3214:
unions, 22 workers' commissions and 3 union minorities. Under the FORJ coordination, a meeting was held to discuss the vacation law on the same days as the congress convened by the communists, with the participation of only 4 permanent unions, including the
Alliance of Workers in Footwear, the Union of Smelters and Attachments, the Union of Workers in Civil Construction and the Workers' Center in Quarries. The affirmation of anarchist principles was reinforced in opposition to the communist proposals, refusing support for political parties and workers' centralization by external bodies, defending federalism and direct action without intermediaries. In São Paulo, the rearticulation of the workers' movement took place around the Pro-Organization of the Workers' Commission, constituted in a rally on May 1, 1927, with a view to reorganizing the old FOSP, which only reappeared in 1931. On May 7, the Workers' Union of Various Crafts was created, as an embryonic form of the federation. There were few unions that were active: União dos Canteiros, União dos Hateiros, União dos Artífices em Calçados and Liga Operária de Vila Esperança, among the unions under anarchist influence. The International, which was the Union of Employees in Hotels and Restaurants, and the Union of Graphic Workers (UTG) were under communist leadership, while in the Union of Workers in Fabric Factories there were disputes between anarchists and communists. In Rio Grande do Sul, in contrast, the 3rd State Workers' Congress of 1925, organized by FORGS and with the participation of 18 unions from various cities in the State, adopted a motion reaffirming libertarian principles and the fight against political parties.
2959:
October 19, which led to the death of four militant workers, one of them being the
Spanish José Prol, allowed the police to discover the insurrectional plans. Even though anarchists denied the accusations, saying that the bombs and propaganda materials found had been planted by the police themselves, the repression intensified and the Libertarian Communist Party dismantled. The upsurge in repression became particularly evident in the treatment given to the strikes of the Leopoldina Railway in Rio de Janeiro and the Companhia de Estradas de Mogiana in São Paulo. The strike by Leopoldina, which started on March 15, 1920, after the refusal of company leaders to negotiate the workers' claims, counted on the solidarity of workers organized in the Federation of Workers of Rio de Janeiro (FTRJ - successor to the UGT and heir to FORJ) and the Federation of Vehicle Drivers, who declared a general strike on March 23. On March 24, metallurgists, members of the Cosmopolitan Center, tailors, bakers, stokers, shoemakers, taxi drivers, weavers and a large number of construction workers also went on strike. During the stoppage, the headquarters of the FTRJ and other unions were invaded by the police and a series of workers' leaders were arrested, including Mâncio Teixeira, Fábio Luz, José Oiticica and
3639:
libertarians, who preferred to close their unions rather than give in to State interference. Despite the persistence of anarchists in maintaining the independent unions, several associations opted for the official route, as happened with the UTG Paulista, led by
Trotskyists. The main factor that motivated the change of course was the conditioning of vacation days to the workers associated with a recognized union. In Rio Grande do Sul, in June 1934, the PCB obtained the leadership of FORGS, which had been reorganized by the anarchists in August of the previous year, and also constituted the Proletarian Electoral League and the Anti-War and Anti-Fascist Committee. With these organizations, the PCB, which for years tried to create bases in Rio Grande do Sul, managed to break the anarchist resistance that was already weakened due to disputes with official organizations. It was through the electoral appeal and the union against fascism that the communists were able to offer new channels of participation to the workers, questioning the limitation of the anarchists in this sense. The Paraná Workers' Federation (FOP), until then under anarchist influence, joined the official recognition in 1934.
3338:, had a longer life span, but circulated with great intervals. This irregular life was mainly due to financial difficulties and persecution. The periodicity of anarchist and workers' newspapers was also determined by events; weekly newspapers could be circulated daily, keeping the regular numbering and the same heading. This was especially the case in times of strike unrest. Also noteworthy was the absence of advertising and, at certain times, boycott recommendations, usually when the company responsible for the boycotted products was in dispute with its workers. Often, the headquarters of the associations or even the newsrooms of the newspapers provided free access to both the periodical press and books and pamphlets in the so-called "reading tables". The practice of creating libraries and reading rooms, which will be a constant in the workers 'movement of the First Republic, had been a recommendation of the Workers' Congress of 1906, in the hope that the availability of this literature would contribute to adding workers to the movement.
2967:
punishment. The anarchists accused the cooperative leaders of treason for having signed an agreement that ignored the conditions of
Leopoldina workers, without having consulted the Federation of Workers and Leopoldina's employee unions. The Mogiana strike, which started on March 20 of the same year, was marked by open conflicts between workers and police. Shootings, sometimes fatal, took place at several railway stations serviced by the company. At the White House station, on March 31, police soldiers charged with a silent bayonet against more than 200 strikers, who entrenched themselves at the station and refused to evacuate it; in the shooting that took place, four strikers died and several were injured. The strike ended on April 5 with the arrest and deportation of workers involved in the conflicts. At the same time, a general strike initiated by FOSP in conjunction with the strike in Mogiana also ended in failure, ending on April 6 and with its leaders acknowledging "the unrest has not reached the desired proportions".
3716:
could have a more coordinated impact on social movements and without losing sight of your final goals. Among the anarchist organizations created in the period, there were the
Anarchist Union of Rio de Janeiro (UARJ), the Anarchist Union of São Paulo (UASP) and the group Os Ácratas de Porto Alegre. Soon the militants tried to organize a congress to rearticulate Brazilian anarchism, which was held in December 1948 and outlined the objectives and strategies to be followed by anarchists at that time. Despite the fundamental role of old militants such as Edgard Leuenroth and José Oiticica in the rearticulation of the anarchist movement, the presence of new militants, such as Adélcio Coppeli and Ideal Peres, who organized themselves in the União da Juventude Libertária Brasileira stood out and, later, in the Anarchist Youth of Rio de Janeiro (JARJ). The difficulty of reinsertion of anarchists in social movements contributed to hamper the survival of their specific organizations, which disappeared throughout the 1950s and 1960s.
4367:, many protesters identified in some way with anarchism. The protests started with a demonstration articulated on June 6 by MPL and student organizations against the increase of twenty cents in bus, subway and train fares in the city of São Paulo. The organization of these demonstrations took place without a hierarchical system of leaders and base, but of horizontal collectives, critical of the traditional form of politics organized in centralizing parties and unions. According to sociologist Maria da Glória Gohn, "it cannot be said that June 2013 had completely anarchic manifestations", but that "several of the nuclei or collectives that organized the demonstrations" through social networks "were more inspired by the ideals of autonomists, anarchists, libertarians, utopian socialists, etc. than those of the traditional left". Both anarchists linked to specificist organizations and those who did not participate in any anarchist political organization played an active role in these protests.
4304:, while the militants linked to the especifista organizations act in the Popular Resistance, an organization of a tendency driven by anarchists of those organizations present in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Pará, Mato Grosso and Goiás, and works with student, union and community movements, seeking to build libertarian practices in these movements. Libertarian trends driven by anarchists also organized the Latin American Meeting of Popular Autonomous Organizations (ELAOPA). Among the cultural initiatives, in addition to the Social Culture Centers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, other initiatives stand out, such as the Ateneu Libertário Batalha de Várzea, in Porto Alegre, and the Terra Livre Library, in São Paulo; the Anarchist Book Fairs, which have been held in several cities in the country since 2006; and the articulation of community pre-university entrance courses.
3363:; the 13th of October, anniversary of Francesc Ferrer's execution by firing squad; and the 1st of May, considered the most important date, inseparable from the struggle for the eight-hour workday. On these occasions, advertising conferences were held at the headquarters of the associations or in rented halls, usually with a speaker invited to speak about the date or some related topic. Except for the 1st of May, which soon acquired a public dimension, there was a predominance of celebrations in closed places until the end of the 1910s. In the second half of the 1910s, it became common to organize recreational activities and festivals, held outdoors, in places such as parks, and including various attractions in the program, such as the staging of plays, soirees, balls and picnics. These activities were generally organized as a way of raising funds for the press or workers' organizations.
2895:. In the Federal Capital, the demonstration had about 60 thousand people who, in addition to saluting the aforementioned revolutions, organized stoppages to pressure the bosses for the 8-hour day. In São Paulo, shortly after the celebrations, a general strike broke out, which started at the Matarazzo factory, where a worker accused the master general of harassing him for having spoken on the 1st of May. After a rough bout, the worker was fired. Many of his colleagues quit their jobs and took to the streets urging employees at other factories to follow their example. At the end of the day, around 10,000 workers were on strike, and demands were made. Once again the eight-hour day became one of the main demands, accompanied by others such as weekly rest, equal pay for men and women, recognition of the workers' right to organize and express themselves and lower prices for staple goods.
4356:
3510:, the anarchists intensified their activities around anti-fascism. During the month of June 1933, anarchists began to transmit, through their periodicals, a news series about the anti-fascist organization that was beginning to gain momentum in São Paulo. One of the first initiatives of some libertarians was the creation of an Anti-Fascist Committee, which started to publish a series of manifestos in the anarchist press and also held some meetings. The Anti-Fascist Committee, with the anarchists of São Paulo in front of it, was created on June 22, 1933, through an assembly in the Celso Garcia Hall, which featured Edgard Leuenroth and José Oiticica as main speakers. However, this committee did not survive long, remaining active only for a few months. After the dissolution of the Antifascist Committee, it was up to the CCS to organize rallies and antifascist conferences.
4308:
3979:, defending the founding of a coordinating committee for libertarian students in order to create a local and then national organization; active participation in students' demonstrations; solidarity with students and the social movement more broadly, preaching the alliance of student and worker struggles; greater participation of the bases in the decisions of the student entities and, finally; support to UNE, as long as it was independent of political and demagogic interests. Minimally articulated, MEL activists began to act in the student movement, organizing debates, conferences and meetings, in addition to engaging in the fight against the agreement signed by the Ministry of Education with the United Agency for International Development, seen as a reaction to the demands for university reform raised by students in the 1960s. With the death of
3518:(LC). The anarchists were present at the founding meeting of FUA, defending a front of struggle that was formed through the union of all anti-fascist individuals and, “on the basis of the broadest and most complete autonomy of factions, principles and doctrines that subdivides men into clubs, legions, parties and dissidents”. The other organizations that made up the FUA, in turn, defended the idea of a single front that would bring together the various left-wing parties and unions, rather than isolated anti-fascist individuals. For anarchists, this was seen as an incongruity, as a large part of these organizations were very insignificant. Despite this, libertarians maintained contacts and several times articulated with the FUA, which did not happen in relation to the Committee Against War and Fascism, led by the PCB.
3330:; Escola Nova, founded in 1909 in São Paulo; among others. Most schools were maintained by workers and the discipline regime followed established priorities to achieve intellectual independence and the capacity for individual and collective organization. Women anarchists, in turn, formed several groups of female education free from the religious influence present in women's education during that period, creating reading rooms and literacy rooms, such as the Centro Feminino de Educação, founded in 1920 by Isabel Cerruti. In the same vein as the Modern Schools were the Centers for Social Studies, intended for the dissemination of lectures and the teaching shared between the members. Such centers were simpler to be implanted than the Modern Schools, being enough to rent or assign a room and hire or invite a speaker.
3018:, which regulated the expulsions of foreigners who were in the country for less than five years, stipulating that they could be expelled from national territory if they were considered harmful to public order; and Decree No. 4,269, by Adolfo Gordo, with the express purpose of repressing anarchism, establishing prison sentences for crimes committed with a view to subversion of the social order and punishments for those who contributed to the practice of such crimes through meetings or propaganda instruments, in addition to giving the authorities the right to indefinitely close unions and civil entities that committed acts deemed harmful to public security. The workers' press also demonstrated a frank decline in 1921, with the end of several publications and the reduction of the periodicity of others.
3230:- which was already disliked by the workers' leaders for having once stated that “the social issue in Brazil is a police issue" - made the crimes of "diverting workers from the establishments where they are employed, through threats and embarrassment", unaffordable, as well as those of “causing cessation or suspension of work through threats or violence, to impose on workers or bosses an increase or decrease in service or salary”, in addition to authorizing the government to indefinitely close the associations, unions, centers or entities of the workers' movement that focused on the practice of crimes or acts contrary to public order. Soon after the law was passed, the police arrested 14 workers in São Paulo, among them, the anarchists Edgard Leuenroth and Domingos Passos and the communist
3819:, and in the same year unsuccessfully launched an opposition within the graphics union, defending political neutrality, union autonomy and direct action methods. In a more isolated way, the militant from Rio de Janeiro Serafim Porto was very active among professors in Rio de Janeiro and Edgard Leuenroth was part of several congresses and organizing initiatives of São Paulo journalists, including appointed president of the Press History Commission in 1957, the year in which he also participated in the VII Congress of Journalists, by the São Paulo delegation. Finding difficulties for a greater insertion in the unions for in addition to the modest initiatives attempted, anarchists began to dedicate themselves, especially in the 1960s, to cultural actions. During this time, the philosopher
2942:, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. Of these 22 delegates, three were women. The program of the Libertarian Communist Party, defined during the conference, called for the suppression of the state, all religious authority and all laws; general resolutions would be taken in public assemblies, and minorities would enjoy full freedom for the formation of new communities. The social precepts of the document determined the elimination of private property and the administration of factories, railways and other public services by the workers and their respective associations, without anyone assuming management functions. In August 1919, under the direction of José Oitica and Astrogildo Pereira, the Libertarian Communist Party started to publish the weekly newspaper
3770:
movement”. The congress was held in Urca, in Rio de
Janeiro, and issues such as organization, campaigns to be developed and propaganda were discussed, serving as a balance of anarchist activities carried out between the two congresses. The international articulation of the anarchist press and the penetration with the “companions of Rio Light” and in the “rail union” stood out as a positive point. The meeting also pointed out the activities of the UARJ and training and internal debates, headed by Ideal Peres. The reports from São Paulo highlighted the activities of the Centro de Cultura Social, Nossa Chácara and its theater group, and underlined the participation of a group of anarchists in the shoemakers union. It was decided to continue with the publication of
2566:
given that several products were exported to countries in conflict. In 1915, the prices of rice, sugar and corn increased significantly; the following year, the wholesale prices of various products went up, such as beans and manioc flour; and wheat became scarce and expensive. Wages, however, remained at the same levels as in the years before the war. Food prices continued to rise during the first six months of 1917. Basic items tended to be 20% to 150% more expensive than the previous year. The favorable environment for the satisfaction of demands due to the resumption of industrial activity led the labor movement to an accelerated process of reorganization in disarticulated resistance societies during the crisis, resulting in a strike wave starting in 1917.
2452:, where, in August, several circumstances paralyzed their activities and the movement assumed the dimension of a general strike. In addition to the strikes to reduce working hours, between 1912 and 1913 there were several demonstrations against expulsions of foreigners and campaigns against the loss of life. The new rise of the workers' movement brought reactions from the authorities, with intensified repression and an attempt to expand and tighten the terms of the Adolfo Gordo Law. On the other hand, Hermes da Fonseca's collaboration with the reformists made it possible, in November 1912, for the so-called Fourth Brazilian Workers' Congress, at the seat of the Federal Senate and with the support of federal deputy Mário Hermes.
