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456:.) But her attempt came to an end in June, 1937, when she gave birth to her second daughter, Ann. The father's name did not appear on the birth certificate and she never publicly stated who the father was. Anahareo found herself in a precarious position financially and socially: Attempts to make use of the backcountry skills she had developed to make money as an experienced guide were fruitless, and she lacked the means to support herself and a new baby. Due to entrenched cultural stereotypes, she also faced particular challenges as an unwed Indigenous mother: The possibility that Ann would be forcibly taken away from her, and she herself institutionalised, were not negligible. After taking shelter for some time in a Salvation Army residence for unwed mothers in
233:. Her father nicknamed her "Pony" because "she always ran, she never walked". Her mother died when she was four, and she was raised by her paternal grandmother. "Catherine Papineau Bernard, 'Big Grandma', was a respected member of the community who combined a strong Catholic faith with a fierce pride in her heritage and the knowledge and crafts of her people." Bernard adored her grandmother, who related many memories of her beloved husband and taught her Mohawk customs. Bernard and her descendants were always proud of their Mohawk ancestry. At the age of eleven, her grandmother became too frail to care for her, and one of her aunts, with her family, moved in. Bernard proved to be a rebellious child and grew into a strongly independent young woman.
550:
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294:, Belaney located a beaver lodge, which he knew to be occupied by a mother beaver, and set a trap for her. When the mother beaver was caught, he began to canoe away to the cries of the kittens, which greatly resemble the sound of human infants. She begged him to set the mother free, but, needing the money from the beaver's pelt, he could not be swayed. But the next day he rescued the baby beavers, which the couple adopted and named McGinnis and McGinty.
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With her days in the bush behind her and still raw from the memories from her experiences in
Calgary, Saskatoon and Banff, Anahareo’s confidence had diminished. She no longer had trips to the bush to reinforce her sense of capability and strength that marked her for an exceptional woman. She could only get menial jobs that did little to challenge her inquiring mind. With Eric beside Anahareo, alcohol became a way to escape or find confidence.
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mother. Finding life with Moltke untenable, Anahareo, with
Katherine, moved back to her childhood home in Mattawa for some time, where she met her family for the first time in nearly thirty years. She eventually decided to return to Moltke in Canmore. Although his family in Sweden had agreed to pay for Katherine to attend boarding school, he refused to give his assent. Moltke suffered a severe workplace accident, and the family moved to
622:
38:
332:, where they were to reside until 1931. Their intention was to set up a beaver colony, where the beavers would be protected and could be studied. It was here that Belaney transformed himself into the writer and lecturer, Grey Owl. The transformation began with the appearance of his first article, "The Passing of the Last Frontier", which was published in 1929 in the English outdoors magazine
426:. Grey Owl's letters to her betrayed a mixed bag of emotions: admiration for her fiercely independent spirit and courage in making such an arduous trip alone, concern for her safety, envy that she could make a trip into the bush that poor health and the pressure of writing prevented him from making – also irritation that the endeavour cost more than they could afford.
569:, Grey Owl's old publisher. The reviewer reported that "the manuscript itself was 'bulky, untidily put together and poorly typed', and that 'the spelling and punctuation leave much to be desired and the authors frequently use words in their wrong context'." He also questioned "whether certain episodes recorded were really fact or fiction". Macmillan turned down the manuscript.
577:, where he was receiving treatment in hospital. Permanently disabled, unable to work and depressed, he drank heavily. Anahareo was also depressed and tired. When Katherine left for beauty school, she decided to go live with Dawn. Moltke arranged to return to the care of his first wife and the couple permanantly separated on good terms in 1959. He died in 1963.
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skills on these trips: "She portaged canoes, carried packs using tumplines, and built fires and pitched tents like any other skilled bushman. She was an expert with the canoe, able to negotiate rapids and shallows with ease." She accepted one job that involved hauling 1,320 kilos weight of equipment to a distant lake in winter by dog sled.
