Amur leopard - Knowledge

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rings and darkened centers. Its fur is fairly soft with long and dense hair. The length of hair on the back is 20–25 mm (0.79–0.98 in) in summer and up to 70 mm (2.8 in) in winter. The winter coat varies from fairly light yellow to dense yellowish-red with a golden tinge, or rusty-reddish-yellow. In summer, the fur is brighter, with more vivid coloration pattern. It is rather small in body size, with males larger than females. Males measure 107–136 cm (42–54 in) with a 82–90 cm (32–35 in) long tail, a shoulder height of 64–78 cm (25–31 in), and a weight of 32.2–48 kg (71–106 lb). Females weigh 25–42.5 kg (55–94 lb).

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southern Sikhote-Alin in the middle of the 20th century needed to be studied. It was recommended to assess reasons for localized extinctions, obtain support of local people, increase prey in areas proposed for reintroduction, ensure that conditions exist conducive for reintroduction in the selected area, and ensure survival of the existing population. There are two sources of leopards for reintroduction: leopards born and raised in zoos and leopards raised in a special reintroduction center passed through a rehabilitation program for life in the wild.

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over a period of 14 months. Leopards are most often killed by local Russians from small villages in and around the leopard's habitat. These villagers hunt entirely illegally; they have no licenses for hunting or their guns, are not members of one of the local hunting leases, and hunt Amur leopards (a protected species under Russian law). In 1999, skins of poached leopards were offered for $ 500–1,000 near a protected area in Russia.

992:) in some areas; in the Changbai Mountains, leopards have been recorded at higher altitudes and further distances from settlements and roads than tigers. Tigers can kill leopards if densities of large and medium-sized prey species are low. Competition between these predators supposedly decreases in summer, when small prey species are more available. In winter, conditions are less favorable for tigers, which most likely causes the 897: 896: 902: 900: 895: 901: 899: 1311: 937:

movements to an area of about 3 km (1.2 sq mi) for a month, in which she shifted her cubs three times. From autumn onwards, she gradually increased her home range. When the cubs were more than one year old, the family moved together in the initial home range of 161.7 km (62.4 sq mi).

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Human-induced fires are another main threat to the survival of the Amur leopard. Setting fire to fields is a habit of rural farmers who start them for a particular purpose, such as improving fertility for livestock grazing, killing ticks and other insects, making scrap metals visible so that they can

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During a population census in 1997, four females found with young had only one cub each. Results of radio telemetry studies confirmed that young stay with their mother for two years. In Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, the young of two different litters were observed with their mothers at the same time.

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For successful reintroduction, it is clear that the design of the breeding and release centre (and the leopard management within it) must focus strongly on overcoming the difficulties imposed by the captive origin of the cats. Two necessary behaviours should be acquired prior to release: the hunting

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mountain range has been discussed by ALTA members. During a workshop in 2001, the outlines and principles of a plan for the development of a second population of the Amur leopard in the Russian Far East was prepared. For reintroduction to be successful, the reasons for leopards disappearing from the

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and GIS techniques revealed that on average, 19% of south-west Primorye burns annually, and a total of 46% burned at least once in six years. Due to a long and frequent fire history, much of the land in south-west Primorye has been converted from coniferous forests (suitable leopard habitat) to open

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Poaching of Amur leopards is the main threat to their survival. Despite evidence of Chinese traders illegally buying leopard skins from Russia, no skins were confiscated at borders to China until 2002 and 2003, where over seven skins or part of skins were confiscated (six in Russia and one in China)

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borders of the area. The territory of two individuals overlaps sometimes, but only slightly. Depending on sex, age and family size, the size of an individual's territory varies from 5,000–30,000 ha (19–116 sq mi). Individuals use the same hunting trails, migration routes and even rest

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provide a local framework for implementing ALTA projects, working closely with many Russian and Chinese agencies. With regard to conservation of leopards, ALTA aims at retaining a leopard population of 35 adult females (100 total) in south-west Primorye and the Jilin-Heilongjiang border region; and

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In 2001, a meeting was held in Vladivostok with the aim of devising and planning management recommendations and activities needed to ensure the recovery and continued survival of the wild Amur leopard population in range countries. Chinese participants announced the creation of a new protected area

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on the basis of a single tanned skin which was fulvous above, and pale beneath, with large, roundish, oblong black spots on the back and limbs, and small black spots on the head. The spots on the back, shoulders and sides formed a ring around a central fulvous spot. The black spots on the nape were

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Stein, A.B.; Gerngross, P.; Al Hikmani, H.; Balme, G.; Bertola, L.; Drouilly, M.; Farhadinia, M.S.; Feng, L.; Ghoddousi, A.; Henschel, P.; Jhala, Y.; Khorozyan, I.; Kittle, A.; Laguardia, A.; Luo, S.-J.; Mann, G.; Miquelle, D.; Moheb, Z.; Raza, H.; Rostro-García, S.; Shivakumar, S.; Song, D. &

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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of Primorskyi Krai. During three years of tracking, she used a home range of 161.7 km (62.4 sq mi) with a core area of 23.3 km (9.0 sq mi). During estrus, she moved in a core area of 52.9 km (20.4 sq mi). After giving birth in late June, she reduced her

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The Amur leopard can easily be differentiated from other leopard subspecies by its thick, pale cream-colored fur, particularly in winter. Rosettes on the flanks are 5 cm × 5 cm (2.0 in × 2.0 in) and widely spaced, up to 2.5 cm (0.98 in), with thick, unbroken

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As of 2015, fewer than 60 individuals were estimated to survive in Russia and China. Camera-trapping surveys conducted between 2014 and 2015 revealed 92 individuals in an 8,398 km (3,242 sq mi) large transboundary area along the Russian-Chinese border. As of 2023, the population was

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lasts 90–105 days, and usually between 92 and 95 days. A newborn cub weighs 500–700 g (18–25 oz). The young open their eyes on the 7th–10th day and begin to crawl on the 12th–15th day. By the second month they emerge from their dens and also begin to eat meat. Cubs are weaned when three

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Amur leopards in the early 1990s, a territorial dispute between two males at a deer farm was documented, suggesting that Amur leopards favour such farms for hunting. Female leopards with cubs are often found in the proximity of deer farms. The large number of domesticated deer on the farms is a

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continues for five or six months. Cubs reach independence at the approximate age of two to three years. They stay with their mother until they are around 18 months to two years old. Juveniles sometimes stay with their mother until she comes into estrus again. Until the 1970s, cubs were seen in

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at elevations of 600–1,200 m (2,000–3,900 ft), where the annual average temperature is about 1.5 °C (34.7 °F). In this area, leopards were repeatedly photographed by camera traps set up between January 2013 and July 2014 covering up to 4,858 km (1,876 sq mi).

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that impede the health, survival and reproduction of some (but not all) genetically diminished small populations. Cub survival has declined over time, from 1.9 cubs per one female in 1973 to 1.7 in 1984, and 1.0 in 1991. Besides a decline in natural replacement, there is a high probability of

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Potential reintroduction sites (contiguous patches of preferred habitat) were identified in the southern Sikhote-Alin. Three patches of potential coastal habitat could harbour a population of approximately 72 adult leopards (exceeding the 50 individual minimum needed for a self-sustaining

1108:, and secure a future for both species in the Russian Far East and Northeast China. ALTA operates across Northeast Asia under the guiding principle that only cooperative, coordinated conservation actions from all interested parties can save these endangered subspecies/populations from 1046:

A number of plans for economic activities in south-west Primorye were developed that posed a serious threat to the Amur leopard's survival. A plan to build an oil pipeline from central Siberia through Primorye to the coast of the Sea of Japan was shelved; another plan for an open

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in South Korea, and likewise probably in North Korea as well. Some researchers have proposed that some of North Korea’s more isolated, remote regions may yet still provide ideal leopard habitat, with ample prey sources and dense, quiet woodlands, free of competition from tigers.

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Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve and in northeastern China most often between the end of March and May. Litters comprised two to three cubs. In captivity some individuals have lived for 21 years. In 2011, an adult Amur leopard female was radio-collared in the vicinity of the

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in March 2009, the Minister of Natural Resources of Russia reassured that the ministry is planning to reintroduce leopards into the area, as well as create suitable and safe habitat, he also stated the government had already allocated all required funds for the project.

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As of December 2011, 173 captive Amur leopards were held in zoos worldwide. Within the EESP, 54 male, 40 female and 7 unsexed individuals are kept. In American and Canadian zoos, another 31 males and 41 females are kept within the Population Management Program.

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Milne-Edwards, A. (1867). Observations sur quelques mammifières du nord de la Chine. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Cincquieme Serie, Zoologie et Paleontologie, Comprenant L'Anatomie, la Physiologie, la Classification et l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux 8:

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had genetic information that is not consistent with any Amur leopards born in the wild. Both the American and European zoo populations include contribution of genes from a male founder that was a different leopard subspecies. It has been the strategy of the

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Sulikhan, N. S.; Gilbert, M.; Blidchenko, E. Y.; Naidenko, S. V.; Ivanchuk, G. V.; Gorpenchenko, T. Y.; Alshinetskiy, M. V.; Shevtsova, E. I.; Goodrich, J. M.; Lewis, J. C.; Goncharuk, M. S. (2018). "Canine Distemper Virus in a Wild Far Eastern Leopard

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mine in the heart of the Amur leopard's range was not carried out following pressure from environmentalists and the Ministry of Natural Resources. The strategic location of south-west Primorye (being close to the main population centres of

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In the 20th century, large deer farms were built over thousands of hectares of leopard habitat; the velvet of deer antlers was sold to Asian pharmacies. However, the number of deer farms has decreased considerably since the late 1990s.

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Elsewhere in China, Amur leopard distribution is fragmented, with small populations occurring foremost in isolated reserves. In Shanxi Province, leopards were recorded in 16 protected areas and six nature reserves (including

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Xiao, W.; Feng, L.; Zhao, X.; Yang, H.; Dou, H.; Cheng, Y.; Mou, P.; Wang, T.; Ge, J. (2014). "Distribution and abundance of Amur tiger, Amur leopard and their ungulate prey in Hunchun National Nature Reserve, Jilin".

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Hebblewhite, M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Murzin, A. A.; Aramilev, V. V.; Pikunov, D. G. (2011). "Predicting potential habitat and population size for reintroduction of the Far Eastern leopards in the Russian Far East".