3456:, seeking to attract the support of workers, and created the Ministry of Labor, Industry and Commerce, responsible for enforcing labor legislation and for organizing official unionization. In March 1931, a unionization law was launched, which established the official recognition of only one union per sector and prohibited political and religious advertising within the unions. At the same time, repression of the press and workers' demonstrations was still widespread. In Rio de Janeiro, it was alleged that a bomb exploded in the Central Police building and, in São Paulo, an uprising of young officers from the Public Force to prevent the May 1 rallies in 1931. There were also constant harassments of the anarchist newspapers
2717:, the Proletarian Defense Committee negotiated with the employers and the state government the agenda of demands. The industrialists maintained their agreement to grant increased wages; they were willing to respect the workers' right to form associations, not to dismiss any employee for taking part in the strike, and to "improve the moral, material and economic conditions of the São Paulo workforce". The delegates of the Proletarian Defense Committee decided to accept the concessions of the industrialists, provided that the government "backed" them with certain measures considered indispensable, such as the release of the workers arrested during the strike and the recognition of the right of assembly.
2456:
of national articulation, of building a new central or workers' party. On the contrary, the disclosure of their preparations motivated anarchists to foster a re-articulation with the union movement and the definition of new directions to combat cooperatives. The FORJ, practically inactive since 1910, was invigorated by a meeting of several union leaders in May 1912 and, in early
October, brought together worker leaders from Rio de Janeiro with the purpose of reactivating the COB, preparing a Reorganizing Commission. The Commission declared, in January 1913, the reconstitution of the COB, whose direction included Rosendo dos Santos as general secretary, and João Leuenroth as treasurer. The newspaper
3766:, and the strategies that should have been adopted by anarchists at that time were also discussed. The general perception was that anarchists needed to organize themselves more efficiently in order to intervene properly as a political force, aiming at the foundation of a national organization, constituted in a federative way, from the bottom up. Regarding their political practices, the anarchists decided to continue their work within the unions, taking up more general elements of revolutionary syndicalism. Another topic discussed was the question of propaganda, and recommended the creation of cultural centers, recreational colonies, theater groups and publishers dedicated to the libertarian theme.
2982:
took place. The meetings took place at the headquarters of the Union of
Workers in Fabric Factories, with the presence of 116 delegates from 64 entities from various parts of the country. At this congress, as a symptom of the adaptation to the new post-war Brazilian industry framework, a resolution was approved that prioritized the creation of unions by industry, to the detriment of organization by trades. Many of the decisions of previous Congresses, of 1906 and 1913, were reiterated, such as the adoption of the federative method of organization. The Civil Construction Workers League of São Paulo, represented by Deoclécio Fagundes and Teófilo Ferreira, proposed that the congress join the
4200:, to publicize the group's activities, which were disjointed after the removal of Ideal Peres and his wife Esther Redes, in addition to publish texts propagating anarchist ideology. In the same period, libertarian students from Rio de Janeiro organized the 9 de Julho Student Anarchist Collective (CAE-9), which soon surpassed the student front and came to be called the Grupo Anarquista Ação Direta (GAAD), organizing itself in work fronts and with a proposal for insertion by location and work. In August 1992, in an attempt at national rearticulation, a meeting was held in São Paulo titled "Another 500 - International Libertarian Thought". The event's motto was criticism of the
2926:. However, the FORGS lawyer consulted the Federal Constitution and deemed the rally legal. When the number of those present rose to about 500, a conflict broke out between the strikers and the military brigade. The strikers sought refuge wherever doors were open. Some of those who were already safe closed a door, hurriedly, to a worker. The soldiers killed him with a gunshot. On the 8th, troops from the military brigade, under the orders of the governor, invaded the headquarters of FORGS, the Union of Light Workers and União Metalúrgica; its leaders were imprisoned and by the 11th the strike was over, with the restoration of services offered by the Light & Power Company.
3522:
4275:
de
Janeiro; Anarchist Black Flag Collective (CABN), in Santa Catarina; Coletivo Anarquista Luta de Classes (CALC), in Paraná; Anarchist Federation of Palmares (FARPA), in Alagoas; Specific Anarchist Forum (FAE) in Bahia; Coletivo Mineiro Popular Anarquista (COMPA) of Minas Gerais; the Anarchist Socialist Libertarian Organization (OASL) in São Paulo; Libertarian Resistance Organization (ORL) in Fortaleza; Anarchist Cabana Federation (FACA) in Pará; and Rusga Libertária in Mato Grosso. In 2003, the União Popular Anarquista (UNIPA) emerged, out of specifism, claiming what it called "Bakuninism", based on the organizational theories of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.
3075:
evidence against the suspected military, the police raided the home of oppositionist
Evaristo Dias, arresting him and confiscating his books and papers, which were not returned to him. Other prisoners in Rio de Janeiro were Luís Peres, Octávio Brandão, José Gonçalves, Antônio de Oliveira, Pedro Maurini, Vicente Llorca, Silvano Borges and Joaquim Silva. When the General Union of Employees in Hotels and Restaurants called a meeting against the arrest of Pedro Maurini, an anarchist born abroad, the police raided the headquarters of the entity; shortly afterwards, the police also closed the headquarters of the Union of Workers in Civil Construction, where they arrested
3562:
3627:
reaching the number of 52 unions. However, a certain artificiality was perceived in these adhesions, since the number of official unions did not necessarily mean their control by the State. In several sectors, officializations were carried out through associations without representation. There were unions in São Paulo with about 50 members, as was the case with the hatmakers and slaughterhouse workers in 1932, and the shoemakers and railway workers of the São Paulo Railway in 1933. In these categories, there were independent anarchist-oriented unions, the communists working in the latter, with intense demanding activities.
2488:
never imposed, otherwise it would not be anarchism. Most of those present then decided to endorse the principles of 1906, based on direct action against capitalism, freedom of association, federalism and the religious and political neutrality of the unions. A complementary motion by the anarchist José Borobio tried to contemplate the complaints of his fellow Santos, trying to make it clear that, within the unions, a "wide exposition and discussion of all political and philosophical ideas" among its affiliates was possible and desirable. This controversy had been preceded by a debate held in the pages of
4279:
north of Rio de Janeiro in Campo Grande, which resulted in the murder of a trade union activist recognized in the struggle for platform occupations, in addition to the Batistinha occupations, in 1997, and Nova Canudos, in 1998 and 1999, both in Rio de Janeiro and with the direct participation of anarchist militants. From 2000, more occupations with a strong anarchist presence took place in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, such as the Centro Popular Canudos in 2003, Chiquinha Gonzaga in 2004, Zumbi dos Palmares and Vila da Conquista in 2005, Quilombo das Guerreiras in 2006 and Largo do Boticário in 2007.
2915:
were recalculated based on an additional 20%. The moderate action of the police, one of the features of the general strike in Salvador, was also noted as a characteristic of the general strike in Recife. In Porto Alegre, the strike acquired a more violent character. Initiated by the workers of the Light & Power Company on September 4, the movement soon was joined by bakers, carters and workers from the telephone company. On the 6th, a bomb was thrown at the Company, which operated through an engineer and three navy stokers. The police banned a rally planned by the strikers for the next day, in
3441:
ideological divergences, bringing together anarchists, communists and reformists. However, the divergences soon reappeared, so that the anarchists founded, on November 16, 1930, the Workers' Organization Committee, aiming at reactivating the old FOSP. The consolidation of FOSP took place through the 3rd State Workers Conference, between March 13 and 15, 1931, with the participation of 18 unions, 10 from the capital and 8 from the interior of São Paulo. All participating associations were under anarchist influence, with the exception of the Union of Graphic Workers of São Paulo (UGT), then run by
2692:, staying there to listen to a series of speeches on the situation of the working class. It was soon decided to send a delegation to meet Tirso Martins, Chief of Police of São Paulo, to demand the reopening of the Liga Operária da Mooca and the release of the imprisoned workers; another part of the crowd, less peaceful, walked the streets of the neighborhoods of Brás, Mooca and Cambuci and, through persuasion or violence, managed to join more workers, closing the establishments that were still active, including the Nami Jafet factory, which had given in days before to the demands of its workers.
3747:, and by the end of 1948, Brazilian anarchists had already sent reports and circulars for several states where there was a militant presence. Based on the information circulated and on the groups and activists that constituted the UARJ and UASP, they drew up the program for the 1948 Anarchist Congress. The congress was held from the 17th to the 19th of December 1948, coinciding with school holidays, which facilitated the participation of many activists who were students or teachers. The congress took place at Nossa Chácara, a place whose land had originally belonged to the lawyer and anarchist
3180:
victims of occupational accidents; enacted laws regulating assistance and protection for the least abandoned and delinquent and prohibiting the work of minors under the age of 14; in addition to enacting a vacation law, which obliged commercial, industrial and banking establishments to grant their employees 15 days of paid vacation annually. It was also the government of Artur Bernardes who called a meeting to designate a representative of the working class at the International Labor Conference in 1926, which ended up appointing the anarchist Carlos Dias to represent the Brazilian workers in
2276:
2971:
2476:
2779:
repressive wave, especially in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where several workers' associations were closed. Brazil's entry into the war in October further restricted the scope for action by the workers' movement. With the FORJ ban, closed by the police in August 1917, the General Union of Workers of Rio de Janeiro (UGT) was created. This Union, a clear attempt to regroup the resistance unions, saw the immediate adhesion of 13 class entities. Even in August, despite the repression, a strike at Companhia Cantareira e Viação Fluminense, which operated on the crossing of
2994:(Center), José Elias da Silva (North), Jorge Adalberto de Jesus (Far North), Teófilo Ferreira (South) and Alberto Lauro (Far South). The Congress also decided to instruct the CETC to enter into agreements with the associations of maritime and railway workers in order to obtain a formal commitment from them that they would refuse to transport the deported workers, and was instructed to promote a South American Workers' Congress and to maintain contact with international federations that agreed with the union orientation followed by the 3rd Brazilian Workers' Congress.
3892:(UNE). Even with the mobilization, Pardillos was given over to the Maritime Police and returned to Spanish territory. More successful was the solidarity action with the militants of the Iberian Revolutionary Directory of Liberation (DRIL) on board the Portuguese ship Santa Maria. In the early hours of January 23, 1961, DRIL militants organized an action to take control of this ship, which resulted in the death of one crew member and two wounded. The action aimed to carry out a political act of opposition to the Iberian dictatorships and was organized in the city of
3279:
Pereira de Oliveira, of involvement with the Rio police. Thus, on February 14, at the headquarters of the Graphics, there was a meeting to clarify the complaint. Right at the beginning of the activities, the light was turned off and, after shots fired by members of the assistance, 10 workers were injured and two died, among them, the graphic designer José Leite and the anarchist shoemaker Antônio Dominguez. The shots were allegedly taken by communists Pedro Bastos and Eusébio Manjon. Dominguez's death worsened relations between anarchists and communists.
3543:, press agency of the FUA. The event, held in the hall of the União das Classes Laboriosas, brought together a large audience composed of men and women belonging to the most diverse ideological currents, but who were grouped there by the same ideal of fighting against integralism. In the middle of the conference, some integralists appeared in order to disrupt it, however, when they realized the amount of antifascist elements that were there, they withdrew and began to look for reinforcements in the mediations, being repelled by a group of workers.
2548:
of the Feminine Center for Young Idealists, led by Emma Mennocchi, launched a Committee of Agitation Against Compulsory Military Service, composed of Maria Antonia Soares, Sofia Loise, Encarnación Mejias and Esperança Maestre, and published a manifesto to the mothers of Brazil, in which "after exposing the evils that will result from this law, I appeal for maternal feelings to come with you to prevent such a law from taking effect". In October 1915, the COB called for an International Peace Congress, in Rio de Janeiro, in which two delegates from
19:
3623:, through protests and boos in a meeting with communist and anarchist workers in the Hall of the Laborious Class in 1931. The anarchists who militated in the FOSP identified the Brazilian corporatist project with that of other authoritarian regimes, denouncing the creation of the Ministry of Labor as a fascist strategy, and constantly denounced its weaknesses. At the same time, they urged workers to conquer, through direct action, their social rights that were guaranteed by labor legislation, but which in practice were not fulfilled.
3554:, but the capital's anti-fascist forces soon mobilized to jointly prevent the event. The front that was organized to put an end to the integralist rally was quite diverse in ideological tendencies, bringing together anarchists, socialists, Trotskyists, communists and other leftist tenants. Anarchists played a fundamental role in the organization of the movement, giving up the FOSP headquarters for some meetings, which counted the active participation of notorious militants such as Edgard Leuenroth, Juan Perez Bouzas, Pedro Catalo and
3655:, including the Union of Footwear Workers, the League of Workers in Civil Construction and the Union of Manipulators of bread. Bakers continued their activities, maintaining their libertarian statutes and their practice of direct action in negotiating with bakery owners. They carried out strikes in 1936 and 1937 and maintained the publication of their newspaper during that period. Under strict surveillance, in 1940 they would be pressured to give up the use of the title of "union", an exclusive prerogative of official associations.
2771:, severely criticized the movement, causing an increase in police persecution. At this juncture and with the arrest of several leaders, the Chief of Police started negotiations with the Confederação Operária de Pernambuco (COP), a supporter of a reformist unionism and allied with the government. As a mediator of the conflict, the Academic Congress, representing the students of the Faculty of Law of Recife, entered the scene. The result of these negotiations was the end of the strike, with no gains for the workers, on September 15.
2787:, took on the shape of an insurrection. The radicalization of the strike caused a confrontation between the strikers, supported by popular people, and the police. The fact ended up sensitizing sectors of the army in favor of the strikers, and the 58th Battalion of Hunters became involved in the struggle with the workers. On August 9, Cantareira rail workers proposed to end the strike, provided seafarers from the same company were granted a wage increase. The company declined the request, but the strikers still got back to work.
3300:
3117:
that the military uprising had not been carried out by the people. However, they established a link between their character and popular desires. Examining the fact that they did not have sufficient strength, among the working and popular classes, to make their own revolution, they decided to participate in the movement, in an attempt to influence it; they soon offered to take up arms, proposing the formation of battalions of autonomous civilians, without military discipline and interference. Isidoro, heeding the warnings of
2875:
republic. On November 18, the strike was triggered and about 400 workers went to Campo de São Cristovão, but the movement did not have the support of the military, resulting in a violent confrontation between the army and the workers. The main leaders of the movement were arrested while meeting at the home of José Oiticica, the main leader of the uprising in the capital. Some remained imprisoned, such as Astrogildo Pereira, others were exiled to distant regions of the interior of Brazil, such as José Oiticica.
