Optical amplifier - Knowledge

329:. In addition, the Stark effect also removes the degeneracy of energy states having the same total angular momentum (specified by the quantum number J). Thus, for example, the trivalent erbium ion (Er) has a ground state with J = 15/2, and in the presence of an electric field splits into J + 1/2 = 8 sublevels with slightly different energies. The first excited state has J = 13/2 and therefore a Stark manifold with 7 sublevels. Transitions from the J = 13/2 excited state to the J= 15/2 ground state are responsible for the gain at 1500 nm wavelength. The gain spectrum of the EDFA has several peaks that are smeared by the above broadening mechanisms. The net result is a very broad spectrum (30 nm in silica, typically). The broad gain-bandwidth of fiber amplifiers make them particularly useful in 449:

Gain (PDG). The absorption and emission cross sections of the ions can be modeled as ellipsoids with the major axes aligned at random in all directions in different glass sites. The random distribution of the orientation of the ellipsoids in a glass produces a macroscopically isotropic medium, but a strong pump laser induces an anisotropic distribution by selectively exciting those ions that are more aligned with the optical field vector of the pump. Also, those excited ions aligned with the signal field produce more stimulated emission. The change in gain is thus dependent on the alignment of the polarizations of the pump and signal lasers – i.e. whether the two lasers are interacting with the same sub-set of dopant ions or not. In an ideal doped fiber without

661:. Unlike the EDFA and SOA the amplification effect is achieved by a nonlinear interaction between the signal and a pump laser within an optical fiber. There are two types of Raman amplifier: distributed and lumped. A distributed Raman amplifier is one in which the transmission fiber is utilised as the gain medium by multiplexing a pump wavelength with signal wavelength, while a lumped Raman amplifier utilises a dedicated, shorter length of fiber to provide amplification. In the case of a lumped Raman amplifier, a highly nonlinear fiber with a small core is utilised to increase the interaction between signal and pump wavelengths, and thereby reduce the length of fiber required. 587:) can be conducted. Furthermore, SOA can be run with a low power laser. This originates from the short nanosecond or less upper state lifetime, so that the gain reacts rapidly to changes of pump or signal power and the changes of gain also cause phase changes which can distort the signals. This nonlinearity presents the most severe problem for optical communication applications. However it provides the possibility for gain in different wavelength regions from the EDFA. "Linear optical amplifiers" using gain-clamping techniques have been developed. 400:

detected photocurrent noise is evaluated with a low-noise electrical spectrum analyzer, which along with measurement of the amplifier gain permits a noise figure measurement. Generally, the optical technique provides a more simple method, though it is not inclusive of excess noise effects captured by the electrical method such multi-path interference (MPI) noise generation. In both methods, attention to effects such as the spontaneous emission accompanying the input signal are critical to accurate measurement of noise figure.

396:. ASE is emitted by the amplifier in both the forward and reverse directions, but only the forward ASE is a direct concern to system performance since that noise will co-propagate with the signal to the receiver where it degrades system performance. Counter-propagating ASE can, however, lead to degradation of the amplifier's performance since the ASE can deplete the inversion level and thereby reduce the gain of the amplifier and increase the noise produced relative to the desired signal gain. 263: 681:

approximately 0.3 to 2 μm. A third advantage of Raman amplifiers is that the gain spectrum can be tailored by adjusting the pump wavelengths. For instance, multiple pump lines can be used to increase the optical bandwidth, and the pump distribution determines the gain flatness. Another advantage of Raman amplification is that it is a relatively broad-band amplifier with a bandwidth > 5 THz, and the gain is reasonably flat over a wide wavelength range.

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consumption, low noise figure, polarization insensitive gain, and the ability to fabricate high fill factor two-dimensional arrays on a single semiconductor chip. These devices are still in the early stages of research, though promising preamplifier results have been demonstrated. Further extensions to VCSOA technology are the demonstration of wavelength tunable devices. These MEMS-tunable vertical-cavity SOAs utilize a microelectromechanical systems (

29: 603:). The major difference when comparing VCSOAs and VCSELs is the reduced mirror reflectivity used in the amplifier cavity. With VCSOAs, reduced feedback is necessary to prevent the device from reaching lasing threshold. Due to the extremely short cavity length, and correspondingly thin gain medium, these devices exhibit very low single-pass gain (typically on the order of a few percent) and also a very large 685:

amplifiers. Second, Raman amplifiers require a longer gain fiber. However, this disadvantage can be mitigated by combining gain and the dispersion compensation in a single fiber. A third disadvantage of Raman amplifiers is a fast response time, which gives rise to new sources of noise, as further discussed below. Finally, there are concerns of nonlinear penalty in the amplifier for the WDM signal channels.