499:, which was published in 1940. She was dissatisfied with the book, in part because of her lack of control over the content. She complained "The usual portrayal of myself has been that of a sweet, gentle Indian maiden—whispering to the leaves—swaying with the breeze, tra la—. No, no, I’m a rebel really."
644:
When I asked him why it was going to be his last book he said that after they read that book they wouldn’t read another line from him. And I asked him why and he said Oh, there are things about me that even you don’t know. So, I asked him what he was going to call the book and he was going to call it
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After moving in with Dawn, Anahareo was diagnosed with a malfunctioning thyroid, the cause of the depression and ill-health from which she had suffered for years. With the improvement brought about by its successful treatment, she began to pursue two projects: a film and a book about Grey Owl. These,
386:
The winter of 1931-1932 found Grey Owl preoccupied with writing. Although
Anahareo had strongly encouraged him to write, she found it made him "like a zombie". Pregnant with their daughter, Shirley Dawn, who would be born in 1932, she was fed up, later writing "All I heard from Archie that winter was
321:, she claimed that she stabbed Belaney with a knife at one point. In summer, 1927, Belaney proposed to her. Due to his undissolved marriage to his first wife, Angele Egwuna, the couple could not marry under Canadian law, but the chief of the Lac Simon Band of Indians gave them a "marriage blessing".
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In the remaining years of her life, Anahareo continued to be active in the conservation and animal rights movements. She joined the
Society for the Protection of Fur Bearing Animals and campaigned for various issues regarding animal protection such as banning leg hold traps and promoting the use of
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as Grey Owl, but the idea never got off the ground. (The company later approached
Anahareo for the rights to her book for parts to be included in a scaled-down production of Dickson's story, but she refused. This idea too never got off the ground.) Meanwhile, a Toronto theatre company put on a play
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Eric, like Grey Owl, was no stranger to drink and by this time it was a familiar part of
Anahareo’s life. For Anahareo alcohol was an integral part of any celebration, good time, relaxation or party that enabled her to overcome her shyness and become outgoing, but for Eric it was a daily necessity.
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After having been away for many months on his second lecture tour, taking in Great
Britain, the United States and Canada, Grey Owl returned home, a very ill man. Anahareo was alerted that he was dying in hospital in Prince Albert. She rushed there, but he died before she could see him, on April 13,
434:
Archie brought back five moose-hides and about two pounds of beads, but since every stitch of his outfit had to be hand-sewn, with only three weeks to do it in, I told him that I wouldn't have time for beadwork – and besides all that fancy stuff would make him look sissified. To this
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Gertie’s identity as a resourceful, self-reliant woman, at home in the bush yet still at ease with modern ways, emerged. She made her own and
Belaney's clothes out of buckskin, canvas, and cloth. She dressed in a distinctive way that was not typical of Indigenous women – in breeches,
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Nothing in her small-town up-bringing had prepared her for the heart-wrenching sight of the frozen corpses of animals who had died in agony while trying desperately to escape from the unyielding metal jaws of the leghold traps. Nor could she bear to watch as Archie used the wooden handle of his axe
272:
In
February, 1926, forgoing her plans for school, Anahareo (as she would come to be commonly known) joined Belaney near Doucet in the Abitibi region of northwestern Quebec, where he was earning a living as a trapper. She accompanied Belaney on the trapline and was horrified by what she experienced:
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Katherine was four years old and Dawn nearly fourteen when Moltke returned to the family after the war. Having trouble adjusting to civilian life, he drank heavily and was unable to find a job. In 1947 Dawn returned to Prince Albert. Anahareo left Moltke and took a job as cook and housekeeper at a
540:
In some ways
Anahareo had chosen a partner that possessed characteristics that had drawn her to Grey Owl. His charm, wit and an alcohol-fuelled love of a good time were all qualities she had enjoyed with Grey Owl. And with both Grey Owl and Eric she was happy to drink along with them and have fun.