2484:
societies, leagues and four journals. Congress decided that cooperative associations that did not agree with direct action methods should not be admitted to the COB federative system. Within this system, unions would organize themselves by industry or profession. For its constitution, the union could have a number of no less than 25 members. Where there was not a sufficient number of members by industry or profession, it was recommended to form various trade unions, covering manual and intellectual workers.
4254:, FAG), and in the publication of the document "Fight and Organization: For the Brazilian Anarchist Construction", which aimed to create, in the short term, political instances organized at the local level, and in the long term, to constitute an anarchist organization at the national level. With this, in 1997 the Libertarian Socialist Organization (OSL) was formed, an anarchist level group formed by group state organizations and organizations identified with especifismo, which existed until the year 2000.
2696:
trams led it to suspend the traffic of its vehicles, at the same time that the great number of depredations forced the closing of the trade. On July 13, Tirso Martins distributed two newsletters, the first prohibiting meetings in the squares and on the streets; the second advising the people not to leave their homes at night, making it known that "the police are acting with all their energy against the rioters and the anarchists who have been attacking public order for days". The Secretary of Justice
3884:, Manuel Pérez Fenández housed several exiled Iberian anarchists in his home, so that his residence came to be known as "the Consulate of Anarchists". The articulation of Brazilian anarchist militants with militants from abroad drew the attention of police officers, who fearful of actions that could be considered subversive, started to investigate anarchist activity, especially in São Paulo during the year of 1948, pointing out a series of links between the CCS and the Hispanic-American Salon.
2879:
2180:'s electoral system, with open voting and control of elections by the ruling parties, hindered workers' ability to participate in political life. This exclusionary, oligarchic political model and lack of institutional channels for social demands strengthened Brazilian anarchism during the First Republic. Workers included a considerable proportion of ex-slaves and proletarianized immigrants with very low civil, political, and social rights—circumstances that encouraged worker
2725:
47:
2666:
2581:, informed that the speakers, at rallies, had advised depredations and attacks on the police itself, launched a circular banning workers' rallies. On May 11, more than 2,500 people, disrespecting the order of the police chief, moved towards the Corcovado fabric factory, where violent clashes with the police took place. The FORJ appointed João Gonçalves da Silva to head a delegation of three people to have an audience with the then President of the Republic,
1900:
3334:
who had common interests and was inserted in the same spaces of organization and militancy. In this way, the journals were fed up material on the workers' movement and related news, composed of reports from the unions, personal letters, denunciations, among others. The working and anarchist press, however, was unable to find any regular in its distribution; more than once newspapers disappeared from circulation. Some never reappeared, others, like
3038:(IWW), organized in a more centralized way, forming “one big union of all workers, with a single secretariat, a single source of propaganda, a single coordination center.” Some anarchists, realizing the lack of a methodical and systematic action in the work of propaganda and organization, started to stimulate the formation of libertarian affinity groups. As news of the Russian Revolution reached Brazil, the latent differences between anarchism and
3315:'s rationalist pedagogy was decisive in the educational initiatives promoted by anarchists in that period, pointing out what they consider "the negative effects of a controlling and disciplining education, for creating submissive individuals, without initiative, without autonomy", and proposed, instead, an education with new objects, principles and methods, which sought to stimulate originality, initiative, responsibility and autonomy. Countless
3794:, using the Nossa Chácara space. A strategy set in motion by the previous meeting and which had been resumed was the creation of cultural centers throughout the country, reaffirming the focus on cultural initiatives, indicating that anarchists considered that union action at that time had not produced the expected fruits, and that the mobilization of energy in the opening and consolidation of a new social vector was the most appropriate to do.
10176:
3588:(ALN). The ALN's political program, aimed at combating the latifundium, imperialism and in defense of freedoms, added to the struggle that its sections across the country were developing against the integralists, received the admiration of the anarchists. However, in July 1935, the ANL invited the various anti-fascist and workers' organizations to participate in an anti-integralist rally that would take place in São Paulo. The anarchists of
2188:
strike movements were more likely to succeed. Despite economic recessions and repression, which could lead to the closure of associations, the workers were prone to reconstitute and expand their organizations in more favorable circumstances. Union organizations often formed part of local or state federations. In revolutionary syndicalist tendencies, a federalist structure prevailed with non-hierarchical structures and no paid employees.
3026:
1890:
10188:
2074:
4052:
2432:
2751:. The League launched a manifesto to the people and workers, with a list of specific demands, such as the increase in workers' wages, and general demands for the entire population, such as the decrease in the price of food, tram passes and the installation of free markets in working-class neighborhoods. Porto Alegre workers promoted a massive mobilization that paralyzed the city from July 31 to August 4, 1917, when
2358:
3593:
position was presented by FOSP, who reported that its antipolitical principles prevented it from entering into any kind of commitment to the ALN or any other political organization. In general, the anarchists gave support to the ALN, but not adhesions, because, although there were some points of ideological contact between the anarchists and the alliance, there was mistrust in relation to the presence of
2903:
several strikes in the first half of 1919, initiated by seafarers, demanding a salary increase and an eight-hour day. On May 18, the number of workers absent from their jobs was estimated at 10,000. But the majority remained on strike for a short time, because employers, in general, were ready to grant the eight-hour day without a reduction in wages, even though striking outbreaks extended until July.
3090:, the Press Law was passed, which prescribed punishments for offenses made in newspapers to the President of the Republic, to "public morals or good manners", as well as to "some sovereign, foreign head of state or their diplomatic representatives". The Fourth Auxiliary Police Station was also created, with the specific objective of social and political control of militants opposed to the regime.
3956:
2589:, they were informed that the President, although he was always ready to receive "from the most humble to the most powerful", could not receive a delegation that was part of "an agitator dominated by anarchist influences". After the presidential refusal, João Gonçalves and FORJ, who remained in permanent session during the events, declared that the workers did not consider themselves humble.
3292:
anarchists became involved in a series of forms of action that had in culture, education and leisure the main instruments of doctrinal propaganda. In this way, many of these cultural expressions of workers of the First Republic were closely related to the proposals for social and intellectual emancipation defended by anarchists. Even some libertarian militants, such as Oreste Ristori and
3168:, with ordinary prisoners, unemployed and rebel soldiers. Survivors from Clevelândia reported having experienced unsanitary situations, hunger, torture and forced labor. In four years, of the 946 prisoners sent there, 491 died, including the anarchist militants Pedro A. Motta and José Alves do Nascimento. Some, like Domingos Brás and Domingos Passos, managed to escape, crossing the river
2030:(FAU), in a process that resulted in the foundation of the Coordenação Anarquista Brasileira (CAB) in 2012. Anarchists have since maintained a relevant, albeit minority, participation in various types of collective actions, such as union organizations, community and neighborhood associations, student mobilizations, homeless and landless movements and in waves of protests, like those of
4293:(MST), was also carried out by libertarian militants, with emphasis on the campaign initiated by the FAG denouncing the assassination of Elton Brum da Silva by the Military Police in 2009 during a land eviction, which resulted in a raid on the organization's headquarters and the indictment of eight of its members. In the instance of syndicalism, UNIPA anarchists have worked at the
2150:. The experiment ended in 1894, buffeted by sectors of the local elite and internal problems, such as material poverty and some settlers' difficulty adapting to the libertarian lifestyle. The Cecília Colony did not leave deep marks in the history of the Brazilian anarchist movement, but later some of its ex-colonists joined the military in São Paulo, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul.
2127:(PRP), denounced in 1893 the entry of anarchist immigrants into the country, classifying them as dangerous individuals, heads of "a terrible destructive sect", which aimed to "implant disorder and a fratricidal struggle, incompatible with the abundance and excellence of our living resources." During the activities of the 1898 May Day, several anarchists were arrested in São Paulo.
2570:
that hunger was knocking on the doors of the working class and that it was necessary that "the people act with energy, going to the warehouses where the goods that are missing in the workman's home are stacked and accumulated." In the same month, several strikes broke out in the textile industry after a threat of mass layoffs at the Corcovado fabric factory. The Chief of Police,
3968:
in physical and cultural conditions for a reactivation of movement". In addition, although the dictatorship repressed some of the main leaders and affected the functioning of their entities, the student movement had relative freedom of action between 1965 and 1968, becoming an active space of opposition to the military regime. In this context, the gaucho anarchists who edited
3651:. The pro-COB committee held meetings approving its statutes, but there was no further news about it after August 1934. The FOSP, the last bastion of revolutionary syndicalism, definitively ended its activities in November 1937, and the headquarters building was sealed by the police. Some anarchist-oriented unions made a brief comeback in 1937, before the institution of the
3635:, union activities from July to September were paralyzed, however, there were controversies regarding the position of workers in relation to the movement centered on São Paulo. According to Florentino de Carvalho, part of the workers' movement supported and participated in the movement, but a considerable part remained indifferent, due to the anarchist political position.
4155:, the anarchists of Rio de Janeiro, with Ideal Peres at the head, founded the Circle of Libertarian Studies (CEL), in 1985. Within this space, several collectives and anarchist groups developed even in the 1980s and early 1990s. In the same period, the CCS in São Paulo was reactivated, which had been in hiding since 1968, with the participation of Antônio Martinez and
3445:. Under the influence of weaver José Righetti, a former anarchist converted to tenentism, the Union of Workers in Fabric Factories (UOFT) and the League of Construction Workers (LOCC) refused to participate in FOSP. Weavers, being the most numerous sector at the time, were constantly targeted by anarchist propaganda through newsletters. LOCC would later join FOSP.
3659:
addition, the intensification of police repression, especially after the Communist Uprising and with the proclamation of the Estado Novo; the questioning of direct action methods in the face of PCB discipline and centralization; and the lack of its own political organization to carry out its programmatic objectives, resulted in the decline of anarchism in Brazil.
2557:. In the same month and year, and with similar points of discussion, anarchists, taking advantage of the presence of militants in the Federal District, started the South American Anarchist Congress, which sought to define common strategies for libertarians on the continent, whose deliberations did not distance themselves much of those held at workers' congresses.
2721:
construction workers, textiles, tailors and hatters. Due to resistance from reformist union members who collaborated with the government, it was not possible to trigger a general strike, nor to form a commission to manage any type of strike, even though several categories were paralyzed. These striker categories then demobilized as they achieved some results.
2626:. In July, a gap opened up in the impasse, when the workers of the fabric factory of the firm Nami Jafet, in the Cambuci neighborhood, agreed to return to their jobs, after receiving a salary raise for the night shift. However, on the 9th, the severe repression of a demonstration by the São Paulo Public Force resulted in the death of the anarchist shoemaker
2377:, approved in January of that year, which instituted compulsory military service. From 1908 onwards, there was a decline in strike activity, in the context of increasing repression and the deterioration of the economy with the end of the growth cycle. As a result, the first phase of the COB only lasted until December 1909, when the twenty-first issue of
3919:
meetings were redone with subjects that could be read by police authorities and a meeting was scheduled with the anarchists of São Paulo for May 1, 1964. The theme of the meeting was the political situation in Brazil, a balance of known prisons and the keeping of documents related to anarchist activities in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The edition of
3803:
criticisms of the corporatist structure and what they called "hideous unionism" were common, while there was an incentive to grassroots union struggles, believing that, through them, a new awakening of revolutionary syndicalism would be possible. There was a concern to spread anarchist ideas to the workers, especially through the press. The newspaper
3488:(AIB), founded in 1932, and consequently, the attempt to create means for promoting anti-fascist resistance. Although they had little expression in the Italian anti-fascist community, where socialist positions predominated, anarchists developed a series of activities of an anti-fascist character, such as rallies, meetings and public actions.
2986:. But Edgard Leuenroth objected, as it was not "a genuinely union organization", being supported by Astrojildo Pereira and José Elias. Instead of joining the Communist International, the 3rd Workers' Congress passed a resolution in which it welcomed the Russian Revolution and the initiatives taken carried out by the Communist International.
2070:. Industrial establishments, however, tripled in Brazil during the 1880s, and many immigrants went to the nascent industrial centers after disastrous experiences in coffee plantations. The industrial centers also received new waves of European immigrants, now coming from urban areas, having previous experiences with union organization.
3597:, acclaimed as president of the ALN, as well as the fear that, over time, this organization could seek institutional political power. Even though adherence did not occur, anarchists showed solidarity with the ALN when it was outlawed by the Vargas government in July 1935, and its sections and militants were largely repressed.
3222:, accused by the American justice system of assault and murder. Driven by the international movement, in early 1926, a Sacco and Vanzetti Pro-Freedom Agitation Committee was created in a general assembly of shoemakers. The campaign was intensified with constant public demonstrations of great amplitude throughout the country.
2192:
Brazilian anarchists took some initiatives to create "female nuclei", such as the Group for Female Emancipation in Rio de Janeiro. The seamstress unions, which emerged in 1919 in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, were among the few exceptions of unions organized and run exclusively by women, and were driven by anarchists such as
3574:
authorities. Anarchists subsequently tried to reorganize the FOSP and seek ways to help the militants who were arrested as a result of the anti-fascist struggle, even creating the Social Prisoners Committee, which carried out some festive activities aimed at raising aid funds for incarcerated comrades and their families.
3296:, who condemned trade unionism for seeing it as a reformist character, dedicated their activities essentially to initiatives in the field of advertising and education. COB itself, in turn, recommended the creation of educational centers and rationalist schools as a significant part of the work for the social revolution.
4043:
be held in the apartment of Ideal Peres and Esther Redes, in Rio de Janeiro, and in the Nossa Chácara space, in São Paulo. Even with the limitation of activities, communication with anarchists from abroad was constant, so that newspapers from international anarchism were kept and later disseminated among the militants.
2173:, in residences subject to employer control. They suffered from transportation and infrastructure problems. In the case of illness, disability, or unemployment, workers without a charitable fund from the company or a subscription to an aid society were completely unassisted due to the absence of social policies.
