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board regarding streamlining the name of the journal reported significant differences in the way the terms "optics" and "photonics" describe the subject area, with some description proposing that "photonics embraces optics". In practice, as the field evolves, evidences that "modern optics" and
Photonics are often used interchangeably are very diffused and absorbed in the scientific jargon.
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levels, and measure biometrics such as pulse rate. Photonic integrated circuits are being designed as comprehensive and ubiquitous sensors with glass/silicon, and embedded via high-volume production in various mobile devices. Mobile platform sensors are enabling us to more directly engage with practices that better protect the environment, monitor food supply and keep us healthy.
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circuits can remove background noise from an RF signal with unprecedented precision, which will increase the signal to noise performance and make possible new benchmarks in low power performance. Taken together, this high precision processing enables us to now pack large amounts of information into ultra-long-distance radio communications.
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Data Center
Interconnects: Data centers continue to grow in scale as companies and institutions store and process more information in the cloud. With the increase in data center compute, the demands on data center networks correspondingly increase. Optical cables can support greater lane bandwidth at
215:
Incidentally, I’ve decided to invent a new science — photonics. It bears the same relationship to Optics that electronics does to electrical engineering. Photonics, like electronics, will deal with the individual units; optics and EE deal with the group-phenomena! And note that you can do things with
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distances of more than 100 km without amplification depending on the bit rate and modulation format used for transmission. A very advanced research topic within photonics is the investigation and fabrication of special structures and "materials" with engineered optical properties. These include
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An important aspect in the modern definition of
Photonics is that there is not necessarily a widespread agreement in the perception of the field boundaries. Following a source on optics.org, the response of a query from the publisher of Journal of Optics: A Pure and Applied Physics to the editorial
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The word 'Photonics' is derived from the Greek word "phos" meaning light (which has genitive case "photos" and in compound words the root "photo-" is used); it appeared in the late 1960s to describe a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the
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is having an immediate application in driverless cars to reduce collisions, and in biomedical imaging. Phased arrays can also be used for free-space communications and novel display technologies. Current versions of LIDAR predominantly rely on moving parts, making them large, slow, low resolution,
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Analog RF Signal
Applications: Using the GHz precision signal processing of photonic integrated circuits, radiofrequency (RF) signals can be manipulated with high fidelity to add or drop multiple channels of radio, spread across an ultra-broadband frequency range. In addition, photonic integrated
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Sensors: Photons can also be used to detect and differentiate the optical properties of materials. They can identify chemical or biochemical gases from air pollution, organic produce, and contaminants in the water. They can also be used to detect abnormalities in the blood, such as low glucose
267:
circa 2001, photonics was a field focused largely on optical telecommunications. However, photonics covers a huge range of science and technology applications, including laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology, and
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Taubert, Martin; Stöckel, Stephan; Geesink, Patricia; Girnus, Sophie; Jehmlich, Nico; von Bergen, Martin; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen; Küsel, Kirsten (January 2018). "Tracking active groundwater microbes with D2 O labelling to understand their ecosystem function".
345:. However, each area has slightly different connotations by scientific and government communities and in the marketplace. Quantum optics often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research and development.
1119:. Biophotonics mainly focuses on improving medical diagnostic abilities (for example for cancer or infectious diseases) but can also be used for environmental or other applications. The main advantages of this approach are speed of analysis,
183:. Photonics is closely related to quantum electronics, where quantum electronics deals with the theoretical part of it while photonics deal with its engineering applications. Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole
1088:: Arrays of PICs can take advantage of phase delays in the light reflected from objects with three-dimensional shapes to reconstruct 3D images, and Light Imaging, Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) with laser light can offer a complement to
1046:
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are optically active integrated semiconductor photonic devices. The leading commercial application of PICs are optical transceivers for data center optical networks. PICs were fabricated on III-V
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costly, and prone to mechanical vibration and premature failure. Integrated photonics can realize LIDAR within a footprint the size of a postage stamp, scan without moving parts, and be produced in high volume at low cost.
