745:
42:
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876:
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885:
856:
1243:. In 1968 he and instrument maker Keith Rodgers devised a method of constructing cornetts inexpensively from a composite wood-resin material, which helped to raise interest in these instruments and increase their availability. In 1976 he established the London Serpent Trio with English players Andrew van der Beek and Alan Lumsden, performing new works and historical arrangements, both serious and whimsical, throughout Europe and North America. At the same time in France, historical instrument specialist Bernard Fourtet and jazz musician
501:
763:
1203:
1339:
452:, due in large part to the positions of the tone holes. They are arranged mainly to be accessible to the player's fingers, rather than in acoustically correct positions, which for some of them would be out of reach. The lower tone holes are too small to act effectively to shorten the air column, but they dampen resonances and provide a mellow timbre suitable for accompanying the voice. While early serpents were keyless, later instruments added
134:
412:. In France, the instrument was made from bonding two double-S-shaped halves, each carved from a single large piece of wood. In England, it was usually made from several smaller curved tubular wooden segments, each made by gluing two hollowed halves together. The whole instrument was then glued and bound with an outer covering of leather. A small number were made instead from copper or brass; one brass serpent in the
3580:
1259:
1168:("snake with one key"), one of the last forms of the upright serpent. It solved a perennial problem of the serpent, its difficult and indistinct Bâ™® notes. The instrument is built a semitone lower in Bâ™® and adds a large open tone hole that keeps the instrument in C until its key is pressed, closing the tone hole and producing a clear and resonant Bâ™®. The instrument also has a unique
1316:; the lower tone holes dampen resonances and behave more like leaks, which also contribute to the characteristic soft timbre of the instrument. Consequently, the player must rely much more on a strong, controlled embouchure to produce the correct pitch than on other brass instruments. The serpent's natural tones (the harmonic series on C
1164:, an upright serpent with an enlarged bell section influenced by the (then newly invented) ophicleide. It is distinguished by being made from wood, brass tubing being used only for the leadpipe and first bend. It became popular in bands for its improved intonation and sound quality. In 1828 Jean-Baptiste Coëffet patented his
1329:
Production of pitch can be lowered by a semitone or more by slackening the embouchure given the same fingering. This is due to the serpent's coupling of a "strong" system of embouchure and mouthpiece, with a relatively "weak" acoustical system of the air column in the serpent body; the mouthpiece has
1311:
Monk writes that due to its inherent mechanical and acoustical defects, the serpent is one of the more difficult wind instruments to play well. Although played with an embouchure similar to that used with other brass instruments such as the trombone, the instrument is easily over-blown so the player
569:, was built by scaling the tenor serpent by 0.5× to produce an instrument in 2′ C, two octaves higher than the standard serpent. It first appeared in the 1980s, made as a novelty instrument by Monk. There is no repertoire or other evidence of the historical existence of these sizes.
663:
that were in use in Italy in the 16th century, but the lack of knowledge of the serpent in early 17th century Italy, or surviving early serpents outside of France, counts against this idea. The serpent was certainly used in France since the early 17th century, to strengthen the
1073:
was first published, the part was changed to ophicleide for unknown reasons. The bass horn was popular in civic and military bands in
Britain and Ireland, and also spread back into orchestras in Europe, where it influenced the inventors of both the ophicleide and later the
630:
form in the 1990s by
Christopher Monk's workshop, by doubling the pattern for a bass serpent. They were called "George" and "George II". The first, commissioned by musicologist and serpent player Philip Palmer, was owned by American trombonist and serpent player
1247:
began promoting use of the serpent, and established an academy for young serpent players. Among these younger serpent specialists are Volny
Hostiou, who has recorded a significant serpent discography, and Patrick Wibart, also an accomplished ophicleide player.
625:
museum collection. Its use of keys, progressively larger tone holes, and an open top tone hole make it essentially a serpent-shaped contrabass ophicleide. During the serpent's modern revival, two more contrabass serpents were built in the original
826:
was developed which had a more compact shape with tighter curves, added extra keys to improve its intonation, and metal braces between the bends to increase its rigidity and durability. In France around the same time several makers produced a
467:
Modern replicas are made by several specialist instrument makers, employing acoustic analysis and modern fabrication materials and techniques to further improve the serpent's intonation. Some of these techniques include use of modern
553:, he scaled up the pattern by 2Ă— to carve a bass serpent. Since he could just as easily carve at 1Ă—, he was also able to produce tenor serpents popular in serpent ensembles, and usable by players with smaller fingers. The
363:
practice in the mid-20th century. Several contemporary works have been commissioned and composed, and serpents are again made by a small number of contemporary manufacturers. The sound of a serpent is somewhere between a
275:
1474:, commissioned in 1987 to mark the first International Serpent Festival in South Carolina, where it was premièred by London Serpent Trio member Alan Lumsden in 1989. Also premièred at the festival was comic composer
1359:, or bass line. The serpent began to be called for in orchestras by opera composers in the mid-to-late 18th century, and their subsequent adoption in military bands prompted the publication of several
492:. English serpent player and musicologist Clifford Bevan remarks that Berger's instruments are much improved, finally allowing players to approach the serpent "in partnership rather than in combat".
273:
2223:
Heyde, Herbert (2007). "Zoomorphic and
Theatrical Musical Instruments in the Late Italian Renaissance and Baroque Eras". In Meucci, Renato; Falletti, Franca; Rossi Rognoni, Gabriele (eds.).
523:
C, thus having a total tubing length of about 8 feet (2.4 m). A few slightly smaller specimens were built in D, and military serpents could sometimes vary in pitch between Dâ™ and Bâ™.
1239:
The serpent has enjoyed a modern revival of interest and manufacture since the mid-20th century. Christopher Monk began building his own replica cornetts and serpents and playing them in
457:
1698:
1349:
Serpents were originally used as an instrument to accompany church choral music, particularly in France. For this purpose, very little was specifically written for the serpent
274:
2440:
4296:
2973:
1952:
639:
in 1986, two from box plywood based on a "squarpent" design by
American serpent player and curator Paul Schmidt, and one in 2014 from spare tuba and sousaphone parts.
