Amnesia - Knowledge

563:. People with retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. Recent memories are less likely to be recovered, but older memories will be easier to recall due to strengthening over time. Retrograde amnesia is usually temporary and can be treated by exposing them to memories from the loss. Another type of consolidation (process by which memories become stable in the brain) occurs over much longer periods of time/days, weeks, months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. The operation of this longer-term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who can recall memories from childhood relatively normally, but are impaired when recalling experiences that occurred just a few years prior to the time they became amnesic. In the case of LSJ, her case shows that retrograde amnesia can affect many different parts of knowledge. LSJ was not able to remember things from her child or adult life. She was not able to remember things that most people pick up in everyday life such as logos or the names of common songs. 796:(otherwise known as depression-related cognitive dysfunction) is a condition where mental cognition can be temporarily decreased. The term pseudodementia is applied to the range of functional psychiatric conditions such as depression and schizophrenia, that may mimic organic dementia, but are essentially reversible on treatment. Pseudodementia typically involves three cognitive components: memory issues, deficits in executive functioning, and deficits in speech and language. Specific cognitive symptoms might include trouble recalling words or remembering things in general, decreased attention, control and concentration, difficulty completing tasks or making decisions, decreased speed and fluency of speech, and impaired processing speed. People with pseudodementia are typically very distressed about the cognitive impairment they experience. With in this condition, there are two specific treatments that have been found to be effective for the treatment of depression, and these treatments may also be beneficial in the treatment of pseudodementia. 605:(formerly "psychogenic fugue") is also known as fugue state. It is caused by psychological trauma, is usually temporary and unresolved, and therefore, may return. It must exist outside the influence of pre-existing medical conditions, such as a lobotomy, and immediate influence of any mind-altering substances, such as alcohol or drugs. An individual with dissociative fugue disorder either completely forgets or is confused about their identity, and may even assume a new one. They can travel hundreds miles from their home or work; they can also engage in other uncharacteristic, and occasionally unsafe, behavior. For example, two men in a study of five individuals with dissociative fugue had engaged in criminal activity while in their fugue state, having had no criminal record before the episodes. While popular in fiction, this type of amnesia is extremely rare. 907:

temporal lobectomy. His epilepsy did improve, but Molaison lost the ability to form new long-term memories (anterograde amnesia). He exhibited normal short-term memory ability. If he was given a list of words, he would forget them in about a minute's time. In fact, he would forget that he had even been given a list in the first place. However, H.M.'s working and short-term memory seemed to be intact. He had a normal digit span and could hold a conversation that did not require him to recall past parts of the conversation. Once Molaison stopped thinking about the lists he was unable to recall them again from long-term memory. This gave researchers evidence that short-term and long-term memory are in fact two different processes. Even though he forgot about the lists, he was still able to learn things through his

927:. Clive Wearing was a conductor and musician who contracted herpes simplex virus. This virus affected the hippocampal regions of the brain. Because of this damage, Wearing was unable to remember information for more than a few moments. Wearing's non-declarative memory was still functioning but his declarative memory was impaired. To him, he felt that he had just come to consciousness for the first time every time he was unable to hold on to information. This case also can be used as evidence that there are different memory systems for declarative and non-declarative memory. This case was more evidence that the hippocampus is an important part of the brain in remembering past events and that declarative and non-declarative memories have different processes in different parts of the brain. 915:

happened since his surgery. However, he could still remember things that had happened prior to the operation. Researchers also found that, when asked, Molaison could answer questions about national or international events, but he could not remember his own personal memories. After his death Molaison donated his brain to science, where they were able to discover the areas of the brain that had the lesions which caused his amnesia, particularly the medial temporal lobe. This case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. H.M.'s case showed that memory processes are consolidated into different parts of the brain and that short-term and working memory are not usually impaired in cases of amnesia.

665:, which may be why people do not easily remember pre-language events. Some research states that most adults cannot remember memories as early as two or three years old. Research suggests there are cultural influences that affect memories that are recalled. Researchers have found that implicit memories cannot be recalled or described. Remembering how to play the piano is a common example of implicit memory, as are walking, speaking, and other everyday activities that would be difficult to focus on if they had to be relearned every time one got up in the morning. Explicit memories, on the other hand, can be recalled and described in words. Remembering the first time meeting a teacher is an example of an explicit memory. 956:. He also had a left thyroid lobectomy because of severe loss of blood in his left lobe. He began having cardiac problems as a result of the surgery and became very agitated. Even five days after being released from the hospital he was unable to remember what had happened to him. Aside from memory impairment, none of his other cognitive processes seemed to be affected. He did not want to be involved in much research, but through memory tests he took with doctors, they were able to ascertain that his memory problems were present for the next 9.5 years until his death. After he died, his brain was donated to science, photographed, and preserved for future study. 388:. Another example demonstrated by some patients, such as K.C. and H.M, who have medial temporal damage and anterograde amnesia, still have perceptual priming. Priming was accomplished in many different experiments of amnesia, and it was found that the patients can be primed; they have no conscious recall of the event, but the response is there. Those patients did well in the word fragment completion task. There is some evidence that non-declarative memory can be held onto in the form of motor skills. This idea was disputed, though, because it is argued that motor skills require both declarative and non-declarative information. 911:. The psychologists would ask him to draw something on a piece of paper, but to look at the paper using a mirror. Though he could never remember ever doing that task, he would improve after doing it over and over again. This showed the psychologists that he was learning and remembering things unconsciously. In some studies it was found that H.M.'s perceptual learning was intact and that his other cognitive skills were working appropriately. It was also found that some people with declarative information amnesia are able to be primed. 321:

temporal lobe damage, but she was still able to remember how to perform some declarative skills. She was able to remember how to read music and the techniques used in art. She had preserved skill-related declarative memory for some things even though she had deficits in other declarative memory tasks. She even scored higher on skill-related declarative memory than the control in watercolor techniques, a technique that she used in her professional career before she acquired amnesia.

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anterograde memory, but almost no loss of retrograde memory, with the exception of a couple of years before his surgery, and presented no sign of any other cognitive impairment. It was not until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain, when they found his lesions were restricted to the CA1 portion of the hippocampus. This case study led to important research involving the role of the hippocampus and the function of memory.

579:, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short/long-term memory transfer mechanism. The patient may also lose knowledge of who people are. Having longer periods of amnesia or consciousness after an injury may be an indication that recovery from remaining concussion symptoms will take much longer. 51: 143: 6186: 6174: 358:

temporary case of amnesia, it still shows the importance of the CA1 region of the hippocampus in memory. Episodic memory loss is most likely to occur when there has been damage to the hippocampus. There is evidence that damage to the medial temporal lobe correlates to a loss of autobiographical episodic memory.