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until the 1970s. In the following decades, the range decreased to a few areas in Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces. Today, only small and isolated populations remain in northern China, specifically in Jilin.

520:. The remaining synonyms are not considered valid subspecies. However, a 2024 study which performed phylogenetic analysis on the basis of cranial morphology and mitochondrial genome analysis suggested that 1056:, the Sea of Japan and the borders with North Korea and China) makes it more attractive for economic activities, including transport, industries, tourism and development of infrastructure. The activity of 539:

revealed that they cannot be distinguished. It is considered very probable that the Amur leopard metapopulation became fragmented less than a century ago. Phylogenetic analysis of an old leopard skin from

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Like other leopard subspecies, Amur leopards are solitary, unless females have offspring. Records from camera-traps indicate that they are more diurnal (active during the day) than nocturnal, as well as

1149:(GIS) techniques: assessment of the role of habitat quality, land ownership, land use, protection status, settlements, deer farms, roads, and human settlements with use of monitoring data and 2797:

Rozhnov, V. V.; Chistopolova, M. D.; Lukarevskii, V. S.; Hernandez-Blanco, J. A.; Naidenko, S. V. & Sorokin, P. A. (2015). "Home range structure and space use of a female Amur leopard,

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of the region. The association of the leopard with mountainous areas (and snow-free south-facing rocky slopes in winter) has been recorded. It is usually confined to places where wild

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Wang, T.; Feng, L.; Yang, H.; Han, B.; Zhao, Y.; Juan, L.; Lü, X.; Zou, L.; Li, T.; Xiao, W. & Mou, P. (2017). "A science-based approach to guide Amur leopard recovery in China".

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Sergienko, V.I., Baklanov, P.Y. and Voronov, B.A. (2014). The Development of the Oil-Gas Cluster in Primorsky Krai: Perspectives, problems, restrictions. Erina report no. 119: 14–23.

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In Russia, the Amur leopard's native range was dramatically reduced during the 1970s to about 20% of the original land. Its northernmost range boundary commenced on the coast of the

702:. At least 624 leopards were killed during the Japanese occupation between 1910 and 1945. In South Korea, the last known leopard was captured in 1970. The Amur leopard is considered 1289:(2008) is about the plight of Amur leopards in Russia. The television series "Wild Russia" showed a glimpse into the life of leopards. A female leopard and her cub were featured on 1060:

itself is not a major threat; however, the use of road networks established for the transport of logs from forests increases anthropogenic pressures in unprotected leopard habitat.

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Yang, H.; Zhao, X.; Han, B.; Wang, T.; Mou, P.; Ge, J. & Feng, L. (2018). "Spatiotemporal patterns of Amur leopards in northeast China: Influence of tigers, prey, and humans".

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Spitzen, V.V.; Miquelle, D.G.; Darman, Y.A.; Aramilev, V.V.; Hötte, M.; Bereznyuk, S.L.; Laptev, A.A.; Aramileva, T.S.; Myslenkov, A.A.; Kerley, L.L. & Salkina, G. (2012).

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Amur leopards are extremely conservative in their choice of territory. An individual's territory is usually located in a river basin which generally extends to the natural

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in Primorskyi Krai. Due to the small population, all wild individuals could possibly be exposed to domestic or wild disease carriers and transmitters in the future.

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at 44°N, continuing south at a distance of 15–30 km (9.3–18.6 mi) from the coast to 43°10'N. There, their range turned sharply westward and north of the

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in Jilin Province, the Hunchun Nature Reserve. Since 2014, Russian and Chinese biologists collaborate in transboundary monitoring of the Amur leopard population.

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Uphyrkina, O.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Applying molecular genetic tools to the conservation and action plan for the critically endangered Far Eastern leopard (

365:. In particular, he referred to a leopard skin from the Amur Bay as 'Amur leopard'. Since at least 1985, this name has been used for the leopard subspecies in 1408:"Mammals Collected in the Maritime Province of Siberia by the Modern-Graves North Asiatic Expedition, with the Description of a New Hare from the Amur River" 1407: 8866: 961:. Its natural habitat is threatened by forest fires and construction of new roads. Due to the small number of reproducing Amur leopards in the wild, the 2051:

Zhang, M.; Wang, C.-H.; Zheng, Y.-X.; Jiangzuo, Q.-G.; Hou, Y.-M.; Cao, P.; Dai, Q.-Y.; Yang, R.-W.; Liu, F.; Feng, X.-T.; Mo, L.-H.; Fu, Q.-M. (2024).

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Qi, J.; Shi, Q.; Wang, G.; Li, Z.; Sun, Q.; Hua, Y. & Jiang, G. (2015). "Spatial distribution drivers of Amur leopard density in northeast China".

774:(active during dawn and dusk) during both the summer and winter seasons. This activity pattern coincides with activity periods of prey species such as 1523:

Vitkalova, A. V.; Feng, L.; Rybin, A. N.; Gerber, B. D.; Miquelle, D. G.; Wang, Tianming; Yang, H.; Shevtsova, E. I.; Aramilev, V. V.; Ge, J. (2018).

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creating a second population of 20 adult females (60 adults total) in the former range of the leopard. Conservation projects for the leopard include:

2356: 1525:"Transboundary cooperation improves endangered species monitoring and conservation actions: A case study of the global population of Amur leopards" 1837:

A Program for Reintroduction of The Far Eastern Leopard into Southern Sixhote-Alin, Primorskii Krai, Russian Far East. Amur Leopard Reintroduction

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Trouessart, E. L. (1904). Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Quinquennale supplementum anno 1904. Berlin: R. Friedlander and Sohn.

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The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) is an initiative of Russian and western conservation organisations to conserve the Amur leopard and

603:, the Amur leopard currently inhabits an area of about 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi). It is well adapted to the cold climate and heavy 1296: 8838: 8100: 8881: 361:

The names 'Amurland leopard' and 'Amur leopard' were coined by Pocock in 1930, when he compared leopard specimens in the collection of the

1034:"savannah" landscapes with grass, oak bushes and isolated trees that leopards seem to avoid (most likely due to low ungulate densities). 866:) cubs under two years old. When density of ungulates is low, leopards have large home ranges of up to 100 km (39 sq mi). 3146: 2027:

Matschie, P. (1908). "Über chinesische Säugetiere, besonders aus den Sammlungen des Herrn Wilhelm Filchner". In Filchner, W. (ed.).

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Pikunov, D. G.; Aramilev, V. V.; Fomenko, V. V.; Miquelle, D. V.; Abramov, V. K.; Korkishko, V. G.; Nikolaev, I. G. (2000).

8725: 1443:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 806:

places over the course of many years. Leopards are resident at places where wild animals are abundant, and follow herds of

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in the late 19th century. They were hunted on the Korean Peninsula for their skins and were extensively persecuted during

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growth. Young ferns are sold in shops, served in restaurants and also exported to China as a popular dish. Surveys using

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Historical records indicate that the Amur leopard occurred throughout eastern Siberia, northeastern China including near

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support and technical assistance for the new Hunchun Nature Reserve in China that borders on the leopard range in Russia

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Dou, H.; Feng, L.; Xiao, W. & Wang, T. (2014). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the North Chinese Leopard (

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An oil pipeline planned to be built through leopard habitat was rerouted, following a campaign by conservationists.

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elongated, and large ones on the chest formed a necklace. The tail was spotted and had four black rings at the tip.

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Amur leopards become sexually mature at the age of 2–3 years. They are able to reproduce up to 10–15 years of age.

1857:"Phylogenetic study of extirpated Korean leopard using mitochondrial DNA from an old skin specimen in South Korea" 1418: 8843: 4913: 2732: 631: 330:, as in 2007, only 19–26 wild leopards were estimated to survive in southeastern Russia and northeastern China. 3128: 2170: 660: 362: 2587:

Jo, Y.S. & Baccus, J.T. (2016). "Are large cats compatible with modern society on the Korean Peninsula?".

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Feng, L.; Wang, T.; Mou, P.; Kou, X. & Ge, J. (2011). "First image of an Amur leopard recorded in China".

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A captive breeding programme for the Amur leopard was established in 1961 from nine wild-born founders. A

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of a wild male leopard specimen from Shaanxi province in central China has been amplified and is 16,966

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Historic and present distribution of the subspecies (excluding northern China to the west of Manchuria)

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monitoring and analysis of the impact of fires on leopard habitat and the effectiveness of firefighting

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The Amur leopard is also known as the "Siberian leopard", "Far Eastern leopard", and "Korean leopard".

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in the early 20th century. The North Chinese leopard was formerly recognised as a distinct subspecies (

6609: 5448: 2227:"Ecosystem Governance in a Cross-border Area: Building a Tuman River Transboundary Biosphere Reserve" 2165:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. 1495: 699: 90: 3136: 2938:

Miquelle, D. (2001). "Workshop on Recovery of the Far Eastern (Amur) Leopard, Vladivostok, Russia".

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husbandry is practised. Leopards cross between Russia, China, and possibly North Korea across the

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Results of Camera Trap Survey of Leopard Population in Southwest Primorski Krai, Winter 2002–2003

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Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Expedition Filchner nach China und Tibet 1903---05, 4. Mammalia

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Abbasi, A. & Braunitzer, G. (1985). "The primary structure of hemoglobin from Amur leopard (

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Ministry of Environment will undertake the restoration of the population of leopards in Russia

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Kostyria, A. V.; Skorodelov, A. S.; Miquelle, D. G.; Aramilev, V. V.; McCullough, D. (2003).

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Yang, L.; Huang, M.; Zhang, R.; Lv, J.; Ren, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, W. & Luan, X. (2016).

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Brass, E. (1911). Aus dem Reiche der Pelze. Berlin: Verlag der Neuen Pelzwaren-Zeitung.

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a comprehensive education program for school children and students in the leopard range

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mortality for all age groups, as a result of certain diseases or direct human impact.

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indicate that the Amur leopard is genetically close to leopards in northern China and

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Final Report on a Workshop for Conservation of the Far Eastern Leopard in the Wild

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Hyun, J. Y.; Cho, J. H.; Pandey, P.; Min, M. S.; Kim, K. S. & Lee, H. (2020).

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In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed

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Uphyrkina, O.; Miquelle, D.; Quigley, H.; Driscoll, C.; O'Brien, S. J. (2002).