247:
Though coined earlier, the term photonics came into common use in the 1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications network operators. At that time, the term was used widely at
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Wichmann, Christina; Chhallani, Mehul; Bocklitz, Thomas; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen (5 November 2019). "Simulation of
Transportation and Storage and Their Influence on Raman Spectra of Bacteria".
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of high-power lasers. The potential applications of photonics are virtually unlimited and include chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication, sensors, laser defense, and
1509:
Bhargava, P.; Kim, T.; Poulton, C. V.; Notaros, J.; Yaacobi, A.; Timurdogan, E.; Baiocco, C.; Fahrenkopf, N.; Kruger, S.; Ngai, T.; Timalsina, Y.; Watts, M. R.; Stojanovic, V. (June 2019).
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Modulation of a light source is used to encode information on a light source. Modulation can be achieved by the light source directly. One of the simplest examples is to use a
191:
light. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s.
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Lorenz, Björn; Wichmann, Christina; Stöckel, Stephan; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen (May 2017). "Cultivation-Free Raman
Spectroscopic Investigations of Bacteria".
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longer transmission distances than copper cables. For short-reach distances and up to 40 Gbit/s data transmission rates, non-integrated approaches such as
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semiconductor wafer substrates were the first to achieve commercial success; PICs based on silicon wafer substrates are now also a commercialized technology.
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systems. This area of research focuses on the implementation of photonic systems like high speed photonic networks. This also includes research on
381:
came into earlier use and specifically encompasses nonlinear electrical-optical interactions applied, e.g., as bulk crystal modulators such as the
2801:
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1700:
240:. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and provided the infrastructure for the
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networks. Beyond this range and bandwidth, photonic integrated circuits are key to enable high-performance, low-cost optical transceivers.
309:, and various optical components and instruments developed throughout the 15th to 19th centuries. Key tenets of classical optics, such as
2890:
478:, which studies the development of photonic circuits that can be reprogrammed to implement different functions in the same fashion as an
506:
Applications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g. light detection,
428:, in which devices integrate both photonic and atomic devices for applications such as precision timekeeping, navigation, and metrology;
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425:
1385:
Al-Tarawni, Musab A. M. (October 2017). "Improvement of integrated electric field sensor based on hybrid segmented slot waveguide".
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connotes devices or circuits that comprise both electrical and optical functions, i.e., a thin-film semiconductor device. The term
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has been the commonly used modulation format in optical communications. In the last years more advanced modulation formats like
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422:, which involves the study of the interaction between light and mechanical vibrations of mesoscopic or macroscopic objects;
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was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. Economically important applications for
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Optical amplifiers are used to amplify an optical signal. Optical amplifiers used in optical communications are
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Responsive
Photonic Nanostructures: Smart Nanoscale Optical Materials, Editor: Yadong Yin RSC Cambridge 2013
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645:: the use of lasers for welding, drilling, cutting, and various methods of surface modification
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energy delivered into biological tissues will be absorbed and converted into heat, leading to
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502:), showing colorful spines, a remarkable example of photonic engineering by a living organism
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and the wave equations, developed in the 19th, do not depend on quantum properties of light.
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667:: IR sensors, command and control, navigation, search and rescue, mine laying and detection
298:
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Hervé Rigneault; Jean-Michel
Lourtioz; Claude Delalande; Ariel Levenson (5 January 2010).
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by providing precision imaging (with 3D information) at close distances. This new form of
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Imaging and
Applied Optics Congress 2022 (3D, AOA, COSI, ISA, pcAOP) (2022), paper CM4A.3
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993:. Another method is to take the light from a light source and modulate it in an external
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typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc.
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Photonics also includes research on photonic systems. This term is often used for
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Characteristic for research on semiconductor light sources is the frequent use of
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photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications,
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456:, which differs from photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is a
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Campbell, John W. (1991). "December 14, 1954". In
Chapdelaine, Perry A. (ed.).