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episode (an interruption of the blood flow to the brain), an MRI of patient R.B. following surgery showed his hippocampus to be intact except for a specific lesion restricted to the CA1 pyramidal cells. In one instance, transient global amnesia was caused by a hippocampal CA1 lesion. While this was a

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are forgotten, or where memories are unable to be recalled. The failure to remember those events is induced by suggestions made during the hypnosis. Some characteristics of posthypnotic amnesia include inability to remember specific events while under hypnotic influence, reversibility, and having no

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and medial diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia cannot be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss. However, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. Procedural memory can be intact

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sequences experiment just as healthy people; therefore, procedural learning can proceed independently of the brain system required for declarative memory. Some patients with amnesia are able to remember skills that they had learned without being able to consciously recall where they had learned that

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Individuals with amnesia can learn new information, particularly if the information is non-declarative knowledge. However, in some situations, people with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they previously learned or observed the information. Some people with amnesia

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Case studies have played a large role in the discovery of amnesia and the parts of the brain that were affected. The studies gave important insight into how amnesia affects the brain. The studies also gave scientists the resources into improving their knowledge about amnesia and insight into a cure

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deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. Other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of amnesia, such as problems with the medial temporal lobe and frontal lobe dysfunction. Korsakoff's syndrome is also known

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Traumatic events are more subjective. What is traumatic is dependent on what the person finds to be traumatic. Regardless, a traumatic event is an event where something so distressing occurs that the mind chooses to forget rather than deal with the stress. A common example of amnesia that is caused

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Another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as a personal digital device to keep track of day-to-day tasks. Reminders can be set up for appointments when to take medications, birthdays and other important events. Many pictures can also be stored to help amnesiacs

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is the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons' lives, such as a violent attack or disaster. The memory is stored in long-term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. Persons retain the capacity to learn new

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results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. Individuals with organic amnesia have difficulty with emotion expression as well as undermining the seriousness of their condition. The

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in 1957. He was a patient who had severe epilepsy attributed to a bicycle accident at the age of nine. Physicians were unable to control his seizures with drugs, so the neurosurgeon Scoville tried a new approach involving brain surgery. He removed his medial temporal lobe bilaterally by doing a

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Many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. However, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if treatment is needed. Since there are a variety of causes that form different amnesia, there are different methods that response better with the certain type of amnesia. Emotional

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information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. H.M. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. There is evidence that the hippocampus and the medial

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Patient R.B. was a normally functioning man until the age of 52. At age 50, he had been diagnosed with angina and had surgery for heart problems on two occasions. After an ischemic episode (reduction of blood to the brain) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, R.B. demonstrated a loss of

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which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. The law follows a logical progression of memory loss due to disease. First, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. He implied that the most recent memories were lost first.

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and replacing this vitamin by consuming thiamin-rich foods such as whole-grain cereals, legumes (beans and lentils), nuts, lean pork, and yeast can help treat it. Treating alcoholism and preventing alcohol and illicit drug use can prevent further damage, but in most cases will not recover lost

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Studies were completed consistently throughout Molaison's lifetime to discover more about amnesia. Researchers did a 14-year follow-up study on Molaison. They studied him for a period of two weeks to learn more about his amnesia. After 14 years, Molaison still could not recall things that had

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One technique for amnesia treatment is cognitive or occupational therapy. In therapy, amnesiacs will develop the memory skills they have and try to regain some they have lost by finding which techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. This may also include strategies for

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While a patient with amnesia might have a loss of declarative memory, this loss might vary in severity as well as the declarative information that it affects, depending on many factors. For example, LSJ was a patient who had retrograde declarative memory loss as the result of bilateral medial

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temporal lobe may help to consolidate semantic memories, but then they are more correlated with the neocortex. While lesions of the hippocampus normally lead to the loss of episodic memory, if there is any effect on semantic memory, it is more varied and usually does not last as long.

719:. The person's short-term memory may appear to be normal, but the person may have a difficult time attempting to recall a past story, or with unrelated words, as well as complicated patterns. Korsakoff's syndrome is unique because it involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. 534:

is inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory.

575:. Traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent or either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. The extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. 1006:. Amnesia is so often used as a plot device in films, that a widely recognized stereotypical dialogue has even developed around it, with the victim melodramatically asking "Where am I? Who am I? What am I?", or sometimes inquiring of their own name, "Bill? Who's Bill?" 800:(CBT) involves exploring and changing thought patterns and behaviors in order to improve one's mood. Interpersonal therapy focuses on the exploration of an individual's relationships and identifying any ways in which they may be contributing to feelings of depression. 1686:

Rosenbaum, R. Shayna; Moscovitch, Morris; Foster, Jonathan K.; Schnyer, David M.; Gao, Fuqiang; Kovacevic, Natasha; Verfaellie, Mieke; Black, Sandra E.; Levine, Brian (August 2008). "Patterns of Autobiographical Memory Loss in Medial-Temporal Lobe Amnesic Patients".

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Real, diagnosable amnesia – people getting knocked on the head and forgetting their names – is mostly just a rumor in the world. It's a rare condition, and usually a brief one. In books and movies, though, versions of amnesia lurk everywhere, from episodes of

685:(DWI). Symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor or any other neurological deficits. The cause of this syndrome is not clear. The hypothesis of the syndrome includes transient reduced blood flow, possible 412:

Head trauma is a very broad range as it deals with any kind of injury or active action toward the brain which might cause amnesia. Retrograde and anterograde amnesia is more often seen from events like this, an exact example of a cause of the two would be

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and the supplementary motor area, regions which are not normally associated with the formation of declarative memories. This type of dissociation between declarative and procedural memory can also be found in patients with diencephalic amnesia such as

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Although improvements occur when patients receive certain treatments, there is still no actual cure remedy for amnesia so far. To what extent the patient recovers and how long the amnesia will continue depends on the type and severity of the lesion.

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is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of

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is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. People can learn new procedural knowledge. In addition,

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to metafictional and absurdist masterpieces, with dozens of stops in between. Amnesiacs might not much exist, but amnesiac characters stumble everywhere through comic books, movies, and our dreams. We've all met them and been

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is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. When individuals are unable to remember, false memories can occur and cause great

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knowledge. Individuals with amnesia also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skills despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes.

768:. It has been claimed that it involves a narrowing of consciousness with attention focused on central perceptual details and/or that the emotional or traumatic events are processed differently from ordinary memories. 751:

may also be used for this application. Memories of the short time-frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer

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about one specific event. It is a type of amnesia that leaves a lacuna (a gap) in the record of memory in the cortex region of the brain. The cause of this type of amnesia is the result of brain damage to the

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Gregory, Emma; McCloskey, Michael; Ovans, Zoe; Landau, Barbara (18 May 2016). "Declarative memory and skill-related knowledge: Evidence from a case study of amnesia and implications for theories of memory".

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is the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe

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Some retrograde and anterograde amnesiacs are capable of non-declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. For example, some patients show improvement on the

425:, which occurs when the person forgets an event that has deeply disturbed them. An example would be a person forgetting a fatal and graphic car accident involving their loved ones. 265:. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people with amnesia, the ability to recall 408:). The majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a subcategory of the first. 825:

While there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory. Such conditions include but are not limited to low

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Declarative memory can be broken down into semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic memory being that of facts, episodic memory being that of memory related to events.