4223:. In this event, it was decided to create an Information Network, whose objective would be the dissemination of news and activities of interest to anarchist groups and individuals. The initiative had an ephemeral character, but it served to establish ties between activists from different regions. The bulletin
2736:. In the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, the general strike broke out between the end of July and the beginning of August. Following the example of what happened in the capital of São Paulo, a Popular Defense League was formed, composed of anarchists experienced in the union struggle, such as Cecílio Villar and
3218:
fulfilled. A Vacation Law Committee was created in São Paulo, bringing together unions and activists of different trends, including anarchists, communists, Catholics and reformists. In the same period, there was an intense protest mobilization provoked by the trial and execution of the anarchist workers
2760:
workplace, the decrease in rents, food prices and land transport fees and fluvial. The strike spread, including the action of the strike commission created from the SOV meetings, which were coordinated by militants linked to revolutionary syndicalism. The state government, in the person of the President
3619:
Janeiro, where several sectors rushed to request the letter of recognition early in 1931. Among the construction workers and shoemakers, the recognized unions vied for space with the anarchists. On the other hand, in São Paulo, the aversion to officialization was demonstrated to the Minister of Labor,
4327:
struggles, during the late 1990s and especially in the early 2000s. Motivated by this context, Brazilian anarchists began to dedicate their militant efforts to creating and disseminating media based on a logic of horizontal internal organization, which could serve as a tool for existing mobilizations
4278:
In relation to social movements, anarchists have played a relevant role, albeit a minority one, in unions, community and neighborhood associations, student mobilizations, homeless and landless movements. In the 1990s, anarchists began to support urban occupations, such as that of oil tankers from the
3769:
Five years later, in 1953, UARJ activists organized a new congress, which was scheduled for January 9, 10 and 11. A circular sent to different militants around Brazil presented the “need to activate our action more” and “everything else that refers to practical measures to give greater impetus to our
3758:. The land had been handed over to Edgard Leuenroth, who gave up space for the common use of anarchists between 1939 and 1942. In addition to debates over reaffirming the ideological bases of anarchism, at the congress relations with other political elements, solidarity with the political exiles from
3734:
The idea of organizing an Anarchist Congress was motivated by participation in the International Anarchist Congress of France in 1946 and in the FORA Congress in 1948. In the same year, the militants exchanged correspondence with comrades around Brazil. The call to the national anarchist congress was
3604:
was used as a pretext by the government to initiate a broad repression against the left, such that communists, democrats and opponents to the Vargas government in general were violently repressed. Anarchists, even though they did not participate in the uprisings, were not spared from repression; many
3529:
On November 14, 1933, the anarchists, through the CCS, organized an anti-integralist conference, which included the participation of representatives of different political currents of the left, such as the socialist Carmelo Crispino, the anarchist Hermínio Marcos and a representative of the newspaper
3412:
initially presented itself as a reaction of indifference. Due to the movement's political-party character, anarchists, who claimed to be apolitical, saw it as a simple change of government that would not affect the working condition. There was, however, a certain ambiguity when, following portions of
2989:
Finally, an Executive Committee of the Third Congress (CETC) was appointed in order to coordinate activities for the execution of the Resolutions taken, being assigned a mandate that would go on until the meeting of the Four Brazilian Workers' Congress, scheduled for 1921 and that did not end up. Rio
2981:
Police repression, deportations and the systematic work of reformist and cooperative groups had been producing unfavorable results for revolutionary organizations directly linked to syndicalism. It was in this troubled situation that, between April 23 and 30, 1920, the 3rd Brazilian Workers' Congress
2929:
In the same year, the anarchists, still under the impact of the Russian Revolution, founded the Libertarian Communist Party, believing in the need to form a political nucleus that could lead, more clearly, anarchist actions in different sectors of society. The First Communist Conference in Brazil was
2565:
The prolongation of the war in Europe helped to bring about, in 1916, a recovery of industrial production. As imported products stopped reaching Brazilian ports, national industries returned to employing workers to meet growing demand. However, there was a considerable increase in the cost of living,
2552:
libertarian associations participated, in addition to representatives from five Brazilian states and the Federal District. This event resulted in the creation of the Committee of International Relations, with the aim of organizing a South American confederation of union entities for future membership
2455:
Such a congress, excluding revolutionary tendencies, was aimed at the creation of a Workers' Party and a new central, the Brazilian Labor Confederation (CBT). The resolutions of this congress, however, did not go much beyond the publication of a booklet, having little or no practical results in terms
1989:
exerted a great influence on the workers' movement, especially at workers' congresses and in the strikes of the period. Anarchists also contributed to the creation of a series of periodicals for the workers' press and founded several Modern Schools around the country. Anarchism ceased to be hegemonic
4388:
presented, according to Pablo Ortellado, elements that can be considered libertarian, although not necessarily anarchist, such as, for example, the criticism of the representative system and direct action without the intermediation of parties, concretized in the practice of the occupations. Although
4274:
became the official organ of the organization, spreading the specific proposal among the Brazilian militants. The organization of the especifista current culminated in 2012 in the foundation of the Brazilian Anarchist Coordination (CAB), which today aggregates FAG, in Rio Grande do Sul; FARJ, in Rio
4245:
conception defended by FAU, which advocated the performance of anarchists in the social sphere (in popular movements) and politics (in a specific organization), seeking the participation of anarchists in social movements, disseminating libertarian ideas and practices. Relations with the FAU deepened
4090:, proposing the constitution of a Libertarian Student Federation (FLE) and, later, the formation of the pro-COB nuclei, defending the union as "the worker organization par excellence". Raising criticism of the process of redemocratization, especially with regard to the lack of popular participation,
3967:
Most of the leftist militant and support base during the 1960s was made up of young students. Recognizing this fact, Ideal Peres stated that "any movement there can only progress and take shape if it is initiated and guided by young students. I sincerely believe that the old companions are no longer
3842:
In 1947, the anarchists of São Paulo reactivated the CCS and began to promote a series of conferences, lectures, debates, theater groups and soirees. In Rio de Janeiro, anarchists had a space for the realization of cultural activities in 1958, with the foundation of the Professor José Oiticica Study
3724:
Between 1945 and 1964 Brazilian anarchists held four congresses, in 1948, 1953, 1959 and 1963, respectively. If, on the one hand, each meeting was inserted in specific conjunctures, there was a permanent concern in trying to consolidate a political field with coherent proposals, in which the concern
3428:
Edgard Leuenroth affirmed that anarchists had a certain participation in the revolutionary movement of 1930, holding meetings and launching manifestos to the revolutionaries and the population. Leuenroth himself published, with the help of a revolutionary lieutenant, a clandestine newspaper entitled
2914:
and Porto Alegre. The strike in Salvador, declared in early June 1919 by fabric and construction workers, spread within a few days, paralyzing the city. After a five-day strike, the Bahian workers won an agreement that granted them the eight-hour day without a reduction in wages; the contract tables
2862:
The insurrectional plans were thwarted when Ricardo Correia Perpétuo, a member of the board in charge of distributing seditious newsletters among the soldiers stationed in Vila Militar, invited Army lieutenant Jorge Elias Ajus to participate in the movement, since he was in favor of the implantation
2795:
brought to militants new questions about the actions to be taken to advance the intensity that the mobilizations of the previous year reached. In this sense, the anarchists of Rio de Janeiro formed, that same year, the Anarchist Alliance, "an organ of unity, understanding, alliance of all anarchists
2778:
used explosives during the strikes, even preventing the supply of the city, knocking down telephone poles and controlling access to the urban center. Although the movement was partially successful, many workers involved in the strike were arrested or deported. The second half of 1917 was marked by a
2755:
received a League commission at the Government Palace, committing himself to take measures to control the food prices and increase the pay of workers at the service of the state, in what they expected to be followed by businessmen. In Pelotas, the strike occurred between the 9th and 17 August, and a
2720:
The general strike in São Paulo had repercussions on the labor movement in the interior of the state and in the rest of the country. In the Federal District, the July 1917 strike movement, triggered after the end of the São Paulo strike, brought together carpenters, shoemakers, metalworkers, bakers,
2569:
In January 1917, the FORJ promoted a Central Committee of Agitation and Propaganda Against the Excess and the Tax Increase. The increase in the cost of living was the theme of the speeches of the May 1 of that year. In Rio de Janeiro, a speaker took the floor to deliver an impassioned speech, saying
2496:
and João Crispim shortly before the realization of the congress. While the first advocated union neutrality as a means of bringing together the greatest possible number of workers, the second argued that, for the union to assume a truly combative character, it should declare itself openly anarchist.
2423:
as president of Brazil in 1910 brought some novelties to the traditional political framework and to the relations between the State and the labor movement. Fonseca was the first presidential candidate to mention the existence of a workers' problem to be solved on his platform. During his government,
2191:
In the First Republic, the male labor force was instrumental in manufacturing and industrial work and female labor was significant in the textile and clothing sectors, reaching a majority in some places. The weight of women's work was always underrepresented in workers' organizations. In this sense,
4097:
In the workers' movement, especially in São Paulo, the anarchists worked in the Libertarian Collective of Union Opposition (COLOPS), taking advantage of the 1st National Meeting of Workers in Opposition to the Union Structure (ENTOES) to organize themselves better, approaching the ideas defended by
4042:
After the repression of the MEL and CEPJO, anarchists, between 1972 and 1977, concentrated on receiving and guiding those who approached them, carrying out advertising for Editora Germinal and dedicating themselves to the study and rescue of the history of anarchism. Most of the meetings started to
4021:
to student unions in the countryside of Rio de Janeiro; another militant was accused of sending newspapers to Bolivia and of participating in meetings in which issues related to the periodical and about anarchist themes were discussed; two militants from Rio Grande do Sul were also indicted and had
3946:
The anarchist performance, at least until 1968, was marked by the discretion of the activities of the cultural centers and their modest press, which served as a point of contact so that the militants could continue to articulate, even if minimally. Meetings of anarchists were often organized in the
3630:
Initially, independent unions remained quite active in the labor movement. In May 1932, strikes took place in various union sectors, constituting a Strike Committee that brought together anarchists, communists, Trotskyists and reformists, a union that the FOSP was unable to achieve by calling for a
3440:
Organizations for the agglutination of workers were formed in the first half of 1930, such as the Provisional Committee for Union Reorganization in São Paulo. Everardo Dias reported, in his memoirs, the surprising influx of workers to the committee meeting, with the intention, at first, of avoiding
3333:
Another visible expression of worker culture in that period was the militant press, which became the main instrument of propaganda and debate. The newspaper was seen as an important means of information, awareness and mobilization, and the recipient was not considered a passive element, but someone
3291:
A wide range of cultural and associative manifestations of the working class was revealed during the First Republic. Dancing, carnival, musical and sports associations emerged, as well as schools and social studies centers. In order to propagate their ideals and reaffirm their libertarian identity,
3278:
and Octávio Brandão. In 1928, when anarchism was in decline in Rio de Janeiro, the rivalry between anarchists and communists spawned two fatalities in a conflict at the headquarters of the Union of Graphics. Azevedo Lima had accused the president of the Union of Workers in Fabric Factories, Joaquim
3225:
There were other, less extensive demonstrations of protest against the so-called "Celerated Law" of August 1927. This criminal law was in force until 1930, demobilizing the unions under anarchist influence, who found no alternative action in the face of the strengthening of repressive forces, which
3179:
At the same time that Bernardes repressed the workers' movement in general, and anarchism in particular, he also took some steps in the field of social legislation, creating a National Labor Council and a post of Special Curator of Accidents at Work, for the provision of free medical assistance for
3050:
policy, establishing an alliance with the CSCB cooperatives, established in 1923 and lasting until 1925, in order to combat the influence of anarchism in the unions. It also oversaw the creation of organized communist factions, which formed oppositions in the unions under the control of anarchists,
2886:
In 1919, there was a resumption of the strike movement, this time, facing a patronage organized in class entities and better articulated with the repression. On May 1 of that year, there were demonstrations in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in favor of the Russian soviets and the revolutions underway
2695:
It is estimated that by July 12 the number of strikers in the city of São Paulo had increased from 15 to 20 thousand workers, with the addition of chauffeurs and staff from Companhia Light & Power, Cia. Do Gás and most small factories and workshops in the city. The assaults on Light & Power
2547:
With the outbreak of war, anarchists became involved in the anti-militarist struggle. In March 1915, FORJ created a Popular Commission for Agitation Against War. In São Paulo, labor leaders and directors of proletarian newspapers organized an International Commission Against the War. The anarchists
2483:
The 2nd Brazilian Workers' Congress was held in Rio de Janeiro, during the second week of September, at the headquarters of Centro Cosmopolita, by a union of employees in hotels, cafes, restaurants and the like. 117 delegates represented two state federations, five municipal federations, 52 unions,
4012:
for "redistributing material or propaganda funds from foreign sources to infiltrate doctrines or ideas incompatible with the constitution" and "forming, joining or maintaining an association that, under the guidance of a foreign government or international organization, carries out activities that
3785:
The 1959 and 1963 congresses, in turn, demonstrate a lower degree of organicity. At the 1959 congress, initiatives such as cultural centers (in particular the Centro de Cultura Social and Centro de Estudos Professor José Oiticica), theater groups, the Nossa Chácara space and the publication of the
3592:
refused the invitation and explained that, although they saw the ALN struggle positively, they could not agree with that organization, because, for the sake of coherence with libertarian principles, they would never make commitments to a political organization, even if in an eventual way. The same
3213:
The polarization between communists and anarchists occurred mainly in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In Rio de Janeiro, the 1st Regional Union Congress, organized by 9 labor unions communist influence, gave rise to the Regional Union Federation of Rio de Janeiro, bringing together delegates from 33
3116:
and the loyalist troops to flee the capital. Isidoro supplied weapons and incorporated a large number of foreign workers into his forces, especially those most experienced in European theater during the First World War. The anarchists of São Paulo, in a meeting with Pedro Augusto Motta, recognized
2958:
Still in 1919, the anarchists organized in the Libertarian Communist Party prepared an insurrection that would have the participation of militants from São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco. However, the explosion of a bomb in the neighborhood of Brás on
2710:
At the time, the Proletarian Defense Committee had already prepared a list of 11 common claims. A working-class crowd, gathered at the former hippodrome in Mooca, decided that the strike movement would only end when such demands were met. Among them, they included: salary increase; eight-hour day,
2487:
The Santos Local Workers Federation (FOLS) that was leading the adoption of anarchist propaganda within the unions associated with the COB took up a good part of the congress, being contested by several militants. Joaquim Santos Barboza, from FORJ, pointed out that anarchism should be accepted and
3918:
Right after the 1964 coup, the anarchists of Rio de Janeiro tried to get rid of the compromising material that were in the CEPJO meeting minutes and physical space. Materials had to be shredded and thrown into the trash of the building that housed the anarchist cultural center. The minutes of the
3715:
in 1946, in which questions regarding the anarchist organization were much debated. Brazilian anarchists wanted to overcome the experience of the First Republic, its performance was excessively focused on the union environment, believing, at that moment, that organized in specific instances, they
3573:
As a result of the violent struggle between anti-fascists and integralists, the anarchists and the other left groups that took part in the combat were targets of intense persecution. The police imprisoned several libertarian militants and the FOSP headquarters itself was invaded and sealed by the
2687:
With the confirmation of Martínez's death on July 10, approximately 10,000 people attended his funeral the following day, heading for the city center. Once there, the police blocked access to the government palace square and the central police headquarters. The crowd, forced to pass through other
2443:
In August 1912, some unions started a new wave of strikes that lasted until the economic recession of 1914. In their first months, the workers obtained a series of victories, as was the case of a salary increase granted to shoemakers in Rio de Janeiro. On several occasions, the strikers agreed to
4269:
participated. At the event, an Anarchist Federation was proposed to bring together these various trends, however, the proposal did not materialize in view of the existing divergences between them. Organizational anarchists linked to specificism then created the Organized Anarchism Forum (FAO) in
4195:
In the 1990s, anarchism tried to expand and enter more systematically into social movements. In this sense, the Mutirão group, which edited a journal of the same name, defended the articulation of anarchism with the movements of union and land struggle, where it had a certain insertion. In 1991,
3626:
In 1931, only two unions asked for officialization in São Paulo, that of bank workers, in the capital, and that of workers at Companhia Docas, in Santos, while in the Federal District, 21 unions were recognized. Only in 1933 did an expressive adherence to officialization take place in São Paulo,
3074:
and Sarandy Raposo, whose CSBC supposedly exercised control of the railroad workers and miners of the three southern states from the country. The collusion was denounced by spies of the Chief of Police, Carneiro da Fontoura. As a result, several Army and Navy officers were arrested. In search of
2874:
and to wait for the arrival of the soldiers who would show solidarity with the workers; when this happened, the workers could take over the War Arsenal, dynamite the energy towers of the Federal Capital and proceed to the Catete Palace, where they would depose the President and proclaim a Soviet
2187:
Worker organization was a hallmark of Brazil during the First Republic, to which anarchists contributed. The volume of associations were particularly visible at times when the labor movement was on the rise, when favorable economic conditions conferred greater bargaining power on the workers and
2054:
during second half of the 19th century, political elites were convinced that the arrival of European workers would bring advantages to the country's economy. Brazilian intellectuals agreed that this would have a beneficial effect on the "whitening" of the Brazilian population. Very stimulated by
3802:
The 1948 Anarchist Congress stressed the need for libertarian activists to join unions in their respective professions, seeking to intervene in their organic lives and forming union defense or resistance groups, based on the principles of revolutionary syndicalism. In the anarchist press, harsh
3710:
The notion that the formation of a national organization would enable the development of its political actions was shared by militants from different cities and was part of a reflection that had been going on since previous decades, and it was mainly motivated by the holding of an international
3467:
In addition to their work in unions, anarchists continued to undertake cultural and educational initiatives. In 1933, the Center for Social Culture (CCS) was founded in São Paulo, with the intention of creating a space for the promotion of debates and discussions. Also in São Paulo in 1934, the
2500:
The period that preceded the Congress and the one that immediately followed it, coupled with the process of mobilization of various categories of workers with the increase in economic activity, gave a strong stimulus to the expansion of resistance associations, including where they were not yet
3673:
With the end of the Estado Novo in 1945 and the country's subsequent democratization, anarchists believed that this would be the time for a more organic articulation, forming specific political organizations and founding new journals, in an attempt to impress greater participation in Brazilian
3613:
Despite the embezzlement resulting from the police repression and the internal purges that the party carried out, redirecting itself to a workers' policy that favored the workers' leaders, the PCB organized, in São Paulo, a Union Conference and a Regional Conference, in November 1931. At these
3217:
Despite union disputes, the vacation law, regulated by the government of Artur Bernardes in 1926, acted as an agglutinating element among workers' militants. Several strikes from 1926 onwards demanded the application of this law, which, despite being approved and regulated, was practically not
3141:
for 60 days in the Federal Capital and in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, authorizing the President to extend it to other parts of the national territory. As a result, the most active unions were closed and the anarchist newspapers were prevented from circulating. José Oiticica was
2902:
pointed out the strike was a spontaneous movement that should not be attributed to the speeches of May 1. Even with strong repression, the movement continued until favorable agreements were reached, with the achievement of the eight-hour day in most factories. Also in Rio de Janeiro there were
8955:
Rocha, Bruno Lima; Santos, Kauan Willian; Penna, Mariana Affonso; Silva, Rafael Viana (2018). ""Ou se vota com os de cima ou se luta com os de baixo": presença e a (re)organização do anarquismo em tempos neoliberais no Brasil (1980–2013)". In Santos, Kauan Willian; Silva, Rafael Viana (eds.).