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After Grey Owl's return from the wildly successful lecture tour in Great Britain, the couple's tumultuous ten-year relationship suffered a serious rupture in April 1936, and they agreed to separate for some time. Anahareo received a monthly allowance of $ 50, almost half of Grey Owl's salary. They
255:
A handsome mysterious man, dressed in a buckskin vest, a Hudson Bay belt and moccasins, Archie appeared to Gertie like the dashing daredevil heroes she idolized – Jesse James and Robin Hood. Compared to the bland wealthy vacationers, Archie reeked of adventure and excitement. Gertie
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Meanwhile, Anahareo was asserting her independence and bucking stereotypes by embarking on prospecting expeditions in remote areas of northwestern Quebec. She was greatly interested in prospecting, always hoping to stake a claim. This did not pan out, but she did succeed in honing her backcountry
299:
I speedily discovered that I was married to no butterfly, in spite of her modernistic ideas, and found that my companion could swing an axe as well as she could a lip-stick, and was able to put up a tent in good shape, make quick fire, and could rig a tump-line and get a load across in good time,
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of Algonquin and Mohawk ancestry. Throughout her life, she challenged cultural stereotypes of First Nations women and proved herself to be "an intrepid, resourceful, and self-reliant woman who could manage on her own in the wilderness and yet was no stranger to the customs and trappings of modern
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Anahareo found Eric handsome, charming and interesting, and he shared her delight in dancing and music. She also valued his regard for her as an equal and the easy manner in which he dismissed race and class. He knew of her past experiences and it made no difference to him. And it could not have
572:
Anahareo's life with Moltke continued to be troubled, and they periodically separated and then came back together again. To her great joy, she received a visit from her second daughter in 1953. Now spelling her name with an "e", Anne was sixteen and had discovered the identity of her biological
545:
Moltke enlisted in the army in 1941 and served as a tank driver in WWII. Pregnant with her third daughter, Katherine, Anahareo moved back to Saskatoon, where she rented a small house and lived on a small army wife's pension. Benefiting from a guaranteed income, she brought Dawn from the Winters
593:
As the public became more aware of the negative impact of pollution and the importance of the wilderness to the health of the planet, more Canadians began to view Grey Owl through his role in pioneering wilderness preservation and felt he should be recognized for these achievements.
662:. Anahareo's reaction to the opening night performance was scathing: It was "totally unrealistic and the actress bore no resemblance in appearance or mannerisms and definitely not in spirit to her.” She stated: "It turned out to be a parody. Archie must have flipped in his crib.”
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she insisted, must portray herself and Grey Owl authentically. She travelled to Toronto, Vancouver and Los Angeles promoting the film project, but with no success. There was little appetite in the film industry for an authentic portrayal of Indigenous Canadians in the 1960s.
240:. Her biographer, Kristin Gleeson, writes: "At nineteen she was now a beautiful and energetic young woman with bobbed hair who dressed in riding breeches and shirt, though if the occasion demanded she would apply makeup – the very picture of a modern woman."
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in 1980 and 1981, which "succeeded in portraying Anahareo as a living, breathing First Nations woman who could not be easily slotted into any old Aboriginal stereotype... She was a determined woman, with miles of experience, who was committed to her views."
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At Grey Owl's request, Anahareo returned from the prospecting trip in the summer of 1935 to help him prepare for the upcoming lecture tour in Great Britain and to look after the beavers in his absence. She sewed his costume for the tour and later wrote:
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even if she did have to sit down and powder her nose at the other end of the portage. She habitually wore breeches, a custom not at that time so universal amongst women as it is now, and one that I did not in those days look on with any great approval.
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humane traps. In 1979 she became a member of the Order of Nature of the International League for Animal Rights. The medal she received was engraved with Grey Owl’s words, "kindness is the hallmark of civilization". In 1983 she was presented with the
483:
When, finally, I was convinced that Archie was English, I had the awful feeling for all those years I had been married to a ghost, that the man who now lay buried at Ajawaan was someone I had never known, and that Archie had never really existed.
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under the headline, "Indian Squaw Turns From Kitchen Duties to Gold Prospecting". She changed her mind and returned home after experiencing five days and nights in a drenching rain that prevented her from going into the woods.
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The Parks Department restored Beaver Lodge, which had fallen into disuse. Anahareo wrote to a fan "I am sure you would feel much better to see it now. Dawn says there is a loneliness there, but the spirits still abid."