453:, the PDG would be inconveniently large. Fortunately, in optical fibers small amounts of birefringence are always present and, furthermore, the fast and slow axes vary randomly along the fiber length. A typical DFA has several tens of meters, long enough to already show this randomness of the birefringence axes. These two combined effects (which in transmission fibers give rise to 743:

frequency linewidths (<5 kHz) together with excellent beam quality and stable linearly polarized output. Systems meeting these specifications steadily progressed from a few watts of output power initially, to tens of watts and later hundreds of watts. This power increase was achieved with developments in fiber technology, such as the adoption of stimulated

575:/InAlGaAs, though any direct band gap semiconductors such as II-VI could conceivably be used. Such amplifiers are often used in telecommunication systems in the form of fiber-pigtailed components, operating at signal wavelengths between 850 nm and 1600 nm and generating gains of up to 30 dB. 846: 439:

because a high power signal at one wavelength can 'burn' a hole in the gain for wavelengths close to that signal by saturation of the inhomogeneously broadened ions. Spectral holes vary in width depending on the characteristics of the optical fiber in question and the power of the burning signal, but

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As well as decaying via stimulated emission, electrons in the upper energy level can also decay by spontaneous emission, which occurs at random, depending upon the glass structure and inversion level. Photons are emitted spontaneously in all directions, but a proportion of those will be emitted in a

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For high output power and broader wavelength range, tapered amplifiers are used. These amplifiers consist of a lateral single-mode section and a section with a tapered structure, where the laser light is amplified. The tapered structure leads to a reduction of the power density at the output facet.

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Although the DFA is essentially a polarization independent amplifier, a small proportion of the dopant ions interact preferentially with certain polarizations and a small dependence on the polarization of the input signal may occur (typically < 0.5 dB). This is called Polarization Dependent

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To achieve optimum noise performance DFAs are operated under a significant amount of gain compression (10 dB typically), since that reduces the rate of spontaneous emission, thereby reducing ASE. Another advantage of operating the DFA in the gain saturation region is that small fluctuations in

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of the dopant ions. The inversion level of a DFA is set, primarily, by the power of the pump wavelength and the power at the amplified wavelengths. As the signal power increases, or the pump power decreases, the inversion level will reduce and thereby the gain of the amplifier will be reduced. This

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in 1997, when Sudo wrote that optical amplifiers “will usher in a worldwide revolution called the Information Age” and Gilder compared the optical amplifier to the integrated circuit in importance, predicting that it would make possible the Age of Information. Optical amplification WDM systems are

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Noise figure can be analyzed in both the optical domain and in the electrical domain. In the optical domain, measurement of the ASE, the optical signal gain, and signal wavelength using an optical spectrum analyzer permits calculation of the noise figure. For the electrical measurement method, the

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A significant point is that the erbium gives up its energy in the form of additional photons which are exactly in the same phase and direction as the signal being amplified. So the signal is amplified along its direction of travel only. This is not unusual – when an atom "lases" it always gives up

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A relatively high-powered beam of light is mixed with the input signal using a wavelength selective coupler (WSC). The input signal and the excitation light must be at significantly different wavelengths. The mixed light is guided into a section of fiber with erbium ions included in the core. This

242:) and different geometries (disk, slab, rod) to amplify optical signals. The variety of materials allows the amplification of different wavelength while the shape of the medium can distinguish between more suitable for energy of average power scaling. Beside their use in fundamental research from 680:

Raman amplifiers have some fundamental advantages. First, Raman gain exists in every fiber, which provides a cost-effective means of upgrading from the terminal ends. Second, the gain is nonresonant, which means that gain is available over the entire transparency region of the fiber ranging from

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sites. The amplification bandwidth of Raman amplifiers is defined by the pump wavelengths utilised and so amplification can be provided over wider, and different, regions than may be possible with other amplifier types which rely on dopants and device design to define the amplification 'window'.

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The pump power required for Raman amplification is higher than that required by the EDFA, with in excess of 500 mW being required to achieve useful levels of gain in a distributed amplifier. Lumped amplifiers, where the pump light can be safely contained to avoid safety implications of high

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Given their vertical-cavity geometry, VCSOAs are resonant cavity optical amplifiers that operate with the input/output signal entering/exiting normal to the wafer surface. In addition to their small size, the surface normal operation of VCSOAs leads to a number of advantages, including low power

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The semiconductor optical amplifier is of small size and electrically pumped. It can be potentially less expensive than the EDFA and can be integrated with semiconductor lasers, modulators, etc. However, the performance is still not comparable with the EDFA. The SOA has higher noise, lower gain,

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and window regions which can reduce end face reflection to less than 0.001%. Since this creates a loss of power from the cavity which is greater than the gain, it prevents the amplifier from acting as a laser. Another type of SOA consists of two regions. One part has a structure of a Fabry-Pérot

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The principal difference between C- and L-band amplifiers is that a longer length of doped fiber is used in L-band amplifiers. The longer length of fiber allows a lower inversion level to be used, thereby giving emission at longer wavelengths (due to the band-structure of Erbium in silica) while