3618:
was approved, which directed the party's actions towards existing unions, even if they were official ones, instead of creating new unions, which intensified the friction with anarchists. The official unions expanded, causing competition and the emptying of independent unions, mainly in Rio de
3133:
of July 25, 1924. The motion proposed the fixing of a minimum wage and a maximum price table, the right to found schools, the right to association for all working classes, the freedom of the working press, the generalization of the eight-hour working day and the repeal of the expulsion law on
3658:
The crisis of revolutionary syndicalism represented a crisis of anarchism itself, now without spaces for social insertion. The methods of direct action seemed more appropriate when there was no mediation of institutional apparatus for the resolution of conflicts between capital and labor. In
3638:
In 1934, the government determined that workers, in order to reap the benefits of labor legislation, should join official unions. Anarchists sought to derail the project, which they considered corporate and fascist. The defense of union autonomy was carried out in an uncompromising manner by
3847:
between 1960 and 1964. There were also editorial initiatives aimed at the dissemination of anarchist literature, such as Editora Germinal, in Rio de Janeiro, maintained by the Portuguese Roberto das Neves, and Edições Sagitário, maintained by anarchists from São Paulo. The focus on cultural
3807:
was distributed in Rio de Janeiro in places where there was a large influx of workers, on newsstands in front of factories, trams or stocking points. Amid the striking effervescence in the democratization process, anarchists, still in 1946, tried to form union opposition groups, such as the
3282:
In Rio Grande do Sul, unlike Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the presence of communists was not decisive and the persecutions against anarchists were not as intense. Thus, Rio Grande do Sul became a focus of anarchist resistance at the end of the First Republic, maintaining the organizational
2759:
Another important stoppage occurred in Recife, on August 14, when a series of demands were presented at a rally convened by the Union of Various Crafts (SOV). Among the demands were the establishment of the 8-hour day, the equalization of wages between men and women, hygiene measures in the
2539:
was sent to Pernambuco, where he managed to transform most of the cooperative associations into unions fighting for a salary increase and the eight-hour workday, in addition to founding the Pernambuco Workers Resistance Federation, in 1914. However, the resumption of industrial activity was
2368:
In March 1908, in Rio de Janeiro, two years after the First Brazilian Workers' Congress was held, the Brazilian Workers' Confederation (COB) was founded, which proposed to represent around 50 workers' associations. In accordance with its constitution, the COB began to publish the periodical
3499:, which were highlighted personalities of Italian antifascism. On December 19, 1932, Edgard Leuenroth and Maria Lacerda de Moura spoke at a meeting held by an Italian socialist group in memory of Matteotti and on behalf of his wife and children, who were being prevented from leaving Italy.
2966:
Without the knowledge of the federations, but with the assent of part of the Leopoldina workers' leaders, reformist leaders negotiated with the government to end the strike, in exchange for promises to release prisoners, readmission of dismissed strikers and suspension of any other form of
3725:
with the consolidation of its own political organization and the option for union action, together with the realization of cultural actions were constant. In addition, Brazilian anarchists sent delegates to the International Anarchist Congress of France in 1946, to the Congress of the
3209:
was published again in February 1927. Anarchists soon sought to retake their place in the unions and refounded the old associations where they were active and which had been closed by repression. In this context, the dispute for the control of workers' organizations intensified again.
2168:
would inaugurate a new era of political and social rights, but the republican regime ultimately disappointed them. Most workers were subjected to long working hours—up to 16 hours a day—with little time for rest and leisure. These workers lived in precarious housing or, in the case of
2196:, Elisa Gonçalves de Oliveira, Aída Morais, Isabel Peleteiro, and Noêmia Lopes. Strikes organized with the strong female presence usually involved, in addition to demands for better wages and reduced working hours, complaints of sexual abuse and mistreatment by masters and foremen.
4003:
decree in 1968 and the repressive escalation, the CEPJO's headquarters was invaded by Air Force agents and 18 militants were arrested in October 1969. Among them, there were MEL militants and Ideal Peres, who remained in prison for a month. The anarchists of Porto Alegre behind
2111:
by groups that brought together Brazilians, Spaniards and Portuguese. In the last decade of the 19th century, anarchist action was guided by mainly informal propaganda groups, who published periodicals, educated workers, and participated in various working class associations.
2637:, the arrest of several militants and the closure of the Liga Operária da Mooca, and served as a catalyst for the generalization of the movement. On the same day, the Proletarian Defense Committee was created, with the objective of guiding the strike, formed by the militants
3812:, and in 1953, with the constitution of the Union Orientation Movement (MOS) in São Paulo, which counted on the participation of anarchists, independent socialists, syndicalists and “activists from various professional sectors”, especially in the sector of graphic workers.
3513:
Anarchists were invited by Trotskyists to participate in meetings with other groups of the left, in order to seek to establish a joint action in the anti-fascist struggle; but they ended up opposing any possibility of acting regularly in the FUA, an initiative driven by the
2711:
with increased pay for all overtime work; guarantee of "permanent work"; abolition of night work for women and children under 18; and abolition of work in factories for those under 14 years old. On the 14th, through a committee of journalists gathered at the headquarters of
2208:
associations in Brazil that provided assistance to members in the event of illness, disability, unemployment, or death. During the early years of the labor movement, anarchist militants turned these associations into unionist bases with broader labor objectives such as the
4022:
their homes invaded by agents of repression, who reported having found "abundant subversive material" in their homes. In this process, all 16 militants were acquitted, thanks to legal maneuvers and because of the legal facade of cultural centers managed by anarchists.
4288:
were also formed with the participation of anarchists, such as the Occupation Flor do Asfalto, in Rio de Janeiro, Casa da Lagartixa Preta, in Santo André, and Utopia Urban Settlement and Luta, in Porto Alegre. The work with rural occupation movements, especially the
4117:, despite its militant character, dialogued with counterculture themes, bringing a bolder language, quite ironic and humorous, and in addition to the texts on political and social issues, it published articles on topics such as drugs and sexuality. Also the magazine
3033:
At the same time, the workers' movement was going through an ideological crisis. The federative model and the strategies of revolutionary syndicalism came to be criticized by some militants, such as Astrogildo Pereira, who defend a syndicalism along the lines of the
4449:(CNT), who defended a programmatic link between anarchism and the union. In Brazil, before the 1920s, this approach had been adopted only by the Local Workers Federation of Santos. Most Brazilian anarchists followed revolutionary syndicalism and adopted the French
3354:
by Neno Vasco. Working societies also developed a calendar of celebrations and ceremonies, which became an essential element of militant culture. This calendar included dates such as the foundation anniversary of each society; the 14th of July, celebrating the
3558:. During the confrontation, anarchists battled violently against integralists and the police. The conflict ended with the general stampede of the integralists, who abandoned their green shirts on the streets of downtown São Paulo, to avoid further aggression.
3128:
regarding the infiltration of radical elements, absolutely rejected the proposal of the anarchists. The proposal rejected, the anarchists sent a "Motion of the Militant Workers" to the Committee of the Revolutionary Forces, with 28 signatures, published in
3808:
Proletarian Union of São Paulo, of ephemeral life. More concrete investments were made in 1951, with the constitution of the Light Workers Union Guidance Group in Rio de Janeiro, which edited a specific newspaper for union issues in the category, called
4227:
was one of the main animators of the project and managed to articulate contacts between the militants of the Brazilian anarchist movement even after the end of the Information Network, reaching a circulation of 2,000 copies and circulating nationally.
4030:
at Editora Prôa, among other materials. The agents were also looking for information about a supposed "anarchist organization" and called attention to a possible link of militants from Rio Grande do Sul with Uruguayan anarchists, due to a manifesto by
2296:, and the service sector. Anarchist proposals codified their revolutionary syndicalism into the labor movement, as unions participating in the congress signed common resolutions on union neutrality, federalism, decentralization, direct action, and the
3947:
militants' own homes, to discuss issues regarding the survival of anarchism in the period and the political situation in Brazil. Cultural activities had a public character, while strictly political activities were carried out quietly among militants.
4025:
In January 1971, the police chief and the head of the DOPS registry office issued a warrant to search and seize books, newspapers and writings deemed to be subversive, an action that resulted, on February 15, 1971, in the seizure of 1,450 books by
2990:
de Janeiro would host a general secretariat, comprising a secretary general (Edgard Leuenroth), treasurer and five itinerant secretaries, responsible for the five geographic areas into which the country was divided. The itinerant secretaries were
4180:, which circulated between 1988 and 1992, and the foundation of the publisher Novos Tempos/Imaginário, through the initiative of Plínio Augusto Coelho, who was returning from France and translated several anarchist works, still unpublished, by
2528:, there were successive port strikes, and the anarchists organized the Amazonas Workers' Federation, affiliated to the COB since its founding. The COB also sent delegates to states where the workers' organization was at a critically low level.
3786:
anarchist press and libertarian books were discussed. This conference also drew attention to initiatives related to community organizations, giving greater weight to cultural initiatives. As early as 1963, militants discussed the situation of
3422:
The people, although not believing in the promises that the revolutionaries made to them, did not for that reason cease to admire with sympathy the fall of the oligarchy, for the simple fact that this fall had been disputed, with blood on the
3187:
During the persecutions of anarchists in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, communists were less targeted by repression, and were able to hold, in February 1925, the 2nd PCB Congress. In the same period, the communists began to publish the journal
3046:(PCB). The founding of the PCB generated a division in the workers' movement, although initially the Communists only exercised influence in Rio de Janeiro. Following the recommendations of the Third International, the Communists insisted on a
3062:
movement, led by the soldiers of the middle layers of the military hierarchy dissatisfied with the regime. Military conspirators came to seek the support of José Oiticica in organizations under anarchist influence and initiated contacts with
3341:
Together with the militant press, the workers' theater was seen as an important means of propagating libertarian ideas. In this sense, several amateur theater groups were formed, which enacted plays of a political and social nature, such as
3887:
Among some of the most prominent actions were the campaign initiated by the CEPJO to save the Spanish anarchist José Comin Pardillos, who was smuggled to Brazil on a ship called Cabo San Roque, on May 17, 1959, and which had the support of
3731:(FORA) of 1948 and the American Anarchist Conference of 1957. In general, the congresses outlined political lines and forms of action for the anarchist militants, guaranteeing a more coordinated and reinforcing a common political instance.
2345:. Workers continued to strike and win working hours reductions across Brazil. Strikes led to federal decrees for unions to legally represent the working class, acquire property, and establish assistance funds for their members. The 1907
3205:, throughout the state of siege. Especially in Rio de Janeiro, the communists started to work in the unions where the anarchists had previously had greater influence. With the end of the state of siege in 1926, the anarchist periodical
2790:
In 1918 there was a certain cooling of the strike movements, but localized strikes continued and, above all, the effort to expand and consolidate the workers' organizations started in the previous year. Repression and the impact of the
4339:
In 2006, the WCC entered a new cycle, in which the network's volunteers began to dedicate themselves to local popular movements such as the struggle for housing, indigenous movements, autonomous collectives and the construction of the
3852:, anarchists soon came together to take stock of the political situation. The CEPJO was in operation for another four years until its definitive closure, by aeronautical agents in 1968, and the CCS was closed after the promulgation of
3184:. This indication was the target of criticism by Brazilian communists. Carlos Dias, after returning from Geneva in August 1926, considered the Conference useless, as the various representative countries did not ratify its resolutions.