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Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first
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1511:"Fully Integrated Coherent LiDAR in 3D-Integrated Silicon Photonics/65nm CMOS"
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The potential of creating signal processing device technologies using photons,
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An additional topic covered by modulation research is the modulation format.
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293:. Classical optics long preceded the discovery that light is quantized, when
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The John W. Campbell Letters With Isaac Asimov and A.E. van Vogt, Volume II
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for communications applications over medium speed charge coupled devices (
924:. A very advanced research topic on optical amplifiers is the research on
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in dielectric and metallic structures. Plasmons are the quantizations of
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Optical Fiber Telecommunications Volume VIA: Components and Subsystems
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Photonics commonly uses semiconductor-based light sources, such as
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188:
187:, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-
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An early instance of the word was in a December 1954 letter from
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Datacenter Connectivity Technologies: Principles and Practice
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963:. There are also many other photodetectors based on thermal,
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555:
409:
225:
221:
152:
129:
2901:
1484:"Silicon Photonics for LiDAR, Augmented Reality, and Beyond"
849:. They are also used in conjunction with silicon to produce
542:(surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, health monitoring),
442:; when coupled to an electromagnetic wave, they manifest as
1629:
479:
1535:
1115:
employs tools from the field of photonics to the study of
216:
electronics that are impossible in electrical engineering!
1508:
873:
can be used to guide the light along a desired path. In
550:, laser material processing, art diagnostics (involving
1283:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-653-4
750:
The science of photonics includes investigation of the
1428:
Ivan Kaminow; Tingye Li; Alan E Willner (3 May 2013).
651:: laser leveling, laser rangefinding, smart structures
220:
Photonics as a field began with the invention of the
1351:
1016:
that degrade the quality of the transmitted signal.
1054:Key Applications for Integrated Photonics include:
597:, to name several interesting additional examples.
464:, and operate in the range of frequencies from 300
401:and quantum optics. Other emerging fields include:
272:. Further growth of photonics is likely if current
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1012:have been investigated to counteract effects like
939:detect light. Photodetectors range from very fast
734:Microphotonics and nanophotonics usually includes
434:, which studies the interaction between light and
397:Photonics also relates to the emerging science of
228:in 1958 to 1960. Other developments followed: the
1229:
745:
3173:
1035:
715:: clock distribution and communication between
279:
385:, but also includes advanced imaging sensors.
2917:
2579:
2565:
1694:
1421:
821:instead of the classical semiconductors like
301:in 1905. Optics tools include the refracting
1454:
794:. Note that while CRTs, plasma screens, and
829:. This is due to the special properties of
2924:
2910:
2572:
2558:
1701:
1687:
1384:
1010:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
778:, and lasers. Other light sources include
605:scanner, printer, CD/DVD/Blu-ray devices,
460:. Polaritons are a mixture of photons and
1448:
1223:
1198:
1196:
1194:
837:. Examples for material systems used are
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3048:Time stretch analog-to-digital converter
1296:"Optics or photonics: what's in a name?"
1256:
1202:
1063:can be used for optical transceivers on
1032:, which improve optical signal quality.
489:
362:The practical application of optics, and
120:
3099:Monte Carlo method for photon transport
1481:
1061:vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
3174:
2770:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2481:Electrical and electronics engineering
1364:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–.
1293:
1191:
1174:European Photonics Industry Consortium
406:Optoacoustics or photoacoustic imaging
256:established an archival journal named
254:IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society
236:for transmitting information, and the
2905:
2553:
1682:
1233:Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction
1123:diagnostics, and the ability to work
861:Light can be transmitted through any
856:
833:that allow for the implementation of
619:, optical down converter to microwave
589:(based on xerography), displays, and
3038:Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
2514:
638:, surgical endoscopy, tattoo removal
263:During the period leading up to the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2524:
1490:. Optica Publishing Group: CM4A.3.
1230:Richard S. Quimby (14 April 2006).