1732: 1563: 1257: 1198: 1053: 985: 738: 651: 579: 495: 411: 311: 43: 39: 3111: 3035: 2822: 2685: 2562: 2542:"Diverse locations and a long history: Historical context for urban Leopards ( 2541: 2529:(Second ed.). London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 316–317. 2475: 2454: 2004: 1809: 1788: 726:. In the 1950s, leopards were observed about 50 km (31 mi) north of 8860: 8710: 8578: 8474: 8447: 8073: 7771: 7716: 7238: 7182: 6923: 6564: 6019: 5581: 4746: 4713: 4515: 4506: 4443: 4343: 4301: 4153: 3746: 2892: 2686:"Endangered species: The decline of the Amur leopard in the Russian Far East" 2648: 1575: 1378: 1282: 958: 802: 481: 445: 420:

proposed by Gray in 1867 was a leopard skull from the mountains northwest of

327: 75: 8778: 5203: 5015: 3159: 3154: 3137:

WWF: Amur leopard species profile, conservation efforts and how you can help

3058: 2163:

Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)

1463:

Qi, J.; Shi, Q.; Wang, G.; Li, Z.; Sun, Q.; Hua, Y. & Jiang, G. (2015).

1025:

be easily collected, culling vegetation along train tracks, and stimulating

8605: 8551: 8252: 8020: 7966: 7743: 7642: 7197: 7173: 6992: 6983: 6803: 6770: 6693: 6654: 6064: 6046: 5908: 5780: 5239: 4640: 4603: 4488: 4470: 3883: 3829: 3755: 3433: 3177: 2870: 2667: 2453:

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017).

2120: 1892: 1818: 1727: 1632: 1186: 1155:

development of land-use plans that take in account future needs of leopards

1113: 954: 843: 719: 715: 711: 246: 2540:

Powell, J.; Axmacher, J. C.; Linnell, J. D.C. & Durant, S. M. (2021).

2490:

Ohdachi, S.; Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, A. M.; Fukui, D.; Saitohet, T. (2015).

8799: 8719: 8219: 7410: 7327: 7300: 7049: 6963: 6895: 6821: 6812: 6779: 6737: 6702: 6419: 6312: 6144: 5684: 5596: 5504: 5149: 4722: 4542: 4207: 4121: 4104: 4081: 4044: 3928: 3892: 3737: 3526: 3381: 3260: 2572: 2452: 1854: 1465:"Spatial distribution drivers of Amur leopard density in northeast China" 1316: 1243: 1136: 1125:

four antipoaching teams with a total of 15 members in the leopard's range

887: 771: 727: 723: 672: 627: 620: 541: 536: 172: 3107:

The Tigris Foundation: dedicated to the conservation of the Amur leopard

3094: 3086: 3022: 2862: 2600: 1993:

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology

1128:

a special task force of local police and anti-poaching teams led by the

827: 758: 8791: 8428: 7674: 7605: 7592: 7559: 7345: 7083: 6843: 6391: 6368: 6254: 6245: 6194: 6159: 6135: 5899: 5798: 5747: 5693: 5675: 5648: 5555: 5505: 4904: 4877: 4805: 4788: 4551: 4524: 4370: 4274: 4258: 4094: 3974: 3814: 3650: 3517: 3309: 3277: 3261: 3006: 1873: 1687: 1549: 1524: 1109: 1069: 679:, but the fossils' subspecies have not been identified with certainty. 307: 152: 8804: 1194:

and killing of live natural prey, and avoidance of humans and tigers.

8359: 8294: 7907: 7847: 7633: 7454: 7069: 7061: 7010: 6860: 6746: 6728: 6442: 6276: 6109: 5951: 5917: 5729: 5421: 4695: 4165: 3641: 3209: 1236: 981: 962: 924: 919: 687: 608: 552: 142: 102: 8681: 2768:

Amur Leopard and Tiger Conservation in a social and economic context

2516: 1988: 1929: 630:

image of an Amur leopard in northeastern China was taken in 2010 in

391:. Since Schlegel's description, several naturalists and curators of 8704: 8056: 7519: 7336: 7312: 6673: 6523: 6469: 6405: 6400: 6353: 6285: 6203: 6073: 5822: 5813: 5711: 5666: 5546: 5379: 5116: 5025: 4994: 4954: 4841: 4773: 4681: 4672: 3992: 3788: 3541: 3424: 3391: 3240: 3228: 3007:Минприроды возьмется за восстановление популяции леопардов в России 1185:

Since 1996, the idea of reintroducing leopards to the south of the

1135:

monitoring of the leopard population through snow track counts and

1048: 1007:), but no interactions between the two species have been recorded. 950: 807: 453: 182: 122: 2712: 1651:

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia. Part II".

1072:. The remaining population could disappear as a result of genetic 8438: 8285: 8159: 7874: 7386: 6716: 6182: 5738: 5702: 5569: 5537: 5521: 5034: 4737: 4316: 3797: 3704: 3622: 3550: 3492: 3469: 3362: 2624:"Reconstructing the historical distribution of the Amur Leopard ( 1962:

Gray, J. E. (1867). "Notes on the skulls of the cats (Felidae)".

1057: 683: 485: 441: 421: 304: 196: 162: 47: 8765: 2621: 494:

proposed in 1911 by a German fur trader was a leopard skin from

8734: 8542: 8489: 8234: 7922: 7656: 6376: 6037: 5872: 5629: 5066: 3838: 3764: 3713: 3695: 3668: 3589: 3451: 3234: 3222: 3123: 3101: 2409: 2369: 2094: 915: 471: 345:, suggesting that the leopard population in this region became 315: 132: 112: 2683: 2265: 8524: 8383: 8326: 8199: 8002: 7859: 7486: 7468: 7091: 6761: 6010: 5995: 4656: 3947: 3442: 2152: 2031:. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. pp. 134–244. 1170:

media campaign to create awareness about the leopard's plight

1105: 695: 676: 639: 342: 334:

thought to comprise 128–130 sub-adult and adult individuals.

319: 1167:

support for hunting leases, and an ungulate recovery program

7898: 6794: 6119: 6055: 3728: 3460: 3318: 2539: 2284: 1462: 1026: 855: 851: 835: 623:, despite a high and long wire fence marking the boundary. 616: 604: 2489: 1417:. American Museum of Natural History. 1933. Archived from 918:

lasts 12–18 days, and in exceptional cases up to 25 days.

686:, the mountains to Beijing’s northwest, as well as across 6028: 5637: 3965: 3171:"Amur Leopard, World's Rarest Cat, Doubles in Population" 722:

and two of its right-bank tributaries toward the bank of

2527:

Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946

2159:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

1766: 1669: 1522: 1310: 663:) during camera trapping surveys between 2007 and 2014. 1839:. The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance. pp. 88–106. 718:

basin, continuing north to encompass the source of the

434:

in 1867 was a leopard skin from the vicinity of Peking.

1161:

compensation of livestock kills by leopards and tigers

1934:

Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London

1363: 737:

In China, Amur leopards historically occurred in the

6859: 4255: 2730: 2586: 2517:

Ellerman, J.R. & Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. (1966).

1606: 1306: 353:), but was subsumed under the Amur leopard in 2017. 1912:

Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, I Deel

1789:"Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern leopard ( 1731: 1256:survey revealed that at least two founders of the 369:and for the captive population in zoos worldwide. 2977:. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 388–410. 2628:) in Northeast China based on historical records" 2455:"The current distribution and status of leopards 399:of leopards from the Russian Far East and China: 8858: 4655: 2319: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1158:support for protected areas in the leopard range 1964:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1850: 1848: 1846: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1518: 1516: 1180: 2792: 2790: 2726: 2724: 2679: 2677: 2546:) in the early anthropocene From Seoul, Korea" 2405: 2403: 2401: 2184: 2182: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2090: 2088: 1830: 1828: 1734:Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries 1707: 1705: 973:. In 2015, a wild Amur leopard was found with 384:described a leopard skin from Korea under the 5519: 3360: 3193: 2964: 2962: 2708: 2706: 1986: 1930:"Description of some new species of Mammalia" 1775: 1711: 1653:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 1650: 3207: 3056: 3050: 2968: 2937: 2483: 2355:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 2026: 1905: 1843: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1595: 1513: 8867:IUCN Red List critically endangered species 2973:. In Hayward, M. W.; Somers, M. J. (eds.). 2787: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2721: 2674: 2446: 2398: 2179: 2135: 2085: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1914:. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23. 1825: 1716:. Columbia, NK: Riverbanks Zoological Park. 1702: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1393:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15957A5333757.en 586: 535:of leopard samples from Primorsky Krai and 3380: 3200: 3186: 2959: 2764: 2703: 2533: 1441:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). 1265:to minimize his contribution and maintain 410:was a tanned leopard skin received by the 245: 64: 29: 7603: 4092: 3275: 2657: 2647: 2571: 2561: 2474: 2153:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) . 2076: 1882: 1872: 1808: 1720: 1639: 1548: 1391: 874:reliable food source in difficult times. 5949: 3024:International Species Information System 2920: 2918: 2747: 1952: 1918: 1767:Pikunov, D. & Korkishko, V. (1992). 1428: 892: 881: 834:) and Ussuri wild boar. They also catch 757: 590: 562: 5023: 3786: 3307: 3160:BBC: Nature's Miracle Babies. Episode 2 1041: 753: 356: 8859: 8116: 6352: 2924:Wildlife Conservation Society (2001). 2278: 1989:"On two new species of Cat from China" 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 999:Amur leopards are also sympatric with 953:of both individuals and prey species, 595:Amur leopard. Frame from a camera trap 8686: 8685: 7590: 7047: 6351: 5503: 4638: 4079: 3259: 3181: 2975:Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators 2915: 1726: 1263:European Endangered Species Programme 1019: 996:niche overlap with leopards to peak. 3016: 969:that the population is at risk from 923:months old, and then learn to hunt. 694:. Amur leopards entered the city of 375: 8882:Critically endangered fauna of Asia 4570:South African small-spotted genet ( 2733:"On The Trail of Russia's Leopards" 2731:Quigley, H.; Hornocker, M. (1995). 2224: 1714:International Amur leopard studbook 1576:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1557: 1379:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1348: 666: 544:revealed it to be an Amur leopard. 527: 16:Leopard subspecies in Far East Asia 13: 3009:(in Russian; English translation: 2069:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.292 1946:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x 949:The Amur leopard is threatened by 558: 406:described and proposed in 1862 by 14: 8898: 4914:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 3080: 2550:Frontiers in Conservation Science 930:Land of the Leopard National Park 524:is likely a distinct subspecies. 4639: 2717:. Wildlife Conservation Society. 1738:. Vol. 2 : Carnivora. 1364:Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). 1309: 1235: 1218: 508:was a leopard skin from Shaanxi. 89: 7048: 4080: 3087:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: 2999: 2950: 2931: 2899: 2885: 2837: 2615: 2580: 2510: 2363: 2313: 2259: 2218: 2044: 2035: 2020: 2011: 1980: 1970: 1899: 1760: 1209: 1088: 877: 632:Hunchun National Nature Reserve 569:Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes 7591: 3102:ALTA Amur Leopard Conservation 1663: 1456: 1400: 1093:The Amur leopard is listed in 1068:An acute problem is potential 661:Foping National Nature Reserve 578:The North Chinese leopard was 363:Natural History Museum, London 1: 4326:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 1625:10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00044-1 1342: 1147:geographic information system 1118:Wildlife Conservation Society 1063: 816:Cervus canadensis xanthopygus 8588:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 8244:North American river otter ( 7132:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 4186:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 3173:. World Wildlife Fund. 2015. 2851:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2432:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.03.009 2392:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.014 2335:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14184 2307:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.034 2212:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.020 2113:10.3109/19401736.2014.936421 1676:Journal of Protein Chemistry 1492:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.034 1181:Reintroduction into the wild 732:Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve 7: 5449:Somalian slender mongoose ( 3149:Far Eastern Leopard Ecology 3013:). Lenta.ru, 18 March 2009. 1744:National Science Foundation 1302: 1276: 1269:of the captive population. 1010: 646:. This habitat consists of 10: 8903: 8740:panthera-pardus-orientalis 8726:Panthera pardus orientalis 8696:Panthera pardus orientalis 8402:Asian small-clawed otter ( 7141:American hog-nosed skunk ( 7123:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 5431:Angolan slender mongoose ( 5126:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 4175:Small-toothed palm civet ( 3131:Far Eastern (Amur) leopard 3030:Panthera pardus orientalis 2983:10.1002/9781444312034.ch18 2906:World Wide Fund for Nature 2847:Panthera pardus orientalis 2799:Panthera pardus orientalis 2626:Panthera pardus orientalis 2097:Panthera pardus japonensis 1791:Panthera pardus orientalis 1672:Panthera pardus orientalis 1609:Panthera pardus orientalis 1452:(Special Issue 11): 73–75. 944: 788:Cervus nippon mantchuricus 300:Panthera pardus orientalis 229:Panthera pardus orientalis 8887:Mammals described in 1857 8694: 8487: 8436: 8427: 8381: 8357: 8324: 8307: 8283: 8232: 8215: 8198: 8169:Saharan striped polecat ( 8157: 8140: 8099: 8054: 8037: 8028: 8019: 7920: 7896: 7872: 7855: 7846: 7769: 7714: 7672: 7655: 7631: 7614: 7599: 7586: 7558: 7517: 7484: 7467: 7408: 7358: 7325: 7308: 7299: 7236: 7195: 7162: 7150:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 7103: 7082: 7060: 7056: 7043: 6979: 6962: 6921: 6893: 6881:Mediterranean monk seal ( 6876: 6842: 6792: 6759: 6724: 6715: 6689: 6672: 6653: 6610:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 6574:South American fur seal ( 6562: 6545: 6521: 6509:South American sea lion ( 6504: 6467: 6450: 6441: 6417: 6389: 6367: 6363: 6347: 6311: 6284: 6275: 6216: 6190: 6181: 6157: 6133: 6118: 6107: 6008: 5982: 5934: 5891:South American gray fox ( 5861: 5835: 5811: 5794: 5779: 5764: 5627: 5594: 5577: 5568: 5535: 5515: 5499: 5467:Common slender mongoose ( 5419: 5377: 5333: 5237: 5211: 5202: 5147: 5114: 5097: 5064: 5047: 5014: 4993: 4952: 4940:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 4935: 4902: 4885: 4876: 4839: 4813: 4804: 4787: 4771: 4735: 4709: 4694: 4670: 4651: 4647: 4634: 4602: 4598: 4462:Crested servaline genet ( 4417: 4378: 4369: 4314: 4288: 4273: 4251: 4205: 4161: 4152: 4103: 4088: 4075: 4043: 3945: 3881: 3864: 3855: 3827: 3810: 3777: 3726: 3639: 3602: 3585: 3576: 3539: 3515: 3506: 3490: 3422: 3389: 3376: 3356: 3303: 3286: 3271: 3255: 3217: 3057:Attenborough, D. (2007). 2823:10.1134/S1062359015090095 2693:Russian Conservation News 2563:10.3389/fcosc.2021.765911 2493:The Wild Mammals of Japan 2476:10.1017/S0030605315000988 2005:10.1080/00222930308678802 1940:: 261–263, plate XXXIII. 1415:American Museum Novitates 671:Leopard fossils from the 567:Close-up of a leopard at 265: 258: 253: 244: 225: 218: 86:Scientific classification 84: 62: 53: 37: 28: 23: 8525:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 8393:African clawless otter ( 8145:African striped weasel ( 7958:Yellow-throated marten ( 7834:Formosan ferret-badger ( 7538:Western mountain coati ( 7529:Eastern mountain coati ( 7446:Western lowland olingo ( 7428:Eastern lowland olingo ( 7256:Southern spotted skunk ( 6950:Southern elephant seal ( 6941:Northern elephant seal ( 6731:Pagophilus groenlandicus 5508:("dog-like" carnivorans) 5321:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 4942:Mungotictis decemlineata 3817:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 3264:("cat-like" carnivorans) 3155:BBC: The Secret Leopards 3112:Tallinn Zoo live cameras 3028:"ISIS Species Holdings: 2649:10.3897/zookeys.592.6912 2337:(inactive 3 July 2024). 2234:China Environment Series 1619:(Supplement 1): S93–97. 1613:Comptes Rendus Biologies 1145:habitat assessment with 1082:congenital abnormalities 587:Distribution and habitat 502:Panthera pardus bedfordi 484:was a leopard skin from 468:Édouard Louis Trouessart 452:a leopard skin from the 440:was a leopard skin from 8570:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 7825:Burmese ferret-badger ( 7807:Chinese ferret-badger ( 7798:Bornean ferret badger ( 7789:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 7274:Eastern spotted skunk ( 7265:Western spotted skunk ( 6995:Leptonychotes weddellii 6637:Subantarctic fur seal ( 6583:Australasian fur seal ( 5407:Black-footed mongoose ( 5389:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 5338:White-tailed mongoose ( 5276:Indian brown mongoose ( 5258:Short-tailed mongoose ( 5249:Small Indian mongoose ( 5186:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 5159:Alexander's kusimanse ( 5135:Common dwarf mongoose ( 5102:Pousargues's mongoose ( 4964:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 4923:Grandidier's mongoose ( 4177:Arctogalidia trivirgata 3401:Sunda clouded leopard ( 3117:22 January 2022 at the 2801:(Carnivora, Felidae)". 