2472:, to discourage emigration to Brazil. At the end of 1912, the COB Reorganizing Commission sent a circular to workers associations asking them to nominate delegates for the 2nd Brazilian Workers' Congress, to be held in Rio de Janeiro.
4175:
played an important role in the attempts to rebuild the COB and in the subsequent articulation of anarchism in specific organizations, as early as the second half of the 1990s. Also noteworthy is the creation of new journals, such as
10151:
3678:, launched in Rio de Janeiro and coordinated by anarchists Moacir Caminha and Maria Iêda, on October 10, 1945, a few days after the end of the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship, and circulated weekly until 1947. With the reappearance of
2756:
Popular Defense Commission was formed. The occurrence of conflicts during the strike caused the state government to send the Chief of Police to mediate the conflict, and the stoppage ended with a positive balance for the workers.
3433:. After the revolution, the workers' movement declared a series of strikes in São Paulo, initiated by the weavers, who were followed by several other sectors, demanding the replacement of salary discounts imposed because of the
2428:'s Unions and Cooperatives Propaganda Office, in addition to initiating a program for the construction of proletarian villages, interrupted in 1914. However, Hermes da Fonseca also supported a hardening of the Adolfo Gordo Law.
3879:
and Spanish Manuel Pérez Fernández were very active in the Brazilian anarchist movement and also in the fight against Francoism and Salazarism in national territory. While Edgar Rodrigues soon became involved with the journal
3848:
initiatives took place in a context of minimal maintenance of anarchism, where such activities served as a means to maintain a link between the new and old generations of activists and supporters. With the completion of the
4380:. In the wake of the demonstrations against the fare increase in 2013, more radicalized leftist groups, including anarchists, also played a role in the occupations of Porto Alegre and Belo Horizonte City Councils and the
3642:
There was an attempt on the part of libertarians from São Paulo to reorganize the former COB, with the support of independent unions in the capital and interior of São Paulo, the Union of Workers in Civil Construction of
2287:
was held in April 1906 in Rio de Janeiro's Centro Galego. At first, only socialists could participate, with "revolutionary elements ... prohibited". The anarchists, however, were present among the 43 delegates, including
3381:
were involved with anarchism, and wrote works whose focus was on the social issue. Notorious anarchist militants also stood out as intellectuals, such as José Oiticica, philologist and professor at Colégio Pedro II and
2930:
held in Rio de Janeiro, from June 21 to 23, at the Cosmopolitan Center. Hundreds of people followed the development of the work conducted by 22 delegates, representing groups from the Federal District and the states of
8900:
Oliveira, Tiago Bernardon (2018b). ""Anarquismo e Revolução": militância anarquista e a estratégia do sindicalismo revolucionário no Brasil da Primeira República". In Santos, Kauan Willian; Silva, Rafael Viana (eds.).
2321:
For the 1906 May Day, workers attended public rallies for the eight-hour work day and speakers paid tribute to the thousands of Russian revolutionaries victimized by the tsarist government. Anarchist speakers included
2864:
3437:. The strikes, which lasted through the months of November and December, revealed an expectation of an immediate resolution of the situation in which the workers were faced by the new government that was installed.
4170:
movement, which, through musical and behavioral style, brought libertarian discourses and practices, establishing a cultural activism in solidarity with other social causes. Militants from the punk movement and
8295:
2863:
of an "entirely popular" form of government in Brazil. However, Ajus was a spy, and he reported all the details of the conspiracy to the authorities. The goal was to bring a large contingent of workers to the
3859:
In addition to practices in the union and cultural field, between 1945 and 1964 anarchists actively supported the political exiles from Spain and Portugal, countries that were then under the dictatorships of
3002:
The year following the 3rd Brazilian Workers 'Congress began a period of general dismantling of the workers' organization. The Brazilian economy retreated and two especially repressive laws were enacted by
3900:. Pursued by joint action by the Navy and the Air Forces of several countries, they ended up surrendering to the authorities of the Brazilian government on February 2, a few days after the inauguration of
2501:
taking place. Still in 1908, Bahian anarchists founded the Bahia Workers' Federation and the Alagoas Workers' Union joined the COB. In early November 1913, strikes by weaving workers broke out in Alagoas,
3244:
Gradually, the PCB was taking the lead in the organizational activities of the workers and their political representation. Thus, in 1927, in the midst of intense police persecution, the campaign of the
3972:
established contacts between new militants from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, founding the Libertarian Student Movement (MEL) in 1967 and inserted themselves into the student struggles of the period.
4348:, started after protests against the increase in bus tickets in Salvador, in 2003, and in Florianópolis, in 2004, and that culminated, in 2005, in the founding of the MPL in a plenary session of the
2300:. This revolutionary syndicalism program let various political and religious positions coexist, unified in the economic struggle common to the workers they represented. The Congress also created the
912:
902:
8924:
Petersen, Silvia Regina Ferraz (2010). "A circulação da imprensa operária brasileira no final do século XIX e primeiras décadas do XX". In Queirós, César Augusto Bulboz; Aravanis, Evangelia (eds.).
3468:
Escola Moderna was refounded and evening classes were promoted by the anarchists in the unions. In other locations, such as Belém do Pará, the Escola Racional Francisco Ferrer was installed and, in
3319:
existed during the First Republic, like Escola 1º de Maio, founded in 1908 and directed by Pedro Matera in Rio de Janeiro; the Escola Eliseu Réclus, founded in 1906 in Porto Alegre and directed by
2618:, in the capital of São Paulo, asked for a salary increase. The demand was rejected and the cotton workers went on strike. Cotton workers were joined by other workers from the Mooca neighborhoods,
3605:
militants, such as Leuenroth and Rodolpho Felippe, were arrested, libertarian newspapers were jammed and several unions linked to FOSP had their headquarters invaded and closed by police forces.
2005:
Between 1946 and 1964, anarchists concentrated their efforts on building an anarchist political organization and on cultural actions, while maintaining initiatives in the trade unions. With the
1985:
The working conditions and the oligarchic political system of the First Republic, which made it difficult for workers to participate, meant that anarchism quickly gained strength among workers.
3707:, whose edition was motivated by the “imperative need to keep relations between libertarian activists alive”, in view of the end of previous publications and the absence of a greater organism.
8519:
Movimento Operário e Revolução Social no Brasil: Ideias revolucionárias e projetos políticos dos trabalhadores organizados no Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Recife e Porto Alegre entre 1917 e 1922
3464:. Thus, in parallel to the recently launched labor legislation, the State maintained its practice of control and repression to weaken dissident groups, essentially anarchists and communists.
2119:
activities in Brazil and were soon the target of repression. In Rio de Janeiro, the police reported meetings of foreigners who sought to spread libertarian ideas among workers. The newspaper
3491:
The first reported anti-fascist activities in which anarchists took part date from 1932. In general, they were meetings promoted by anarchist or socialist groups, almost always in memory of
3157:
and other anarchist workers, were incarcerated in the Fourth Auxiliary Police Station; the São Paulo libertarians who signed the "Movement of Militant Workers" were persecuted and arrested.
4294:
3160:
Some anarchist militants, such as Domingos Passos, Domingos Brás, Pedro A. Motta, José Maria Fernandes Varella, Nicolau Paradas, Nino Martins and José Alves do Nascimento, were sent to the
2707:, presiding on the 12th of a meeting of industrialists from São Paulo, heard Rodolfo Crespi agree to grant his workers a wage increase, followed by other industrialists the very next day.
3904:. The issue was widely reported in the media and according to Edgar Rodrigues' testimony some DRIL members stayed at Nossa Chácara for a few months, while others stayed for a longer time.
4319:
Anarchists have also played an important role in protest movements. The first movement of this type in which Brazilian anarchists played a prominent role after redemocratization was the
3790:, the only anarchist newspaper in circulation at that time, proposing efforts for greater dissemination of it, and also the creation of an agricultural community, along the lines of the
10141:
9091:
Silva, Rafael Viana (2017b). "Sementes em terreno pedregoso: O anarquismo na ditadura militar brasileira (1964–1985)". In Dellamore, Carolina; Amato, Gabriel; Batista, Natália (eds.).
2804:
started promoting meetings at his home with the participation of important figures of the libertarian movement in Rio de Janeiro and militants from other states such as Manuel Campos,
2460:
was also reactivated. It was up to COB to organize the campaign against the expulsion law, which, in addition to promoting rallies in several Brazilian cities, triggered a campaign in
2424:
he sought dialogue with the reformist trade unionists, incorporating the reformist leader Sarandy Raposo, founder of the Brazilian Cooperative Trade Union Confederation (CSCB), at the
2292:, Joaquim Mota Assunção, Luiz Magrassi, and Alfredo Vasques. They represented 28 associations—mainly industrial branches but also other industry: railroads, warehouses, coffee shops,
4270:
September 2001, with the aim of forming an anarchist organization at the national level. With the founding of the Anarchist Federation of Rio de Janeiro (FARJ) in 2003, the bulletin
3029:
Founders of the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB), in 1922. Among them, there were former anarchist militants, such as Astrogildo Pereira, João da Costa Pimenta and José Elias da Silva
8394:
8264:
3118:
2272:
assembled workers across industries laid the groundwork for further direct action among Rio de Janeiro unions. A series of worker federations were founded in the subsequent years.
3931:
had 17 numbers, circulating between 1965 and 1968. Other anarchist journals, of a militant nature, circulated during this period, however, all of them were short-lived, such as
3246:
8877:
Oliveira, João Henrique (2018a). "Libera... Amore Mio: imprensa anarquista em tempos de consenso neoliberal (1991–2011)". In Santos, Kauan Willian; Silva, Rafael Viana (eds.).
4109:, which circulated between 1973 and 1974, investing in visual experimentalism, seeking of new languages, dialogue with manifestations of the cultural industry and the cult of
3008:
2604:
2349:
authorized state expulsion of foreigners who posed a risk to "national security or public tranquility", including anarchist militants, and was widely used in its first year.
3695:
in 1947. The anarchist press served, at that time, as an aggregating and dynamic element for a rearticulation of the dispersed militants. But financial difficulties caused
3283:
traditions of a libertarian character and enabling publications and centers of doctrinal propaganda. In January 1930, a Regional Anarchist Congress was held in the state.
2593:
2670:
2627:
2571:
2513:, there were strikes by carters and construction workers, resulting in the deportation without trial of several Portuguese syndicalist, including the Galician anarchist
3987:, anarchists denounced the repression and affirmed that "it is necessary that Edson Luís's death is not in vain", also launching, at the same time, a pamphlet entitled
2944:
8305:
2827:
2540:
short-lived, and the cycle of economic crisis was resumed with the decrease in production and the consequent increase in unemployment, worsening with the outbreak of
4352:
in Porto Alegre. The struggle for free public transport culminated, in 2013, in a series of demonstrations and popular protests in the main capitals of the country.
4209:
3102:
3076:
4086:
started to have collaborators from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Porto Alegre, becoming an important vehicle for the rearticulation of Brazilian anarchism during
2816:
2529:
10108:
4437:" to define the trade union approach defended by anarchist militants in the First Republic. This term, however, refers to the positions adopted by the Argentine
3268:
4204:
and the celebrations of the 500th anniversary of the arrival of Europeans in America. The meeting was attended by prominent libertarian intellectuals, such as
3691:
in 1946, also in Rio, Rio anarchists began to focus their efforts on the organization of only one journal. In São Paulo, anarchists resumed the publication of
2062:
Most of the initial immigrants were of rural origin and without previous political or union experience. They often intended to work in agriculture, especially
3190:
2514:
2002:' government, when the unions started to come under the control of the State, resulting in the decline of anarchism, now without spaces for social insertion.
10093:
4464:
The organizers of the congress, in an attempt to disregard the 1906 Workers' Congress as the first, took into account two socialist congresses held in 1901.
2898:
As the days went by, most of the industry workers joined the movement, with an estimated 20,000 walled workers on May 4. In its May 10 issue, the newspaper
3064:
2869:
2406:
3367:
2838:
2805:
3320:
2916:
3366:
The involvement of intellectuals with the workers' movement was significant in Brazil. Writers like Elísio de Carvalho, Fábio Luz, Curvelo de Mendonça,
8562:
Batalha, Claudio (2003). "Formação da classe operária e projetos de identidade coletiva". In Ferreira, Jorge; Delgado, Lucila de Almeida Neves (eds.).
4159:. In the union, a rearticulation of the old COB was attempted, an initiative carried out by the militants organized in these spaces and the periodical
3680:
3304:
2737:
3147:
2087:
In this context, anarchism started to spread among Brazilian workers in the 1890s through propaganda groups and periodicals. Among the pioneers were:
3869:
8328:
8800:
Mendes, Samanta Colhado (2018). "Anarquismo e feminismo: as mulheres libertárias no Brasil". In Santos, Kauan Willian; Silva, Rafael Viana (eds.).
3231:
2323:
2697:
3748:
3532:
9400:
3257:
2761:
2638:
3975:
In February 1968, MEL activists held the 1st National Meeting of Libertarian Students, whose resolutions were published in the fifth issue of
10040:
9475:
927:
10007:
9036:
8824:
8083:
4355:
3138:
2389:
by the Spanish government. The last major strike of the period took place in January 1909, involving the Great Western railroad workers in
830:
3843:
Center (CEPJO). At the national level, there was an effort for the maintenance of the anarchist press, with the edition of the periodical
2688:
avenues, stopped at Rua 15 de Novembro to call for the freedom of the imprisoned workers. Back at the cemetery, part of the crowd went to
8272:
4307:
3963:, from Porto Alegre, circulated between 1967 and 1968, bringing guidelines from the student movement and criticism of the military regime
1929:
1024:
2269:
1825:
2020:
Beginning in the 1990s, the process of reorganizing anarchism in Brazil culminated in the creation of organizations influenced by the
9316:
8523:
3176:. Both militants who died in Clevelândia and survivors of the penal colony were later remembered as martyrs by Brazilian anarchists.
2444:
return to work under the employers' promise to partially comply with their demands. The most important of these strikes occurred in
4451:
9122:
Toledo, Edilene (2007). "A trajetória anarquista no Brasil na Primeira República". In Ferreira, Jorge; Reis, Daniel Aarão (eds.).
2362:
3507:
2268:
and the proliferation of workers' organizations that grew from late 1890s militant action. A 1903 textile industry strike in the
3727:
2009:, anarchist activity became even more limited due to repression. Despite this, there was a certain anarchist performance in the
10218:
4482:
4299:
2373:
in Rio de Janeiro, whose first issue appeared at the beginning of the year. From the beginning, the COB campaigned against the
877:
9008:
Samis, Alexandre (2004). "Pavilhão negro sobre pátria oliva: sindicalismo e anarquismo no Brasil". In Colombo, Eduardo (ed.).
