the interaction between light and mechanical vibrations of mesoscopic or macroscopic objects;
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was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. Economically important applications for
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Optical amplifiers are used to amplify an optical signal. Optical amplifiers used in optical communications are
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2009:
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Responsive
Photonic Nanostructures: Smart Nanoscale Optical Materials, Editor: Yadong Yin RSC Cambridge 2013
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656:: the use of lasers for welding, drilling, cutting, and various methods of surface modification
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energy delivered into biological tissues will be absorbed and converted into heat, leading to
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513:), showing colorful spines, a remarkable example of photonic engineering by a living organism
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and the wave equations, developed in the 19th, do not depend on quantum properties of light.
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678:: IR sensors, command and control, navigation, search and rescue, mine laying and detection
309:
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Hervé Rigneault; Jean-Michel
Lourtioz; Claude Delalande; Ariel Levenson (5 January 2010).
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by providing precision imaging (with 3D information) at close distances. This new form of
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Imaging and
Applied Optics Congress 2022 (3D, AOA, COSI, ISA, pcAOP) (2022), paper CM4A.3
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1004:. Another method is to take the light from a light source and modulate it in an external
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typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc.
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Photonics also includes research on photonic systems. This term is often used for
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Characteristic for research on semiconductor light sources is the frequent use of
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photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications,
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467:, which differs from photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is a
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Campbell, John W. (1991). "December 14, 1954". In
Chapdelaine, Perry A. (ed.).
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Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first
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1522:"Fully Integrated Coherent LiDAR in 3D-Integrated Silicon Photonics/65nm CMOS"
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The potential of creating signal processing device technologies using photons,
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An additional topic covered by modulation research is the modulation format.
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304:. Classical optics long preceded the discovery that light is quantized, when
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The John W. Campbell Letters With Isaac Asimov and A.E. van Vogt, Volume II
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for communications applications over medium speed charge coupled devices (
935:. A very advanced research topic on optical amplifiers is the research on
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in dielectric and metallic structures. Plasmons are the quantizations of
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Optical Fiber Telecommunications Volume VIA: Components and Subsystems
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Photonics commonly uses semiconductor-based light sources, such as
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199:
198:, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-
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An early instance of the word was in a December 1954 letter from
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Datacenter Connectivity Technologies: Principles and Practice
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974:. There are also many other photodetectors based on thermal,
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566:
420:
236:
232:
163:
140:
2912:
1495:"Silicon Photonics for LiDAR, Augmented Reality, and Beyond"
860:. They are also used in conjunction with silicon to produce
553:(surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, health monitoring),
453:; when coupled to an electromagnetic wave, they manifest as
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490:
1546:
1126:
employs tools from the field of photonics to the study of
227:
electronics that are impossible in electrical engineering!
1519:
884:
can be used to guide the light along a desired path. In
561:, laser material processing, art diagnostics (involving
1294:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-653-4
761:
The science of photonics includes investigation of the
1439:
Ivan Kaminow; Tingye Li; Alan E Willner (3 May 2013).
662:: laser leveling, laser rangefinding, smart structures
231:
Photonics as a field began with the invention of the
1362:
1027:
that degrade the quality of the transmitted signal.
1065:Key Applications for Integrated Photonics include:
608:, to name several interesting additional examples.
475:, and operate in the range of frequencies from 300
412:and quantum optics. Other emerging fields include:
283:. Further growth of photonics is likely if current
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1023:have been investigated to counteract effects like
950:detect light. Photodetectors range from very fast
745:Microphotonics and nanophotonics usually includes
445:, which studies the interaction between light and
408:Photonics also relates to the emerging science of
239:in 1958 to 1960. Other developments followed: the
1240:
756:
3184:
1046:
726:: clock distribution and communication between
290:
396:, but also includes advanced imaging sensors.
2928:
2590:
2576:
1705:
1432:
832:instead of the classical semiconductors like
312:in 1905. Optics tools include the refracting
1465:
805:. Note that while CRTs, plasma screens, and
840:. This is due to the special properties of
2935:
2921:
2583:
2569:
1712:
1698:
1395:
1021:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
789:, and lasers. Other light sources include
616:scanner, printer, CD/DVD/Blu-ray devices,
471:. Polaritons are a mixture of photons and
1459:
1234:
1209:
1207:
1205:
848:. Examples for material systems used are
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3059:Time stretch analog-to-digital converter
1307:"Optics or photonics: what's in a name?"