3122:
1482:
piece "O Serpent" written for the London
Serpent Trio and an ensemble of vocalists. Douglas Yeo premièred "Temptation" for serpent and string quartet, written by his
2155:
610:
and built in 16′ C one octave below the serpent, was an
English invention of the mid-19th century with no historical repertoire. The prototype instrument was built
1055:, developed by London-based French musician and inventor Louis Alexandre Frichot in 1799, had an all-metal V-shaped construction, described by German composer
1222:
The era of upright serpents was brief, spanning the first half of the 19th century from their invention to their replacement by the ophicleide and subsequent
1330:
a stronger influence on selecting the instrument pitch than the air column. The mismatch of embouchure and air column length also contributes to its timbre.
3000:
1651:
1236:
cycle, was writing his lowest brass parts for tuba and contrabass trombone. Consequently, the serpent had all but disappeared from ensembles by 1900.
961:, were developed from the late 18th century. Retaining the same six tone holes and fingering of the original serpent, these instruments resemble the
833:
initially developed by
Piffault (by whose name they are also known) that arranges the tubing vertically with an upward turned bell, reminiscent of a
546:
began his efforts to produce modern reproduction serpents by first building a half-sized pattern, which equated to a tenor size in 4′ C. Through a
2791:
1982:
3340:
2355:
1017:
bells popular in France at the time, shaped and painted like a dragon or serpent head. Appearing around the same time in military bands was the
1431:
413:
456:
for additional holes out of reach of the fingers to improve intonation, and extend range. A mid-19th century model by London instrument maker
332:
bent into a snakelike shape, and unlike most brass instruments is made from wood with an outer covering of leather. A distant ancestor of the
1178:
that (combined with adjusting the bocal) could change the pitch by up to a major second and allow the player to switch between the different
1059:
as resembling a watering can. He admired its sound however, and wrote for the instrument in several of his works, including the overture to
1390:
744:
41:
3640:
1179:
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1742:
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for a time and features in some of his serpent recordings. At least four other contrabass serpents have also been built: one from
2963:
2384:
2817:
1759:
351:
were added to improve intonation, and several upright variants were developed and used, until they were superseded first by the
1940:
1857:
488:
has developed an improved serpent based on studying well-preserved museum instruments, and also makes a lightweight model from
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1718:
3528:
3494:
3366:
3305:
3250:
2599:
2236:
2048:
1588:
17:
2576:
2186:
1948:
461:
2149:
4337:
3163:
1320:) are fuller and richer than those produced with fingering, so the player must also focus on consistency of timbre and a
572:
4322:
659:, France, which is generally accepted. Some scholars propose that the serpent may have evolved from large, curved bass
384:, the serpent has thinner walls, a more conical bore, and no thumb-hole. The original serpent was typically built from
266:
1411:
After disappearing almost entirely by the late 19th century, the serpent began to reappear in the mid-20th century in
3199:
1240:
800:
360:
73:
1510:
372:, and it is typically played in a seated position, with the instrument resting upright between the player's knees.
4342:
3633:
3422:
2111:
4214:
1312:
must use a more gentle air stream. The tone holes do not always serve to shorten the air column, as they do in
647:
There is little direct material or documentary evidence for the exact origin of the serpent. French historian
4250:
4219:
1599:
1498:
wrote "Diversità : NO LIMIT", a concerto for serpent and strings, which premièred in
Monopoli, Italy in 2012.
1372:
2996:
480:, and changing the placement of tone holes. Swiss serpent maker Stephan Berger in collaboration with French
4332:
1643:
1395:
1066:
325:
3029:
2756:
1258:
133:
1671:
1669:
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tuba. After almost entirely disappearing from orchestras, the serpent experienced a renewed interest in
4317:
4281:
3626:
3350:
3289:
3123:"Patrick Wibart à Jeunes Talents et à l'Orchestre national de Lille – Le serpent à travers les siècles"
2783:
1974:
1416:
935:
792:
2336:
965:, with jointed straight tubes that fit into a short U-shaped butt joint, and an upward-pointing bell.
4260:
3584:
2433:"Compte rendu du colloque "le serpent sans sornettes" du 6 et 7 septembre 2011 aux Invalides Ă Paris"
1666:
1573:
1519:
1506:
1483:
1425:
4065:
4255:
1376:(1749), although he later removed it. Italian composers in the early 19th century often called for
4240:
4178:
4148:
3520:
3400:
Hostiou, Volny (2021). "The
Serpent Known as "French": Aspects of the instrument and its sound".
1486:
colleague, trombonist and composer Norman Bolter, at the 1999 International Trombone Festival in
1470:
Modern works for the instrument include a concerto for serpent and orchestra by English composer
1232:
1116:, a loose term that referred to several instruments; initially an upright serpent similar to the
875:
622:
588:
4101:
2932:
1563:
1367:
1223:
356:
973:
Among the first of the upright serpents to appear around the turn of the 19th century was the
3847:
2487:
1613:
1404:
753:
1734:
4245:
3981:
3944:
3867:
3486:
3346:
3064:
2044:
884:
864:
584:
507:
with serpents in four sizes, from largest to smallest: contrabass, bass, tenor, and soprano
101:
2628:
8:
3762:
2380:
1603:
starring Patrick Stewart. It was featured in the scene during Fezziwig’s Christmas party.
1313:
1147:
550:
4235:
4199:
4133:
4007:
3837:
3695:
3670:
3434:
2884:
2853:
2748:
2296:
Christopher Holman (November 2017). "Rhythm and metre in French Classical plainchant".
2103:
1895:
1893:
1548:
469:
449:
420:
317:
142:
995:, although it was neither Russian nor a bassoon. The name is possibly a corruption of
3899:
3722:
3605:– serpent website (in French) by Volny Hostiou, French tubist and serpent specialist.
3542:
3534:
3524:
3490:
3426:
3413:
Meucci, Renato (1996). "The Cimbasso and Related Instruments in 19th-Century Italy".