2372:Biological Conservation 2287:Biological Conservation 2240:: 83–88. Archived from 2192:Biological Conservation 1810:10.1093/jhered/93.5.303 1769:The Far Eastern leopard 1472:Biological Conservation 675:have been excavated in 393:natural history museums 314:region of southeastern 8411:Congo clawless otter ( 8314:Hydrictis maculicollis 8312:Spotted-necked otter ( 8271:Southern river otter ( 8222:Pteronura brasiliensis 7985:European pine marten ( 7496:South American coati ( 7224:Palawan stink badger ( 6550:New Zealand sea lion ( 5615:Japanese raccoon dog ( 5312:Crab-eating mongoose ( 5267:Indian grey mongoose ( 4890:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 4701:(bone-crushing hyenas) 4396:Central African oyan ( 3957:Chinese mountain cat ( 2737:International Wildlife 2589:Ecological Restoration 1987:Bonhote, J.L. (1903). 1906:Schlegel, H. (1857). " 1712:Shoemaker, A. (1997). 1197:During a meeting with 990:Panthera tigris tigris 975:canine distemper virus 911: 890: 832:Alces alces cameloides 766: 644:Heilongjiang Provinces 596: 571: 432:Alphonse Milne-Edwards 8651:Back-striped weasel ( 8597:Black-footed ferret ( 8369:Smooth-coated otter ( 8147:Poecilogale albinucha 7816:Javan ferret-badger ( 7702:Sumatran hog badger ( 7684:Northern hog badger ( 7378:Crab-eating raccoon ( 7283:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 7004:Lobodon carcinophagus 6740:Histriophoca fasciata 6533:Australian sea lion ( 6479:California sea lion ( 6228:American black bear ( 5970:Black-backed jackal ( 5961:Side-striped jackal ( 5801:Chrysocyon brachyurus 5225:Long-nosed mongoose ( 4498:Rusty-spotted genet ( 4335:Large-spotted civet ( 4184:Sulawesi palm civet ( 4113:Owston's palm civet ( 3687:Andean mountain cat ( 3065:. 60 minutes in. BBC 2969:Christie, S. (2009). 2225:Nam, Sangmin (2005). 1565:Wibisono, H. (2024). 1078:population bottleneck 1005:Ursus arctos lasiotus 971:inbreeding depression 905: 885: 761: 594: 566: 533:Phylogenetic analysis 506:Reginald Innes Pocock 492:Felis pardus sinensis 324:Critically Endangered 211:P. p. orientalis 71:Critically Endangered 8877:Mammals of East Asia 8466:Long-tailed weasel ( 8044:Lyncodon patagonicus 7693:Greater hog badger ( 7215:Sunda stink badger ( 6905:Hawaiian monk seal ( 6628:Guadalupe fur seal ( 6601:Antarctic fur seal ( 6592:Galápagos fur seal ( 6488:Galápagos sea lion ( 5606:Common raccoon dog ( 5458:Cape gray mongoose ( 5398:Jackson's mongoose ( 5358:Paracynictis selousi 5349:Cynictis penicillata 4973:Durrell's vontsira ( 4561:Giant forest genet ( 4353:Large Indian civet ( 4293:Small Indian civet ( 3902:Sunda leopard cat ( 3678:Southern tiger cat ( 3614:African golden cat ( 3291:African palm civet ( 3165:WWF-US: Amur Leopard 3096:P. pardus orientalis 2323:Biodiversity Science 1928:Gray, J. E. (1862). 1583:: e.T15954A254576956 1529:Conservation Letters 1386:: e.T15957A5333757. 1042:Development projects 796:Sus scrofa ussuricus 784:Manchurian sika deer 754:Ecology and behavior 549:mitochondrial genome 504:proposed in 1930 by 480:proposed in 1908 by 466:proposed in 1904 by 404:Leopardus japonensis 397:zoological specimens 357:Naming and etymology 42:Amur leopard at the 8509:M. aistoodonnivalis 8345:Hairy-nosed otter ( 8262:Neotropical otter ( 8042:Patagonian weasel ( 7505:White-nosed coati ( 6705:Cystophora cristata 6696:Erignathus barbatus 6429:Northern fur seal ( 6206:Helarctos malayanus 5842:Atelocynus microtis 5549:U. cinereoargenteus 5440:Egyptian mongoose ( 5367:Rhynchogale melleri 5365:Meller's mongoose ( 5356:Selous's mongoose ( 5340:Ichneumia albicauda 5294:Collared mongoose ( 5168:Angolan kusimanse ( 5052:Liberian mongoose ( 4405:West African oyan ( 4304:Civettictis civetta 4235:Golden palm civet ( 4193:Masked palm civet ( 4168:Arctictis binturong 4142:Hemigalus derbyanus 4140:Banded palm civet ( 4131:Hose's palm civet ( 3920:Rusty-spotted cat ( 3093:and short portrait 2863:10.7589/2017-03-065 2815:2015BioBu..42..821R 2765:Hoette, M. (2003). 2640:2016ZooK..592..143Y 2601:10.3368/er.34.3.173 2424:2018MamBi..92..120Y 2384:2017BCons.210...47W 2299:2015BCons.191..258Q 2204:2011BCons.144.2403H 2057:Zoological Research 1797:Journal of Heredity 1541:2018ConL...11E2574V 1484:2015BCons.191..258Q 1424:on 10 January 2022. 1227:Tierpark Hellabrunn 824:Moschus moschiferus 764:Museum of Osteology 456:, both proposed by 418:Leopardus chinensis 56:Conservation status 8624:European polecat ( 8457:Colombian weasel ( 8107:(African polecats) 7735:Caucasian badger ( 7663:(Eurasian badgers) 7113:(hog-nosed skunks) 6850:("southern seals") 6749:Halichoerus grypus 6680:("northern seals") 6552:Phocarctos hookeri 6457:Eumetopias jubatus 6455:Steller sea lion ( 6237:Asian black bear ( 5987:African wild dog ( 5941:(wolf-like canids) 5218:Atilax paludinosus 5177:Common kusimanse ( 5104:Dologale dybowskii 5076:Gambian mongoose ( 4860:Western falanouc ( 4851:Eastern falanouc ( 4820:Cryptoprocta ferox 4725:Parahyaena brunnea 4480:Johnston's genet ( 4435:Abyssinian genet ( 4387:(African linsangs) 4295:Viverricula indica 4226:Brown palm civet ( 4217:Asian palm civet ( 4124:Cynogale bennettii 4115:Chrotogale owstoni 4011:European wildcat ( 4002:Black-footed cat ( 3592:Leptailurus serval 3560:Asian golden cat ( 3326:(Asiatic linsangs) 3059:"Seasonal Forests" 3038:on 1 February 2021 1874:10.7717/peerj.8900 1688:10.1007/BF01025493 1550:10.1111/conl.12574 1326:Leopard subspecies 1020:Forest degradation 1001:Ussuri brown bears 980:Amur leopards are 934:Khasansky District 912: 891: 869:During a study of 820:Siberian musk deer 780:Capreolus pygargus 767: 636:Changbai Mountains 597: 572: 322:. It is listed as 8854: 8853: 8688:Taxon identifiers 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8642:Siberian weasel ( 8633:American ermine ( 8561:Japanese weasel ( 8516:Mountain weasel ( 8500: 8423: 8422: 8209: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8178:Striped polecat ( 8128:Marbled polecat ( 8110: 8095: 8094: 8067: 8015: 8014: 7994:Japanese marten ( 7940:American marten ( 7933: 7791:M. cucphuongensis 7782: 7765: 7764: 7753:European badger ( 7726:Japanese badger ( 7666: 7619:American badger ( 7582: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7478: 7437:Northern olingo ( 7421: 7396:Cozumel raccoon ( 7371: 7295: 7294: 7249: 7208: 7116: 7097: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7013:Ommatophoca rossi 6986:Hydrurga leptonyx 6973: 6970:(Antarctic seals) 6943:M. angustirostris 6934: 6917: 6916: 6883:Monachus monachus 6870: 6853: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6683: 6666: 6649: 6648: 6511:Otaria flavescens 6500: 6499: 6411: 6379:Odobenus rosmarus 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6294: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6169:Spectacled bear ( 6127: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5849:Crab-eating fox ( 5840:Short-eared dog ( 5788: 5773: 5760: 5759: 5642: 5584:Otocyon megalotis 5528: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5347:Yellow mongoose ( 5198: 5197: 5085:Banded mongoose ( 5054:Liberiictus kuhni 5008: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4872: 4871: 4798: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4703: 4664: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4534:Servaline genet ( 4453:Bourlon's genet ( 4428: 4389: 4365: 4364: 4247: 4246: 4219:P. hermaphroditus 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4022: 3984:African wildcat ( 3941: 3940: 3911:Flat-headed cat ( 3851: 3850: 3635: 3634: 3572: 3571: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3410:Clouded leopard ( 3369: 3344:Spotted linsang ( 3328: 3293:Nandinia binotata 3005:Лента.Ру (2009). 2503:978-4-87974-691-7 2412:Mammalian Biology 2247:on 3 October 2015 2198:(10): 2403–2413. 2101:Mitochondrial DNA 1267:genetic diversity 1254:molecular genetic 967:genetic diversity 906:An adult leopard 903: 812:Manchurian wapiti 776:Siberian roe deer 615:) live, or where 478:Panthera hanensis 428:Felis fontanierii 376:Taxonomic history 291: 290: 284:Panthera hanensis 79: 8894: 8847: 8846: 8834: 8833: 8821: 8820: 8808: 8807: 8795: 8794: 8782: 8781: 8769: 8768: 8756: 8755: 8743: 8742: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8683: 8682: 8615:Malayan weasel ( 8534:Steppe polecat ( 8507:Sichuan weasel ( 8499: 8498: 8494: 8434: 8433: 8371:L. perspicillata 8336:Eurasian otter ( 8213: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8083:Greater grison ( 8066: 8065: 8061: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8025: 7976:Nilgiri marten ( 7949:Pacific marten ( 7932: 7931: 7927: 7853: 7852: 7836:M. subaurantiaca 7781: 7780: 7779:(ferret-badgers) 7776: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7612: 7611: 7601: 7600: 7588: 7587: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7306: 7305: 7248: 7247: 7246:(spotted skunks) 7243: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7087: 7058: 7057: 7045: 7044: 7002:Crabeater seal ( 6977: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6933: 6932: 6931:(elephant seals) 6928: 6907:N. schauinslandi 6874: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6722: 6721: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6619:Brown fur seal ( 6594:A. galapagoensis 6481:Z. californianus 6448: 6447: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6395: 6365: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6197:Melursus ursinus 6188: 6187: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6116: 6115: 6083:Ethiopian wolf ( 5947: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5658:Blanford's fox ( 5641: 5634: 5575: 5574: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5303:Ruddy mongoose ( 5285:Javan mongoose ( 5216:Marsh mongoose ( 5209: 5208: 5188:C. platycephalus 5021: 5020: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4883: 4882: 4827:Malagasy civet ( 4811: 4810: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4636: 4635: 4600: 4599: 4427: 4424: 4388: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4159: 4158: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4089: 4077: 4076: 3871:Otocolobus manul 3862: 3861: 3784: 3783: 3660:Geoffroy's cat ( 3583: 3582: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3335:Banded linsang ( 3327: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3305: 3304: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3034:. Archived from 3032:, December 2011" 3020: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2966: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2803:Biology Bulletin 2794: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2762: 2745: 2744: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2651: 2634:(592): 143–153. 2619: 2613: 2612: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2565: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2155:"Bars (Leopard)" 2150: 2133: 2132: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1950: 1949: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1908:Felis orientalis 1903: 1897: 1896: 1886: 1876: 1852: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1784: 1773: 1772: 1771:. Moscow: Nauka. 1764: 1758: 1757: 1737: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1648: 1637: 1636: 1604: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1501:on 22 April 2017 1500: 1494:. Archived from 1478:(191): 258–265. 