49:
1595:
549:). He declares at the start: "No matter what sort he is, everyone who has to his credit what are or really seem great achievements, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to write the story of his own life in his own hand; but no one should venture on such a splendid undertaking before he is over forty." These criteria for autobiography generally persisted until recent times, and most serious autobiographies of the next three hundred years conformed to them.
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in time, while the diary, however reflective it may be, moves through a series of moments in time". Autobiography thus takes stock of the autobiographer's life from the moment of composition. While biographers generally rely on a wide variety of documents and viewpoints, autobiography may be based entirely on the writer's memory. The
708:
With the rise of education, cheap newspapers and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop, and the beneficiaries of this were not slow to cash in on this by producing autobiographies. It became the expectationârather than the exceptionâthat those in the public eye should
188:
is slightly different in character from an autobiography. While an autobiography typically focuses on the "life and times" of the writer, a memoir has a narrower, more intimate focus on the author's memories, feelings and emotions. Memoirs have often been written by politicians or military leaders as
128:
Autobiographical works are by nature subjective. The inabilityâor unwillingnessâof the author to accurately recall memories has in certain cases resulted in misleading or incorrect information. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate
110:
in 1809. Despite only being named early in the nineteenth century, first-person autobiographical writing originates in antiquity. Roy Pascal differentiates autobiography from the periodic self-reflective mode of journal or diary writing by noting that " is a review of a life from a particular moment
137:
Spiritual autobiography is an account of an author's struggle or journey towards God, followed by conversion a religious conversion, often interrupted by moments of regression. The author re-frames their life as a demonstration of divine intention through encounters with the Divine. The earliest
623:
Possibly the first publicly available autobiography written in
English was Captain John Smith's autobiography published in 1630 which was regarded by many as not much more than a collection of tall tales told by someone of doubtful veracity. This changed with the publication of Philip Barbour's
263:
The term "fictional autobiography" signifies novels about a fictional character written as though the character were writing their own autobiography, meaning that the character is the first-person narrator and that the novel addresses both internal and external experiences of the character.
620:, her attempts to negotiate a celibate marriage with her husband, and most of all her religious experiences as a Christian mystic. Extracts from the book were published in the early sixteenth century but the whole text was published for the first time only in 1936.
624:
definitive biography in 1964 which, amongst other things, established independent factual bases for many of Smith's "tall tales", many of which could not have been known by Smith at the time of writing unless he was actually present at the events recounted.
753:. So-called "autobiographies" of modern professional athletes and media celebritiesâand to a lesser extent about politiciansâgenerally written by a ghostwriter, are routinely published. Some celebrities, such as
733:. Increasingly, in accordance with romantic taste, these accounts also began to deal, amongst other topics, with aspects of childhood and upbringingâfar removed from the principles of "Cellinian" autobiography.
304:
is yet another example of fictional autobiography, as noted on the front page of the original version. The term may also apply to works of fiction purporting to be autobiographies of real characters, e.g.,
599:.In his autobiography, he describes his transition from an unruly youth, to a religious realization by the time the work was composed. The work also is notable for many details of life in Mughal times.
432:
movement (developing the view that sex is good, and that virginity is better, comparing the former to silver and the latter to gold; Augustine's views subsequently strongly influenced
Western theology).
416:
lifestyle
Augustine lived for a time within his youth, associating with young men who boasted of their sexual exploits; his following and leaving of the anti-sex and anti-marriage
115:
form is closely associated with autobiography but it tends, as Pascal claims, to focus less on the self and more on others during the autobiographer's review of their own life.
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and beyond. Augustine's was arguably the first
Western autobiography ever written, and became an influential model for Christian writers throughout the
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used the same title in the 18th century, initiating the chain of confessional and sometimes racy and highly self-critical autobiographies of the
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The True
Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith into Europe, Aisa, Africa and America from Anno Domini 1593 to 1629
106:, when he suggested the word as a hybrid, but condemned it as "pedantic". However, its next recorded use was in its present sense, by
776:(1979) has become an Australian literary classic. With the critical and commercial success in the United States of such memoirs as
637:
150:
807:
A genre where the "claim for truth" overlaps with fictional elements though the work still purports to be autobiographical is
608:, written in 1438. Following in the earlier tradition of a life story told as an act of Christian witness, the book describes
1132:
203:. In the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the nine years that he spent fighting local armies in the
252:
1599:
677:
1587:
1326:
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Steve Mason, Flavius
Josephus: Translation and Commentary. Life of Josephus : translation and commentary, Volume 9
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363:) with self-praise, which is followed by a justification of his actions as a Jewish rebel commander of Galilee.