3372:
3362:
3311:
3301:
3256:
3246:
3205:
3195:
2824:
2674:
2394:
2250:
2242:
2232:
1763:
1487:
1464:
1381:
1103:
1056:
511:
The majority of surviving specimens in museums and private collections are nominally
445:
1890:
1846:
855:
784:
shape, late 18th century (Civic Museum of Modena, Italy); English military serpent,
4173:
4085:
3777:
3649:
3558:
3500:
3467:
3442:
3388:
3354:
3327:
3293:
3272:
3238:
3221:
3023:
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2305:
2266:
2095:
1714:
1618:
1420:
1385:
1107:
636:
543:
520:
453:
348:
305:
237:
205:
86:
52:
2603:
2036:
1455:
has incorporated the serpent into his music, and has frequently collaborated with
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4118:
3949:
3919:
3914:
3690:
3680:
3550:
3459:
3380:
3319:
3264:
3213:
2813:
2568:
2258:
1491:
1475:
1436:
950:
834:
301:
81:
3519:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Peterson, Lennie (illustrator). Lanham:
2178:
810:
Towards the end of the 18th century, the increased popularity of the serpent in
4327:
4138:
4052:
3714:
3685:
2228:
1623:
1502:
1399:
1360:
1297:
1227:
1137:
500:
424:
4070:
3612:
3546:
3358:
3315:
3260:
3242:
3157:
2390:
4311:
4286:
4209:
4158:
4123:
3929:
3887:
3801:
3772:
3767:
3517:
An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player
3430:
3376:
3209:
2254:
1842:
1538:
1514:
1479:
1471:
1452:
1355:
1342:
1244:
1095:
815:
811:
719:
715:
665:
485:
191:
125:
3608:
3562:
3554:
3504:
3471:
3463:
3446:
3392:
3384:
3331:
3323:
3276:
3268:
3225:
3217:
2270:
2262:
542:
arose in the 1960s when English early music specialist and instrument maker
4291:
4204:
4111:
4106:
4037:
3904:
3894:
3882:
3675:
1495:
1441:
1202:
1175:
819:
618:
489:
448:
by each hand. It is initially challenging to play the instrument with good
437:, a small length of brass tubing that emerges from the top wooden segment.
329:
297:
3297:
2536:
1922:
1920:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1523:
includes a serpent as one of the five soloists, played by Noah Gladstone.
1039:) which had a normal brass instrument bell, similar in flare to the later
427:
mouthpiece, originally made from ivory, horn or wood, which fits into the
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3512:
3478:
2928:
2849:
2145:
1609:
1569:
714:). Around the middle of the 18th century, the serpent began to appear in
648:
632:
504:
477:
309:
219:
2386:
Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Sommernachtstraum Konzert-OuvertĂĽre: Introduction
2309:
1363:, fingering charts and etudes, including duets for student and teacher.
655:
that the serpent was invented in 1590 by Edmé Guillaume, a clergyman in
4194:
4143:
4128:
4080:
4075:
4060:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3877:
3811:
3806:
1917:
1781:
1412:
1301:
1040:
673:
547:
352:
157:
3438:
2107:
2083:
1338:
397:
4168:
4153:
3909:
3842:
3821:
3782:
3602:
3590:
2126:
1490:. Yeo also premièred a serpent concerto in 2008 by American composer
1388:. Mendelssohn paired serpent with contrabassoon in his 1828 overture
1263:
Range of the serpent; notes below Câ‚‚ are obtained with the embouchure
723:
441:
369:
321:
137:
Range of the serpent; notes below Câ‚‚ are obtained with the embouchure
109:
91:
3618:
4163:
4012:
3787:
3756:
3045:
2099:
1281:
1112:
1099:
945:
Several vertical configurations of the serpent, generally known as
416:
in Bologna was built in 1773 with an added outer layer of leather.
393:
385:
341:
313:
162:
3538:
2246:
1997:
1296:
by fingering the low C note with all holes covered, and producing
814:
drove the subsequent development of the instrument to accommodate
405:
4002:
3971:
3939:
3924:
3872:
3816:
3795:
3700:
3664:
3596:
1456:
1322:
1014:
1002:
962:
660:
656:
653:
Mémoires Concernant l'Histoire Ecclésiastique et Civile d’Auxerre
473:
409:
389:
381:
365:
337:
152:
2225:
Marvels of sound and beauty: Italian Baroque musical instruments
1644:"423.213 Labrosones with fingerholes, with (wider) conical bore"
1005:
army bands of the time. Many of these instruments were built in
621:
as a double-sized English military serpent, and survives in the
4032:
4027:
4022:
3934:
3708:
3579:
2691:
2689:
1532:
Clifford Bevan, musicologist, member of the London Serpent Trio
1277:
1269:
1142:
1010:
762:
401:
3190:
Bevan, Clifford (2000). "Chapter 2: Serpents and bass horns".
1366:
Among the serpent's first appearances in orchestral scores is
4297:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
4042:
4017:
3728:
669:
429:
3284:
Herbert, Trevor; Myers, Arnold; Wallace, John, eds. (2019).
2686:
1586:
The prop used for the titular horn in the 1956 British film
3831:
3237:. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Cham: ASA Press.
3194:(2nd ed.). Winchester: Piccolo Press. p. 63–126.
2749:"Serpentist Michel Godard meets Alim Qasimov: spellbinding"
1449:
1121:
1006:
481:
333:
167:
3483:
Serpents bass horns and ophicleides at the Bate Collection
1402:
included serpent and ophicleide in his early revisions of
1304:("lipping down"). Proficient players can play upwards to C
1576:(retired), bass trombonist, serpent and ophicleide player
1460:
2701:
2337:"Questions and Answers: Bass Horns and Russian Bassoons"
2277:
1880:
1878:
1268:
The serpent's range typically covers the two and a half
46:
Serpent, late 18th century Italy. Civic Museum of Modena
3233:
Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Joël; Myers, Arnold (2021).
2730:
2728:
2524:
2409:
2206:
2204:
2063:
2016:
2014:
2012:
281:
Scarborough Fair played on the serpent by Kathryn Rose
3615:
as well as bass horn, early cimbasso, and ophicleide.
3599:– an online reference for everything serpent-related.
2455:
2047:: University of Edinburgh. accession number: L 2929.
1875:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1494:
entitled "Old Dances in New Shoes". Italian composer
676:. This original traditional serpent was known as the
3232:
3137:
2725:
2548:
1926:
1678:, p. 490, Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones.