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on May 4, 1988). The patent covered “the amplification of light by the stimulated emission of photons from ions, atoms or molecules in gaseous, liquid or solid state.” In total, Gould obtained 48 patents related to the optical amplifier that covered 80% of the lasers on the market at the time of

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EDFAs have two commonly used pumping bands – 980 nm and 1480 nm. The 980 nm band has a higher absorption cross-section and is generally used where low-noise performance is required. The absorption band is relatively narrow and so wavelength stabilised laser sources are typically

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Amplification is achieved by stimulated emission of photons from dopant ions in the doped fiber. The pump laser excites ions into a higher energy from where they can decay via stimulated emission of a photon at the signal wavelength back to a lower energy level. The excited ions can also decay

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were adopted as an industrial material processing tool, and were expanding into other markets including the medical and scientific markets. One key enhancement enabling penetration into the scientific market was improvement in high finesse fiber amplifiers, which became able to deliver single

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high-powered light beam excites the erbium ions to their higher-energy state. When the photons belonging to the signal at a different wavelength from the pump light meet the excited erbium ions, the erbium ions give up some of their energy to the signal and return to their lower-energy state.

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However, a number of challenges for Raman amplifiers prevented their earlier adoption. First, compared to the EDFAs, Raman amplifiers have relatively poor pumping efficiency at lower signal powers. Although a disadvantage, this lack of pump efficiency also makes gain clamping easier in Raman

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High optical nonlinearity makes semiconductor amplifiers attractive for all optical signal processing like all-optical switching and wavelength conversion. There has been much research on semiconductor optical amplifiers as elements for optical signal processing, wavelength conversion, clock

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The pump light may be coupled into the transmission fiber in the same direction as the signal (co-directional pumping), in the opposite direction (contra-directional pumping) or both. Contra-directional pumping is more common as the transfer of noise from the pump to the signal is reduced.

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of an optical amplifier is the range of optical wavelengths for which the amplifier yields a usable gain. The amplification window is determined by the spectroscopic properties of the dopant ions, the glass structure of the optical fiber, and the wavelength and power of the pump laser.

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of the fiber and are thus captured and guided by the fiber. Those photons captured may then interact with other dopant ions, and are thus amplified by stimulated emission. The initial spontaneous emission is therefore amplified in the same manner as the signals, hence the term

457:) produce a misalignment of the relative polarizations of the signal and pump lasers along the fiber, thus tending to average out the PDG. The result is that PDG is very difficult to observe in a single amplifier (but is noticeable in links with several cascaded amplifiers). 841: 311:

Although the electronic transitions of an isolated ion are very well defined, broadening of the energy levels occurs when the ions are incorporated into the glass of the optical fiber and thus the amplification window is also broadened. This broadening is both

174:) that was a key to the first dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) system, that they released in June 1996. This marked the start of optical networking. Its significance was recognized at the time by optical authority, Shoichi Sudo and technology analyst, 747:(SBS) suppression/mitigation techniques within the fiber, and improvements in overall amplifier design, including large mode area (LMA) fibers with a low-aperture core, micro-structured rod-type fiber helical core, or chirally-coupled core fibers, and 506:

and one from AT&T Bell Laboratories, consisting of E. Desurvire, P. Becker, and J. Simpson. The dual-stage optical amplifier which enabled Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) was invented by Stephen B. Alexander at Ciena Corporation.

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and 1480 nm, and gain is exhibited in the 1550 nm region. The EDFA amplification region varies from application to application and can be anywhere from a few nm up to ~80 nm. Typical use of EDFA in telecommunications calls for

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The erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is the most deployed fiber amplifier as its amplification window coincides with the third transmission window of silica-based optical fiber. The core of a silica fiber is doped with trivalent

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structure results in a very narrow gain bandwidth; coupled with the large FSR of the optical cavity, this effectively limits operation of the VCSOA to single-channel amplification. Thus, VCSOAs can be seen as amplifying filters.

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Due to the inhomogeneous portion of the linewidth broadening of the dopant ions, the gain spectrum has an inhomogeneous component and gain saturation occurs, to a small extent, in an inhomogeneous manner. This effect is known as

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of the glass, while inhomogeneous broadening is caused by differences in the glass sites where different ions are hosted. Different sites expose ions to different local electric fields, which shifts the energy levels via the

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needed. The 1480 nm band has a lower, but broader, absorption cross-section and is generally used for higher power amplifiers. A combination of 980 nm and 1480 nm pumping is generally utilised in amplifiers.

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are typically less than 1 nm at the short wavelength end of the C-band, and a few nm at the long wavelength end of the C-band. The depth of the holes are very small, though, making it difficult to observe in practice.

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effect is known as gain saturation – as the signal level increases, the amplifier saturates and cannot produce any more output power, and therefore the gain reduces. Saturation is also commonly known as gain compression.