1469: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1437: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1412: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1361: 1336:Zanzibar leopard 1319: 1314: 1313: 1297:Seasonal Forests 1287:The Last Leopard 1258:captive pedigree 1239: 1222: 1151:satellite images 1095:CITES Appendix I 1031:satellite images 904: 864:Ursus thibetanus 860:Asian black bear 792:Ussuri wild boar 762:Skeleton at the 692:Korean Peninsula 667:Historical range 601:Russian Far East 528:Genetic research 522:P. p. japonensis 518:P. p. orientalis 514:P. p. japonensis 458:J. Lewis Bonhote 408:John Edward Gray 389:Felis orientalis 382:Hermann Schlegel 351:P. p. japonensis 339:genetic research 269:P. p. japonensis 249: 231: 94: 93: 73: 68: 67: 33: 21: 20: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8842: 8837: 8829: 8824: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8798: 8790: 8785: 8777: 8772: 8764: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8738: 8733: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8690: 8680: 8659: 8635:M. richardsonii 8579:European mink ( 8496: 8495: 8493: 8483: 8475:American mink ( 8448:Amazon weasel ( 8419: 8377: 8353: 8320: 8303: 8279: 8228: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8186: 8153: 8136: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8091: 8074:Lesser grison ( 8063: 8062: 8060: 8050: 8011: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7916: 7892: 7868: 7842: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7761: 7710: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7651: 7627: 7608: 7595: 7574: 7546: 7513: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7463: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7404: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7354: 7321: 7291: 7258:S. angustifrons 7245: 7244: 7242: 7232: 7205:(stink badgers) 7204: 7203: 7201: 7191: 7183:Striped skunk ( 7158: 7152:C. semistriatus 7112: 7111: 7109: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7072:Ailurus fulgens 7052: 7019: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6913: 6889: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6830: 6788: 6755: 6711: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6645: 6558: 6541: 6517: 6496: 6463: 6437: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6359: 6355: 6327: 6307: 6290: 6289: 6263: 6212: 6177: 6153: 6124: 6122: 6112: 6091: 6020:Golden jackal ( 6004: 5978: 5940: 5938: 5926: 5857: 5851:Cerdocyon thous 5831: 5807: 5785: 5783: 5770: 5768: 5756: 5721:Rüppell's fox ( 5635: 5633: 5623: 5608:N. procyonoides 5590: 5582:Bat-eared fox ( 5564: 5529: 5525: 5511: 5507: 5475: 5460:H. pulverulenta 5415: 5373: 5329: 5296:U. semitorquata 5251:U. auropunctata 5233: 5194: 5143: 5110: 5093: 5060: 5043: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4981: 4948: 4931: 4898: 4892:Galidia elegans 4868: 4835: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4776: 4755: 4747:Spotted hyena ( 4731: 4714:Striped hyena ( 4700: 4698: 4690: 4661: 4659: 4643: 4618: 4578: 4516:Aquatic genet ( 4507:Pardine genet ( 4444:Angolan genet ( 4425: 4423: 4413: 4398:P. richardsonii 4386: 4384: 4361: 4344:Malayan civet ( 4310: 4302:African civet ( 4278: 4277: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4243: 4201: 4148: 4133:Diplogale hosei 4097: 4084: 4059: 4019: 3937: 3877: 3857: 3847: 3823: 3806: 3779: 3773: 3747:Eurasian lynx ( 3722: 3631: 3598: 3578: 3568: 3535: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3478: 3418: 3370: 3366: 3352: 3325: 3312: 3299: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3251: 3213: 3206: 3169: 3119:Wayback Machine 3089:Panthera pardus 3083: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3021: 3017: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2916: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2842: 2838: 2795: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2775:on 17 July 2007 2763: 2748: 2729: 2722: 2711: 2704: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2620: 2616: 2585: 2581: 2544:Panthera pardus 2538: 2534: 2523:Linnaeus, 1758" 2521:Panthera pardus 2515: 2511: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2457:Panthera pardus 2451: 2447: 2408: 2399: 2368: 2364: 2348: 2347: 2318: 2314: 2283: 2279: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2229: 2223: 2219: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2151: 2136: 2093: 2086: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 1999:(65): 474–476. 1985: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1960: 1953: 1926: 1919: 1904: 1900: 1853: 1844: 1833: 1826: 1785: 1776: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1740:Washington D.C. 1725: 1721: 1710: 1703: 1668: 1664: 1649: 1640: 1605: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1569:Panthera pardus 1562: 1558: 1521: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1445: 1438: 1429: 1421: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1368:Panthera pardus 1362: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1331:Chinese leopard 1315: 1308: 1305: 1279: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1212: 1183: 1091: 1066: 1044: 1022: 1013: 986:Siberian tigers 947: 893: 880: 756: 747:Wanda Mountains 704:locally extinct 669: 652:conifer forests 589: 580:first described 561: 559:Characteristics 530: 386:scientific name 378: 367:eastern Siberia 359: 240: 233: 227: 214: 200: 88: 80: 69: 65: 58: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8900: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8835: 8822: 8809: 8796: 8783: 8770: 8757: 8744: 8731: 8716: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8653:M. strigidorsa 8648: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8612: 8606:Least weasel ( 8603: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8552:Haida ermine ( 8549: 8540: 8536:M. eversmannii 8531: 8522: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8342: 8332: 8330: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8268: 8264:L. longicaudis 8259: 8253:Marine otter ( 8250: 8240: 8238: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8216: 8210: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8175: 8165: 8163: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8111: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8038: 8032: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7967:Beech marten ( 7964: 7955: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7750: 7744:Asian badger ( 7741: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7699: 7690: 7686:A. albogularis 7680: 7678: 7667: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7643:Honey badger ( 7639: 7637: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7609: 7604: 7597: 7596: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7479: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7452: 7443: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7393: 7384: 7380:P. cancrivorus 7374: 7372: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7348:B. sumichrasti 7343: 7333: 7331: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7280: 7271: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7180: 7174:Hooded skunk ( 7170: 7168: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7147: 7138: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7098: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7054: 7053: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6993:Weddell seal ( 6990: 6984:Leopard seal ( 6980: 6974: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6877: 6871: 6854: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6804:Caspian seal ( 6800: 6798: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6777: 6771:Spotted seal ( 6767: 6765: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6700: 6694:Bearded seal ( 6690: 6684: 6667: 6663:or true seals) 6661:(earless seals 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6412: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6361: 6360: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6201: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6147:A. melanoleuca 6141: 6139: 6128: 6113: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6065:Eastern wolf ( 6062: 6053: 6047:African wolf ( 6044: 6035: 6029:Domestic dog ( 6026: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5993: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5944: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5915: 5909:Sechuran fox ( 5906: 5902:L. gymnocercus 5897: 5888: 5882:Darwin's fox ( 5879: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5846: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5789: 5774: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5651:V. bengalensis 5645: 5643: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5530: 5520: 5513: 5512: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5391:B. crassicauda 5385: 5383: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5222: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5018: 5009: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925:G. grandidieri 4920: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4782: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4720: 4710: 4704: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4665: 4645: 4644: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4489:Letaba genet ( 4486: 4477: 4471:Common genet ( 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4299: 4289: 4283: 4268: 4256: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4237:P. zeylonensis 4232: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4195:Paguma larvata 4190: 4181: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4085: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3966:Domestic cat ( 3963: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3922:P. rubiginosus 3917: 3908: 3899: 3895:P. bengalensis 3889: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3869:Pallas's cat ( 3865: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3762: 3756:Iberian lynx ( 3753: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3501: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3434:Snow leopard ( 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3384: 3371: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3268: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3247:Laurasiatheria 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3142:AMUR Russia/UK 3139: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3082: 3081:External links 3079: 3077: 3076: 3049: 3015: 2998: 2991: 2958: 2949: 2930: 2914: 2898: 2884: 2857:(1): 170–174. 2836: 2809:(9): 821–830. 2786: 2746: 2720: 2702: 2673: 2614: 2595:(3): 173–183. 2579: 2532: 2509: 2502: 2482: 2469:(1): 153–159. 2445: 2397: 2362: 2329:(6): 717–724. 2312: 2277: 2258: 2217: 2178: 2171: 2134: 2084: 2063:(1): 226–229. 2043: 2034: 2019: 2010: 1979: 1969: 1951: 1917: 1898: 1842: 1824: 1803:(5): 303–311. 