1019:
798:displays generate their own light,
706:: time and frequency measurements,
284:
13:
3089:Extraordinary optical transmission
1310:"Sea mouse promises bright future"
928:semiconductor optical amplifiers.
700:, sensors for consumer electronics
392:
14:
3198:
689:Passive daytime radiative cooling
356:The particle properties of light,
313:, developed in the 17th century,
252:. Its use was confirmed when the
143:that involves the application of
3003:Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
2533:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2373:
1482:Notaros, Jelena (11 July 2022).
914:semiconductor optical amplifiers
765:
320:
289:Photonics is closely related to
23:
16:Technical applications of optics
2891:Timeline of physics discoveries
1708:
1623:
1572:
1529:
1515:2019 Symposium on VLSI Circuits
1502:
1475:
1455:Chang, Frank (17 August 2018).
1101:
634:: correction of poor eyesight,
485:
34:needs additional citations for
3104:Wavelength selective switching
1378:
1327:
1302:
1287:
1275:
1250:
812:cold cathode fluorescent lamps
746:Overview of photonics research
1:
2931:
1184:
974:
922:optical parametric amplifiers
910:erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
897:
276:developments are successful.
1731:List of engineering branches
1593:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02932
1203:Chai Yeh (2 December 2012).
1036:Photonic integrated circuits
931:
814:or, more often today, LEDs.
796:organic light-emitting diode
352:more specifically connotes:
280:Relationship to other fields
258:Photonics Technology Letters
238:erbium-doped fiber amplifier
7:
3018:Photonic integrated circuit
2855:Quantum information science
1523:10.23919/VLSIC.2019.8778154
1130:
1042:Photonic integrated circuit
723:, or within optoelectronic
10:
3203:
2686:Classical electromagnetism
1633:Environmental Microbiology
1105:
1039:
978:
901:
843:aluminium gallium arsenide
617:fiber-optic communications
448:localized surface plasmons
444:surface plasmon polaritons
194:
3143:
3125:Fiber-optic communication
3117:
3069:Arrayed waveguide grating
3061:
2998:Delay line interferometer
2980:
2939:
2863:
2800:
2728:
2644:
2616:
2588:
2499:
2446:
2430:
2382:
2371:
2146:
2088:
2007:
1932:
1859:
1752:
1739:
1716:
1550:10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.002
1407:10.1117/1.oe.56.10.107105
1236:. John Wiley & Sons.
1209:. Elsevier. pp. 1–.
877:optical fibers allow for
260:at the end of the 1980s.
2993:Optical DPSK demodulator
2792:Condensed matter physics
1496:10.1364/COSI.2022.CM4A.3
1065:multi-mode optical fiber
325:Photonics is related to
3053:Wireless power transfer
2392:Bachelor of Engineering
2234:Engineering mathematics
1645:10.1111/1462-2920.14010
888:photonic crystal fibers
847:compound semiconductors
800:liquid crystal displays
776:superluminescent diodes
297:famously explained the
3130:Optical neural network
3028:Photonic-crystal fiber
2876:Nobel Prize in Physics
2738:Relativistic mechanics
2491:Structural engineering
2486:Mechanical engineering
2229:Engineering management
1538:Trends in Microbiology
1158:Bio-inspired photonics
875:optical communications
835:light emitting devices
721:printed circuit boards
684:Information processing
512:information processing
503:
476:Programmable photonics
218:
151:, and manipulation of
133:
2881:Philosophy of physics
2471:Aerospace engineering
2384:Engineering education
1026:optical communication
871:plastic optical fiber
851:hybrid silicon lasers
780:single photon sources
772:light-emitting diodes
493:
213:
124:
2840:Mathematical physics
2412:Graduate certificate
1581:Analytical Chemistry
1461:. River Publishers.
1261:. AC Projects, Inc.
