208:
129:, configuration of the ground, cities, towns, roads, trails, railroads, telegraph cables, telephone lines, wireless telegraphy, rivers, canals, resources (coal, repair facilities, land transportation, electric plants, food supplies, water supply, and hospitals), conditions of the harbor and harbor steamers, wharves, docks, water service, the population (secret service, professions and occupations, naval and military forces), existing defenses (location, form and description, armament, fieldworks, mines and mine fields, searchlights, plans and sketches, garrisons and forces available, methods of attack, adaptability of the defenses).
24:
146:, and (3) emphasis on information acquisition for long-term planning. It was this latter emphasis on obtaining information long before hostilities that was perhaps of greatest significance. Rather than obtaining information solely for military operations in progress, Williams now enunciated a more comprehensive mission:
151:
preparation of plans for the occupation of the locality as a temporary or permanent naval base; the preparation of plans for the sea and land defense of the locality when used as such a base; or the preparation of plans for the attack of the locality by sea and land should it be in possession of an enemy.
110:
With this new amphibious reconnaissance doctrine, the United States Navy and Marine Corps began to consider establishing reconnaissance units. T Williams had specified in his thesis that "...talented and experienced men should be assigned to this work, listing among the requisite qualities a thorough
261:
took a team close in to the planned landing sites. The team took samples from the beach to determine its ability to bear vehicles, and, together with depth soundings and other observations, large-scale models of the beaches were constructed to aid planning. In addition, American combat swimmer teams
133:
In order to prepare intelligent plans for the attack or defense of a harbor or bay, it is necessary to have at hand a comprehensive description of the hydrographic features and accurate charts showing the depths of water at all points, the reefs, rocks, shoals, and peculiar currents which constitute
150:
The object of the naval reconnaissance of any given locality is to acquire all of the information concerning the sea, land, air and material resources of that locality, with a view to its use by the Navy in peace and war, and to record this information that it may be most readily available for: the
183:
accepted. Ellis submitted a 30,000 page Top Secret document concerning the local sea, air and climate, various land terrain types, the native population and economic conditions, reports on strategically seizing key islands as forward-operating bases, time-tables, mobilization projections, and
111:
technical knowledge, a quick and energetic nature to ensure the work is accomplished without unnecessary delay, a sufficient resourcefulness to overcome unexpected obstacles, a reticence to ensure results are kept confidential, and above all, exactitude of work".
234:, which was carried out without proper reconnaissance, it was proposed that 50 of these parties would be needed; however, the shortage of necessary personnel meant that in all only eleven teams were trained. The Beach Pilotage School was set up on the
265:
Following the war, the secrecy surrounding beach recce continued, and mention of the COPPs did not appear in the press until the late 1950s. By then their knowledge and role had been passed on to the (then)
349:
Aarugha!: Report to
Director, Historical Division, Headquarters, Marine Corps, on the History of Specialized and Force-level Reconnaissance Activities and Units of the United States Marine Corps, 1900-1974
142:: (1) discussion of additional capabilities of observation from airplanes and submarines, (2) promulgation of the book under authority of the Secretary of the Navy instead of under the auspices of the
134:
dangers to navigation, and the tributary streams and channels which may form avenues of attack or furnish anchorages for a portion of the floating defenses or auxiliaries of the defenders.
262:
from Naval Combat
Demolition Units conducted nighttime reconnaissance on possible landing sites, mapping underwater obstacles and helping to clear obstacles during the invasion.
216:
215:
The development of amphibious reconnaissance in the early stages of the Second World War during the
European campaigns were largely dominated by Lt. Commander
76:. Williams referenced the purpose of amphibious reconnaissance by standardizing the 'official' naval doctrine of amphibious reconnaissance of
72:
At the turn of the 20th century, amphibious reconnaissance was first conceived from an idea from a United States Marine officer by then-Major
567:
394:
372:
81:
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into an integrated naval assault force. Shortly after, a new doctrine, the Fleet
Training Publication 167 was created.
77:
545:
473:
223:
188:
180:
246:
164:
125:
Williams' doctrine outlined a wide spectrum of reconnaissance, which consisted of range determination,
104:
96:
27:
168:
92:
572:
67:
537:
531:
391:
Naval
Reconnaissance, Instructions for the Reconnaissance of Bays, Harbors, and Adjacent Country
369:
Naval
Reconnaissance, Instructions for the Reconnaissance of Bays, Harbors, and Adjacent Country
303:
Naval
Reconnaissance, Instructions for the Reconnaissance of Bays, Harbors, and Adjacent Country
254:
504:
408:
122:, and recording observations, as well as reading previous maps and surveys of various types.