4455:(CGT) model, upholding the political neutrality and autonomy of the unions, in order to aggregate as many workers as possible.
4265:(UFSC) between September 4 and 7, 2000, in which participants from militants involved in social movements to practitioners of
9484:
9184:
8730:
8636:
4439:
4082:
with other political currents of the left, being born without a direct relationship with the "old guard" of anarchism. Soon,
3578:
3413:
the population, they enthusiastically supported social change while rejecting militant support, as assessed by the newspaper
2165:
1280:
959:
78:
4445:
4064:. In addition to themes related to anarchism, it addressed issues related to the countercultural sphere, drugs and sexuality
4262:
4138:
2859:. At these meetings, Oiticica stated that it was necessary to establish a popular government, as had been done in Russia.
2796:
of Rio de Janeiro, formed in groups or not". This organization was responsible for a series of articulations to promote an
2681:
2284:
1743:
1098:
4261:
organization. One of the most relevant initiatives was the International Libertarian Culture Meeting, which took place at
4078:
of that period, being published, with some gaps, until 1988. The newspaper arose from the clash between these students of
9860:
9689:
3889:
3042:
became clearer to workers' militants. In March 1922, Astrojildo Pereira and other former anarchist militants founded the
2301:
1413:
1353:
3550:. On that day, the AIB intended to hold a public demonstration in Praça da Sé in honor of the second anniversary of the
2892:
949:
4101:
From the 1970s onwards, the influence of anarchist ideas on counterculture was perceived, through periodicals such as
4098:
Metallurgical Operational Opposition (OPOM), and also rehearsed some initiatives in the banking and education sector.
4013:
are harmful or dangerous to national security". In this process, a MEL activist was accused of working in the journal
3583:
3123:
2623:
10033:
10002:
9468:
9219:
9135:
9104:
9044:
8969:
8937:
8914:
8890:
8813:
8761:
8693:
8615:
8575:
8544:
8498:
3984:
3577:
In March 1935, some left-wing tenentist sectors and political groups linked to communists and socialists founded the
3503:
3251:
2619:
2405:, demanding wage improvements. The movement ended after twelve days, with the promise of the governor of Pernambuco,
8359:
4233:
2381:
came out, which then closed its doors. However, the COB promoted, during this period, a series of rallies against a
2279:
Delegates of the First Brazilian Workers' Congress, held in April 1906, gathered at Centro Galego in Rio de Janeiro.
2027:
3055:
2425:
417:
9160:
3849:
2615:
2124:
2006:
9829:
9704:
4385:
4333:
4152:
3913:
3035:
3013:
1975:
1922:
1688:
1403:
9063:
8451:
3647:, of the Federation of Anti-Political Proletarian Centers of Porto Alegre and of the Unique Union of Tailors of
3256:(BOC) managed to elect, with the support of the communists and several unions in Rio de Janeiro, the candidates
9890:
9382:
9322:
There are collections of articles published in secondary literature on the Brazilian labour movement: notably:
4009:
3311:
The first libertarian schools emerged to meet the needs of workers in the field of education. The influence of
2797:
2656:, and Edgard Leuenroth, secretary of the Committee and who had started on June 8 the publication of the weekly
2047:
1693:
8564:
Brasil Republicano, vol. 1: O tempo do liberalismo excludente: da Proclamação da República à Revolução de 1930
4060:
circulated between 1977 and 1988 and was instrumental in the reorganization of anarchism in Brazil during the
3865:
3161:
10213:
8988:
4487:
4477:
4290:
4220:
4143:
Political openness has given rise to a series of new and reformulated discussions in the anarchist milieu on
4121:, which circulated between 1979 and 1982, featured a language and a range of themes very similar to those of
3853:
3502:
From 1933, a period marked by the first integralist march held in São Paulo and also by the emergence of the
3236:
2949:
2598:
2116:
1758:
1733:
1216:
1135:
46:
2576:
10208:
10026:
9769:
9623:
9461:
9064:"A Pedra e a Alavanca: organizações anarquistas e o sindicalismo no Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo (1945-1964)"
4008:
also underwent military investigations in the same period. The arrested militants were denounced under the
3685:
3632:
3485:
3409:
1738:
1603:
1563:
1188:
807:
437:
219:
3820:
3472:, Pernambuco, a night school was created at the Civil Construction Union, based on rationalist teachings.
8395:"A ocupação de escolas é o filho mais legítimo de Junho de 2013. Entrevista especial com Pablo Ortellado"
8336:
4134:
4087:
4079:
4061:
3935:, linked to a group of libertarian students from Porto Alegre and that circulated between 1967 and 1968;
2264:
Conditions in the early 1900s were favorable for the emergence of workers' movements, including the 1903
2014:
1795:
1753:
1266:
815:
144:
3980:
3521:
3098:
2832:
1211:
10166:
10146:
9964:
8722:
8369:
3601:
3566:
3547:
2135:
2077:
2017:, libertarians resumed their periodic press, starting a process of rearticulating anarchism in Brazil.
1971:
1915:
1865:
1728:
1453:
1169:
1058:
984:
4214:
3525:
Anti-Integralist Conference held on November 14, 1933, in the hall of the Union of the Working Classes
743:
9520:
9211:
9032:
Elementos Inflamáveis: Organizações e militância anarquista no Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo (1945-1964)
8718:
8424:
8364:
4390:
4320:
3668:
3561:
3515:
3312:
3146:, and then he was sent to improvised prison facilities on islands in Guanabara Bay; Domingos Passos,
3081:
3043:
2888:
2461:
2382:
2055:
Brazilian government propaganda, waves of Europeans came to Brazil between 1870 and the beginning of
1991:
1986:
1748:
1643:
1039:
1034:
835:
502:
477:
427:
362:
290:
245:
105:
9408:
9401:"Giovanni Rossi Page; Italian anarchist (aka Cardias), from the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encycopedia"
3546:
In 1934, conflicts between integralists and antifascists intensified, culminating, on October 7, in
3054:
New elements started to influence the Brazilian political situation. On July 5, 1922, there was the
2821:
2534:
10055:
9918:
9895:
9865:
9814:
9312:
4329:
3273:
2921:
2184:. Revolutionary syndicalism, spread by anarchist militants, greatly influenced the labor movement.
2177:
2159:
1947:
1943:
1658:
1618:
1568:
1433:
1164:
1113:
1029:
954:
943:
820:
598:
342:
9424:
2774:
In the same period, strikes also occurred in Paraná, Bahia and Pará. In Paraná, the anarchists of
633:
9994:
9850:
9568:
9551:
9546:
8958:
História do anarquismo e do sindicalismo de intenção revolucionária no Brasil: novas perspectivas
8903:
História do anarquismo e do sindicalismo de intenção revolucionária no Brasil: novas perspectivas
8879:
História do anarquismo e do sindicalismo de intenção revolucionária no Brasil: novas perspectivas
8802:
História do anarquismo e do sindicalismo de intenção revolucionária no Brasil: novas perspectivas
8604:
História do anarquismo e do sindicalismo de intenção revolucionária no Brasil: novas perspectivas
4414:
4381:
4364:
4074:, launched by Bahian students who joined anarchism in the wave of student demonstrations and the
2143:
2035:
2031:
1780:
1418:
1388:
1333:
1328:
1206:
825:
137:
117:
8848:
3195:
2592:
The main labor unrest of 1917 occurred in the city of São Paulo. On June 10, the weavers of the
2519:
678:
10118:
10063:
9984:
9934:
9913:
9880:
9870:
9628:
9588:
9561:
4257:
In the 2000s, an attempt was made to unite individualist and organizationist tendencies into a
4181:
3763:
3712:
3293:
2479:
Closing session of the 2nd Brazilian Workers' Congress, held at the Cosmopolitan Center in 1913
2108:
2067:
1950:
of European labourers at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century,
1703:
1638:
1573:
1498:
1478:
1473:
1318:
1308:
1083:
845:
840:
728:
442:
432:
422:
367:
193:
171:
149:
8866:"Anarquismo, contracultura e imprensa alternativa no Brasil: a história que brota das margens"
8626:
4393:, another portion was under significant influence by more autonomist groups. With the rise of
3600:
The anti-fascist struggle developed by the anarchists was dismantled after November 1935. The
3594:
2970:
2275:
10098:
10083:
9969:
9954:
9784:
9694:
9618:
9613:
8712:
4345:
4341:
4205:
3923:
for the month of April was suspended and in its place, the anarchists founded the periodical
3828:
3391:
3069:
2854:
2475:
2411:
2146:
principles into practice, such as collectivized work, a communal income fund, and sanctioned
1970:
ideas. Some did not come as exiles but rather as a type of political entrepreneur, including
1855:
1613:
1593:
1553:
1538:
1383:
1363:
1019:
994:
937:
887:
718:
512:
457:
322:
312:
307:
56:
9282:(Campinas 1998). There exists also a novel by that name by an anarchist author named Smith.
8865:
4336:(FTAA) has come to play a prominent role in mobilizations against globalization in Brazil.
3480:
During the 1930s, one of the main concerns of anarchists during this period was the rise of
3372:
2843:
2810:
10113:
10088:
10068:
9979:
9959:
9939:
9824:
9789:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9729:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9699:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9648:
9578:
9541:
9525:
9515:
9510:
9500:
9315:
in Campinas, but there are also examplars in other Brazilian archives, in Milan and in the
8087:
4389:
a portion of the students mobilized in the occupations were under influence of the UNE and
4376:
tactics gained notoriety during the demonstrations, carried out by anarchists organized in
3652:
3356:
3325:
2960:
2713:
2314:
2205:
1772:
1708:
1698:
1683:
1673:
1623:
1578:
1558:
1508:
1488:
1483:
1463:
1458:
1443:
1438:
1423:
1408:
1393:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1159:
859:
618:
588:
578:
260:
66:
61:
8593:
Castro, Celso (2012). "A luta pela implantação do serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil".
3778:
was not mentioned. The meeting also included a proposal for training within the UARJ of a
2780:
2748:
2586:
2063:
8:
10129:
9885:
9875:
9845:
9819:
9809:
9799:
9794:
9779:
9774:
9764:
9759:
9734:
9724:
9643:
9638:
9598:
9492:
9168:
4492:
4434:
4402:
4258:
4247:
4231:
In the second half of the 1990s, the first contacts between Brazilian anarchists and the
2742:
2465:
2398:
2305:
1967:
1845:
1678:
1668:
1653:
1633:
1628:
1608:
1588:
1583:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1513:
1468:
1448:
1368:
1288:
1174:
1141:
1130:
969:
932:
907:
872:
758:
648:
530:
517:
270:
265:
176:
100:
4246:
in 1995, culminating in the formation of the Anarchist Federation of Rio Grande do Sul (
3856:, interrupting its activities on the 21st April 1969, forcing it to become clandestine.
3152:
3143:
2675:
2632:
2139:
10078:
9949:
9804:
9754:
9633:
9608:
9603:
9583:
9573:
9556:
9505:
9447:
4349:
4324:
3939:, also from 1968, distributed to student unions in the interior of Rio de Janeiro; and
3874:
3219:
3173:
3094:
2849:
2792:
2752:
1663:
1648:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1493:
1428:
1378:
1373:
1153:
1119:
1073:
999:
989:
892:
733:
658:
30:
8425:"The Claws of Empire, the Rise of Fascism: Brazilian Anarchist Statement on Bolsonaro"
3615:
3227:
3004:
2800:
with the support of the army and categories of workers in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
2352:
603:
10103:
9974:
9855:
9593:
9357:
9336:
9299:
9294:. Coleção Meios de comunicação social., Série Pesquisa (in Portuguese). Vol. 6.
9246:
9225:
9215:
9180:
9141:
9131:
9110:
9100:
9093:
A ditadura aconteceu aqui: A história oral e as memórias do regime militar brasileiro
9079:
9071:
9050:
9040:
9017:
8975:
8965:
8943:
8933:
8910:
8886:
8840:
8832:
8809:
8788:
8767:
8757:
8736:
8726:
8699:
8689:
8668:
8648:
História e memória da luta de classe: A Greve Geral de 1917 e o papel dos anarquistas
8632:
8611:
8602:
Castro, Rogério de (2018). Santos, Kauan Willian dos; Silva, Rafael Viana da (eds.).
8581:
8571:
8550:
8540:
8504:
8494:
4398:
4148:
3492:
3360:
3226:
again interfered in the union space. The "Celerada Law", passed in the government of
2609:
2420:
2328:
2099:(1894–1895), published in São Paulo by groups composed mostly of Italian immigrants;
1875:
1805:
1598:
1503:
1398:
1147:
867:
688:
558:
492:
352:
235:
205:
154:
8300:
3449:
3303:
Teachers and students of the Modern School of Porto Alegre in 1917. On the left are
2702:
2582:
2131:
2081:
1999:
1979:
10180:
9154:
4189:
4070:
4056:
3861:
3753:
3537:
3496:
3434:
3113:
3101:, in a movement that had the support of the state public force, commanded by Major
2997:
2907:
2882:
Workers gathered at Praça da Sé, in São Paulo, during a May 1 demonstration in 1919
2689:
2549:
2469:
2386:
2346:
2289:
2010:
1994:(PCB) was created and, mainly, due to the repression promoted by the government of
1893:
1785:
1256:
1241:
1125:
1067:
1004:
979:
922:
897:
748:
693:
608:
507:
467:
377:
372:
250:
188:
181:
132:
127:
122:
110:
90:
4027:
3901:
3307:
and Djalma Fetterman, and on the right, the sisters Espertirina and Eulina Martins
2801:
2213:
and a labor press. From 1900, multiple anarchist publications appeared in Brazil:
4377:
4185:
4167:
3759:
3620:
3316:
3262:
3107:
3087:
2991:
2766:
2643:
1995:
1959:
1955:
1903:
1835:
1093:
1044:
917:
768:
668:
663:
643:
613:
568:
563:
553:
447:
327:
166:
159:
95:
18:
3051:
and which, even in the event of defeat in the union elections, remained active.
2662:, which would become one of the most important Brazilian anarchist periodicals.
723:
543:
9242:
9127:
8989:"Bandeiras negras contra camisas verdes: anarquismo e antifascismo nos jornais
8664:
8567:
8536:
8517:
8263:
Oliveira, Samir; Müller, Iuri; Natusch, Igor; Furquim, Ramiro (July 10, 2013).