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for those with anterograde amnesia. Fentanyl use by opioid users has been identified as a potential cause in a cluster of cases that occurred in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Physical deficiencies are different from head trauma because physical deficiencies lean more toward passive physical issues. Examples of physical deficiencies include

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Barash, Jed A.; Ganetsky, Michael; Boyle, Katherine; Raman, Vinod; Toce, Michael S.; Kaplan, Scott; Lev, Michael H.; Worth, Jonathan L.; DeMaria, Alfred (2018).

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is intentionally caused by injection of an amnestic drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those not performed under full

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information. For example, they may learn to do a task and then be able to perform the task later without any recollection of learning the task. According to

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Pavlopoulos, Elias; Jones, Sidonie; Kosmidis, Stylianos; Close, Maggie; Kim, Carla; Kovalerchik, Olga; Small, Scott A.; Kandel, Eric R. (28 August 2013).

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show abnormal amount of memory loss, confusion, and difficulty recalling other people or places. People who recover often do not remember having amnesia.

1017:, it is often depicted that a second blow to the head, similar to the first one which caused the amnesia, will then cure it. In reality, however, repeat 788:

affects semantic memory and primarily expresses itself in the form of problems with language use and acquisition. Semantic amnesia can lead to dementia.

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in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

1054:, fictional organizations can induce deliberate amnesia via drugs or advanced technology to wipe the minds of those that view supernatural phenomena. 2157:

Van Der Hart, Onno; Nijenhuis, Ellert (October 2001). "Generalized Dissociative Amnesia: Episodic, Semantic and Procedural Memories lost and found".

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relation between the implicit and explicit memory. Research has shown that there could be selectivity with amnesia when posthypnotic amnesia occurs.

780:, which is typically an episodic isolated memory loss. It has been recognized as a treatment-responsive syndrome congenial to anti-epileptic drugs. 5774: 1289:

Kosmidis, Stylianos; Polyzos, Alexandros; Harvey, Lucas; Youssef, Mary; Denny, Christine A.; Dranovsky, Alex; Kandel, Eric R. (23 October 2018).

1981: 3365:"Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus" 2059:

Carlson, N. R. (19992000). Memory. Psychology: the science of behaviour (Canadian ed., p. 250). Scarborough, Ontario: Allyn and Bacon Canada.

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Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

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even when other forms of memory is not, although not always the case. Likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving

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The loss of semantic information in amnesia is most closely related with damage to the medial temporal lobe or to the neocortex.

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Global amnesia is a common motif in fiction despite being extraordinarily rare in reality. In the introduction to his anthology

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Hamann, Stephan B.; Squire, Larry R. (November 1997). "Intact Priming for Novel Perceptual Representations in Amnesia".

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information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. Formerly known as "Psychogenic amnesia".

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Buckley, Mark J. (July 2005). "The Role of the Perirhinal Cortex and Hippocampus in Learning, Memory, and Perception".

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Butters, N; Delis, D C; Lucas, J A (January 1995). "Clinical Assessment of Memory Disorders in Amnesia and Dementia".

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Goodwin DW; Crane JB; Guze SB (August 1969). "Alcoholic "blackouts": a review and clinical study of 100 alcoholics".

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is a well-described medical and clinical phenomenon. This form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the

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Coons, Philip M. (1 September 2016). "Psychogenic or Dissociative Fugue: A Clinical Investigation of Five Cases".

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There are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by a person. The three categories are

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organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation.

797: 466: 3495: 5121: 4063: 3861: 3424: 3369: 1112: 772: 576: 108: 4876: 1291:"RbAp48 Protein Is a Critical Component of GPR158/OCN Signaling and Ameliorates Age-Related Memory Loss" 5895: 5820: 5653: 4813: 3728: 3420:"Three cases of enduring memory impairment after bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation" 682: 678: 645:(also known as infantile amnesia) is the common inability to remember events from one's own childhood. 2487:

Enea Violeta, Dafinoiu Ion (2008). "Posthypnotic amnesia and autobiographical memory in adolescents".

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Parker ES; Birnbaum IM; Noble EP (December 1976). "Alcohol and memory: Storage and state dependency".

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can result from long-term alcoholism or malnutrition. It is caused by brain damage due to a vitamin B

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drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused.

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Kopelman, Michael; Morton, John (28 January 2005), "Psychogenic Amnesias: Functional Memory Loss",

3097: 3029: 1807:"Transient global amnesia with intracranial vertebral artery dissection and hippocampal CA1 lesion" 1738:

Bartsch, Thorsten; Döhring, Juliane; Rohr, Axel; Jansen, Olav; Deuschl, Günther (18 October 2011).

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Patient G.D. was a white male born in 1940 who served in the Navy. He was diagnosed with chronic

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or prevention. There are several extremely important case studies: Henry Molaison, R.B, and G.D.

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Masferrer, Roberto; Masferrer, Mauricio; Prendergast, Virginia; Harrington, Timothy R (2000).

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support and love as well as medication and psychological therapy have been proven effective.

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store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time.

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Wang, Qi (January 2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: A cross-cultural analysis".

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Myers, David G. Psychology. fifth ed. New York: Worth Publishers, 1998. N. pag. Print

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and photographs of people and places are low-tech memory aids that can help as well.

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One reason that patients could not form new episodic memories is likely because the

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treatment for the rest of his life. In 1983, he went to the hospital for elective

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are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have shown a correlation between

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These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can also occur simultaneously.

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Murray, B. D.; Kensinger, E. A. (2012). "Semantic Memory in Profound Amnesia".

2352:

Loewenstein, Richard J. (1996). "Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue".

1348:

Dewar, Michaela; Della Sala, Sergio; Beschin, Nicoletta; Cowan, Nelson (2010).

1097: 1051: 1035: 1026: 993: 945: 895: 879: 842: 834: 792: 732: 697: 274:(both perceptual and conceptual) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh 245:

Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the

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remember names of friends, family, and co-workers. Notebooks, wall calendars,

353:, and thus the hippocampus could not make connections to the cortex. After an 6211: 6113: 6103: 6077: 6072: 6032: 6017: 5982: 5905: 5752: 5580: 5443: 5418: 5381: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5308: 5126: 4730: 4681: 3999: 3218: 3101: 3050: 2751: 2648: 2527: 2473: 2304: 2235: 2178: 2170: 2090: 1918: 1875: 1832: 1823: 1773: 1708: 1651: 1627: 1596: 1373: 1316: 1257: 1129: 1124: 997: 924: 903: 830: 819: 760:

can arise in a variety of circumstances (for example, committing an offence,

740: 716: 646: 634: 376: 202: 39: 3336: 2594:"Retrieval without recollection: an experimental analysis of source amnesia" 1764: 1700: 1407:"Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory" 1350:"Profound retroactive interference in anterograde amnesia: What interferes?" 6144: 6108: 6062: 5972: 5815: 5630: 5585: 5572: 5562: 5522: 5242: 5075: 4584: 4365: 3917: 3415: 3360: 3313: 3226: 3141: 3007: 2808: 2769: 2724:

Arts, Nicolaas JM; Walvoort, Serge JW; Kessels, Roy PC (27 November 2017).