1774: 1759: 1752: 1719: 1701: 1662: 1638: 1594: 1556: 1512: 1455: 1427: 1399: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1304: 1301: 1278: 1275: 1241: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1199:Vladimir Putin 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1090: 1087: 1065: 1062: 1054:Primorsky Krai 1043: 1040: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1009: 946: 943: 879: 876: 871:radio-collared 848:Meles leucurus 755: 752: 739:Lesser Khingan 668: 665: 588: 585: 560: 557: 529: 526: 510: 509: 499: 496:southern China 489: 475: 470:was a leopard 461: 435: 425: 415: 412:British Museum 377: 374: 358: 355: 310:native to the 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 263: 262: 256: 255: 251: 250: 242: 241: 234: 223: 222: 220:Trinomial name 216: 215: 208: 206: 202: 201: 197:P. pardus 194: 192: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 82: 81: 63: 60: 59: 54: 51: 50: 44:Colchester Zoo 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8899: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8590:M. lutreolina 8586: 8584: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8246:L. canadensis 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8220:Giant otter ( 8218: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8201: 8197: 8183: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8112: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7978:M. gwatkinsii 7974: 7972: 7970: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7837: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7818:M. orientalis 7814: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7668: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7621:Taxidea taxus 7617: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7531:N. meridensis 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7480: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7217:M. javanensis 7213: 7212: 7210: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7143:C. leuconotus 7139: 7137: 7135: 7134:C. humboldtii 7130: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6845: 6841: 6827: 6825: 6822:Baikal seal ( 6820: 6818: 6816: 6813:Ringed seal ( 6811: 6809: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6780:Harbor seal ( 6778: 6776: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6738:Ribbon seal ( 6736: 6734: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6703:Hooded seal ( 6701: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6639:A. tropicalis 6635: 6633: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6565:Arctocephalus 6561: 6555: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6490:Z. wollebaeki 6486: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6407: 6402: 6398:(eared seals: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6260: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6239:U. thibetanus 6235: 6233: 6231: 6230:U. americanus 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6145:Giant panda ( 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6088: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6031:C. familiaris 6027: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5989:Lycaon pictus 5985: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5685:Tibetan fox ( 5683: 5681: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5617:N. viverrinus 5613: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5558:U. littoralis 5554: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5433:H. flavescens 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5323:U. vitticolla 5319: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5227:Xenogale naso 5223: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5001: 5000:sensu stricto 4996: 4992: 4978: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4829:Fossa fossana 4825: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4723:Brown hyena ( 4721: 4719: 4717: 4716:Hyaena hyaena 4712: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4543:Hausa genet ( 4541: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4446:G. angolensis 4442: 4440: 4438: 4437:G. abyssinica 4433: 4432: 4430: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4346:V. tangalunga 4342: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4280:sensu stricto 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4154:Paradoxurinae 4151: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4122:Otter civet ( 4120: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4016: 4014: 4013:F. silvestris 4009: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3931:P. viverrinus 3929:Fishing cat ( 3927: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3904:P. javanensis 3900: 3898: 3896: 3893:Leopard cat ( 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3740:L. canadensis 3738:Canada lynx ( 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3562:C. temminckii 3558: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3527:Marbled cat ( 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3497:sensu stricto 3494: 3489: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3346:P. pardicolor 3342: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2992:9781444312034 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2573:11250/2999764 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2496:. Shoukadoh. 2495: 2494: 2486: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1973: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1753:9780836830262 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1659:(2): 307–336. 1658: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1560: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535:(5): e12574. 1534: 1530: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1403: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283:Animal Planet 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1238: 1228: 1221: 1207: 1206:population). 1203: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1017: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 965:has such low 964: 960: 959:deforestation 956: 952: 942: 938: 935: 931: 926: 921: 917: 909: 889: 884: 875: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844:Asian badgers 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 803:topographical 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 765: 760: 751: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 705: 701: 700:Japanese rule 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 664: 662: 656: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 613:Cervus nippon 610: 606: 602: 593: 584: 581: 576: 570: 565: 556: 554: 550: 547:The complete 545: 543: 538: 534: 525: 523: 519: 515: 507: 503: 500: 497: 493: 490: 487: 483: 482:Paul Matschie 479: 476: 473: 469: 465: 462: 459: 455: 451: 450:Felis villosa 447: 446:central China 443: 439: 438:Felis ingrami 436: 433: 429: 426: 423: 419: 416: 413: 409: 405: 402: 401: 400: 398: 394: 390: 387: 383: 373: 370: 368: 364: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 331: 329: 328:IUCN Red List 325: 321: 318:and northern 317: 313: 309: 306: 302: 301: 296: 285: 282: 280: 279:Felis villosa 277: 274: 270: 267: 266: 264: 261: 257: 252: 248: 243: 238: 232: 230: 224: 221: 217: 213: 212: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 87: 83: 77: 72: 61: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 24:Amur leopard 22: 19: 8695: 8652: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8616: 8607: 8598: 8589: 8580: 8571: 8562: 8553: 8544: 8535: 8526: 8517: 8508: 8488: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8449: 8437: 8412: 8403: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8347:L. sumatrana 8346: 8337: 8325: 8313: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8263: 8254: 8245: 8233: 8221: 8179: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8130:V. peregusna 8129: 8117: 8084: 8075: 8055: 8043: 8030:Lyncodontini 8021:Ictonychinae 8005:M. zibellina 8004: 7995: 7986: 7977: 7968: 7960:M. flavigula 7959: 7950: 7942:M. americana 7941: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7862:Eira barbara 7861: 7835: 7827:M. personata 7826: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7770: 7754: 7745: 7737:M. canescens 7736: 7727: 7715: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7673: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7539: 7530: 7518: 7506: 7497: 7485: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7409: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7359: 7347: 7346:Cacomistle ( 7338: 7326: 7315:Potos flavus 7314: 7284: 7275: 7266: 7257: 7237: 7225: 7216: 7196: 7184: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7104: 7071: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6951: 6942: 6922: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6867:(monk seals) 6823: 6814: 6805: 6793: 6781: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6704: 6695: 6638: 6630:A. townsendi 6629: 6620: 6612:A. philippii 6611: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6576:A. australis 6575: 6563: 6551: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6489: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6430: 6418: 6378: 6257:U. maritimus 6256: 6255:Polar bear ( 6247: 6246:Brown bear ( 6238: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6196: 6195:Sloth bear ( 6170: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6009: 5998:Cuon alpinus 5997: 5988: 5972:L. mesomelas 5971: 5962: 5950: 5919: 5910: 5901: 5900:Pampas fox ( 5892: 5883: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5841: 5825:S. venaticus 5824: 5812: 5800: 5799:Maned wolf ( 5781:Cerdocyonina 5749: 5748:Fennec fox ( 5740: 5731: 5723:V. rueppelli 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5694:Arctic fox ( 5687:V. ferrilata 5686: 5677: 5676:Corsac fox ( 5668: 5659: 5650: 5649:Bengal fox ( 5628: 5616: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5557: 5556:Island fox ( 5548: 5536: 5469:H. sanguinea 5468: 5459: 5450: 5442:H. ichneumon 5441: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5269:U. edwardsii 5268: 5260:U. brachyura 5259: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5217: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5161:C. alexandri 5160: 5148: 5136: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5086: 5078:M. gambianus 5077: 5065: 5053: 5037:S. suricatta 5036: 5024: 4999: 4974: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4924: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4861: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4819: 4796:carnivorans) 4777: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4715: 4683: 4671: 4641:Herpestoidea 4604:Herpestoidea 4571: 4563:G. victoriae 4562: 4553: 4552:Cape genet ( 4544: 4536:G. servalina 4535: 4526: 4525:King genet ( 4518:G. piscivora 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4482:G. johnstoni 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4418: 4407:P. leightoni 4406: 4397: 4379: 4354: 4345: 4337:V. megaspila 4336: 4328:V. civettina 4327: 4315: 4303: 4294: 4279: 4263: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4012: 4003: 3995:F. margarita 3994: 3985: 3976: 3975:Jungle cat ( 3967: 3958: 3946: 3930: 3921: 3913:P. planiceps 3912: 3903: 3894: 3884:Prionailurus 3882: 3870: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3815:Jaguarundi ( 3799: 3787: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3662:L. geoffroyi 3661: 3652: 3651:Pampas cat ( 3640: 3624: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3561: 3552: 3540: 3529:P. marmorata 3528: 3516: 3496: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3402: 3390: 3345: 3336: 3319: 3292: 3245:Superorder: 3239:Infraclass: 3148: 3147:WCS Russia: 3130: 3129:WWF Russia: 3124:ALTA: videos 3095: 3088: 3067:. Retrieved 3063:Planet Earth 3062: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3036:the original 3029: 3018: 3010: 3001: 2974: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2925: 2910:Amur Leopard 2901: 2887: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2777:. Retrieved 2773:the original 2767: 2740: 2736: 2714: 2696: 2692: 2631: 2625: 2617: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2512: 2492: 2485: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2448: 2415: 2411: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2351:cite journal 2326: 2322: 2315: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2249:. Retrieved 2242:the original 2237: 2233: 2220: 2195: 2191: 2162: 2158: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2022: 2013: 1996: 1995:. Series 7. 