1030:optical regenerators
831:III-V semiconductors
819:III-V semiconductors
661:lacking mobile parts
601:Consumer equipment:
468:to approximately 10
299:photoelectric effect
132:(photons) by a prism
43:improve this article
3161:Solid-state physics
3094:Holographic grating
3084:Diffraction grating
3013:Optical interleaver
2815:Atmospheric physics
2654:Classical mechanics
2582:branches of physics
2397:Bachelor of Science
2239:Engineering physics
2223:Engineering drawing
1745:Interdisciplinarity
1587:(21): 13688–13694.
1399:2017OptEn..56j7105A
1387:Optical Engineering
971:and other effects.
740:solid state devices
725:integrated circuits
627:Solar power systems
548:military technology
440:plasma oscillations
399:quantum information
343:quantum electronics
315:Maxwell's Equations
2871:History of physics
1999:Telecommunications
1904:Naval architecture
1434:. Academic Press.
1006:phase-shift keying
955:that are used for
857:Transmission media
845:(AlGaAs) or other
713:Photonic computing
613:Telecommunications
520:photonic computing
508:telecommunications
504:
500:Aphrodita aculeata
134:
3169:
3168:
2972:Silicon photonics
2967:Optical computing
2899:
2898:
2886:Physics education
2835:Materials science
2802:Interdisciplinary
2760:Quantum mechanics
2547:
2546:
2476:Civil engineering
2422:Licensed engineer
2417:Engineer's degree
2369:
2368:
2201:Building services
2184:Health technology
2045:Chemical reaction
1994:Signal processing
1468:978-87-93609-22-8
1441:978-0-12-397235-4
1371:978-0-470-39459-5
1243:978-0-471-79158-4
1216:978-0-08-049926-0
1206:Applied Photonics
1179:IOWN Global Forum
1153:Organic photonics
995:optical modulator
981:Optical modulator
957:energy harvesting
904:Optical amplifier
884:photonic crystals
788:cathode ray tubes
784:fluorescent lamps
758:, detection, and
736:photonic crystals
729:quantum computing
727:; in the future:
311:Huygens Principle
305:, the reflecting
274:silicon photonics
270:optical computing
250:Bell Laboratories
173:signal processing
119:
118:
111:
93:
3194:
3109:Photon diffusion
3074:Atomic coherence
3023:Photonic crystal
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2825:Chemical physics
2765:Particle physics
2691:Classical optics
2574:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2377:
1964:Electromechanics
1750:
1749:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1149:/optoelectronics
1049:indium phosphide
1020:Photonic systems
918:Raman amplifiers
839:gallium arsenide
754:, transmission,
677:, beam effects,
623:Renewable Energy
554:Reflectography,
285:Classical optics
209:Gotthard Gunther
205:John W. Campbell
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3139:
3113:
3057:
2976:
2935:
2930:
2900:
2895:
2859:
2845:Medical physics
2796:
2755:Nuclear physics
2724:
2718:Non-equilibrium
2640:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2548:
2543:
2495:
2442:
2426:
2402:Master's degree
2378:
2365:
2279:Instrumentation
2142:
2084:
2050:Electrochemical
2003:
1989:Radio frequency
1928:
1855:
1819:Municipal/Urban
1743:
1741:
1735:
1712:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1628:
1624:
1577:
1573:
1534:
1530:
1507:
1503:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1339:Wayback Machine
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1165:(on submarines)
1133:
1110:
1104:
1044:
1038:
1022:
983:
977:
949:digital cameras
934:
906:
900:
859:
768:
748:
679:holographic art
591:optical pumping
488:
480:electronic FPGA
395:
393:Emerging fields
375:optoelectronics
339:optoelectronics
323:
295:Albert Einstein
287:
282:
197:
155:in the form of
139:is a branch of
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:Quantum optics
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Slot-waveguide
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2952:Microphotonics
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2708:Thermodynamics
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2650:
2648:
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2639:
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2620:
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2598:
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2531:
2521:
2511:
2500:
2497:
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2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2431:Related topics
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Sustainability
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2213:Geoengineering
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:Rehabilitation
2191:
2189:Pharmaceutical
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Bioinformatics
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:Semiconductors
2130:
2125:
2123:Nanotechnology
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
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1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1839:Transportation
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1779:
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1737:
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1723:
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1714:
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1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1639:(1): 369–384.