2710: 2640: 2578: 2535: 2432: 2338: 2243: 2186: 2098: 1926: 1840: 1791: 1716: 1659: 1604: 1430: 1391: 1334: 1275: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1082: 949: 556: 502: 490: 367: 258: 257:) are involved with memory. Research has also shown that when areas of the 198: 3455: 3400: 2666: 2591: 2019: 2011: 1883: 653:, while modern scientific approaches generally attribute it to aspects of 6002: 5873: 5827: 5198: 5173: 4569: 4300: 4031: 3781: 3601: 3210: 3123: 3058: 2226: 2209: 1473: 989: 674: 601: 498: 405: 397: 250: 2742: 2256:

Mastin, L. (2010). The human memory: Retrograde amnesia. Retrieved from

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or other trauma. The two brain regions related with this condition are

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

2629:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2519: 5273: 5193: 5136: 5098: 5070: 5004: 4970: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4839: 4771: 4589: 4048: 3786: 3711: 3292:

Rosenbaum, R. S.; Murphy, K. J.; Rich, J. B. (2012). "The amnesias".

2955:

Mandal, A. (n.d) Treatment of Amnesia. News Medical. Retrieved From:

1365: 1102: 1033:. Fictional depictions of amnesia are almost universally retrograde; 1022: 1002: 743:

is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnesic drugs such as

736: 588:

damage to the memory is permanent. Dissociative amnesia can include:

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Bourget Dominique, Whitehurst Laurie (2007). "Amnesia and crime".

1643: 5183: 5141: 5048: 5035: 5023: 4940: 2782: 1064: 858: 686: 458: 401: 2327:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online

2132:

Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry

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Benbow, SM (2004) "Adverse effects of ECT". In AIF Scott (ed.)

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studies, the acquisition of procedural memories activates the

332:

Some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some

205:, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various 5178: 5043: 4729: 4070: 3413: 1805:

Yokota, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Kazuhiro; Iwasaki, Satoru (2015).

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that hides magical or alien societies from humanity, such as

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was among the first scientists to study amnesia. He proposed

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http://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-amnesia.aspx

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problems, and in extremely rare cases may even cause deadly

5058: 4243: 3106:"Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions" 2210:"Acute Amnestic Syndrome Associated with Fentanyl Overdose" 1573: 1347: 765: 417:, which would cause both briefly for the receiving patient. 372: 3623: 3197:

Eichenbaum, Howard (January 2013). "What H.M. taught us".

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The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B

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Hayne, Harlene; Jack, Fiona (2011). "Childhood amnesia".

1997: 1204: 3096: 2994:

Akhouri, Shweta; Kuhn, James; Newton, Edward J. (2023),

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London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 170–174.

1737: 26:"Amnesiac" redirects here. For the Radiohead album, see 4516: 3358: 3083:

Diseases of Memory: An essay in the positive psychology

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Schacter, D.L.; Harbluk, J.L.; McLachlen, D.R. (1984).

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Another famous historical case of amnesia was that of

230:

is the inability to transfer new information from the

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http://www.human-memory.net/disorders_retrograde.html

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Short-term memory processes and the amnesiac syndrome

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is a rare example of anterograde amnesia in fiction.

1000:, which also strongly influenced genre films such as 3521: 3246: 3244: 677:

can sometimes be visualized using a special form of

448:

Among specific causes of amnesia are the following:

16:

Cognitive disorder where memory is disturbed or lost

3291: 2723: 3679: 3294:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 3153: 3151: 3111:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2559:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2159:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1569: 1567: 1565: 3241: 2993: 1991: 1853: 1405:Baddeley, Alan; Wilson, Barbara A. (April 2002). 1205:David X. Cifu; Henry L. Lew (10 September 2013). 776:is a rare and unrecognized form of temporal lobe 6209: 4088: 3331:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 219–243, 2873:. Cleveland Clinic. 29 July 2020. Archived from 3148: 3002:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2829: 1744:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1562: 988:Lethem traces the roots of literary amnesia to 543:. The damage is usually caused by head trauma, 4861: 3326: 2846:"Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia" 2783:Walsh RD, Jr; Wharen RE, IV; Tatum WO (2011). 2598:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2035:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1404: 1208:Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation 361: 75:Please review the contents of the article and 5227: 4917: 3647: 3329:Recovered Memories: Seeking the Middle Ground 2926: 2924: 2922: 2386:"Dissociative Fugue. Retrieved 7 August 2012" 1948:Services, Department of Health & Human. 1896: 1543:Services, Department of Health & Human. 1497:The episodic-semantic distinction in amnesia 263:deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss 5358:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two 3158:Corkin, S.; Milner, B.; Teuber, H. (1968). 2834:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 3022–3025. 2351: 1538: 1536: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 5234: 5220: 4924: 4910: 4551:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 3818: 3654: 3640: 3196: 2919: 2894: 2892: 2356:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 307–336. 2118: 2116: 1488: 312: 3467: 3465: 3445: 3390: 3276: 3131: 3079: 3026: 2759: 2741: 2726:"Korsakoff's syndrome: a critical review" 2700: 2656: 2625:"Source monitoring and memory distortion" 2556: 2489:Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 2225: 1822: 1781: 1763: 1381: 1324: 1306: 1265: 4814:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 4410:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 3496:"Special Report: Cumulative Concussions" 3250: 3090: 2832:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning 2585: 2388:. My.clevelandclinic.org. Archived from 2289:"Grading Scale for Cerebral Concussions" 1533: 1529:. Sc alzheimerience. pp. 221:380–2. 1162: 1021:may cause cumulative deficits including 2889: 2682: 2622: 2453: 2122: 2113: 2068: 1625: 1499:. New York: Guilford Press. p. 55. 1009:In movies and television, particularly 340: 324: 6210: 3624:Articles and topics related to Amnesia 3462: 2730:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 1969: 1514:. New York: Academic. pp. 258–91. 1451: 1093:List of films featuring mental illness 216:There are two main types of amnesia: 5215: 4905: 4860: 4728: 4663: 4515: 4242: 4087: 3997: 3817: 3678: 3635: 3622: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3027:Benson DF (October 1978). "Amnesia". 2785:"Complex transient epileptic amnesia" 2678: 2676: 2410: 1681: 1679: 1677: 434:neurological paraneoplastic syndromes 303: 249:. In addition, specific areas of the 3998: 2689:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 2505: 1947: 1542: 1452:Benson, D. Frank (1978). "Amnesia". 1441:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 637:which control memories and emotions. 44: 4517:Physiological and physical behavior 2871:"Amnesia: Management and Treatment" 2456:Psychology the Science of Behaviour 1868:10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.002425 1626:Buckner, Randy L. (November 2000). 1494: 539:is more likely to be affected than 13: 4463:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 3857:Emotional and behavioral disorders 3438:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05233.1996 3383:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-10-02950.1986 3185: 3086:. London: D. Appleton and company. 2913:10.1097/01.NNN.0000333846.54546.f8 2673: 1674: 14: 6239: 5639:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm 4643:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 3517: 3199:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2623:Johnson, M K (29 November 1997). 2458:. Toronto: Pearson. p. 283. 1978:The ECT Handbook, second edition. 1899:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1689:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1524: 1509: 890: 6184: 6172: 5241: 3943:X-linked intellectual disability 3043:10.1097/00007611-197810000-00011 1628:"Neural origins of 'I remember'" 1466:10.1097/00007611-197810000-00011 1195:Schacter, Daniel. L "Psychology" 918: 286: 'forgetfulness'; from 141: 49: 3772:Intermittent explosive disorder 3697:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 3488: 3407: 3352: 3320: 3285: 3253:"Neuroscience: Losing the past" 3073: 3020: 2987: 2961: 2949: 2932:"Amnesia - Symptoms and causes" 2863: 2838: 2823: 2776: 2717: 2616: 2550: 2499: 2480: 2447: 2404: 2378: 2345: 2318: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2250: 2214:New England Journal of Medicine 2201: 2150: 2062: 2053: 2026: 1960: 1941: 1890: 1847: 1798: 1731: 1619: 1042:In science fiction involving a 939: 930: 649:notoriously attributed this to 438:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis 5849:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model 5722:Memory and social interactions 4415:Dissociative identity disorder 3680:Adult personality and behavior 2683:Spiegel, David R (June 2011). 1445: 1398: 1341: 1282: 1238:Science Translational Medicine 1225: 1198: 1189: 1180: 77:add the appropriate references 1: 3414:Rempel-Clower, NL; Zola, SM; 2996:"Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome" 2610:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90373-6 1589:10.1080/02643294.2016.1172478 1423:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4 1156: 959: 5558:Retrieval-induced forgetting 4819:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 4356:Generalized anxiety disorder 4089:Neurological and symptomatic 3734:Sexual relationship disorder 3179:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90021-3 2362:10.1007/978-1-4899-0310-5_15 2047:10.1016/0022-5371(76)90061-X 1308:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.077 1250:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006373 1211:. Demos Medical Publishing. 804: 798:Cognitive behavioral therapy 473: 293: 'without' and 7: 5122:Sensory processing disorder 4595:REM sleep behavior disorder 4064:Seasonal affective disorder 3862:Separation anxiety disorder 3476:The Vintage Book of Amnesia 3425:The Journal of Neuroscience 3370:The Journal of Neuroscience 2801:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.026 1954:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au 1856:Annual Review of Psychology 1549:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au 1113:Transient epileptic amnesia 1057: 966:The Vintage Book of Amnesia 855:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 773:Transient epileptic amnesia 507:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 467:effects on memory formation 362:Non-declarative information 62:reliable medical references 10: 6244: 5896:Levels of Processing model 5821:World Memory Championships 5654:Lost in the mall technique 5501:dissociative (psychogenic) 4862:Symptoms and uncategorized 3963:developmental disabilities 3729:Sexual maturation disorder 1527:Forms of cognitive failure 869: 757:Situation-specific amnesia 683:diffusion-weighted imaging 679:magnetic resonance imaging 613:occurs when events during 25: 18: 6167: 6122: 6091: 5950: 5943: 5836: 5808: 5740: 5697: 5669: 5629: 5571: 5466: 5372: 5347: 5299: 5292: 5249: 5112: 5089: 5034: 4951: 4867: 4856: 4832: 4824:Simple-type schizophrenia 4801: 4793:Schizophreniform disorder 4770: 4749: 4745: 4724: 4677: 