1267:
1213:
1074:can be used for optical transceivers on
1043:, which improve optical signal quality.
500:
373:The practical application of optics, and
131:
3110:Monte Carlo method for photon transport
1492:
1072:vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
14:
3185:
2781:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2492:Electrical and electronics engineering
1375:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–.
1304:
1202:
1185:European Photonics Industry Consortium
417:Optoacoustics or photoacoustic imaging
267:established an archival journal named
265:IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society
247:for transmitting information, and the
2916:
2564:
1693:
1244:Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction
1134:diagnostics, and the ability to work
872:Light can be transmitted through any
867:
844:that allow for the implementation of
630:, optical down converter to microwave
600:(based on xerography), displays, and
3049:Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
2525:
649:, surgical endoscopy, tattoo removal
274:During the period leading up to the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2535:
1501:. Optica Publishing Group: CM4A.3.
1241:Richard S. Quimby (14 April 2006).
1030:
809:displays generate their own light,
717:: time and frequency measurements,
295:
24:
3100:Extraordinary optical transmission
1321:"Sea mouse promises bright future"
939:semiconductor optical amplifiers.
711:, sensors for consumer electronics
403:
25:
3209:
700:Passive daytime radiative cooling
367:The particle properties of light,
324:, developed in the 17th century,
263:. Its use was confirmed when the
154:that involves the application of
3014:Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
2544:
2534:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2384:
1493:Notaros, Jelena (11 July 2022).
925:semiconductor optical amplifiers
776:
331:
300:Photonics is closely related to
34:
27:Technical applications of optics
2902:Timeline of physics discoveries
1719:
1634:
1583:
1540:
1526:2019 Symposium on VLSI Circuits
1513:
1486:
1466:Chang, Frank (17 August 2018).
1112:
645:: correction of poor eyesight,
496:
45:needs additional citations for
3115:Wavelength selective switching
1389:
1338:
1313:
1298:
1286:
1261:
823:cold cathode fluorescent lamps
757:Overview of photonics research
13:
1:
2942:
1195:
985:
933:optical parametric amplifiers
921:erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
908:
287:developments are successful.
1742:List of engineering branches
1604:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02932
1214:Chai Yeh (2 December 2012).
1047:Photonic integrated circuits
942:
825:or, more often today, LEDs.
807:organic light-emitting diode
363:more specifically connotes:
291:Relationship to other fields
269:Photonics Technology Letters
249:erbium-doped fiber amplifier
7:
3029:Photonic integrated circuit
2866:Quantum information science
1534:10.23919/VLSIC.2019.8778154
1141:
1053:Photonic integrated circuit
734:, or within optoelectronic
10:
3214:
2697:Classical electromagnetism
1644:Environmental Microbiology
1116:
1050:
989:
912:
854:aluminium gallium arsenide
628:fiber-optic communications
459:localized surface plasmons
455:surface plasmon polaritons
205:
3154:
3136:Fiber-optic communication
3128:
3080:Arrayed waveguide grating
3072:
3009:Delay line interferometer
2991:
2950:
2874:
2811:
2739:
2655:
2627:
2599:
2510:
2457:
2441:
2393:
2382:
2157:
2099:
2018:
1943:
1870:
1763:
1750:
1727:
1561:10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.002
1418:10.1117/1.oe.56.10.107105
1247:. John Wiley & Sons.
1220:. Elsevier. pp. 1–.
888:optical fibers allow for
271:at the end of the 1980s.
3004:Optical DPSK demodulator
2803:Condensed matter physics
1507:10.1364/COSI.2022.CM4A.3
1076:multi-mode optical fiber
336:Photonics is related to
3064:Wireless power transfer
2403:Bachelor of Engineering
2245:Engineering mathematics
1656:10.1111/1462-2920.14010
899:photonic crystal fibers
858:compound semiconductors
811:liquid crystal displays
787:superluminescent diodes
308:famously explained the
3141:Optical neural network
3039:Photonic-crystal fiber
2887:Nobel Prize in Physics
2749:Relativistic mechanics
2502:Structural engineering
2497:Mechanical engineering
2240:Engineering management
1549:Trends in Microbiology
1169:Bio-inspired photonics
886:optical communications
846:light emitting devices
732:printed circuit boards
695:Information processing
523:information processing
514:
487:Programmable photonics
229:
162:, and manipulation of
144:
2892:Philosophy of physics
2482:Aerospace engineering
2395:Engineering education
1037:optical communication
882:plastic optical fiber
862:hybrid silicon lasers
791:single photon sources
783:light-emitting diodes
504:
224:
135:
2851:Mathematical physics
2423:Graduate certificate
1592:Analytical Chemistry
1472:. River Publishers.