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on November 13, 1957. He filed US Patent US80453959A on April 6, 1959, titled "Light Amplifiers Employing Collisions to Produce Population Inversions" (subsequently amended as a continuation in part and finally issued as

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doped fiber lasers and amplifiers, operating near 1 micrometre wavelength, have many applications in industrial processing of materials, as these devices can be made with extremely high output power (tens of kilowatts).

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doped amplifiers in the 1300 nm region. However, those regions have not seen any significant commercial use so far and so those amplifiers have not been the subject of as much development as the EDFA. However,

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is usually placed at the output to prevent reflections returning from the attached fiber. Such reflections disrupt amplifier operation and in the extreme case can cause the amplifier to become a laser.

718:. In contrast to the previously mentioned amplifiers, which are mostly used in telecommunication environments, this type finds its main application in expanding the frequency tunability of ultrafast 483:, or L-band amplifiers (from ~1565 nm to ~1610 nm). Both of these bands can be amplified by EDFAs, but it is normal to use two different amplifiers, each optimized for one of the bands. 755:

fiber amplifiers delivered power levels exceeding those available from commercial solid-state single-frequency sources, and stable optimized performance, opening up new scientific applications.

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There are several different physical mechanisms that can be used to amplify a light signal, which correspond to the major types of optical amplifiers. In doped fiber amplifiers and bulk lasers,

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The principal advantage of Raman amplification is its ability to provide distributed amplification within the transmission fiber, thereby increasing the length of spans between amplifier and

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Baney, Douglas, M., Gallion, Philippe, Tucker, Rodney S., ”Theory and Measurement Techniques for the Noise Figure of Optical Amplifiers”, Optical Fiber Technology 6, 122 pp. 122-154 (2000)

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A recent addition to the SOA family is the vertical-cavity SOA (VCSOA). These devices are similar in structure to, and share many features with, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (

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the common basis of all local, metro, national, intercontinental and subsea telecommunications networks and the technology of choice for the fiber optic backbones of the Internet (e.g.

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for light at the wavelength of a laser made with the same material as its gain medium. Such amplifiers are commonly used to produce high power laser systems. Special types such as

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Mears, R.J. and Reekie, L. and Poole, S.B. and Payne, D.N.: "Low-threshold tunable CW and Q-switched fiber laser operating at 1.55 μm", Electron. Lett., 1986, 22, pp.159–160

620:) based tuning mechanism for wide and continuous tuning of the peak gain wavelength of the amplifier. SOAs have a more rapid gain response, which is in the order of 1 to 100 ps. 417:

the input signal power are reduced in the output amplified signal: smaller input signal powers experience larger (less saturated) gain, while larger input powers see less gain.

607:(FSR). The small single-pass gain requires relatively high mirror reflectivity to boost the total signal gain. In addition to boosting the total signal gain, the use of the 583:

with fast transient time. The main advantage of SOA is that all four types of nonlinear operations (cross gain modulation, cross phase modulation, wavelength conversion and

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its energy in the same direction and phase as the incoming light. Thus all of the additional signal power is guided in the same fiber mode as the incoming signal. An

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Limpert, J.; Deguil-Robin, N.; Manek-Hönninger, I.; Salin, F.; Röser, F.; Liem, A.; Schreiber, T.; Nolte, S.; Zellmer, H.; Tünnermann, A.; Broeng, J. (2005-02-21).

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There are several simulation tools that can be used to design optical amplifiers. Popular commercial tools have been developed by Optiwave Systems and VPI Systems.

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communications systems as a single amplifier can be utilized to amplify all signals being carried on a fiber and whose wavelengths fall within the gain window.

1191: 844:, Gould, Gordon, "United States Patent: 4704583 - Light amplifiers employing collisions to produce a population inversion", issued November 3, 1987 870: 540:

Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are amplifiers which use a semiconductor to provide the gain medium. These amplifiers have a similar structure to

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R.J. Mears, L. Reekie, I.M. Jauncey and D. N. Payne: “Low-noise Erbium-doped fiber amplifier at 1.54 μm”, Electron. Lett., 1987, 23, pp.1026–1028

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Müller, Michael; Kienel, Marco; Klenke, Arno; Gottschall, Thomas; Shestaev, Evgeny; Plötner, Marco; Limpert, Jens; Tünnermann, Andreas (2016-08-01).

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E. Desurvire, J. Simpson, and P.C. Becker, High-gain erbium-doped traveling-wave fiber amplifier," Optics Letters, vol. 12, No. 11, 1987, pp. 888–890

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United States Patent Office #5696615; “Wavelength division multiplexed optical communication systems employing uniform gain optical amplifiers.”

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of the glass matrix. These last two decay mechanisms compete with stimulated emission reducing the efficiency of light amplification.