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have been publicly exposed as having embellished or fictionalized significant details of the authors' lives.
757:, admit to not having read their "autobiographies". Some sensationalist autobiographies such as James Frey's
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is another example. The spiritual autobiography often serves as an endorsement of the writer's religion.
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647:(1783â1864) was the first African American woman to have a published biography in the United States.
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a way to record and publish an account of their public exploits. One early example is that of
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though the tradition has expanded to include other religious traditions in works such as
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Doers of the Word: African-American Women
Speakers and Writers in the North (1830-1880)
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235:(1362â1420) wrote what is supposed to be the first autobiography in Spanish. The
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239:(1642â1651) provoked a number of examples of this genre, including works by Sir
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1343:"YouTube star takes online break as she admits novel was 'not written alone'"
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Autobiography has become an increasingly popular and widely accessible form.
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Other notable
English autobiographies of the 17th century include those of
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The
Confucian's Progress: Autobiographical Writings in Traditional China
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61:, the first Western autobiography ever written, around 400. Portrait by
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537:(1500â1571), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him simply
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413:
312:
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167:
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217:) is an account of the events that took place between 49 and 48 BC in
1541:
Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic
Literary Tradition
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467:
300:
78:
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The Turning Key: Autobiography and the Subjective Impulse Since 1800
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Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India
713:(who also incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and
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1147:
682:
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is considered one of the great masterpieces of western literature.
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697:, are both avowedly influenced by Rousseau. An English example is
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in attempts to seek sexual morality; and his subsequent return to
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From the 17th century onwards, "scandalous memoirs" by supposed
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367:
185:
179:
112:
1068:"The "Ardhakathanaka" by Banarasi Das: A Socio-Cultural Study"
247:. French examples from the same period include the memoirs of
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1121:
Orsini, Francesca; Schofield, Katherine Butler (2015-10-05).
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489:
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602:
The earliest known autobiography written in English is the
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is a well-known modern example of fictional autobiography.
749:, they were (and are) largely works of fiction written by
453:, an outstanding autobiographical document of its period.
705:(1823), a painful examination of the writer's love-life.
556:, by the Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer
89:
The word "autobiography" was first used deprecatingly by
804:âa combination of autobiography and critical theory.
31:
For information of autobiographies on Knowledge, see
818:
138:
example of a spiritual autobiography is Augustine's
325:
The classical period: Apologia, oration, confession
1310:
1204:
1149:
1503:Memory & Narrative: The Weave of Life-Writing
1459:L'Autobiographie en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande
319:
1609:
1317:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p.
709:write about themselvesânot only writers such as
329:In antiquity such works were typically entitled
1120:
563:One of the first autobiographies written in an
1211:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
1156:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
529:One of the first great autobiographies of the
1239:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1203:Kempe, Margery, approximately 1373- (1985).
1184:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1148:Kempe, Margery, approximately 1373- (1985).
1032:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4 (ix).
685:'s autobiographical writings of the 1830s,
526:) which was written between 1493 and 1529.
1421:Autobiography: Narrative of Transformation
1243:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1188:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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638:Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
552:Another autobiography of the period is
14:
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1418:
1270:The Three Worlds of Captain John Smith
1065:
986:
796:is one of the recent autobiographies.
659:Cover of the first English edition of
533:is that of the sculptor and goldsmith
1500:
1375:
977:
1308:
1072:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1052:Benvenuto Cellini, tr. George Bull,
339:'s 1864 Christian confessional work
1127:(in Arabic). Open Book Publishers.
515:
24:
1557:
1018:Fiorenza and Galvin (1991), p. 317
587:(The Half Story), was composed in
478:, a Spanish noblewoman, wrote her
400:to his autobiographical work, and
25:
1649:
1575:
1539:Reynolds, Dwight F., ed. (2001).
1522:Design and Truth in Autobiography
1438:Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1994).