1272:. AC Projects, Inc.
1041:optical regenerators
842:III-V semiconductors
830:III-V semiconductors
672:lacking mobile parts
612:Consumer equipment:
479:to approximately 10
310:photoelectric effect
143:(photons) by a prism
54:improve this article
3172:Solid-state physics
3105:Holographic grating
3095:Diffraction grating
3024:Optical interleaver
2826:Atmospheric physics
2665:Classical mechanics
2593:branches of physics
2408:Bachelor of Science
2250:Engineering physics
2234:Engineering drawing
1756:Interdisciplinarity
1598:(21): 13688–13694.
1410:2017OptEn..56j7105A
1398:Optical Engineering
982:and other effects.
751:solid state devices
736:integrated circuits
638:Solar power systems
559:military technology
451:plasma oscillations
410:quantum information
354:quantum electronics
326:Maxwell's Equations
2882:History of physics
2010:Telecommunications
1915:Naval architecture
1445:. Academic Press.
1017:phase-shift keying
966:that are used for
868:Transmission media
856:(AlGaAs) or other
724:Photonic computing
624:Telecommunications
531:photonic computing
519:telecommunications
515:
511:Aphrodita aculeata
145:
3180:
3179:
2983:Silicon photonics
2978:Optical computing
2910:
2909:
2897:Physics education
2846:Materials science
2813:Interdisciplinary
2771:Quantum mechanics
2558:
2557:
2487:Civil engineering
2433:Licensed engineer
2428:Engineer's degree
2380:
2379:
2212:Building services
2195:Health technology
2056:Chemical reaction
2005:Signal processing
1479:978-87-93609-22-8
1452:978-0-12-397235-4
1382:978-0-470-39459-5
1254:978-0-471-79158-4
1227:978-0-08-049926-0
1217:Applied Photonics
1190:IOWN Global Forum
1164:Organic photonics
1006:optical modulator
992:Optical modulator
968:energy harvesting
915:Optical amplifier
895:photonic crystals
799:cathode ray tubes
795:fluorescent lamps
769:, detection, and
747:photonic crystals
740:quantum computing
738:; in the future:
322:Huygens Principle
316:, the reflecting
285:silicon photonics
281:optical computing
261:Bell Laboratories
184:signal processing
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3205:
3120:Photon diffusion
3085:Atomic coherence
3034:Photonic crystal
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2836:Chemical physics
2776:Particle physics
2702:Classical optics
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2388:
1975:Electromechanics
1761:
1760:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1160:/optoelectronics
1060:indium phosphide
1031:Photonic systems
929:Raman amplifiers
850:gallium arsenide
765:, transmission,
688:, beam effects,
634:Renewable Energy
565:Reflectography,
296:Classical optics
220:Gotthard Gunther
216:John W. Campbell
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3150:
3124:
3068:
2987:
2946:
2941:
2911:
2906:
2870:
2856:Medical physics
2807:
2766:Nuclear physics
2735:
2729:Non-equilibrium
2651:
2623:
2595:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2506:
2453:
2437:
2413:Master's degree
2389:
2376:
2290:Instrumentation
2153:
2095:
2061:Electrochemical
2014:
2000:Radio frequency
1939:
1866:
1830:Municipal/Urban
1754:
1752:
1746:
1723:
1718:
1688:
1687:
1639:
1635:
1588:
1584:
1545:
1541:
1518:
1514:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1350:Wayback Machine
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1176:(on submarines)
1144:
1121:
1115:
1055:
1049:
1033:
994:
988:
960:digital cameras
945:
917:
911:
870:
779:
759:
690:holographic art
602:optical pumping
499:
491:electronic FPGA
406:
404:Emerging fields
386:optoelectronics
350:optoelectronics
334:
306:Albert Einstein
298:
293:
208:
166:in the form of
150:is a branch of
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3167:Quantum optics
3164:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Slot-waveguide
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2963:Microphotonics
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:Thermodynamics
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2653:
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2649:
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2637:
2631:
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2609:
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2542:
2532:
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2511:
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2507:
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2499:
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2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2442:Related topics
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Sustainability
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
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2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2224:Geoengineering
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:Rehabilitation
2202:
2200:Pharmaceutical
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Bioinformatics
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2144:Semiconductors
2141:
2136:
2134:Nanotechnology
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
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1932:
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1912:
1907:
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1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1850:Transportation
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1790:
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1734:
1728:
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1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1650:(1): 369–384.