435:
he answered, 'Do Indians in full regalia look sissified?' 'No, but a bushman would look funny all decorated up.' 'I agree with you there. But I'm not going as a bushman, I'm going as the Indian they expect me to be.'
213:, pioneered a new concept – that animals have intrinsic rights and deserve to be treated with respect and compassion. In the later years of her life, she became an outspoken champion of animal rights.
492:, Anahareo travelled to England in 1939 and there met Belaney's mother, Kittie Scott-Brown. Dickson's hope was that "she would, or could, detect in her a drop of Indian blood. Of course, there wasn't a trace".
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best seller list. The title was inspired by a conversation she had had with Grey Owl years before, in which he told her he would write a book called "Devil in Deerskins", which would be his last book:
448:
With her daughter Dawn still in the care of a family in Prince Albert, Anahareo made some effort to pursue a film career in Hollywood. (She had previously appeared in two of Grey Owl's "beaver" films:
352:. "The event was a huge success. It set the pattern for numerous speeches Grey Owl was to give, dressed in his Indian regalia, with films of his tame beaver to illustrate his stories."
565:
A friend of Anahareo, Wilna Moore, was fascinated by Grey Owl, and enlisted Anahareo's help in preparing an "exciting narrative of his life". In 1950, she sent the manuscript to
589:
Undaunted, Anahareo began writing a book about Grey Owl. Starting in the late 1960s, interest in his life, long on the wane, began to increase, as Kristin Gleeson observed:
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edited by Sarah Carter, Patricia McCormack, Athabasca University Press, 2010. The publication won the 2011 Canadian Historical Association's Aboriginal history book prize.
689:
to meet the Grey Owl Society, Dawn suddenly died after a long-term battle with diabetes. On June 17, 1986, just a day before her eightieth birthday, Anahareo died in
527:, where they hoped to find good job opportunities, but ended up doing menial labour. According to Kristin Gleeson, the use of alcohol was a problem for the couple:
243:
She caught the eye of a guest at the resort, a wealthy New Yorker, who offered to pay her school fees. She and her father decided that in the fall she would attend
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area. The first trip was in the summer of 1933. The second trip lasted an entire year, from the summer of 1934 to the summer of 1935. She travelled by canoe to
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escaped her thoughts that with Eric as her husband she would have the extra security that assured that her experience in Saskatoon would not be repeated.
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civilization". At a time when "conservation" stood for increasing the size of animal populations for the sake of hunting and trapping, she, along with
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Gleeson, Kristin (2010). "Blazing Her Own Trail: Anahareo's Rejection of Euro-Canadian Stereotypes". In Carter, Sarah; McCormack, Patricia (eds.).
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645:"Devil in Deerskins" ... and I figured that was what he was going to come out with, to tell all, so, but he didn’t get around to it.
264:. He was 36, almost twice her age, and claimed to be the son of a Scottish man and an Apache woman and to have been born in Mexico.
367:
In the spring of 1931, Grey Owl accepted an offer of employment from the Parks Branch as the "caretaker of park animals", first at
602:
Popular and scholarly publications about Grey Owl began to appear. Professor Donald B. Smith published an article on Grey Owl in
290:
She attempted to make him see the torture that animals suffered when they were caught in traps. According to the account given in
1317:
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Shortly afterwards, the sensational news broke that he was not half-Indian, as he had claimed to be, but an Englishman born in
1322:
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Due to her continuing interest in prospecting, she began to study mineralogy. In 1933 she heard of a discovery of gold in
344:. He had fully entered into the persona of Grey Owl by January, 1931, when he gave a talk at the annual convention of the
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parted for good later that year, probably in September. That was the last time Anahareo ever saw Grey Owl alive.
383:. He and Anahareo, with two new beavers, Jelly Roll and Rawhide, left Quebec, bound for a new life in the west.
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The idea of a film about Grey Owl returned in 1975, when a Toronto film company bought the rights to Dickson's
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family in Prince Albert to live with her and Katherine and concentrated on providing a stable family life.