989:Design and Truth in Autobiography
73:, sometimes informally called an
1593:
1581:
821:
449:is in the spirit of Augustine's
1511:The University of Chicago Press
1412:
1369:
1360:
1335:
1302:
1275:
1272:, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
1262:
1251:
1196:
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1114:
201:Commentaries on the Gallic Wars
1549:University of California Press
1059:
1046:
1028:Chadwick, Henry (2008-08-14).
1021:
1012:
1003:
963:
938:
899:
595:linked with the region around
320:Autobiography through the ages
40:Autobiography (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1598:The dictionary definition of
1492:University of Minnesota Press
1394:10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435401
931:
717:, but also politicians (e.g.
384:(begun in 374) as one of his
380:â394) framed his life memoir
374:
357:
352:introduces his autobiography
284:is another such classic, and
215:Commentaries on the Civil War
84:
1429:University of Michigan Press
1366:about-australia.com.au, 2010
1288:. Rutgers University Press.
394:(354â430) applied the title
196:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
118:
7:
1282:Peterson, Carla L. (1998).
1268:Barbour, Philip L. (1964).
814:
729:, and entertainers such as
631:(1643, published 1764) and
583:. The poetic autobiography
490:ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad BÄbur
210:Commentarii de Bello Civili
10:
1654:
1568:Princeton University Press
1482:Lejeune, Philippe (1989).
424:due to his embracement of
345:refers to this tradition.
177:
173:
29:
1465:: Ellipses. p. 384.
1457:Ferrieux, Robert (2001).
1378:"Theory and the Everyday"
1376:Pearl, Monica B. (2018).
1207:The book of Margery Kempe
1152:The book of Margery Kempe
1084:10.1017/S1356186300015352
1056:, London 1966 p. 15.
972:Oxford English Dictionary
688:The Life of Henry Brulard
1530:Harvard University Press
1448:Harvard University Press
1419:Barros, Carolyn (1998).
1066:Vanina, Eugenia (1995).
997:Harvard University Press
892:
837:Category:Autobiographies
629:Lord Herbert of Cherbury
579:businessman and poet of
53:Saint Augustine of Hippo
877:List of autobiographies
852:Autobiographical memory
847:Autobiographical comics
760:A Million Little Pieces
737:20th and 21st centuries
667:Following the trend of
651:18th and 19th centuries
476:Leonor LĂłpez de CĂłrdoba
259:Fictional autobiography
233:Leonor LĂłpez de CĂłrdoba
133:Spiritual autobiography
123:
33:Knowledge:Autobiography
1586:Quotations related to
1309:Wood, Michael (1971).
857:Autobiographical novel
721:), philosophers (e.g.
664:
663:'s autobiography, 1793
612:'s pilgrimages to the
591:, an early dialect of
471:
291:The Catcher in the Rye
163:Deliverance from Error
66:
63:Philippe de Champaigne
27:Self-written biography
1501:Olney, James (1998).
725:), churchmen such as
694:Memoirs of an Egotist
673:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
658:
605:Book of Margery Kempe
474:In the 15th century,
464:
457:Early autobiographies
402:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
342:Apologia Pro Vita Sua
274:is an early example.
207:. His second memoir,
51:
1520:Pascal, Roy (1960).
987:Pascal, Roy (1960).
446:Historia Calamitatum
251:(1614â1679) and the
77:, is a self-written
38:For other uses, see
1633:Works about history
1558:Wu, Pey-Yi (1990).
887:Unreliable narrator
81:of one's own life.
785:The Color of Water
719:Henry Brooks Adams
665:
524:"Letters of Babur"
492:, who founded the
472:
412:. It tells of the
392:Augustine of Hippo
253:Duc de Saint-Simon
67:
1628:Biography (genre)
1134:978-1-78374-102-1
1054:The Autobiography
969:"autobiography",
920:"life" + ÎłÏÎŹÏΔÎčÎœ
872:Letter collection
661:Benjamin Franklin
535:Benvenuto Cellini
465:A scene from the
337:John Henry Newman
281:David Copperfield
237:English Civil War
16:(Redirected from
1645:
1638:1790s neologisms
1618:Self-portraiture
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1484:On Autobiography
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558:Gerolamo Cardano
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199:, also known as
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151:An Autobiography
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520:"Book of Babur"
500:kept a journal
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223:Gnaeus Pompeius
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