1633:
1582:
1555:(5): 413–424.
1539:
1512:
1485:
1478:
1458:
1451:
1431:
1404:(10): 107105.
1388:
1381:
1361:
1337:
1312:
1297:
1285:
1278:
1260:
1253:
1233:
1226:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Photonic radar
1177:
1174:Photonics mast
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1105:machine vision
1087:
1083:
1079:
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1029:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
948:Photodetectors
944:
941:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
869:
866:
803:plasma screens
778:
775:
758:
755:
743:
742:
721:
712:
702:
697:
692:
679:
673:
663:
657:
650:
640:
631:
621:
618:remote control
598:laser printing
573:fluorescence,
498:
495:
494:
493:
484:
462:
440:
434:
428:
405:
402:
390:electro-optics
382:
381:
376:An analogy to
374:
371:
368:
346:electro-optics
338:quantum optics
333:
330:
297:
294:
292:
289:
245:optical fibers
243:in the 1970s,
207:
204:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3210:
3199:
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3188:
3173:
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3157:
3153:
3147:
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3127:
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3111:
3108:
3106:
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3101:
3098:
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3083:
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3071:
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3057:
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3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:Nanophotonics
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
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2915:
2903:
2900:
2898:
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2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Ocean physics
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:Modern optics
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
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2757:
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2730:
2727:
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2700:
2698:
2695:
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2686:
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2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2645:Computational
2643:
2642:
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2303:
2300:
2296:
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2276:
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2256:
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2227:
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2222:
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2215:
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2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
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2182:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
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2054:
2050:
2047:
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2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Manufacturing
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Biomechanical
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1858:
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1843:
1841:
1838:
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1833:
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1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:Environmental
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Architectural
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1743:
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1726:
1722:
1715:
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1677:
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1661:
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1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
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1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1528:: C262–C263.
1527:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1372:Nanophotonics
1365:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1309:. Optics.org.
1308:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1279:9780931150197
1275:
1271:
1264:
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1250:
1246:
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1219:
1218:
1210:
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1178:
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1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
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1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:On-off keying
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
983:
981:
980:photoelectric
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:to very slow
961:
957:
953:
949:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
906:
904:
903:metamaterials
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:Light sources
774:
772:
768:
767:amplification
764:
754:
752:
748:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
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713:
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706:
703:
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691:
687:
683:
682:Entertainment
680:
677:
674:
671:
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664:
661:
658:
655:
654:manufacturing
651:
648:
647:laser surgery
644:
641:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
622:
619:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
606:fusion energy
603:
599:
595:
594:semiconductor
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:photovoltaics
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3129:Applications
2958:Biophotonics
2943:
2821:Astrophysics
2635:Experimental
2466:Engineering
2312:Mechatronics
2165:Agricultural
1815:Geotechnical
1783:Construction
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1346:Ghostarchive
1344:Archived at
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1329:. Retrieved
1327:. 2001-01-03
1324:
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1305:Optics.org.