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The leading edge of the pulse is amplified, until the saturation energy of the gain medium is reached. In some condition, the width (

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but with anti-reflection design elements at the end faces. Recent designs include anti-reflective coatings and tilted

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directly, without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal. An optical amplifier may be thought of as a

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Lefrancois, Simon; Sosnowski, Thomas S.; Liu, Chi-Hung; Galvanauskas, Almantas; Wise, Frank W. (2011-02-14).

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interaction geometry optical parametric amplifiers are capable of extremely broad amplification bandwidths.

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Frede, Maik (2007). "Fundamental mode, single-frequency laser amplifier for gravitational wave detectors".

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laser diode and the other has a tapered geometry in order to reduce the power density on the output facet.

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in an ideal DFA is 3 dB, while practical amplifiers can have noise figure as large as 6–8 dB.

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spontaneously (spontaneous emission) or even through nonradiative processes involving interactions with

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Gain and lasing in Erbium-doped fibers were first demonstrated in 1986–87 by two groups; one including

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Filippov, V.; Chamorovskii, Yu; Kerttula, J.; Golant, K.; Pessa, M.; Okhotnikov, O. G. (2008-02-04).

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Semiconductor optical amplifiers are typically made from group III-V compound semiconductors such as

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control systems which dynamically adjust the shape of the mirrors in the largest astronomical

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ions (Er) and can be efficiently pumped with a laser at or near wavelengths of 980

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Note: The text of an earlier version of this article was taken from the public domain

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into the doped fiber, and the signal is amplified through interaction with the doping

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M. J. Connolly, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. Boston, MA: Springer-Verlag, 2002.

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causes amplification of incoming light. In semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs),

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allows the amplification of a weak signal-impulse in a nonlinear medium such as a

2653: 2534: 2524: 2335: 2256: 2251: 2100: 1996: 1973: 1968: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1903: 1873: 608: 499: 165: 110: 37: 168:. Huber and Steve Alexander of Ciena invented the dual-stage optical amplifier ( 2630: 2620: 2580: 2529: 2447: 2400: 2384: 2218: 2188: 2183: 707: 495: 161: 144: 64: 1257: 1240: 936: 797: 170: 2668: 2585: 2565: 2506: 2432: 2125: 2082: 1988: 1963: 1858: 1724: 1693: 1626: 1595:"Energy scaling of mode-locked fiber lasers with chirally-coupled core fiber" 1571: 1516: 1451: 1386: 900: 864:"POLARIZINGAPPARATUS EMPLOYING AN OPTICAL ELEMENT INCLNED AT BREWSTERS ANGLE" 450: 277: 200: 175: 103: 76: 1928: 2605: 2474: 2469: 2410: 2291: 2246: 2203: 1893: 1868: 1822: 1746: 1701: 1644: 1579: 1524: 1507: 1459: 1394: 1071: 1017: 1000: 752: 544: 523: 380: 326: 285: 235: 204: 138: 2635: 2496: 2479: 2459: 2316: 2281: 2001: 1883: 1717:"High-power fiber amplifiers enable leading-edge scientific applications" 1684: 1618: 1563: 1443: 1378: 1053: 739: 715: 281: 95: 262: 2484: 2311: 2276: 2145: 1913: 1908: 1766: 1480: 922:

Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War

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Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War

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Wang, P.; Cooper, L. J.; Sahu, J. K.; Clarkson, W. A. (2006-01-15).

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Koplow, Jeffrey P.; Kliner, Dahv A. V.; Goldberg, Lew (2000-04-01).

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Overview of commercially available semiconductor tapered amplifiers

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as a gain medium to amplify an optical signal. They are related to

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from the cavity is suppressed. Optical amplifiers are important in

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Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology on fiber amplifiers

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing: A Practical Engineering Guide

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Gould co-founded an optical telecommunications equipment firm,

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recovery, signal demultiplexing, and pattern recognition.

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Overview of commercially available solid-state amplifiers

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which carry much of the world's telecommunication links.

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The principle of optical amplification was invented by

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are optical amplifiers that use a wide range of doped

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The erbium doped amplifier is a high gain amplifier.

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Ding, J.; Samson, B.; Ahmadi, P. (1 February 2015).

1352: 937:"Method for producing a tunable erbium fiber laser" 669:optical powers, may use over 1 W of optical power. 657:In a Raman amplifier, the signal is intensified by 427: 316:(all ions exhibit the same broadened spectrum) and 266:

Schematic diagram of a simple doped-fiber amplifier

1483:"High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser" 535: 511:Doped fiber amplifiers for other wavelength ranges 284:. The signal to be amplified and a pump laser are 1238: 751:(T-DCF). As of 2015 high finesse, high power and 2666: 1763:including ROPA Remote Optically-Pumped Amplifier 1714: 1410:"1 kW 1 mJ eight-channel ultrafast fiber laser" 961:"Fiber Keeps Its Promise - George Gilder Essay" 697: 160:with his former head of Light Optics Research, 992: 2343: 2237:Conservation and restoration of glass objects 1782: 1727:on 8 October 2015 – via Nufern Library. 518:doped fiber amplifiers have been used in the 983: 889:"Patents; Inventor Adds to His Laser Total" 342:(EDWA) is an optical amplifier that uses a 121:in the lattice of the gain medium produces 2350: 2336: 1789: 1775: 579:moderate polarization dependence and high 349: 250:they can also be found in many of today's 1683: 1634: 1506: 1425: 1256: 1061: 1016: 487:still providing a useful amount of gain. 375:The principal source of noise in DFAs is 273:(DFAs) are optical amplifiers that use a 257: 222: 1796: 1084: 934: 773:Nonlinear theory of semiconductor lasers 261: 246:detection to high energy physics at the 27: 2611:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator 443: 16:Device that amplifies an optical signal 2667: 1761:Current Trends in Unrepeatered Systems 1078: 984:Grobe, Klaus; Eiselt, Michael (2013). 919: 822: 594: 502:, I.M Jauncey and L. Reekie, from the 32:Optical amplifiers are used to create 2331: 1770: 1329:"Optical Amplifier Tutorial - FS.COM" 1131: 1031: 998: 886: 840: 636:wavelength range: 633 to 1480 nm 623: 461:Erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers 1239:Ghosh, B.; Mukhopadhyay, S. (2011). 858: 856: 836: 834: 125:coherent with the incoming photons. 190: 13: 1273:"MEMS-Tunable Vertical-cavity SOA" 758: 646: 403: 14: 2701: 1735: 1088:Photonics Essentials, 2nd edition 853: 831: 408:Gain is achieved in a DFA due to 2649: 2648: 1326: 876:from the original on 2022-10-09. 428:Inhomogeneous broadening effects 387:direction that falls within the 339:erbium-doped waveguide amplifier 2307:Radioactive waste vitrification 2262:Glass fiber reinforced concrete 1708: 1651: 1586: 1531: 1474: 1401: 1346: 1295: 1265: 1232: 1216: 1192:"Subject: Into the Fibersphere" 1184: 1175: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1116: 804:. European Southern Observatory 738:In the 21st century high power 733: 536:Semiconductor optical amplifier 331:wavelength-division multiplexed 2520:Amplified spontaneous emission 1134:"Tutorial on Fiber Amplifiers" 1063:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-BAD8-1 977: 953: 928: 913: 887:Jones, Stacy V. (1987-11-07). 880: 827:. backinprint.com. p. 69. 816: 790: 394:Amplified Spontaneous Emission 377:Amplified Spontaneous Emission 129:use parametric amplification. 52:is a device that amplifies an 36:which provide feedback to the 1: 2174:Chemically strengthened glass 924:. Backprint.com. p. 283. 783: 639:input power: 10 to 50 mW 2007:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals 1245:Optics and Photonics Letters 704:optical parametric amplifier 698:Optical parametric amplifier 455:polarization mode dispersion 346:to boost an optical signal. 7: 2576:Chirped pulse amplification 766: 424:) of the pulse is reduced. 183:form a basis of modern-day 10: 2706: 2690:Fiber-optic communications 2380:List of laser applications 2357: 778:Regenerative amplification 749:tapered double-clad fibers 650: 248:National Ignition Facility 132: 18: 2644: 2558: 2505: 2393: 2365: 2227: 2159: 2091: 2038:Chemical vapor deposition 2025: 1987: 1959:Ultra low expansion glass 1849:Borophosphosilicate glass 1831: 1805: 1258:10.1142/S1793528811000172 1085:Pearsall, Thomas (2010). 504:University of Southampton 252:ultra short pulsed lasers 2277:Glass-reinforced plastic 1939:Sodium hexametaphosphate 522:(1450–1490 nm) and 370: 213:chirped-pulse amplifiers 19:Not to be confused with 2169:Anti-reflective coating 2043:Glass batch calculation 1924:Photochromic lens glass 710:nonlinear medium (e.g. 642:output power: up to 3 W 350:Basic principle of EDFA 209:regenerative amplifiers 117:of incoming light with 2370:List of laser articles 1508:10.1364/OPEX.13.001055 1018:10.1002/latj.201500001 691:Federal Standard 1037C 271:Doped-fiber amplifiers 267: 258:Doped-fiber amplifiers 228:Solid-state amplifiers 223:Solid-state amplifiers 145:U.S. patent 4,746,201A 45: 2302:Prince Rupert's drops 2151:Transparent materials 2111:Gradient-index optics 1919:Phosphosilicate glass 1005:Laser Technik Journal 920:Taylor, Nick (2007). 823:Taylor, Nick (2007). 436:spectral hole burning 265: 171:U.S. patent 5,159,601 127:Parametric amplifiers 83:in the long distance 73:optical communication 31: 21:Operational amplifier 2545:Population inversion 2267:Glass ionomer cement 2141:Photosensitive glass 2068:Liquidus temperature 1889:Fluorosilicate glass 1685:10.1364/OE.16.001929 1619:10.1364/OE.19.003464 1564:10.1364/OL.31.000226 1444:10.1364/OL.41.003439 1379:10.1364/OL.25.000442 1277:Engineering.ucsb.edu 1132:Paschotta, Rüdiger. 