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156:
8:
282:
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100:
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in 1906. The scope of the doctrine outlined every aspect that involved recognition of
541:
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330:, Office of Naval Operations, Division of Fleet Training, United States Navy, 1938
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84:, the cornerstone of America's present-day methods in amphibious reconnaissance.
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442:,(4 January 1989), Reprint of BGen William's naval doctrine of 1906.
211:
Two canoeists in a COPP (Combined
Operations Pilotage Parties) canoe
42:
176:
163:, put most of William's concept to effect. After fighting in the
489:
184:
predictions of manpower necessary to seize certain targets.
423:(28 Jan 21); HisDiv, HQMC, Archives 9558, Box 4, Folder 712
409:
http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/ref/AdvBaseOps/index.html
384:
382:
362:
360:
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226:
Pilotage
Parties (COPPs) while conducting raids on the
30:
amphibious reconnaissance team infiltrates a beachhead
114:
These
Marines particularly needed to be competent in
379:
355:
187:Most of these duties were billeted by senior Naval
502:
138:There were three significant aspects of Williams'
506:Fighting Elites: A History of U.S. Special Forces
559:
317:Second Edition (1917); Maj. Dion Williams, USMC
496:
167:in World War I, Ellis submitted a request to
529:
427:Advanced Base Defense During the Present War
53:
463:
202:
395:United States Government Printing Office
388:
373:United States Government Printing Office
366:
342:
340:
338:
336:
206:
45:area bordering coastal or ocean areas.
22:
16:For broader coverage of this topic, see
503:John C. Fredriksen (31 December 2011).
560:
346:
222:, who developed what would become the
199:, and construction of fortifications.
421:Advance Base Operations in Micronesia
333:
241:The COPP Depot was set up in 1943 on
468:. Macdonald and Jane's. p. 64.
466:Commandos and Rangers of World war 2
452:The Oxford Companion to World War II
155:Twenty years later, another Marine
82:intelligence gathering and planning
13:
393:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
371:(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.:
144:President of the Naval War College
14:
584:
536:. Arms and Armour Press. p.
440:FMFRP 12-20, Naval Reconnaissance
171:for special intelligence duty in
568:Military intelligence collection
523:
490:"COPP Heroes of Hayling Island"
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457:
445:
433:
413:
401:
320:
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181:Director of Naval Intelligence
1:
351:. United States Marine Corps.
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99:, combining the roles of the
37:consists of ground and naval
7:
509:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 107–.
328:Landing Operations Doctrine
276:
247:Hayling Island Sailing Club
78:American amphibious warfare
10:
589:
253:, the British carried out
105:United States Marine Corps
97:Marine Corps Base Quantico
57:
48:
28:United States Marine Corps
15:
533:SBS The Invisible Raiders
249:. In preparation for the
169:Headquarters Marine Corps
93:Headquarters Marine Corps
54:Evolution of the doctrine
35:Amphibious reconnaissance
389:Williams, Dion (1917).
367:Williams, Dion (1906).
217:Nigel Clogstoun-Willmot
68:Fleet Landing Exercises
347:Stubbe, Ray W (1981).
255:Operation Postage Able
212:
203:World War II in Europe
153:
136:
31:
530:James D Ladd (1983).
419:Operations Plan 712,
268:Special Boat Squadron
210:
191:that were trained in
189:Intelligence Officers
148:
131:
26:
315:Naval Reconnaissance
251:invasion of Normandy
157:Intelligence Officer
140:Naval Reconnaissance
464:James Ladd (1978).
283:Hydrographic survey
230:in 1941. Following
224:Combined Operations
213:
101:United States Navy
89:Fleet Marine Force
32:
516:978-1-59884-810-6
407:Maj. Earl Ellis,
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232:Operation Torch
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573:Reconnaissance
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243:Hayling Island
228:Aegean Islands
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91:was formed at
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39:reconnaissance
18:Reconnaissance
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547:0-85368-593-2
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257:, in which a
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238:in Scotland.
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236:Kyles of Bute
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173:South America
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161:Earl H. Ellis
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60:Dion Williams
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87:By 1933 the
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197:hydrography
120:cartography
562:Categories
289:References
193:topography
127:topography
58:See also:
326:FTP 167,
245:based at
116:surveying
277:See also
175:and the
165:trenches
43:littoral
305:, 1906.
177:Pacific
49:History
41:in the
544:
513:
472:
454:, 2001
179:; the
66:, and
542:ISBN
511:ISBN
470:ISBN
103:and
538:141
95:at
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381:^
357:^
335:^
270:.
220:RN
195:,
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118:,
62:,
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20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