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1132:non-invasive
1124:Biophotonics
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1113:Biophotonics
1094:phased array
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660:Construction
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543:spectroscopy
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465:Polaritonics
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47:verification
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2724:Statistical
2640:Theoretical
2617:Engineering
2540:Wikiproject
2295:and Control
2285:Information
2109:Biomaterial
2039:Bioresource
2030:/Bioprocess
2028:Biochemical
1980:Electronics
1751:Specialties
1721:Engineering
1148:Nano-optics
978:, quantum,
964:solar cells
952:photodiodes
937:quantum dot
878:Glass fiber
874:transparent
852:(GaAs) and
815:TFT screens
686:laser shows
668:: photonic
652:Industrial
579:agriculture
571:UltraViolet
378:electronics
241:laser diode
69:"Photonics"
3187:Categories
3146:Solar sail
3090:Dark state
3054:Superprism
2972:Plasmonics
2841:Geophysics
2831:Biophysics
2675:Analytical
2628:Approaches
2459:Glossaries
2280:Industrial
2260:Facilities
2255:Explosives
2180:Biomedical
2175:Automation
2124:Metallurgy
2034:Biological
1985:Microwaves
1945:Electrical
1890:Automotive
1872:Mechanical
1845:Structural
1810:Geological
1798:Ecological
1788:Earthquake
1331:2013-05-05
1196:References
1092:and other
1025:dispersion
1002:Morse code
998:flashlight
986:Modulation
909:Amplifiers
821:of either
817:require a
773:of light.
771:modulation
670:gyroscopes
590:transistor
547:holography
443:Plasmonics
425:ultrasonic
180:modulation
156:generation
137:Dispersion
110:April 2013
80:newspapers
3193:Photonics
2999:Biophoton
2944:Photonics
2791:Molecular
2692:Acoustics
2685:Continuum
2680:Celestial
2670:Newtonian
2657:Classical
2600:Divisions
2418:Doctorate
2332:Packaging
2302:Logistics
2275:Geomatics
2236:/graphics
2129:Molecular
2119:Corrosion
2101:Materials
2081:Petroleum
2071:Molecular
1953:Broadcast
1935:Tribology
1885:Aerospace
1820:Hydraulic
1664:1462-2920
1628:203924741
1612:1520-6882
1569:1878-4380
1426:125975031
1356:- YouTube
1158:Optronics
943:Detection
838:germanium
819:backlight
728:computers
715:Metrology
539:metrology
507:sea mouse
481:terahertz
477:gigahertz
469:polariton
427:emission.
384:The term
361:photonics
359:The term
160:detection
148:Photonics
3155:See also
3073:Concepts
2520:Category
2449:Engineer
2357:Software
2352:Security
2327:Ontology
2317:Military
2307:Robotics
2270:Forensic
2190:Clinical
2149:Surfaces
2139:Polymers
2114:Ceramics
2091:Reaction
2020:Chemical
1958:Computer
1880:Acoustic
1835:Offshore
1803:Sanitary
1680:25510308
1672:29194923
1620:31592643
1577:28188076
1348:and the
1325:BBC News
1142:See also
1019:or even
1000:to send
976:chemical
972:sunlight
876:medium.
785:(LEDs),
763:emission
676:Military
666:Aviation
643:Medicine
583:robotics
563:InfraRed
551:medicine
535:lighting
447:plasmons
437:Optomics
253:Internet
200:infrared
196:spectrum
172:emission
170:through
18:Photonic
2875:Related
2759:General
2754:Special
2612:Applied
2530:Commons
2372:Textile
2367:Systems
2337:Privacy
2322:Nuclear
2086:Process
2044:Genetic
1990:Optical
1970:Control
1963:outline
1930:Thermal
1920:Railway
1860:Railway
1855:Traffic
1778:Coastal
1737:Outline
1732:History
1406:Bibcode
1136:in-situ
1128:biology
1097:imaging
834:silicon
705:Sensors
620:devices
614:barcode
473:phonons
206:History
192:sensing
168:photons
94:scholar
3198:Optics
3162:Optics
2951:Fields
2786:Atomic
2741:Modern
2591:Major
2550:Portal
2347:Survey
2342:Safety
2229:Design
2049:Tissue
1925:Sports
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1900:Energy
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581:, and
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3019:Laser
2992:Tools
2170:Audio
2158:Other
2076:Paper
1995:Power
1840:River
1765:Civil
1676:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1101:radar
1090:LIDAR
970:from
709:LIDAR
567:Xrays
421:laser
237:laser
233:maser
164:light
141:light
101:JSTOR
87:books
2712:Wave
2607:Pure
2265:Fire
2066:Food
1668:PMID
1660:ISSN
1616:PMID
1608:ISSN
1573:PMID
1565:ISSN
1474:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1222:ISBN
956:CCDs
931:and
901:and
836:and
749:and
352:and
314:lens
235:and
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2707:Ray
2475:M–Z
2470:A–L
2217:MEP
1753:and
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1600:doi
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