4659: 4628: 4605: 4559: 4526: 4522: 4511: 4433: 4400: 4348: 4291: 4282: 4263: 4259: 4238: 4204: 4171:Mild cognitive impairment 4156:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 4136: 4098: 4094: 4083: 4054:Major depressive disorder 4007: 3993: 3959:Psychological development 3958: 3933: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3742: 3689: 3685: 3674: 3629: 3592: 3525: 2425:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.881 2083:10.1080/02724990444000186 1911:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.699 1577:Cognitive Neuropsychology 689:or an atypical type of a 453:Electroconvulsive therapy 415:electroconvulsive therapy 391: 349:of the hippocampus has a 172: 164: 159: 68:or relies too heavily on 30:. For the 2014 film, see 5934:The Seven Sins of Memory 5879:Intermediate-term memory 5684:Indirect tests of memory 5661:Recovered-memory therapy 5611:Misattribution of memory 4872:Impulse-control disorder 4788:Schizoaffective disorder 4783:Brief reactive psychosis 4480:Mass psychogenic illness 4443:Body dysmorphic disorder 4222:Post-concussion syndrome 3832:Emotional and behavioral 3478:New York: Vintage, 2000 3030:Southern Medical Journal 2354:Handbook of dissociation 2171:10.1080/0004867010060506 1824:10.4103/0028-3886.162077 1454:Southern Medical Journal 900:William Beecher Scoville 670:Transient global amnesia 659:developmental psychology 478: 21:Amnesia (disambiguation) 5621:Source-monitoring error 4809:Childhood schizophrenia 4161:Frontotemporal dementia 4118:High-functioning autism 3935:Intellectual disability 3337:10.1002/0470013486.ch11 2973:Linus Pauling Institute 2850:Memory and Aging Center 2789:Epilepsy & Behavior 2123:Erdogan, Serap (2010). 1765:10.1073/pnas.1110266108 1701:10.1162/jocn.2008.20105 1525:H, Weingartner (1983). 421:by traumatic events is 313:Declarative information 6028:George Armitage Miller 5988:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 5131:Auditory hallucination 4326:Specific social phobia 4217:Organic brain syndrome 4059:Melancholic depression 3820:Childhood and learning 2641:10.1098/rstb.1997.0156 2454:Carlson, Neil (2007). 1510:M, Kinsbourne (1975). 1031:second-impact syndrome 986: 681:of the brain known as 571:is generally due to a 568:Post-traumatic amnesia 511:cerebrovascular events 442:vitamin B12 deficiency 6191:Philosophy portal 6179:Psychology portal 6043:Henry L. Roediger III 5644:False memory syndrome 5616:Misinformation effect 5596:Imagination inflation 4882:Psychomotor agitation 4672:and substance-related 4615:Postpartum depression 4495:Somatization disorder 4381:Acute stress reaction 4146:AIDS dementia complex 3418:; Amaral, DG (1996). 3363:; Amaral, DG (1986). 3251:Draaisma, D. (2013). 2413:Psychological Reports 2125:"Anterograde Amnesia" 2012:10.1176/ajp.126.2.191 1984:21 April 2012 at the 1027:swelling of the brain 974: 876:Theodule-Armand Ribot 715:to be connected with 465:and have deleterious 282:The term is from 267:immediate information 5548:Motivated forgetting 4877:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 4707:Substance dependence 4620:Postpartum psychosis 4166:Huntington's disease 3948:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 3797:Personality disorder 3211:10.1162/jocn_a_00285 3124:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 2899:"Treating Amnesia". 2227:10.1056/NEJMc1716355 1495:LS., Cermak (1984). 874:French psychologist 724:Drug-induced amnesia 707:Korsakoff's syndrome 663:language development 610:Posthypnotic amnesia 584:Dissociative amnesia 519:medial temporal lobe 423:dissociative amnesia 386:Korsakoff's syndrome 341:Episodic information 325:Semantic information 247:medial temporal lobe 19:For other uses, see 6223:Cognitive disorders 6058:Arthur P. Shimamura 5958:Richard C. Atkinson 5775:Effects of exercise 5649:Memory implantation 5533:Interference theory 5449:Selective retention 5429:Meaningful learning 4988:Anterograde amnesia 4757:Delusional disorder 4702:Stimulant psychosis 4692:Physical dependence 4546:Rumination syndrome 4448:Conversion disorder 4425:Psychogenic amnesia 4275:with depressed mood 4273:Adjustment disorder 4176:Parkinson's disease 4151:Alzheimer's disease 4044:Atypical depression 3880:Social functioning 3755:Munchausen syndrome 3750:Factitious disorder 3269:2013Natur.497..313D 2877:on 29 November 2020 2743:10.2147/NDT.S130078 2635:(1362): 1733–1745. 2277:Kirwan et al., 2008 1756:2011PNAS..10817562B 1750:(42): 17562–17567. 1632:Nature Neuroscience 857:involves a lack of 486:Anterograde amnesia 430:Alzheimer's disease 228:Anterograde amnesia 6155:Andriy Slyusarchuk 5978:Hermann Ebbinghaus 5884:Involuntary memory 5785:Memory improvement 5770:Effects of alcohol 5732:Transactive memory 5710:Politics of memory 5679:Exceptional memory 4993:Retrograde amnesia 4933:Signs and symptoms 4776:schizophrenia-like 4420:Dissociative fugue 3869:Movement disorders 3593:External resources 3080:Ribot, T. (1882). 2392:on 4 November 2012 1108:Repressed memories 1088:Gollin figure test 1075:Emotion and memory 980:Mission Impossible 762:child sexual abuse 602:Dissociative fugue 561:chronic alcoholism 547:accident, stroke, 531:Retrograde amnesia 304:Signs and symptoms 221:Retrograde amnesia 6205: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6163: 6162: 6150:Cosmos Rossellius 5998:Marcia K. Johnson 5869:Exosomatic memory 5854:Context-dependent 5844:Absent-mindedness 5727:Memory conformity 5705:Collective memory 5606:Memory conformity 5543:Memory inhibition 5462: 5461: 5454:Tip of the tongue 5209: 5208: 5081:Suicidal ideation 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4720: 4719: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4396: 4395: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4191:Vascular dementia 4113:Asperger syndrome 4079: 4078: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3923:Tourette syndrome 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3616: 3615: 3432:(16): 5233–5255. 3377:(10): 2950–2967. 3346:978-0-470-01348-9 3263:(7449): 313–314. 3037:(10): 1221–1227. 2975:. 12 October 2021 2520:10.1080/741938173 2465:978-0-205-64524-4 2371:978-1-4899-0310-5 2220:(12): 1157–1158. 2077:(3–4b): 246–268. 1638:(11): 1068–1069. 1460:(10): 1221–1227. 1417:(10): 1737–1743. 1301:(4): 959–973.e6. 1244:(200): 200ra115. 1218:978-1-61705-100-5 954:parathyroidectomy 655:brain development 651:sexual repression 642:Childhood amnesia 188: 187: 154:Medical condition 150: 149: 126: 6235: 6228:Memory disorders 6189: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6130:Jonathan Hancock 6083:Robert Stickgold 6053:Richard Shiffrin 6008:Elizabeth Loftus 5948: 5947: 5864:Childhood memory 5671:Research methods 5553:Repressed memory 5528:Forgetting curve 5516:transient global 5387:Autobiographical 5297: 5296: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5213: 5212: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4858: 4857: 4747: 4746: 4726: 4725: 4661: 4660: 4536:Anorexia nervosa 4524: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4490:Psychogenic pain 4458:Globus pharyngis 4306:Childhood phobia 4289: 4288: 4261: 4260: 4240: 4239: 4096: 4095: 4085: 4084: 3995: 3994: 3894:Selective mutism 3845:Conduct disorder 3828: 3827: 3815: 3814: 3792:Trichotillomania 3767:Gender dysphoria 3762:Fear of intimacy 3719:Sexual anhedonia 3687: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3663:Mental disorders 3656: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3620: 3619: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3472:Lethem, Jonathan 3469: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3359:Zola-Morgan, S; 3356: 3350: 3349: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3194: 3183: 3182: 3167:Neuropsychologia 3164: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2928: 2917: 2916: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2745: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2660: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2229: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2030: 2024: 2023: 1995: 1989: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1826: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1785: 1767: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1695:(8): 1490–1506. 