1054:10.1364/OE.15.000459 999:Frede, Maik (2015). 745:brillouin scattering 632:Typical parameters: 444:Polarization effects 410:population inversion 305:amplification window 215:are used to amplify 156:, that helped start 2596:Laser beam profiler 2515:Active laser medium 2455:Free-electron laser 2375:List of laser types 2287:Glass-to-metal seal 2209:Self-cleaning glass 2131:Optical lens design 1676:2008OExpr..16.1929F 1611:2011OExpr..19.3464L 1556:2006OptL...31..226W 1499:2005OExpr..13.1055L 1436:2016OptL...41.3439M 1371:2000OptL...25..442K 1046:2007OExpr..15..459F 988:. Wiley. p. 2. 659:Raman amplification 653:Raman amplification 605:free spectral range 595:Vertical-cavity SOA 185:computer networking 94:in the amplifier's 92:stimulated emission 79:. They are used as 2272:Glass microspheres 2194:Hydrogen darkening 2116:Hydrogen darkening 1864:Chalcogenide glass 1854:Borosilicate glass 1327:Team, FiberStore. 1196:Massis.lcs.mit.edu 1040:(2). OSA: 459–65. 893:The New York Times 720:solid-state lasers 712:Beta barium borate 708:noncentrosymmetric 624:Tapered amplifiers 389:numerical aperture 268: 244:gravitational wave 197:active gain medium 181:fiber-optic cables 85:fiber-optic cables 67:, or one in which 46: 2662: 2661: 2616:Optical amplifier 2465:Solid-state laser 2325: 2324: 2242:Glass-coated wire 2214:sol–gel technique 2199:Insulated glazing 2136:Photochromic lens 2121:Optical amplifier 2073:sol–gel technique 1721:Laser Focus World 1420:(15): 3439–3442. 1305:. Hanel Photonics 1228:978-0-7923-7657-6 1098:978-0-07-162935-5 217:ultrashort pulses 195:Almost any laser 81:optical repeaters 50:optical amplifier 34:laser guide stars 2697: 2652: 2651: 2626:Optical isolator 2591:Injection seeder 2571:Beam homogenizer 2550:Ultrashort pulse 2540:Lasing threshold 2352: 2345: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2063:Ion implantation 1818:Glass transition 1791: 1784: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1756:Raman amplifiers 1729: 1728: 1723:. Archived from 1712: 1706: 1705: 1687: 1670:(3): 1929–1944. 1655: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1605:(4): 3464–3470. 1590: 1584: 1583: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1510: 1493:(4): 1055–1058. 1478: 1472: 1471: 1429: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1324: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1283:on 11 March 2007 1279:. Archived from 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1236: 1230: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1198:. Archived from 1188: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1101:. Archived from 1082: 1076: 1075: 1065: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1011:. wiley: 30–33. 1001:"Catch the Peak" 996: 990: 989: 981: 975: 974: 972: 971: 957: 951: 950: 948: 947: 932: 926: 925: 917: 911: 910: 908: 907: 884: 878: 877: 875: 869:. May 24, 1988. 868: 860: 851: 850: 849: 845: 838: 829: 828: 820: 814: 813: 811: 809: 798:"A Guiding Star" 794: 585:four wave mixing 361:optical isolator 191:Laser amplifiers 173: 147: 115:Raman scattering 111:Raman amplifiers 2705: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2675:Optical devices 2665: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2640: 2554: 2535:Laser linewidth 2525:Continuous wave 2501: 2394:Types of lasers 2389: 2361: 2356: 2326: 2321: 2257:Glass electrode 2252:Glass databases 2229: 2223: 2161: 2155: 2087: 2021: 1997:Bioactive glass 1983: 1969:Vitreous enamel 1954:Thoriated glass 1949:Tellurite glass 1934:Soda–lime glass 1904:Gold ruby glass 1874:Cranberry glass 1827: 1801: 1795: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1713: 1709: 1656: 1652: 1591: 1587: 1536: 1532: 1479: 1475: 1406: 1402: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1325: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1237: 1233: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1091:. McGraw-Hill. 1083: 1079: 1030: 1026: 997: 993: 982: 978: 969: 967: 959: 958: 954: 945: 943: 933: 929: 918: 914: 905: 903: 885: 881: 873: 866: 862: 861: 854: 847: 839: 832: 821: 817: 807: 805: 796: 795: 791: 786: 769: 761: 759:Implementations 736: 700: 655: 649: 647:Raman amplifier 626: 609:resonant cavity 597: 538: 513: 463: 446: 430: 406: 404:Gain saturation 373: 352: 260: 225: 193: 169: 166:Kevin Kimberlin 143: 135: 38:adaptive optics 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2703: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2631:Output coupler 2628: 2623: 2621:Optical cavity 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2581:Gain-switching 2578: 2573: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2530:Laser ablation 2527: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2428:Carbon dioxide 2420: 2419: 2418: 2416:Liquid-crystal 2413: 2403: 2401:Chemical laser 2397: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2385:Laser acronyms 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2219:Tempered glass 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2189:DNA microarray 2186: 2184:Dealkalization 2181: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2058:Glass modeling 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1989:Glass-ceramics 1985: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929:Silicate glass 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1800:science topics 1794: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1736:External links 1734: 1731: 1730: 1707: 1664:Optics Express 1650: 1599:Optics Express 1585: 1550:(2): 226–228. 