1992: 1982: 1972: 1963: 1937: 1933: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1864: 1860: 1836: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1768: 1762: 1733: 1728:Ognev, S. I. 1722: 1713: 1682:(1): 57–67. 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1656: 1652: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1585:. Retrieved 1580: 1574: 1568: 1559: 1532: 1528: 1503:. Retrieved 1496:the original 1475: 1471: 1458: 1449: 1419:the original 1414: 1402: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1292:Planet Earth 1290: 1286: 1285:documentary 1280: 1271: 1251: 1210:In captivity 1204: 1196: 1192: 1187:Sikhote-Alin 1184: 1176: 1114:Phoenix Fund 1103: 1099: 1092: 1089:Conservation 1074:degeneration 1067: 1045: 1036: 1023: 1014: 1004: 998: 989: 979: 955:habitat loss 948: 939: 913: 878:Reproduction 868: 863: 847: 839: 831: 823: 815: 800: 795: 787: 779: 768: 736: 730:city and in 720:Ussuri River 716:Suchan River 712:Sea of Japan 709: 681: 670: 657: 625: 612: 598: 577: 573: 546: 531: 521: 517: 513: 511: 501: 491: 477: 464:Felis grayi 463: 449: 437: 430:proposed by 427: 417: 403: 388: 379: 371: 360: 350: 336: 332: 299: 298: 295:Amur leopard 294: 292: 283: 278: 268: 228: 226: 210: 209: 205:Subspecies: 195: 183: 18: 8800:iNaturalist 8720:Wikispecies 8644:M. sibirica 8626:M. putorius 8599:M. nigripes 8581:M. lutreola 8554:M. haidarum 8450:N. africana 8413:A. congicus 8404:A. cinereus 8395:A. capensis 8295:Sea otter ( 8273:L. provocax 8180:I. striatus 8101:Ictonychini 7996:M. melampus 7908:Wolverine ( 7886:P. pennanti 7809:M. moschata 7800:M. everetti 7746:M. leucurus 7704:A. hoevenii 7695:A. collaris 7645:M. capensis 7540:N. olivacea 7455:Olinguito ( 7411:Bassaricyon 7398:P. pygmaeus 7328:Bassariscus 7301:Procyonidae 7276:S. putorius 7267:S. gracilis 7185:M. mephitis 7176:M. macroura 7070:Red panda ( 7050:Musteloidea 7011:Ross seal ( 6964:Lobodontini 6896:Neomonachus 6824:P. sibirica 6782:P. vitulina 6747:Grey seal ( 6729:Harp seal ( 6621:A. pusillus 6585:A. forsteri 6420:Callorhinus 6354:Pinnipedia 6313:Musteloidea 6085:C. simensis 6049:C. lupaster 5918:Hoary fox ( 5911:L. sechurae 5884:L. fulvipes 5875:L. culpaeus 5771:(true dogs) 5730:Swift fox ( 5705:V. macrotis 5597:Nyctereutes 5506:Caniformia 5451:H. ochracea 5409:B. nigripes 5400:B. jacksoni 5287:U. javanica 5204:Herpestinae 5179:C. obscurus 5170:C. ansorgei 5150:Crossarchus 5006:(mongooses) 4995:Herpestidae 4975:S. durrelli 4966:S. concolor 4916:G. fasciata 4853:E. goudotii 4774:Herpestidae 4684:P. cristata 4545:G. thierryi 4500:G. maculata 4464:G. cristata 4455:G. bourloni 4208:Paradoxurus 4166:Binturong ( 4105:Hemigalinae 4082:Viverroidea 4045:Viverroidea 4004:F. nigripes 3856:Leopard cat 3841:P. concolor 3758:L. pardinus 3707:L. tigrinus 3698:L. pardalis 3689:L. jacobita 3680:L. guttulus 3653:L. colocola 3412:N. nebulosa 3382:Pantherinae 3262:Feliformia 3042:22 December 2743:(3): 38–43. 2418:: 120–128. 2293:: 258–265. 1317:Cats portal 1244:Audubon Zoo 1137:camera trap 888:Cottbus Zoo 772:crepuscular 728:Vladivostok 724:Khanka Lake 673:Pleistocene 648:broadleaved 628:camera trap 621:Tumen River 542:South Korea 537:North Korea 337:Results of 173:Pantherinae 169:Subfamily: 8861:Categories 8617:M. nudipes 8608:M. nivalis 8572:M. kathiah 8527:M. erminea 8518:M. altaica 8468:N. frenata 8459:N. felipei 8429:Mustelinae 8171:I. libycus 8085:G. vittata 7951:M. caurina 7728:M. anakuma 7606:Mustelidae 7593:Mustelidae 7569:see below↓ 7560:Mustelidae 7457:B. neblina 7368:(raccoons) 7339:B. astutus 7337:Ringtail ( 7313:Kinkajou ( 7285:S. pygmaea 7226:M. marchei 7084:Mephitidae 6952:M. leonina 6844:Monachinae 6815:P. hispida 6806:P. caspica 6603:A. gazella 6535:N. cinerea 6431:C. ursinus 6369:Odobenidae 6322:see below↓ 6302:see below↓ 6286:Pinnipedia 6204:Sun bear ( 6171:T. ornatus 6160:Tremarctos 6136:Ailuropoda 6074:Red wolf ( 6040:C. latrans 5963:L. adustus 5920:L. vetulus 5893:L. griseus 5823:Bush dog ( 5714:V. pallida 5712:Pale fox ( 5696:V. lagopus 5667:Cape fox ( 5547:Gray fox ( 5305:U. smithii 5137:H. parvula 5128:H. hirtula 5016:Mungotinae 4905:Galidictis 4878:Galidiinae 4806:Euplerinae 4789:Eupleridae 4778:sensu lato 4749:C. crocuta 4682:Aardwolf ( 4613:see below↓ 4554:G. tigrina 4527:G. poensis 4509:G. pardina 4491:G. letabae 4473:G. genetta 4371:Genettinae 4355:V. zibetha 4275:Viverrinae 4264:sensu lato 4259:Viverrinae 4228:P. jerdoni 4095:Viverridae 4054:see below↓ 3993:Sand cat ( 3800:A. jubatus 3625:C. caracal 3518:Pardofelis 3337:P. linsang 3278:Feliformia 2908:. (2014). 2893:"Wildlife" 2556:: 765911. 2172:9004088768 2107:(2): 1–2. 1966:: 258–277. 1372:orientalis 1343:References 1295:episodes " 1132:prosecutor 1110:extinction 1070:inbreeding 1064:Inbreeding 626:The first 553:base pairs 395:described 347:fragmented 308:subspecies 153:Feliformia 149:Suborder: 8563:M. itatsi 8497:(weasels) 8360:Lutrogale 8297:E. lutris 8255:L. felina 8064:(grisons) 7987:M. martes 7930:(martens) 7848:Guloninae 7634:Mellivora 7507:N. narica 7448:B. medius 7439:B. gabbii 7430:B. alleni 7418:(olingos) 7387:Raccoon ( 7239:Spilogale 7125:C. chinga 7106:Conepatus 7062:Ailuridae 6861:Monachini 6773:P. largha 6443:Otariinae 6406:sea lions 6401:fur seals 6392:Otariidae 6277:Mustelida 6248:U. arctos 6110:Arctoidea 6067:C. lycaon 6022:C. aureus 5952:Lupulella 5864:Lycalopex 5741:V. vulpes 5739:Red fox ( 5703:Kit fox ( 5678:V. corsac 5422:Herpestes 5035:Meerkat ( 4794:(Malagasy 4696:Hyaeninae 4657:Hyaenidae 4572:G. felina 3986:F. lybica 3798:Cheetah ( 3716:L. wiedii 3705:Oncilla ( 3671:L. guigna 3642:Leopardus 3623:Caracal ( 3616:C. aurata 3551:Bay cat ( 3472:P. pardus 3470:Leopard ( 3445:P. tigris 3403:N. diardi 3321:Prionodon 3221:Kingdom: 3210:Carnivora 2779:4 January 2459:in China" 2378:: 47–55. 1867:: e8900. 982:sympatric 963:gene pool 925:Lactation 920:Gestation 808:ungulates 688:Manchuria 634:, in the 609:sika deer 488:province. 380:In 1857, 191:Species: 143:Carnivora 109:Kingdom: 103:Eukaryota 8872:Leopards 8831:14000258 8705:Wikidata 8543:Ferret ( 8477:N. vison 8338:L. lutra 8206:(otters) 8200:Lutrinae 8057:Galictis 7969:M. foina 7884:Fisher ( 7772:Melogale 7755:M. meles 7675:Arctonyx 7520:Nasuella 7498:N. nasua 7475:(coatis) 7389:P. lotor 7165:Mephitis 6924:Mirounga 6674:Phocinae 6655:Phocidae 6524:Neophoca 6470:Zalophus 6377:Walrus ( 6076:C. rufus 6058:C. lupus 6038:Coyote ( 5873:Culpeo ( 5814:Speothos 5750:V. zerda 5732:V. velox 5669:V. chama 5380:Bdeogale 5278:U. fusca 5117:Helogale 5087:M. mungo 5026:Suricata 4955:Salanoia 4862:E. major 4842:Eupleres 4673:Proteles 4662:(hyenas) 4426:(genets) 3977:F. chaus 3968:F. catus 3959:F. bieti 3839:Cougar ( 3789:Acinonyx 3767:L. rufus 3765:Bobcat ( 3714:Margay ( 3696:Ocelot ( 3669:Kodkod ( 3590:Serval ( 3553:C. badia 3542:Catopuma 3452:Jaguar ( 3436:P. uncia 3425:Panthera 3392:Neofelis 3310:Feloidea 3241:Eutheria 3235:Mammalia 3229:Chordata 3227:Phylum: 3223:Animalia 3115:Archived 3026:(2011). 2940:Cat News 2871:29053427 2831:18681573 2699:: 19–21. 2668:27408548 2609:88992035 2440:90802525 2343:87872290 2268:Cat News 2129:40433782 2121:25028790 2078:10839652 1977:374–376. 1893:32435529 1819:12547918 1730:(1962). 1696:84091188 1633:14558456 1505:22 April 1450:Cat News 1303:See also 1277:In media 1116:and the 1049:pit coal 1011:Poaching 951:poaching 908:grooming 828:Amur elk 743:Changbai 690:and the 605:snowfall 460:in 1903. 454:Amur Bay 442:Kweichow 312:Primorye 260:Synonyms 237:Schlegel 184:Panthera 159:Family: 133:Mammalia 123:Chordata 119:Phylum: 113:Animalia 99:Domain: 76:IUCN 3.1 8792:5219440 8766:1253182 8711:Q192967 8545:M. furo 8490:Mustela 8439:Neogale 8286:Enhydra 8160:Ictonyx 8119:Vormela 8076:G. cuja 8003:Sable ( 7910:G. gulo 7875:Pekania 7860:Tayra ( 7657:Melinae 7469:Nasuina 7361:Procyon 6717:Phocini 6356:(seals) 6291:(seals) 6183:Ursinae 6125:(bears) 6120:Ursidae 5996:Dhole ( 5786:(zorro) 5660:V. cana 5570:Vulpini 5538:Urocyon 5522:Canidae 5314:U. urva 4818:Fossa ( 4738:Crocuta 4420:Genetta 4317:Viverra 3858:lineage 3780:lineage 3749:L. lynx 3605:Caracal 3579:lineage 3577:Caracal 3509:lineage 3507:Bay cat 3493:Felinae 3454:P. onca 3443:Tiger ( 3363:Felidae 3233:Class: 3212:species 3208:Extant 3091:in Asia 3069:7 March 2879:9877905 2811:Bibcode 2659:4926640 2636:Bibcode 2632:ZooKeys 2420:Bibcode 2380:Bibcode 2295:Bibcode 2200:Bibcode 1884:7227655 1587:30 June 1537:Bibcode 1480:Bibcode 1058:logging 994:trophic 945:Threats 932:in the 886:Cub in 684:Beijing 599:In the 486:Shaanxi 448:, and 326:on the 305:leopard 303:) is a 275:, 1862) 239:, 1857) 179:Genus: 163:Felidae 139:Order: 129:Class: 74: ( 48:England 40:captive 8818:726471 8805:147734 8735:ARKive 8235:Lontra 7923:Martes 7198:Mydaus 7092:skunks 6056:Wolf ( 5936:Canina 5766:Canini 5630:Vulpes 5526:(dogs) 5067:Mungos 4381:Poiana 3463:P. leo 3461:Lion ( 3367:(cats) 2989: 2946:: 2–4. 2877: 2869: 2829: 2666: 2656: 2607: 2500: 2438: 2341: 2169: 2127: 2119: 2075: 1891: 1881: 1817: 1750: 1694: 1631: 1139:counts 1130:Khasan 916:Estrus 854:, and 842:sp.), 790:) and 555:long. 472:fossil 422:Peking 316:Russia 8779:17293 8774:EUNIS 8753:5K5LX 8384:Aonyx 8327:Lutra 7717:Meles 7487:Nasua 6762:Phoca 6219:Ursus 6011:Canis 5638:foxes 3948:Felis 2875:S2CID 2827:S2CID 2689:(PDF) 2605:S2CID 2436:S2CID 2339:S2CID 2251:6 May 2245:(PDF) 2230:(PDF) 2161:[ 2125:S2CID 1861:PeerJ 1692:S2CID 1499:(PDF) 1468:(PDF) 1446:(PDF) 1422:(PDF) 1411:(PDF) 1370:ssp. 1106:tiger 984:with 910:a cub 840:Lepus 836:hares 696:Seoul 677:Japan 640:Jilin 343:Korea 320:China 8844:9692 8839:NCBI 8813:ITIS 8787:GBIF 7899:Gulo 6795:Pusa 5240:Urva 3830:Puma 3778:Puma 3729:Lynx 3071:2012 3044:2011 2987:ISBN 2867:PMID 2849:)". 2781:2014 2664:PMID 2498:ISBN 2463:Oryx 2357:link 2274:: 9. 2253:2015 2167:ISBN 2117:PMID 2099:)". 1889:PMID 1815:PMID 1748:ISBN 1674:)". 1629:PMID 1611:)". 1589:2024 1581:2024 1507:2017 1384:2008 1281:The 1027:fern 957:and 856:mice 852:fowl 745:and 650:and 642:and 617:deer 293:The 273:Gray 8826:MSW 8761:EoL 8748:CoL 2979:doi 2859:doi 2819:doi 2654:PMC 2644:doi 2597:doi 2568:hdl 2558:doi 2471:doi 2428:doi 2388:doi 2376:210 2331:doi 2303:doi 2291:191 2208:doi 2196:144 2109:doi 2073:PMC 2065:doi 2001:doi 1942:doi 1910:". 1879:PMC 1869:doi 1805:doi 1684:doi 1621:doi 1617:326 1545:doi 1488:doi 1476:191 1388:doi 1299:". 1242:At 1225:In 850:), 826:), 818:), 798:). 782:), 638:of 516:to 444:in 271:? 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