1683: 1672: 1671: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1583:(3–4): 220–240. 1571: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1411:Neuropsychologia 1402: 1396: 1395: 1385: 1366:10.1037/a0018207 1345: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1310: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1269: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1079: 1029:associated with 847:bipolar disorder 827:thyroid function 785:Semantic amnesia 593:Repressed memory 300: 'memory'. 193:is a deficit in 168:Amnesic syndrome 157: 156: 145: 144: 136: 133: 127: 125: 84: 53: 52: 45: 28:Amnesiac (album) 6243: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6159: 6140:Dominic O'Brien 6118: 6087: 6068:Susumu Tonegawa 6048:Daniel Schacter 6023:Eleanor Maguire 6013:Geoffrey Loftus 5968:Stephen J. Ceci 5963:Robert A. Bjork 5939: 5858:state-dependent 5832: 5804: 5736: 5717:Cultural memory 5693: 5689:Memory disorder 5665: 5625: 5567: 5458: 5368: 5343: 5288: 5245: 5240: 5210: 5205: 5108: 5085: 5030: 5019:Lightheadedness 4947: 4930: 4900: 4891: 4863: 4844: 4828: 4797: 4775: 4766: 4741: 4716: 4673: 4670:substance abuse 4647: 4624: 4601: 4555: 4541:Bulimia nervosa 4518: 4499: 4475:Hypochondriasis 4470:False pregnancy 4453:Ganser syndrome 4435:Somatic symptom 4429: 4392: 4344: 4333:Specific phobia 4278: 4255: 4226: 4200: 4132: 4128:Savant syndrome 4100:Autism spectrum 4090: 4075: 4003: 3981: 3960: 3954: 3929: 3822: 3801: 3777:Dermatillomania 3738: 3724:Sexual anorexia 3681: 3670: 3660: 3625: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3588: 3587: 3534: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3470: 3463: 3412: 3408: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3325: 3321: 3306:10.1002/wcs.155 3290: 3286: 3278:10.1038/497313a 3249: 3242: 3195: 3186: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3095: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3010: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2907:(4): 37. 2008. 2898: 2897: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2828: 2824: 2781: 2777: 2722: 2718: 2681: 2674: 2621: 2617: 2590: 2586: 2571:10.1002/wcs.107 2555: 2551: 2504: 2500: 2485: 2481: 2466: 2452: 2448: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2350: 2346: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2206: 2202: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2031: 2027: 2000:Am J Psychiatry 1996: 1992: 1986:Wayback Machine 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1895: 1891: 1852: 1848: 1811:Neurology India 1803: 1799: 1736: 1732: 1684: 1675: 1624: 1620: 1572: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1541: 1534: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1489: 1450: 1446: 1403: 1399: 1354:Neuropsychology 1346: 1342: 1287: 1283: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1077: 1060: 970:Jonathan Lethem 962: 942: 933: 921: 909:implicit memory 893: 872: 807: 764:) resulting in 713: 628:is the loss of 625:Lacunar amnesia 545:cerebrovascular 541:semantic memory 537:Episodic memory 524:quality of life 481: 476: 461:can both cause 394: 381:premotor cortex 364: 343: 327: 315: 306: 276:non-declarative 234:store into the 155: 146: 142: 137: 131: 128: 85: 74: 70:primary sources 54: 50: 43: 32:Amnesiac (film) 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6241: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Paul R. McHugh 6132: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Ivan Izquierdo 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5930: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:Hindsight bias 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:Memory erasure 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5496:post-traumatic 5493: 5488: 5483: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5434:Personal-event 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5364:Working memory 5361: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5334:Motor learning 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5250:Basic concepts 5247: 5246: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5134: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5104:Russell's sign 5101: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5012: 5010:Disequilibrium 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4697:Rebound effect 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4638:Hypersexuality 4634: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4373: 4371:Panic disorder 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4338:Claustrophobia 4330: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4321:Anthropophobia 4313: 4311:Social anxiety 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4181:Pick's disease 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3824: 3823: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3671: 3667:Classification 3659: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3574: 3551: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526:Classification 3519: 3518:External links 3516: 3514: 3513: 3487: 3461: 3406: 3351: 3345: 3319: 3284: 3240: 3184: 3173:(3): 215–234. 3147: 3098:Scoville, W.B. 3089: 3072: 3019: 2986: 2960: 2948: 2918: 2888: 2862: 2837: 2822: 2795:(2): 410–413. 2775: 2716: 2672: 2615: 2604:(5): 593–611. 2584: 2565:(2): 136–145. 2549: 2498: 2479: 2464: 2446: 2419:(3): 881–886. 2403: 2377: 2370: 2344: 2333:(4): 469–480. 2317: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2249: 2200: 2165:(5): 589–600. 2149: 2112: 2061: 2052: 2041:(6): 691–702. 2025: 1990: 1968: 1959: 1940: 1905:(6): 699–713. 1889: 1862:(1): 493–523. 1846: 1797: 1730: 1673: 1618: 1561: 1532: 1517: 1502: 1487: 1444: 1397: 1360:(3): 357–367. 1340: 1281: 1224: 1217: 1197: 1188: 1179: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1098:Memory erasure 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1052:SCP Foundation 994:Samuel Beckett 961: 958: 946:kidney failure 941: 938: 932: 929: 920: 917: 896:Henry Molaison 892: 891:Henry Molaison 889: 871: 868: 853:in the brain. 835:kidney disease 820:pill reminders 806: 803: 802: 801: 793:Pseudodementia 789: 781: 769: 753: 733:benzodiazepine 720: 711: 703: 698:Source amnesia 694: 666: 638: 621: 620: 619: 606: 598: 580: 564: 527: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 470: 456: 446: 445: 426: 418: 393: 390: 363: 360: 342: 339: 326: 323: 314: 311: 305: 302: 240: 239: 225: 203:brain diseases 186: 185: 176: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 153: 148: 147: 140: 138: 57: 55: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6240: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6114:Clive Wearing 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078:Endel Tulving 6076: 6074: 6073:Anne Treisman 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Brenda Milner 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018:James McGaugh 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Sigmund Freud 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927:retrospective 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Muscle memory 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753:Art of memory 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5601:Memory biases 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581:Confabulation 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5573:Memory errors 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:post-hypnotic 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444:Rote learning 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Hyperthymesia 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382:Active recall 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Consolidation 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5127:Hallucination 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802:Schizophrenia 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731:Schizophrenia 4727: 4723: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Drug overdose 4680: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4630:Sexual desire 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4316:Social phobia 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251:-related and 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3484:0-375-70661-5 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901:Neurology Now 2895: 2893: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2736:: 2875–2890. 