1544:Optics Letters 1530: 1487:Optics Express 1473: 1414:Optics Letters 1400: 1365:(7): 442–444. 1359:Optics Letters 1345: 1333:Fiberstore.com 1316: 1294: 1264: 1231: 1215: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1136:. RP Photonics 1124: 1115: 1097: 1077: 1034:Optics Express 1024: 991: 976: 952: 935:USPTO.report. 927: 912: 879: 852: 830: 815: 788: 787: 785: 782: 781: 780: 775: 768: 765: 760: 757: 735: 732: 726:). By using a 699: 696: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 637: 625: 622: 596: 593: 537: 534: 512: 509: 496:David N. Payne 462: 459: 445: 442: 429: 426: 405: 402: 372: 369: 351: 348: 259: 256: 224: 221: 192: 189: 154:Optelecom Inc. 134: 131: 65:optical cavity 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2702: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2685:Laser science 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2586:Gaussian beam 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2566:Beam expander 2564: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2507:Laser physics 2504: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2126:Optical fiber 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2083:Vitrification 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2053:Glass melting 2051: 2049: 2048:Glass forming 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Uranium glass 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944:Soluble glass 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1859:Ceramic glaze 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1304: 1298: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1205:on 2016-03-05 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1178: 1169: 1160: 1151: 1135: 1128: 1119: 1105:on 2021-08-17 1104: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 995: 987: 980: 966: 965:www.panix.com 962: 956: 942: 938: 931: 923: 916: 902: 898: 894: 890: 883: 872: 865: 859: 857: 843: 837: 835: 826: 819: 803: 799: 793: 789: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 764: 756: 754: 750: 746: 741: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 695: 694: 692: 686: 682: 678: 675: 670: 666: 662: 660: 654: 641: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 621: 619: 613: 610: 606: 602: 592: 588: 586: 582: 576: 574: 571:/InGaAsP and 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550: 546: 543: 533: 530: 525: 521: 517: 508: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 482: 478: 473: 469: 458: 456: 452: 451:birefringence 441: 438: 437: 425: 423: 418: 414: 411: 401: 397: 395: 390: 384: 382: 378: 368: 365: 362: 356: 347: 345: 341: 340: 334: 332: 328: 323: 319: 318:inhomogeneous 315: 309: 306: 301: 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278:optical fiber 276: 272: 264: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 188: 186: 182: 177: 176:George Gilder 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 140: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:recombination 105: 101: 97: 93: 88: 86: 82: 78: 77:laser physics 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55: 51: 43: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 2615: 2606:Mode locking 2559:Laser optics 2292:Porous glass 2247:Safety glass 2204:Porous glass 2162:modification 2120: 1974:Wood's glass 1894:Fused quartz 1869:Cobalt glass 1823:Supercooling 1725:the original 1720: 1710: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1490: 1486: 1476: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1336:. 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Retrieved 801: 792: 762: 748: 740:fiber lasers 737: 734:21st century 728:noncollinear 701: 688: 687: 683: 679: 674:regeneration 671: 667: 663: 656: 631: 627: 614: 598: 589: 581:nonlinearity 577: 554: 545:laser diodes 539: 524:Praseodymium 514: 493: 489: 485: 480: 477:Conventional 476: 464: 447: 434: 431: 419: 415: 407: 398: 393: 385: 381:Noise figure 374: 366: 357: 353: 337: 335: 327:Stark effect 310: 304: 302: 294: 282:fiber lasers 270: 269: 227: 226: 194: 151: 139:Gordon Gould 136: 89: 49: 47: 25: 2636:Q-switching 2497:X-ray laser 2490:Ti-sapphire 2460:Laser diode 2438:Helium–neon 2317:Glass fiber 2282:Glass cloth 2026:Preparation 2002:CorningWare 1884:Flint glass 1879:Crown glass 1832:Formulation 724:Ti:sapphire 716:Kerr effect 542:Fabry–Pérot 314:homogeneous 286:multiplexed 234:materials ( 232:solid-state 203:to produce 162:David Huber 109:occurs. 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