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340:
464:, she gave Ann up for adoption by the Eagles, an Anglo-Canadian couple, who took her to live with them in
395:
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the scratch, scratch of his pen, and arguments against taking a bath. Like a kid, he loathed baths."
822:(Edited and with an Afterword by Sophie McCall ed.). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
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338:. There followed a request from the publisher for the book that would be published in 1931 as
251:. This was not to be, since later in the summer she would meet a guide working at the resort:
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produced a portrait of Grey Owl in 1972. Lovat Dickson brought out a second book of memoirs,
468:. She would grow up with them and only later discover the identity of her biological mother.
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found him so fascinating she wasted no time in discovering his name and that he was a guide.
205:
121:
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8:
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422:, 550 kilometers north of Prince Albert, and continued farther north to the edge of the
398:, she set out on a prospecting trip to try her luck, an event that was reported in the
236:
In 1925 Bernard took a summer job as waitress at the island resort of Camp Wabikon, on
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In 1928 Belaney and Anahareo, along with the adopted beavers, moved to the area of
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Recollecting: Lives of Aboriginal Women of the Canadian Northwest and Borderlands,
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Recollecting: Lives of Aboriginal Women of the Canadian Northwest and Borderlands
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was published. It was a popular success, reaching number four on the Toronto
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Blazing Her Own Trail: Anahareo's Rejection of Euro-Canadian Stereotypes,
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562:, and, hoping for a new start, Anahareo and Katherine joined him there.
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in 1971, a small taste of what was to become his monumental 1990 study
37:
16:
Canadian writer, animal rights activist and conservationist (1906–1986)
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His name was Archibald Belaney and he would later come to be known as
1144:
Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 16: A New Life With Old Problems".
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225:, where she spent her childhood. Her mother, Mary Nash Ockiping, was
1001:
Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 12: A Relationship Under Strain".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 10: The New Role of Motherhood".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 18: In The Public View Again".
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Anahareo and Grey Owl at Beaver Lodge, Lake Ajawaan, Saskatchewan
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fringed buckskin jackets and vests, and laceup prospector boots.
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 11: Pursuing More Adventure".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 1: Childhood and Background".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 7: The Lure of Prospecting".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 2: Meeting Her Jesse James".
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693:. She was buried next to Dawn and Grey Owl above Beaver Lodge.
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At Dickson's behest, Anahareo wrote a book of memoirs called
479:, without a trace of Indigenous blood. Anahareo later wrote:
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 4: Learning Bush Skills".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 19: A Life Recognized".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 17: A Stubborn Vision".
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Gleeson, Kristin (2012). "Chapter 14: Difficult Choices".
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In 1939, Anahareo met Eric Moltke, a member of the noble
196:(June 18, 1906 – June 17, 1986), commonly known as
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and formally a count. He had immigrated to Canada from
414:
Anahareo went alone on prospecting trips to the remote
229:, while her father, Matthew Bernard, was Algonquin and
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Their courtship was at times eventful. In her memoir
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394:. Leaving Dawn in the care of the Winters family in
665:Two profiles of Anahareo appeared in the Vancouver
751:. Athabasca, Alberta: Athabasca University Press.
488:At the invitation of Grey Owl's London publisher,
800:
267:
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928:From the Land of Shadows: The Making of Grey Owl
608:From the Land of Shadows: the Making of Grey Owl
558:farm in the area. In 1948 Moltke found a job in
443:
221:Gertrude Bernard was born on June 18, 1906, in
278:to club to death those who were still living.
1338:20th-century indigenous women of the Americas
930:. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books.