1206:
The London Serpent Trio, 1989: Andrew van der Beek (
3283:
2680:
2602:(in French). Brussels: Serpent Ribo. Archived from
2467:
2316:
2201:
2009:
1899:
1762:(in French). Brussels: Serpent Ribo. Archived from
1675:
1345:
performs on a serpent in the Adrabesa Quartet, 2020
1158:In Paris in 1823, Forveille invented his eponymous
2623:
2621:
2295:
1816:
1804:
1717:(in German). Les Bois: Stephan Berger Erna Suter.
1636:
840:
2713:
2154:(CD booklet). Berlioz Historic Brass. BHB CD101.
2031:
2029:
1559:Patrick Wibart, serpent and ophicleide specialist
4309:
3059:
3057:
3055:
2876:
2823:(programme notes). schickele.com. Archived from
2806:
2479:
2426:
2424:
2328:
1905:
3286:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Brass Instruments
2618:
2437:Archives Musique, Facteurs, Marchands, Luthiers
1932:
1686:
1684:
3338:
3155:
3087:
2542:
2138:
2037:""Contrabass serpent, nominal pitch: 16-ft C""
2026:
1535:Bernard Fourtet, French early music specialist
414:Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica
3634:
3339:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997).
3052:
2647:
2591:
2421:
1544:Volny Hostiou, scholar and serpent specialist
1131:
1125:
1120:, then the ophicleide, early forms of valved
1089:
3342:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
2566:
2373:
1681:
1562:Steve Wick, tubist, professor of Serpent at
1288:. The range can easily extend downwards to A
1189:
1183:
1169:
1159:
1075:
1018:
996:
974:
828:
683:
677:
3015:
2921:
1353:; the serpent player would simply play the
1024:
980:
689:
344:from the 17th to the early 19th centuries.
3641:
3627:
3408:(4). Translated by Bevan, Clifford: 55–65.
2854:"P.D.Q. Bach and American Serpent Players"
2740:
1967:
1419:chamber ensembles. American film composer
737:Types of traditional and military serpents
3159:Frontier Psychiatrist – Official HD Video
3114:
2988:
2812:
2560:
2431:Touroude, José-Daniel (9 November 2011).
1326:approach throughout the serpent's range.
1226:brass instruments. German opera composer
1153:
3093:
2964:"A serpentine member of orchestras past"
2900:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2503:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2430:
2352:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2075:
1556:Andrew van der Beek, London Serpent Trio
1337:
1251:
1201:
848:Types of upright serpents and bass horns
571:
499:
328:by each hand. It is named for its long,
112:with fingerholes with wide conical bore)
3399:
3120:
3021:
2961:
2842:
2818:"P.D.Q. Bach: A 40-Year Rretrogressive"
2775:
2707:
2653:
2379:
2283:
2176:
1981:(in French). May 2021. pp. 26–31.
1977:[The serpent gets a new skin].
1541:, jazz musician, tubist, serpent player
1197:
14:
4310:
3412:
3096:"Volny Hostiou, Le Serpent Imaginaire"
3094:Nussbaum, Jeffrey (31 December 2012).
2943:from the original on 26 September 2021
2882:
2488:"The Ophimonocleide: Folly or Genius?"
2485:
2461:
2334:
1975:"Le serpent se fait une nouvelle peau"
1841:
1695:"EMS Serpent in C by Early Music Shop"
780:: traditional serpent in the original
3648:
3622:
3189:
3143:
3036:from the original on 5 September 2015
2864:from the original on 14 February 2020
2781:
2763:from the original on 28 December 2022
2734:
2656:"Trio Aenea: The Virtuoso Ophicleide"
2567:van der Beek, Andrew (20 July 1991).
2554:
2530:
2473:
2415:
2322:
2222:
2210:
2189:from the original on 20 November 2023
2081:
2069:
2041:Musical Instruments Museums Edinburgh
2020:
1938:
1884:
1829:
1810:
1650:. Musical Instrument Museums Online.
1589:The Case of the Mukkinese Battle-Horn
1580:
1547:Phil Humphries, London Serpent Trio,
3453:
2962:Eichler, Jeremy (25 November 2008).
2784:"Top Five Snakes on a Concert Stage"
2746:
2695:
1949:St Fagans National Museum of History
1648:MIMO Hornbostel-Sachs Classification
1597:A prop was used in the 1999 film of
1046:
729:
462:St Fagans National Museum of History
3511:
3477:
2909:from the original on 15 August 2023
2719:
2635:from the original on 13 August 2024
2158:from the original on 3 October 2023
2144:
2132:
2003:
1911:
1863:from the original on 15 August 2024
1798:
24:
3166:from the original on 8 August 2024
3075:from the original on 8 August 2024
2994:
2579:from the original on 8 August 2024
2512:from the original on 8 August 2024
2361:from the original on 26 March 2023
2179:"Contrabass Serpent Photo Gallery"
1955:from the original on 8 August 2024
1941:"Serpent (early-mid 19th century)"
1927:Campbell, Gilbert & Myers 2021
1654:from the original on 8 August 2024
1432:Journey to the Center of the Earth
1241:historically informed performances
1110:. In Italy it was replaced by the
25:
4354:
3609:Recordings of orchestral excerpts
3572:
3425:(published March 1996): 143–179.
3121:Cochard, Alain (6 January 2018).
2782:Angel, Amanda (28 January 2013).
2681:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
2443:from the original on 12 July 2022
2051:from the original on 5 April 2023
1900:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
1676:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
1553:Alan Lumsden, London Serpent Trio
1083:
408:, or sometimes softer woods like
361:historically informed performance
3611:by Jack Adler-McKean, including
3578:
3458:, Westhampnett: Chiltern Music,
3235:The Science of Brass Instruments
3162:(music video) (published 2009).
3003:from the original on 29 May 2023
2976:from the original on 31 May 2023
2597:
2114:from the original on 18 May 2023
1985:from the original on 30 May 2023
1757:
1745:from the original on 29 May 2023
1721:from the original on 29 May 2023
1701:from the original on 29 May 2023
1423:used a serpent in the scores of
1001:since they were taken up by the
923:: cimbasso, early 19th century;
883:
874:
863:
854:
822:players. In England, a distinct
761:
752:
743:
380:Although closely related to the
336:, the serpent is related to the
324:arranged in two groups of three
271:
40:
3591:Serpents in the Bate Collection
3181:
3149:
2955:
2927:
2848:
2794:from the original on 9 May 2021
2654:Schmidt, Paul (26 April 2016).