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:BNI Quarterly 2290: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:10.1038/80569 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1528: 1521: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1192: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1130:Clive Wearing 1128: 1126: 1125:Benjaman Kyle 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1004: 999: 998:Sigmund Freud 995: 991: 985: 982: 981: 973: 971: 967: 957: 955: 951: 948:and received 947: 937: 928: 926: 925:Clive Wearing 919:Clive Wearing 916: 912: 910: 905: 904:Brenda Milner 901: 897: 888: 884: 881: 877: 867: 863: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 815: 811: 799: 795: 794: 790: 787: 786: 782: 779: 775: 774: 770: 767: 763: 759: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:flunitrazepam 738: 734: 730: 726: 725: 721: 718: 717:confabulation 709: 708: 704: 700: 699: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:Sigmund Freud 644: 643: 639: 636: 635:limbic system 631: 627: 626: 622: 616: 612: 611: 607: 604: 603: 599: 595: 594: 590: 589: 586: 585: 581: 578: 574: 570: 569: 565: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 532: 528: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487: 483: 482: 468: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451: 450: 449: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424: 419: 416: 411: 410: 409: 407: 403: 399: 389: 387: 382: 378: 377:basal ganglia 374: 369: 359: 356: 352: 348: 338: 335: 330: 322: 318: 310: 301: 299: 295: 292: 288: 285: 284:Ancient Greek 280: 277: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 237: 233: 229: 226: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 184: 180: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 152: 139: 135: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: – 92: 88: 87:Find sources: 82: 78: 72: 71: 67: 63: 58:This article 56: 47: 46: 41: 40:Amnesiac gene 37: 33: 29: 22: 6145:Ben Pridmore 6063:Larry Squire 5973:Susan Clancy 5932: 5816:Memory sport 5741:Other topics 5631:False memory 5586:Cryptomnesia 5563:Weapon focus 5523:Decay theory 5475: 5284:Neuroanatomy 5243:Human memory 5076:Irritability 4982: 4935:relating to 4762:Folie à deux 4687:Intoxication 4668:substances, 4666:Psychoactive 4585:Night terror 4402:Dissociative 4366:Panic attack 3918:Tic disorder 3600: 3576: 3553: 3538: 3504:. 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Retrieved 1548: 1526: 1520: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1490: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1298: 1295:Cell Reports 1294: 1284: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1207: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1150:Sywald Skeid 1145:Scott Bolzan 1140:KC (patient) 1118: 1117: 1083:False memory 1048:Men in Black 1041: 1034: 1008: 1001: 987: 978: 975: 965: 963: 950:hemodialysis 943: 940:Patient G.D. 934: 931:Patient R.B. 922: 913: 894: 885: 873: 864: 824: 816: 812: 808: 791: 783: 771: 755: 722: 705: 696: 668: 661:, including 640: 623: 608: 600: 591: 582: 566: 557:encephalitis 529: 503:encephalitis 491:malnutrition 484: 447: 395: 368:pseudorandom 365: 344: 331: 328: 319: 316: 307: 297: 294: 290: 287: 281: 266: 259:diencephalon 244: 241: 215: 199:brain damage 190: 189: 151: 129: 119: 112: 105: 98: 86: 66:verification 59: 35: 6003:Eric Kandel 5951:Researchers 5923:Prospective 5874:Free recall 5828:Shas Pollak 5481:anterograde 5397:Declarative 5199:Hypergeusia 5174:Synesthesia 4735:schizotypal 4570:Hypersomnia 4560:Nonorganic 4301:Agoraphobia 4032:Cyclothymia 4027:Bipolar NOS 4002:(affective) 3874:Stereotypic 3782:Kleptomania 3602:MedlinePlus 2936:Mayo Clinic 2396:22 December 2142:27 November 1019:concussions 1015:soap operas 990:Franz Kafka 880:Ribot's Law 851:blood clots 749:scopolamine 675:hippocampus 577:Mild trauma 573:head injury 505:, surgery, 499:head trauma 406:hippocampus 398:head trauma 251:hippocampus 165:Other names 60:needs more 6212:Categories 6038:Lynn Nadel 5916:intertrial 5901:Metamemory 5889:flashbacks 5809:In society 5506:retrograde 5468:Forgetting 5439:Procedural 5349:Short-term 5319:Eyewitness 5189:Hypogeusia 5167:Hyperosmia 5162:Phantosmia 5114:Perception 5054:Depression 5015:Presyncope 5000:Convulsion 4937:perception 4887:Stereotypy 4750:Delusional 4739:delusional 4712:Withdrawal 4580:Parasomnia 4485:Nosophobia 4265:Adjustment 4253:somatoform 4186:Sundowning 4039:Depression 4022:Bipolar II 3911:Stuttering 3906:Cluttering 3702:Paraphilia 3416:Squire, LR 3361:Squire, LR 3102:Milner, B. 3000:StatPearls 2855:3 December 2310:5 February 1554:3 December 1157:References 1135:Doug Bruce 1044:masquerade 960:In fiction 843:depression 729:anesthesia 702:confusion. 347:CA1 region 255:CA1 region 232:short-term 197:caused by 179:Psychiatry 132:March 2019 102:newspapers 38:gene, see 36:Drosophila 34:. For the 5790:Nutrition 5698:In groups 5511:selective 5486:childhood 5414:Flashbulb 5374:Long-term 5274:Attention 5194:Dysgeusia 5099:Verbosity 5071:Hostility 5005:Dizziness 4971:Psychosis 4961:Confusion 4953:Cognition 4945:behaviour 4840:Catatonia 4772:Psychosis 4607:Postnatal 4590:Nightmare 4196:Wandering 4049:Dysthymia 4017:Bipolar I 3972:Pervasive 3787:Pyromania 3712:Voyeurism 3707:Fetishism 3506:8 October 3500:BrainLine 3219:1530-8898 3067:220554752 3051:0038-4348 3013:6 January 2979:6 January 2969:"Thiamin" 2941:6 January 2881:22 August 2752:1176-6328 2649:0962-8436 2528:0965-8211 2495:(2): 201. 2474:441151384 2305:0894-5799 2236:1533-4406 2179:0004-8674 2091:0272-4995 1950:"Amnesia" 1919:0898-929X 1876:0066-4308 1833:0028-3886 1774:0027-8424 1709:0898-929X 1652:1097-6256 1597:0264-3294 1545:"Amnesia" 1482:220554752 1374:1931-1559 1317:2211-1247 1258:1946-6242 1119:Amnesiacs 1103:Nostalgia 1023:cognitive 1003:film noir 805:Treatment 752:affected. 737:midazolam 474:Diagnosis 463:blackouts 236:long-term 183:neurology 174:Specialty 91:"Amnesia" 6092:Patients 5763:mnemonic 5758:chunking 5424:Implicit 5407:Semantic 5402:Episodic 5392:Explicit 5257:Encoding 5157:Parosmia 5152:Dysosmia 5147:Hyposmia 5091:Behavior 5064:Paranoia 4976:Delusion 4966:Delirium 4575:Insomnia 4245:Neurotic 4212:Delirium 4138:Dementia 3977:Specific 3314:26302472 3227:22905817 3142:13406589 3104:(1957). 3008:28613480 2817:32333979 2809:21262589 2770:29225466 2711:21779537 2579:26302005 2544:40591244 2536:12653489 2441:39673692 2433:10408212 2339:18086739 2244:29562161 2187:11551273 2107:21091079 2099:16194968 1982:Archived 1935:13097336 1927:23964593 1841:26238898 1792:21987814 1717:18303977 1668:29593573 1660:11036258 1613:39581659 1605:27315433 1439:22404837 1431:11992661 1392:20438213 1335:30355501 1276:23986399 1070:Betrayal 1058:See also 972:writes: 862:memory. 778:epilepsy 745:propofol 735:such as 691:migraine 615:hypnosis 436:such as 355:ischemic 334:semantic 298:(mnesis) 211:hypnotic 207:sedative 6218:Amnesia 5911:Priming 5837:Related 5780:Emotion 5476:Amnesia 5314:Eidetic 5301:Sensory 5262:Storage 5184:Ageusia 5142:Anosmia 5049:Anxiety 5036:Emotion 5024:Vertigo 4983:Amnesia 4941:emotion 4284:Anxiety 4123:PDD-NOS 4012:Bipolar 3665: ( 3583:D000647 3547:: F04, 3456:8756452 3447:6579309 3401:3760943 3392:6568782 3265:Bibcode 3235:7900357 2761:5708199 2702:3140893 2667:9415926 2658:1692093 2195:1443531 2020:5804804 1884:7872736 1783:3198338 1752:Bibcode 1725:1097954 1383:2864945 1326:7725275 1267:4940031 1065:Aphasia 1050:or the 1036:Memento 1011:sitcoms 870:History 859:thiamin 687:seizure 553:hypoxia 459:Alcohol 404:of the 402:atrophy 272:priming 224:memory. 191:Amnesia 160:Amnesia 116:scholar 81:removed 5944:People 5929:memory 5860:memory 5800:Trauma 5339:Visual 5329:Iconic 5324:Haptic 5309:Echoic 5267:Recall 4528:Eating 4376:Stress 4293:Phobia 4249:stress 4108:Autism 3901:Speech 3690:Sexual 3607:003257 3572:780.93 3482: 3474:(ed.) 3454: 3444: 3399: 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