651:Wilderness Man: The Strange Story of Grey Owl
616:Wilderness Man: The Strange Story of Grey Owl
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685:During a visit to Grey Owl's birthplace of
848:The Many Faces of Archie Belaney, Grey Owl
36:
1273:20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
820:Devil in Deerskins: My Life with Grey Owl
708:Devil in Deerskins: My Life with Grey Owl
634:Devil in Deerskins: My Life with Grey Owl
626:Devil in Deerskins: My Life with Grey Owl
319:Devil in Deerskins: My Life with Grey Owl
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1037:from the original on September 30, 2023
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247:, a Roman Catholic boarding school in
1067:from the original on October 26, 2023
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1278:20th-century Canadian women writers
653:. The film was supposed to feature
581:Success and recognition (1960–1986)
13:
1313:Canadian women non-fiction writers
1283:20th-century First Nations writers
1197:
14:
1349:
1230:
147:
1288:Canadian animal rights activists
133:Count Eric Alex Moltke-Huitfeldt
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850:. Vancouver: Grey Stone Books.
143:
1318:Members of the Order of Canada
1205:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit.
268:Life with Grey Owl (1926–1936)
1:
1303:Canadian Mohawk women writers
1207:Fireship Press, Tucson 2012,
1187:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
1161:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
1146:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
1110:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
1088:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
1061:National Film Board of Canada
1031:National Film Board of Canada
1003:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
978:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
953:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
906:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
891:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
794:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
779:Anahareo: A Wilderness Spirit
726:
553:Anahareo and Katherine Moltke
444:Years of hardship (1937–1959)
369:Riding Mountain National Park
346:Canadian Forestry Association
1323:People from Mattawa, Ontario
703:My Life With Grey Owl (1940)
341:The Men of the Last Frontier
7:
846:Billinghurst, Jane (1999).
714:
377:Prince Albert National Park
105:Prince Albert National Park
10:
1354:
1298:Canadian environmentalists
1112:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
1005:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
980:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
955:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
691:Kamloops, British Columbia
660:Life and Times of Grey Owl
410:Anahareo and Dawn canoeing
1333:Canadian Mohawk activists
1242:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1189:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
1163:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
1148:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
1090:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
926:Smith, Donald B. (1990).
908:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
893:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
878:. Toronto: Dundurn Press.
796:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
781:. Tucson: Fireship Press.
400:Christian Science Monitor
200:, was a Canadian writer,
176:
168:
157:
127:
114:
96:
73:
47:
35:
21:
1293:Canadian autobiographers
632:In 1972 Anahareo's book
1308:Canadian Mohawk writers
504:Moltke-Huitfeldt family
1057:"Pilgrims of the Wild"
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629:
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554:
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534:
517:
486:
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411:
364:
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217:Early life (1906–1925)
1328:Women autobiographers
642:
624:
591:
552:
538:
529:
519:They were married in
512:
510:to start a new life.
497:My Life With Grey Owl
481:
432:
409:
362:
297:
286:Anahareo and a beaver
285:
275:
253:
876:Pilgrims of the Wild
454:Pilgrims of the Wild
307:Pilgrims of the Wild
292:Pilgrims of the Wild
146: 1939;
1027:"The Beaver People"
697:Anahareo's writings
567:Macmillan of Canada
42:Anahareo (ca. 1928)
818:Anahareo (2014).
630:
555:
412:
365:
288:
1218:Kristin Gleeson:
1203:Kristin Gleeson:
874:Grey Owl (2010).
829:978-0-88755-765-1
450:The Beaver People
392:Chapleau, Ontario
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1248:Anahareo.ca
1071:24 November
671:BC Outdoors
667:Weekend Sun
618:, in 1973.
305:—Grey Owl,
164:(1926-1936)
1257:Categories
1213:1611792207
727:References
58:1906-06-18
658:entitled
458:Saskatoon
227:Algonquin
1237:Anahareo
1065:Archived
1035:Archived
721:Grey Owl
715:See also
687:Hastings
525:Manitoba
521:Winnipeg
477:Hastings
373:Manitoba
350:Montreal
262:Grey Owl
211:Grey Owl
198:Anahareo
169:Children
162:Grey Owl
91:, Canada
85:Kamloops
68:, Canada
23:Anahareo
575:Calgary
466:Calgary
249:Toronto
158:Partner
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610:. The
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330:Quebec
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231:Mohawk
177:Awards
128:Spouse
142:(
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669:and
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74:Died
48:Born
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612:CBC
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