2289:
2216:
2170:
968:
841:Upright serpents and bass horns
375:
102:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4215:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
1835:
1697:. Saltaire: Early Music Shop.
1391:Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage
1230:, by the 1869 première of his
1136:), and finally by the time of
617:by Joseph and Richard Wood in
13:
1:
4220:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
2545:, p. 150, The low brass.
2082:Pegge, R. Morley (May 1959).
1630:
1373:Music for the Royal Fireworks
1333:
928:
913:
902:
785:
611:
577:
460:has 14 keys, and survives in
2747:Hird, Alison (6 June 2019).
2569:"Obituary: Christopher Monk"
1801:, p. 128–31, "serpent".
1739:Christopher Monk Instruments
1735:"Serpents and tenor cornett"
1396:fifth "Reformation" symphony
1098:scores by composers such as
1067:fifth "Reformation" symphony
238:Christopher Monk Instruments
29:Wooden early wind instrument
7:
3125:. Paris: ConcertClassic.com
3030:Sony Computer Entertainment
2757:Radio France Internationale
347:In the early 19th century,
10:
4359:
4338:Basso continuo instruments
4282:Pitch of brass instruments
3454:Monk, Christopher (1986),
3415:The Galpin Society Journal
3351:Cambridge University Press
3290:Cambridge University Press
3071:. White Cottage Websites.
2885:"New Wine for Old Bottles"
2543:Herbert & Wallace 1997
2088:The Galpin Society Journal
1526:
1069:(1830), although when the
936:Metropolitan Museum of Art
793:Metropolitan Museum of Art
642:
444:, in two groups of three,
4323:Early musical instruments
4274:
4228:
4187:
4094:
4051:
3995:
3860:
3656:
3359:10.1017/CCOL9780521563437
3243:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0
2790:. New York Public Radio.
2683:, p. 371, "Serpent".
2135:, p. 10, "anaconda".
2094:. Galpin Society: 53–56.
1902:, p. 373, "Serpent".
1715:"SBerger Originalserpent"
1574:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1484:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1300:tones, by slackening the
1191:diapason de la cathédrale
1062:A Midsummer Night's Dream
651:claimed in his 1743 work
423:about the same size as a
260:
255:
233:
228:
181:
176:
148:
141:
131:
124:
116:
100:
72:
58:
51:
39:
3521:Rowman & Littlefield
3022:Wintory, Austin (2013).
2631:. Rouen: Les Meslanges.
1513:soundtrack for the 2012
495:
3593:, University of Oxford.
3156:The Avalanches (2000).
3069:The London Serpent Trio
2999:. Paris: Babel Scores.
2397: 979-0-0065-2313-9
1608:Serpents appear in the
1592:was based on a serpent.
1233:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1088:The serpent appears as
623:University of Edinburgh
589:University of Edinburgh
4343:Orchestral instruments
4066:Marching baritone horn
3100:Historic Brass Society
2933:"Tempted by a Serpent"
2883:Kridel, Craig (2009).
2660:Historic Brass Society
2486:Kridel, Craig (2019).
2335:Kridel, Craig (2003).
2177:Schmidt, Paul (2014).
2006:, p. 170, "worm".
1564:Royal Academy of Music
1368:George Frideric Handel
1346:
1219:
1190:
1184:
1170:
1160:
1154:Other upright serpents
1132:
1126:
1094:in early 19th century
1090:
1076:
1019:
997:
975:
954:
829:
684:
678:
591:
508:
419:The instrument uses a
355:and ultimately by the
4251:Classical trombonists
3848:Double bell euphonium
3298:10.1017/9781316841273
2997:"DiversitĂ : NO LIMIT"
1614:Frontier Psychiatrist
1612:for the 2000 single "
1566:, London Serpent Trio
1405:Symphonie fantastique
1341:
1252:Range and performance
1210:), Christopher Monk (
1205:
927:: Serpent Forveille,
912:: English bass horn,
799:or Piffault serpent (
575:
503:
18:Anaconda (instrument)
3587:at Wikimedia Commons
3487:University of Oxford
3347:Cambridge Companions
3174:– via YouTube.
2816:(27 December 2005).
2393:. p. VII–VIII.
2381:Hogwood, Christopher
1847:"More Exciting News"
1622:by Australian group
1314:woodwind instruments
1198:Contemporary revival
795:, New York); French
576:Contrabass serpent,
440:The serpent has six
4333:Baroque instruments
3597:The Serpent Website
2753:World Music Matters
2606:on 21 December 2018
2587:– via Lacock.
2183:The Serpent Website
2151:Le Monde du Serpent
1951:. Accession: 91.6.
1766:on 20 December 2018
1185:diapason de l'opéra
1148:contrabass trombone
668:and bass voices of
470:composite materials
464:in Cardiff, Wales.
210:Andrew van der Beek
143:Related instruments
36:
4200:British brass band
4071:Marching euphonium
3838:Subcontrabass tuba
3603:serpent.instrument
3456:The Serpent Player
3423:William Waterhouse
1945:Collections Online
1929:, p. 382-385.
1854:Serpent Newsletter
1581:In popular culture
1549:New London Consort
1501:American composer
1426:White Witch Doctor
1347:
1220:
1020:serpent Ă pavillon
1013:-style decorative
1009:and often had the
598:contrabass serpent
592:
509:
34:
4318:Brass instruments
4305:
4304:
4261:Euphonium players
3650:Brass instruments
3583:Media related to
3530:978-1-538-15966-8
3496:978-0-9930442-2-9
3368:978-1-139-00203-5
3307:978-1-316-63185-0
3252:978-3-030-55684-6
2533:, p. 83, 89.