1622:
1571:
1544:(5): 413–424.
1528:
1501:
1474:
1467:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1393:(10): 107105.
1377:
1370:
1350:
1326:
1301:
1286:
1274:
1267:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1215:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Photonic radar
1166:
1163:Photonics mast
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:machine vision
1076:
1072:
1068:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
1021:
1018:
979:Main article:
976:
973:
937:Photodetectors
933:
930:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
858:
855:
792:plasma screens
767:
764:
747:
744:
732:
731:
710:
701:
691:
686:
681:
668:
662:
652:
646:
639:
629:
620:
610:
607:remote control
587:laser printing
562:fluorescence,
487:
484:
483:
482:
473:
451:
429:
423:
417:
394:
391:
379:electro-optics
371:
370:
365:An analogy to
363:
360:
357:
335:electro-optics
327:quantum optics
322:
319:
286:
283:
281:
278:
234:optical fibers
232:in the 1970s,
196:
193:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
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3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
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3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
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3049:
3046:
3044:
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3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:Nanophotonics
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
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2908:
2907:
2904:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Ocean physics
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:Modern optics
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
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2736:
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2727:
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2711:
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2709:
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2699:
2697:
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2684:
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2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2634:Computational
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
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2400:
2398:
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2376:
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2359:
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2347:
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2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Manufacturing
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Biomechanical
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:Environmental
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Architectural
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
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1715:
1711:
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1699:
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1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1517:: C262–C263.
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:Nanophotonics
1354:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1298:. Optics.org.
1297:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1268:9780931150197
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
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1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:On-off keying
998:
996:
992:
988:
982:
972:
970:
969:photoelectric
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:to very slow
950:
946:
942:
938:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
895:
893:
892:metamaterials
889:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:Light sources
763:
761:
757:
756:amplification
753:
743:
741:
737:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
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672:
671:Entertainment
669:
666:
663:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:manufacturing
640:
637:
636:laser surgery
633:
630:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
600:
599:
598:
596:
595:fusion energy
592:
588:
584:
583:semiconductor
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:photovoltaics
513:
509:
501:
497:
492:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
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3118:Applications
2947:Biophotonics
2932:
2810:Astrophysics
2624:Experimental
2455:Engineering
2301:Mechatronics
2154:Agricultural
1804:Geotechnical
1772:Construction
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1333:Archived at
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1318:. Retrieved
1316:. 2001-01-03
1313:
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1294:Optics.org.
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1121:non-invasive
1113:Biophotonics
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1102:Biophotonics
1083:phased array
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649:Construction
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532:spectroscopy
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454:Polaritonics
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41:Please help
36:verification
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2713:Statistical
2629:Theoretical
2606:Engineering
2529:Wikiproject
2284:and Control
2274:Information
2098:Biomaterial
2028:Bioresource
2019:/Bioprocess
2017:Biochemical
1969:Electronics
1740:Specialties
1710:Engineering
1137:Nano-optics
967:, quantum,
953:solar cells
941:photodiodes
926:quantum dot
867:Glass fiber
863:transparent
841:(GaAs) and
804:TFT screens
675:laser shows
657:: photonic
641:Industrial
568:agriculture
560:UltraViolet
367:electronics
230:laser diode
58:"Photonics"
3176:Categories
3135:Solar sail
3079:Dark state
3043:Superprism
2961:Plasmonics
2830:Geophysics
2820:Biophysics
2664:Analytical
2617:Approaches
2448:Glossaries
2269:Industrial
2249:Facilities
2244:Explosives
2169:Biomedical
2164:Automation
2113:Metallurgy
2023:Biological
1974:Microwaves
1934:Electrical
1879:Automotive
1861:Mechanical
1834:Structural
1799:Geological
1787:Ecological
1777:Earthquake
1320:2013-05-05
1185:References
1081:and other
1014:dispersion
991:Morse code
987:flashlight
975:Modulation
898:Amplifiers
810:of either
806:require a
762:of light.