2310:10.1093/em/cax087
2238:978-88-09-05395-3
2045:St Cecilia's Hall
1616:" from the album
1600:A Christmas Carol
1488:Potsdam, New York
1465:Rabih Abou-Khalil
1439:in his score for
1417:period instrument
1382:Gioachino Rossini
1214:), Alan Lumsden (
1161:serpent Forveille
1057:Felix Mendelssohn
1053:English bass horn
1047:English bass horn
939:
830:serpent militaire
804:
797:serpent militaire
730:Military serpents
720:chamber ensembles
679:serpent ordinaire
628:serpent ordinaire
585:St Cecilia's Hall
340:and was used for
308:developed in the
290:
289:
276:
120:Late 16th century
16:(Redirected from
4350:
4256:Jazz trombonists
4236:(all) Trumpeters
4174:Axial flow valve
4086:Contrabass bugle
3643:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3582:
3566:
3508:
3474:
3450:
3421:. Translated by
3409:
3396:
3335:
3280:
3229:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2969:The Boston Globe
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2814:Schickele, Peter
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2710:, p. 61–62.
2705:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2428:
2419:
2418:, p. 86–89.
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2293:
2287:
2286:, p. 55–60.
2281:
2275:
2274:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2084:"The 'Anaconda'"
2079:
2073:
2072:, p. 77–79.
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1979:Trémolo Magazine
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1887:, p. 74–75.
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1640:
1619:Since I Left You
1507:Grammy-nominated
1448:In jazz, French
1421:Bernard Herrmann
1386:Vincenzo Bellini
1193:
1187:
1173:
1163:
1146:(1887), a valve
1135:
1129:
1096:Italian operatic
1093:
1079:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1000:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
947:upright serpents
933:
930:
918:
915:
907:
904:
893:
887:
878:
867:
858:
832:
824:military serpent
790:
787:
782:serpent d'Ă©glise
771:
765:
756:
747:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:ordinary serpent
697:
694:
691:
687:
685:serpent d'Ă©glise
681:
616:
613:
608:
607:
602:, nicknamed the
600:
599:
582:
579:
567:
566:
559:
558:
544:Christopher Monk
540:
539:
532:
531:
517:
516:
278:
277:
242:Early Music Shop
206:Christopher Monk
53:Brass instrument
44:
37:
33:
21:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4270:
4241:Jazz trumpeters
4224:
4183:
4179:Harmonic series
4095:Parts/technique
4090:
4047:
3991:
3950:Soprano helicon
3920:Baroque trumpet
3915:Natural trumpet
3856:
3807:Alto/Tenor horn
3691:Fanfare trumpet
3652:
3647:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3531:
3497:
3369:
3308:
3253:
3202:
3192:The Tuba Family
3184:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3039:
3037:
3028:(Media notes).
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2995:Morleo, Luigi.
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2830:on 19 June 2021
2827:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:, Introduction.
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2629:"Volny Hostiou"
2627:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2573:The Independent
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2239:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1746:
1741:. Jeremy West.
1733:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1583:
1529:
1492:Gordon W. Bowie
1476:Peter Schickele
1437:Jerry Goldsmith
1435:(1959), as did
1380:, in operas by
1336:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1200:
1180:pitch standards
1156:
1086:
1065:(1826) and his
1049:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
992:
990:Russian bassoon
989:
986:
983:
971:
943:
942:
941:
940:
931:
916:
905:
890:
889:
888:
880:
879:
870:
869:
868:
860:
859:
850:
849:
843:
835:tenor saxophone
808:
807:
806:
805:
801:Scenkonstmuseet
788:
768:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
739:
738:
732:
722:, and later in
711:
708:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
645:
614:
605:
604:
597:
596:
580:
564:
563:
557:soprano serpent
556:
555:
551:milling process
537:
536:
529:
528:
521:eight-foot (8′)
514:
513:
498:
378:
302:wind instrument
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
279:
272:
269:
251:
224:
188:Bernard Fourtet
172:
136:
135:
107:
96:
68:
47:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:Soprano cornet
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Pocket trumpet
3683:
3678:
3673:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3574:
3573:External links
3571:
3568:
3567:
3529:
3509:
3495:
3475:
3451:
3410:
3397:
3367:
3336:
3306:
3281:
3251:
3230:
3200:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3148:
3146:, p. 120.
3136:
3113:
3086:
3051:
3014:
2987:
2954:
2920:
2875:
2841:
2805:
2774:
2739:
2737:, p. 125.
2724:
2712:
2700:
2685:
2673:
2646:
2617:
2598:Ribo, Pierre.
2590:
2559:
2557:, p. 122.
2547:
2535:
2523:
2478:
2466:
2464:, p. 158.
2454:
2420:
2408:
2383:, ed. (2006).
2372:
2327:
2315:
2288:
2276:
2237:
2229:Giunti Editore
2215:
2200:
2169:
2137:
2125:
2100:10.2307/841945
2074:
2062:
2025:
2008:
1996:
1966:
1931:
1916:
1904:
1889:
1874:
1845:(April 2022).
1843:Godard, Michel
1834:
1815:
1803:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1758:Ribo, Pierre.
1755:
1731:
1711:
1690:
1680:
1665:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:The Avalanches
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1503:Austin Wintory
1400:Hector Berlioz
1335:
1332:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1228:Richard Wagner
1199:
1196:
1166:ophimonocleide
1155:
1152:
1085:
1084:Early cimbasso
1082:
1048:
1045:
970:
967:
906: 1825–40
892:
891:
882:
881:
873:
872:
871:
862:
861:
853:
852:
851:
847:
846:
845:
844:
842:
839:
812:military bands
770:
769:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
740:
736:
735:
734:
733:
731:
728:
716:military bands
709:church serpent
644:
641:
497:
494:
425:tenor trombone
377:
374:
312:era. It has a
288:
287:
280:
270:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
253:
252:
250:
249:
248:Stephan Berger
246:
243:
240:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
214:
213:Patrick Wibart
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:Phil Humphries
197:
194:
189:
186:
185:Clifford Bevan
182:
179:
178:
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
132:
129:
128:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
104:
98:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
78:
76:
74:Classification
70:
69:
67:
66:
62:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4355:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Brass section
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Brass quintet
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Hand-stopping
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Slide trumpet
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3888:Tenor cornett
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Baritone horn
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3201:1-872203-30-2
3197:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2722:, p. 10.
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2476:, p. 82.
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2442:
2439:(in French).
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2325:, p. 81.
2324:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2304:(4): 657–64.
2303:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2213:, p. 65.
2212:
2207:
2205:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2023:, p. 79.
2022:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:Key; Thomas.
1935:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1832:, p. 66.
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1813:, p. 64.
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1765:
1761:
1760:"Fabrication"
1756:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:Michel Godard
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:PlayStation 3
1512:
1511:BAFTA-winning
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Simon Proctor
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:composer and
1458:
1454:
1453:Michel Godard
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:cantus firmus
1352:
1344:
1343:Michel Godard
1340:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1249:
1246:
1245:Michel Godard
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1182:of the time (
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:basson prusse
977:
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:serpent droit
952:
948:
937:
926:
922:
911:
900:
896:
886:
877:
866:
857:
838:
836:
831:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:, Stockholm)
802:
798:
794:
783:
779:
775:
764:
755:
746:
727:
725:
721:
717:
686:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:cantus firmus
662:
658:
654:
650:
640:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
609:
601:
590:
586:
574:
570:
568:
560:
552:
549:
545:
541:
533:
530:tenor serpent
524:
522:
518:
515:bass serpents
506:
502:
493:
491:
487:
486:Michel Godard
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
268:
259:
254:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:
227:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
201:
198:
196:Volny Hostiou
195:
193:
192:Michel Godard
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
175:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
140:
130:
127:
126:Playing range
123:
119:
115:
111:
105:
103:
99:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
75:
71:
64:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
32:
27:
19:
4292:Horn section
4246:Horn players
4205:Balkan brass
4112:Rotary valve
4107:Piston valve
4038:Tibetan horn
3961:
3905:Natural horn
3883:Mute cornett
3830:
3794:
3755:
3721:
3707:
3663:
3516:
3513:Yeo, Douglas
3482:
3479:Yeo, Douglas
3455:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3402:ITEA Journal
3401:
3341:
3285:
3234:
3191:
3182:Bibliography
3168:. Retrieved
3158:
3151:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3099:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3068:
3044:– via
3038:. Retrieved
3024:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2967:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2936:
2929:Yeo, Douglas
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2895:
2892:ITEA Journal
2891:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2857:
2850:Yeo, Douglas
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2752:
2742:
2715:
2708:Hostiou 2021
2703:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2659:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2498:
2495:ITEA Journal
2494:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2347:
2344:ITEA Journal
2343:
2330:
2318:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2284:Hostiou 2021
2279:
2227:. Florence:
2224:
2218:
2191:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2150:
2146:Yeo, Douglas
2140:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2091:
2087:
2077:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2040:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1944:
1934:
1914:, p. 9.
1907:
1865:. Retrieved
1853:
1837:
1806:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
1723:. Retrieved
1703:. Retrieved
1656:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1617:
1598:
1587:
1518:
1500:
1496:Luigi Morleo
1469:
1447:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1403:
1398:(1830), and
1389:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1361:method books
1354:
1350:
1348:
1328:
1321:
1310:
1267:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1176:tuning slide
1165:
1157:
1141:
1118:basson russe
1117:
1111:
1087:
1070:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1034:bell serpent
976:basson russe
972:
969:Basson russe
958:
946:
944:
938:, New York)
924:
921:bottom, left
920:
909:
899:basson russe
898:
894:
823:
809:
796:
781:
777:
773:
652:
646:
627:
619:Huddersfield
603:
595:
593:
562:
554:
548:pantographic
535:
527:
525:
512:
510:
490:carbon fibre
466:
439:
434:
428:
418:
379:
376:Construction
346:
330:conical bore
306:brass family
293:
291:
256:Sound sample
202:Alan Lumsden
31:
26:
3749:Wagner tuba
3744:Vienna horn
3739:German horn
3734:French horn
3065:"Personnel"
2937:yeodoug.com
2858:yeodoug.com
2767:3 September
2462:Meucci 1996
2401:5 September
2391:Bärenreiter
2298:Early Music
2193:5 September
1947:. Cardiff:
1610:music video
1570:Douglas Yeo
1517:video game
1480:P.D.Q. Bach
1429:(1953) and
1413:film scores
1174:, a double
932: 1825
917: 1835
789: 1840
649:Jean Lebeuf
633:Douglas Yeo
615: 1840
581: 1840
505:Douglas Yeo
478:3D printing
320:, with six
310:Renaissance
298:low-pitched
267:The serpent
245:Pierre Ribo
220:Douglas Yeo
59:Other names
4312:Categories
4195:Brass band
4144:Pedal tone
4134:Mouthpiece
4129:Embouchure
4081:Sousaphone
4076:Trombonium
4061:Mellophone
3996:Indigenous
3987:Jazzophone
3977:Saxotromba
3967:Sudrophone
3957:Ophicleide
3878:Cornettino
3861:Antiquated
3812:Flugelhorn
3763:Contrabass
3671:Contrabass
3563:Q111040546
3547:1249799159
3539:2021020757
3505:Q121457145
3472:Q130238050
3447:Q111077162
3393:Q112852613
3332:Q114571908
3316:1038492212
3277:Q117322059
3261:1261747556
3226:Q111040769
3144:Bevan 2000
2735:Bevan 2000
2600:"Historie"
2555:Bevan 2000
2531:Bevan 2000
2474:Bevan 2000
2416:Bevan 2000
2389:. Kassel:
2323:Bevan 2000
2271:Q113004406
2247:2008410070
2211:Bevan 2000
2070:Bevan 2000
2021:Bevan 2000
1885:Bevan 2000
1830:Bevan 2000
1811:Bevan 2000
1631:References
1378:serpentone
1334:Repertoire
1302:embouchure
1133:bombardone
1091:serpentone
1041:ophicleide
1015:zoomorphic
959:bass horns
724:orchestras
674:plainchant
637:PVC piping
458:Thomas Key
450:intonation
442:tone holes
421:mouthpiece
388:, usually
353:ophicleide
342:bass parts
322:tone holes
318:mouthpiece
216:Steve Wick
158:Ophicleide
110:labrosones
65:Serpentone
4188:Ensembles
4169:Water key
4154:Valve oil
3910:Post horn
3843:Euphonium
3822:Kuhlohorn
3783:Superbone
3555:34132790M
3464:11213745W
3431:0072-0127
3385:34482695M
3377:460517551
3324:34730943M
3269:37312640M
3218:19533420M
3210:993463927
3129:14 August
3106:14 August
2913:15 August
2902:: 48–50.