760:modulation
659:gyroscopes
579:transistor
536:holography
432:Plasmonics
414:ultrasonic
169:modulation
145:generation
126:Dispersion
99:April 2013
69:newspapers
3182:Photonics
2988:Biophoton
2933:Photonics
2780:Molecular
2681:Acoustics
2674:Continuum
2669:Celestial
2659:Newtonian
2646:Classical
2589:Divisions
2407:Doctorate
2321:Packaging
2291:Logistics
2264:Geomatics
2225:/graphics
2118:Molecular
2108:Corrosion
2090:Materials
2070:Petroleum
2060:Molecular
1942:Broadcast
1924:Tribology
1874:Aerospace
1809:Hydraulic
1653:1462-2920
1617:203924741
1601:1520-6882
1558:1878-4380
1415:125975031
1345:- YouTube
1147:Optronics
932:Detection
827:germanium
808:backlight
717:computers
704:Metrology
528:metrology
496:sea mouse
470:terahertz
466:gigahertz
458:polariton
416:emission.
373:The term
350:photonics
348:The term
149:detection
137:Photonics
3144:See also
3062:Concepts
2509:Category
2438:Engineer
2346:Software
2341:Security
2316:Ontology
2306:Military
2296:Robotics
2259:Forensic
2179:Clinical
2138:Surfaces
2128:Polymers
2103:Ceramics
2080:Reaction
2009:Chemical
1947:Computer
1869:Acoustic
1824:Offshore
1792:Sanitary
1669:25510308
1661:29194923
1609:31592643
1566:28188076
1337:and the
1314:BBC News
1131:See also
1008:or even
989:to send
965:chemical
961:sunlight
865:medium.
774:(LEDs),
752:emission
665:Military
655:Aviation
632:Medicine
572:robotics
552:InfraRed
540:medicine
524:lighting
436:plasmons
426:Optomics
242:Internet
189:infrared
185:spectrum
161:emission
159:through
2864:Related
2748:General
2743:Special
2601:Applied
2519:Commons
2361:Textile
2356:Systems
2326:Privacy
2311:Nuclear
2075:Process
2033:Genetic
1979:Optical
1959:Control
1952:outline
1919:Thermal
1909:Railway
1849:Railway
1844:Traffic
1767:Coastal
1726:Outline
1721:History
1395:Bibcode
1125:in-situ
1117:biology
1086:imaging
823:silicon
694:Sensors
609:devices
603:barcode
462:phonons
195:History
181:sensing
157:photons
83:scholar
3187:Optics
3151:Optics
2940:Fields
2775:Atomic
2730:Modern
2580:Major
2539:Portal
2336:Survey
2331:Safety
2218:Design
2038:Tissue
1914:Sports
1899:Marine
1889:Energy
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408:where
307:mirror
291:optics
179:, and
141:optics
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3008:Laser
2981:Tools
2159:Audio
2147:Other
2065:Paper
1984:Power
1829:River
1754:Civil
1665:S2CID
1613:S2CID
1411:S2CID
1090:radar
1079:LIDAR
959:from
698:LIDAR
556:Xrays
410:laser
226:laser
222:maser
153:light
130:light
90:JSTOR
76:books
2701:Wave
2596:Pure
2254:Fire
2055:Food
1657:PMID
1649:ISSN
1605:PMID
1597:ISSN
1562:PMID
1554:ISSN
1463:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1211:ISBN
945:CCDs
920:and
890:and
825:and
738:and
341:and
303:lens
224:and
62:news
2696:Ray
2464:M–Z
2459:A–L
2206:MEP
1742:and
1641:doi
1589:doi
1546:doi
1519:doi
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