2834:15 August
2755:. Paris:
2696:Monk 1986
2666:14 August
2639:14 August
2263:16893261M
2255:316434285
1867:15 August
1658:5 October
1323:cantabile
1292:or even F
1140:'s opera
1127:pelittone
704: or
519:built in
484:musician
394:tonewoods
392:or other
370:euphonium
177:Musicians
117:Developed
92:Aerophone
4164:Leadpipe
4053:Marching
4013:Vuvuzela
3788:Cimbasso
3757:Trombone
3696:Firebird
3585:Serpents
3559:Wikidata
3515:(2021).
3501:Wikidata
3481:(2019).
3468:Wikidata
3443:Wikidata
3389:Wikidata
3328:Wikidata
3273:Wikidata
3222:Wikidata
3164:Archived
3102:(review)
3073:Archived
3046:Bandcamp
3040:8 August
3034:Archived
3001:Archived
2974:Archived
2941:Archived
2904:Archived
2862:Archived
2792:Archived
2761:Archived
2720:Yeo 2019
2662:(review)
2633:Archived
2577:Archived
2507:Archived
2505:: 30–3.
2441:Archived
2356:Archived
2354:: 73–5.
2267:Wikidata
2187:Archived
2156:Archived
2148:(2003).
2133:Yeo 2021
2112:Archived
2049:Archived
2004:Yeo 2021
1983:Archived
1959:8 August
1953:Archived
1912:Yeo 2019
1858:Archived
1799:Yeo 2021
1743:Archived
1719:Archived
1699:Archived
1652:Archived
1457:Lebanese
1445:(1979).
1415:and new
1408:(1830).
1282:middle C
1113:cimbasso
1100:Spontini
1077:BaĂź-Tuba
1071:Overture
1003:Prussian
895:Top left
816:marching
661:cornetts
606:anaconda
474:polymers
446:fingered
386:hardwood
326:fingered
314:trombone
229:Builders
163:Cimbasso
4266:Tubists
4229:Players
4003:Alphorn
3982:Bazooka
3972:Saxtuba
3962:Serpent
3945:Helicon
3940:Sackbut
3925:Buccina
3873:Cornett
3868:Clarion
3817:Fiscorn
3796:Saxhorn
3778:Soprano
3701:Flumpet
3681:Piccolo
3665:Trumpet
3613:serpent
3170:17 June
3025:Journey
2947:6 March
2868:6 March
2798:6 March
2516:12 July
2447:12 July
2365:12 July
2162:20 June
1527:Players
1520:Journey
1463:player
1278:octaves
1270:octaves
1108:Bellini
1104:Rossini
1028:
984:
963:bassoon
820:mounted
693:
657:Auxerre
643:History
382:cornett
366:bassoon
338:cornett
304:in the
294:serpent
153:Cornett
106:423.213
35:Serpent
4139:Falset
4102:Valves
4033:Sringa
4028:Shofar
4023:Carnyx
3935:Buccin
3709:Cornet
3657:Modern
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3527:
3503:
3493:
3470:
3462:
3445:
3439:842397
3437:
3429:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3365:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3304:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3249:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3198:
3079:31 May
3007:29 May
2980:31 May
2610:29 May
2583:29 May
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2235:
2118:18 May
2108:841945
2106:
2055:30 May
1989:30 May
1770:29 May
1749:29 May
1725:29 May
1705:29 May
1450:tubist
1351:per se
1298:falset
1280:below
1272:from C
1224:valved
1212:center
1143:Otello
1106:, and
1011:buccin
951:French
670:choirs
538:serpet
410:poplar
402:cherry
390:walnut
368:and a
357:valved
316:-like
300:early
4328:Horns
4275:Other
4159:Crook
4119:Mutes
4043:Wazza
4018:Nyele
4008:Nabal
3895:Cornu
3729:Bugle
3435:JSTOR
2907:(PDF)
2898:(1).
2888:(PDF)
2828:(PDF)
2821:(PDF)
2510:(PDF)
2501:(2).
2491:(PDF)
2359:(PDF)
2350:(4).
2340:(PDF)
2104:JSTOR
1861:(PDF)
1856:: 8.
1850:(PDF)
1442:Alien
1216:right
1171:pompe
1138:Verdi
957:) or
925:right
910:right
778:right
772:From
561:, or
496:Sizes
435:crook
430:bocal
404:, or
398:maple
396:like
296:is a
87:Brass
4149:Bore
3900:Dord
3832:Tuba
3773:Alto
3768:Bass
3723:Horn
3676:Bass
3543:OCLC
3535:LCCN
3525:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3427:ISSN
3373:OCLC
3363:ISBN
3312:OCLC
3302:ISBN
3257:OCLC
3247:ISBN
3206:OCLC
3196:ISBN
3172:2023
3131:2024
3108:2024
3081:2023
3042:2024
3009:2023
2982:2023
2949:2021
2915:2023
2870:2021
2836:2023
2800:2021
2788:WQXR
2769:2024
2668:2024
2641:2024
2612:2023
2585:2023
2518:2022
2449:2022
2403:2024
2395:ISMN
2367:2022
2251:OCLC
2243:LCCN
2233:ISBN
2195:2024
2164:2023
2120:2023
2057:2023
1991:2023
1961:2024
1869:2024
1772:2023
1751:2023
1727:2023
1707:2023
1660:2023
1509:and
1394:and
1384:and
1284:to G
1276:two
1208:left
1188:and
1122:tuba
1051:The
1025:lit.
1007:Lyon
981:lit.
774:left
690:lit.
594:The
565:worm
526:The
482:jazz
472:and
454:keys
406:pear
349:keys
334:tuba
292:The
168:Tuba
82:Wind
3355:doi
3294:doi
3239:doi
2306:doi
2096:doi
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1478:'s
1461:oud
1370:'s
1194:).
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682:or
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