4394:
4075:
3299:
2732:
In Rio Grande do Sul, significant movements were triggered in Porto Alegre and
2297:
2210:
1850:
1840:
1236:
1231:
1221:
974:
623:
538:
472:
402:
357:
337:
332:
9303:
9156:
Anarquismo em papel e tinta: imprensa, edição e cultura libertária (1945-1968)
9114:
9083:
8844:
8771:
8750:
Manifestações e Protestos no Brasil: Correntes e contracorrentes na atualidade
8628:
Intellectuals and the Search for National Identity in Twentieth-Century Brazil
10202:
10192:
10018:
9361:
9340:
9259:
9250:
9229:
9207:
9145:
9075:
9054:
9021:
8979:
8947:
8836:
8792:
8740:
8672:
8585:
8554:
8508:
4328:
and movements. Following this logic, they created a Brazilian nucleus of the
4144:
3824:
3779:
3165:
2560:
2374:
2334:
2265:
2181:
1251:
1196:
1014:
964:
882:
783:
738:
703:
683:
638:
593:
412:
407:
387:
9442:
9295:
8703:
8171:
8169:
2728:
Factory guarded by government militia during the 1917 strike in Porto Alegre
8651:
8296:"Câmara de Belo Horizonte reduz passagens, mas é ocupada por manifestantes"
4406:
4201:
4156:
3555:
3378:
3047:
2935:
2878:
2449:
2445:
2242:
2233:
2170:
1800:
1790:
1261:
1226:
1078:
788:
713:
653:
628:
573:
382:
317:
9353:
9332:
9173:
Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism
9096:
9013:
8784:
8753:
8714:
The Luso-anarchist Reader: The Origins of Anarchism in Portugal and Brazil
8685:
8490:
8022:
4312:
4151:, such as gender, sexuality and ethnic-racial issues. With the end of the
4068:
In 1977, there was a resumption of the anarchist press with the newspaper
2724:
2051:
8825:"As Jornadas de junho de 2013 no Brasil: anarquismo e tática Black Blocs"
8459:
8181:
8166:
8040:
7949:
7826:
4266:
4242:
4172:
4110:
4094:
also brought agendas from the black movement, homosexuals and feminists.
3927:
in 1965, marked by a more discreet tone and centered on cultural issues.
3347:
2975:
2541:
2509:, which lasted until the middle of the following month. In June 1914, in
2193:
2130:
Anarchist experiments took place in Brazil during the 1890s, such as the
2056:
2022:
1246:
1201:
793:
763:
753:
708:
583:
487:
397:
255:
8929:
8108:
8106:
8104:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7855:
7853:
7792:
7790:
2665:
2080:(right) and other Italian anarchists who embarked in Brazil to form the
1982:, which lasted few years but at one point consisted of 200 individuals.
1899:
4372:
3648:
3442:
3403:
3383:
3039:
2493:
2431:
2390:
2227:
2046:
Historiography normally attributes the roots of Brazilian anarchism to
1942:
Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of the
1830:
1815:
1810:
1103:
778:
482:
452:
347:
240:
9453:
6158:
2939:
2784:
2394:
2342:
8232:
8154:
8142:
8118:
8101:
8064:
8052:
7985:
7973:
7961:
7877:
7850:
7838:
7814:
7787:
7043:
4410:
4284:
4032:
3897:
3469:
3453:
3059:
2983:
2506:
2502:
2293:
2147:
1951:
1870:
1820:
1088:
673:
497:
392:
38:
22:
Workers raise black flags during the São Paulo General Strike of 1917
9375:
9124:
As esquerdas no Brasil, vol. 1: A formação das tradições (1889-1945)
9030:
8781:
Nem Pátria, Nem Patrão: Vida operária e cultura anarquista no Brasil
4046:
3025:
2073:
9176:
8961:
8906:
8882:
8823:
Moraes, Isaias Albertim; Vieira, Fernando Antonio da Costa (2017).
8805:
8607:
8402:
8265:"Câmara de Vereadores de Porto Alegre é ocupada por manifestantes»"
4928:
4405:
organizations have been active in organizing unions and organizing
4344:(MPL). Anarchists were involved in the origins of the movement for
3169:
2974:
Closing session of the 3rd Brazilian Workers' Congress, chaired by
2775:
2416:, to intervene with the company in favor of the strikers' demands.
2353:
The Brazilian Workers' Confederation and the 1913 Workers' Congress
2338:
2250:
1108:
698:
462:
210:
2258:
1889:
8595:
Exército e nação: estudos sobre a história do exército brasileiro
8023:"Brazil: Elements For a Historical Reconstitution of Our Current"
4813:
4332:(IMC), which from the campaigns against the establishment of the
4051:
3893:
3836:
3791:
3481:
3142:
detained, still during the revolt in São Paulo, when he left the
2931:
2733:
2658:
2554:
2402:
1860:
302:
198:
9450:
Interview with the Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro (FARJ)
8422:
8244:
5443:
5427:
5263:
4996:
4944:
4166:
In the cultural milieu, anarchism was widely accepted among the
2998:
Repression and disputes with the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB)
2510:
8487:
A Resistência Anarquista: Uma questão de identidade (1927-1937)
8210:
8208:
3644:
3181:
2911:
2525:
2357:
1009:
548:
3823:
translated and published a work in which the German anarchist
9070:(in Portuguese). Vol. 17, no. 196. pp. 28–40.
7913:
7901:
5832:
3955:
2199:
1963:
773:
9443:
articles on Anarchism in Brazil at the Kate Sharpley Library
9278:
On Colonia Cecilia, see the article by Isabelle Felici, in:
8872:(in Portuguese). Vol. 24, no. 2. pp. 491–508.
8831:(in Portuguese). Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 165–198.
8262:
8205:
8193:
6873:
6871:
5191:
5179:
5140:
4237:(FAU) began. In 1994, CEL activists who edited the bulletin
3201:, and managed to maintain their union publications, such as
3137:
As a result of the unrest in São Paulo, Congress declared a
2680:, at the Araçá cemetery. His death was the catalyst for the
7937:
7753:
7751:
7749:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6726:
6724:
6673:
5130:
5128:
5126:
4000:
3797:
8360:"Meet the anarchists who plan to go nuts at the World Cup"
7717:
7693:
7664:
6576:
6357:
6213:
6201:
5924:
3674:
political life. The first anarchist newspaper to form was
2561:
Strike wave of 1917-1919 and the Workers' Congress of 1920
8130:
8002:
7925:
7889:
7865:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7654:
7652:
7639:
7637:
7624:
7622:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7592:
7590:
7577:
7575:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7541:
7517:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7353:
7031:
6997:
6995:
6970:
6968:
6943:
6941:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6895:
6883:
6868:
6663:
6661:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6600:
6335:
6333:
6308:
6306:
6281:
6279:
6254:
6252:
6191:
6189:
6112:
6110:
6085:
6083:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5861:
5859:
4916:
4777:
4384:. Also seen as a legatee of the 2013 demonstrations, the
3631:
general strike against Professional Portfolios. With the
3387:
7775:
7746:
7406:
7404:
7365:
7331:
7329:
7170:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7117:
7115:
7066:
7064:
7062:
6926:
6856:
6844:
6832:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6801:
6789:
6777:
6765:
6753:
6736:
6721:
6709:
6697:
6564:
6482:
6480:
5772:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5629:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5055:
4889:
4865:
4693:
3172:, arriving on the side of French Guiana and leaving for
9425:"Brazilian Bakunin: Anarchist Militant Domingos Passos"
8327:
Locatelli, Piero; Martins, Rodrigo (February 4, 2014).
7302:
7290:
7158:
7127:
7007:
6980:
6685:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6429:
5748:
5726:
5724:
5658:
5656:
5547:
5545:
5515:
5513:
5464:
5462:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5340:
5338:
5313:
5311:
5157:
5155:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
4906:
4904:
4841:
4635:
4633:
4618:
2312:, COB), founded in 1908, and its official press organ,
1990:
in Brazil's workers' movement from the 1920s, when the
8084:"No RS, polícia indicia oito por campanha contra Yeda"
7802:
7763:
7729:
7705:
7676:
7649:
7634:
7619:
7602:
7587:
7572:
7553:
7464:
7452:
6992:
6965:
6938:
6907:
6658:
6641:
6624:
6588:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6453:
6417:
6405:
6381:
6369:
6345:
6330:
6318:
6303:
6291:
6276:
6264:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6186:
6174:
6134:
6122:
6107:
6095:
6080:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5972:
5960:
5948:
5936:
5912:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5856:
5844:
4765:
4729:
4657:
4558:
3608:
2138:. The experimental rural community, formed in 1890 in
1954:
started to spread, particularly amongst the country’s
10164:
9399:
9241:. Estudos brasileiros (in Portuguese). Vol. 34.
8954:
8423:
Brazilian Anarchist Coordination (October 18, 2018).
8238:
8187:
8175:
8160:
8148:
8124:
8112:
8070:
8058:
8046:
7996:
7979:
7967:
7955:
7883:
7859:
7844:
7832:
7820:
7796:
7529:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7440:
7428:
7416:
7401:
7389:
7377:
7341:
7326:
7314:
7139:
7112:
7100:
7059:
7019:
6953:
6813:
6612:
6477:
6465:
6441:
6393:
6146:
6068:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5692:
5617:
5525:
5498:
5323:
5279:
5203:
5108:
5096:
5079:
5067:
5043:
4972:
4877:
4853:
4801:
4789:
4753:
4741:
4717:
4705:
4681:
4669:
4546:
4522:
3950:
2906:
Other generalized strike movements were triggered in
9311:
Most anarchist newspaper issues can be found in the
7278:
7266:
7254:
7242:
7230:
7218:
7206:
7194:
7182:
7088:
7076:
5760:
5736:
5721:
5709:
5680:
5668:
5653:
5641:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5542:
5510:
5486:
5474:
5459:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5362:
5350:
5335:
5308:
5296:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5215:
5167:
5152:
5031:
5012:
4984:
4960:
4901:
4829:
4645:
4630:
4582:
4570:
4534:
3907:
1998:. Revolutionary syndicalism went into crisis during
9423:Ramos, Renato; Samis, Alexandre (August 31, 2015).
8220:
4606:
4594:
4510:
4128:
4113:, with some specific references to anarchism. Even
4125:, reflecting the influence of the counterculture.
4047:Press, student movement, union and counterculture
3868:, respectively. Among the exiles, the Portuguese
3735:facilitated by the publication of the newspapers
3022:went from June to September with no publication.
2115:As early as 1892, anarchists organized the first
10200:
8326:
4208:, Ronald Craig, Pietro Ferrua, Eduardo Colombo,
3782:initiative, to attract adherents among workers.
3774:, in a rotating manner, and the reappearance of
2385:and against the execution of anarchist educator
9383:"A history of the anarchist movement in Brazil"
9003:(in Portuguese). Vol. 21. pp. 74–106.
4241:for the first time entered a dialogue with the
3994:
10048:
9327:Hall, Michael; Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (1981).
3662:
3286:
2059:, mostly Italians, Portuguese and Spaniards.
2013:of the period. In 1977, during the process of
10034:
9469:
9204:Anarchists and communists in Brazil 1900-1935
9010:História do Movimento Operário Revolucionário
8661:Anarquistas e Comunistas no Brasil, 1900-1935
8388:
8386:
8020:
4196:militants linked to CEL created the bulletin
3991:, which drew attention of repressive agents.
2153:
1923:
10153:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
9326:
9037:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
8822:
8570:: Civilização Brasileira. pp. 163–189.
8250:
8214:
8199:
3831:. At the same time, Mário launched the book
3112:. On July 8, the rebels forced the governor
2652:, Teodoro Monicelli, of the socialist paper
9239:Anarquistas, movimento operario, immigrants
9167:
8710:
7943:
4922:
1962:, Spanish, Portuguese and German political
10041:
10027:
9476:
9462:
9429:Black Rose/Rosa Negra Anarchist Federation
9422:
9380:
9130:: Civilização Brasileira. pp. 53–89.
8533:O movimento operário na Primeira República
8383:
4413:in Brazil, going on to participate in the
4359:Anarchists protest organizing in São Paulo
3835:, where he made a libertarian critique of
3007:: Decree No. 4,247 of January 6, 1921, by
2204:From the 19th century, there were several
2200:Strikes and associations for working hours
1930:
1916:
1826:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
9257:
8986:
8926:Cultura operária: trabalho e resistências
8899:
8876:
8646:Corrêa, Anderson Romário Pereira (2007).
8524:Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
8136:
8008:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7871:
7037:
6932:
6889:
6877:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6807:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6759:
6747:
6730:
6715:
6703:
5838:
5635:
5197:
5185:
5146:
5134:
4895:
4699:
4382:demonstrations against the 2014 World Cup
4163:, with an anarcho-syndicalist proposal.
3699:to end its activities 1951 and, in 1960,
3397:
3086:. With the inauguration of the President
2383:possible war between Brazil and Argentina
2283:With the rise of the labor movement, the
2164:Organized workers initially believed the
2036:demonstrations against the 2014 World Cup
9289:
8923:
8863:
8679:
8624:
7781:
7757:
6570:
6558:
6546:
6534:
6522:
4934:
4354:
4306:
4050:
3954:
3798:Union, cultural and solidarity practices
3560:
3520:
3475:
3298:
3024:
2969:
2877:
2747:, and by some emerging leaders, such as
2723:
2664:
2614:, located in the industrial district of
2474:
2430:
2356:
2274:
2072:
17:
9483:
9292:A imprensa operária no Brasil 1880-1920
8778:
8561:
8530:
8484:
8329:"Quem pretende parar o Brasil em 2014?"
7049:
7013:
7001:
6986:
6974:
6947:
6920:
6901:
6691:
6679:
6667:
6652:
6635:
6606:
6594:
6510:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6339:
6324:
6312:
6297:
6285:
6270:
6258:
6195:
6116:
6101:
6038:
6026:
6014:
5966:
5877:
5850:
5703:
5623:
5536:
5504:
5290:
5209:
5117:
5102:
5090:
5073:
5061:
5049:
4978:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4819:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4588:
4576:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4035:reproduced in the pages of the journal
3719:
3508:World Committee Against War and Fascism
1958:. Along with the labour migrants, many
10201:
9347:
9201:
9121:
9090:
9061:
8829:Século XX, Revista de Ciências Sociais
8799:
8658:
8645:
8601:
8592:
8493:: Arquivo do Estado/Imprensa Oficial.
8452:"Only Revolt Can Bring Down Bolsonaro"
8449:
8392:
8357:
8293:
7808:
7769:
7740:
7723:
7711:
7699:
7687:
7670:
7658:
7643:
7628:
7613:
7596:
7581:
7566:
7475:
7458:
7395:
7383:
7371:
7359:
7335:
7320:
7176:
7152:
7070:
6582:
6498:
6471:
6459:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6180:
6164:
6140:
6128:
6089:
6062:
6050:
6002:
5990:
5978:
5954:
5942:
5930:
5918:
5906:
5889:
5865:
5826:
5814:
5790:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5674:
5611:
5519:
5492:
5480:
5468:
5449:
5437:
5421:
5409:
5397:
5385:
5356:
5329:
5317:
5302:
5269:
5173:
5161:
5037:
5025:
5002:
4990:
4966:
4950:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4651:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4564:
4516:
4483:List of anarchist movements by country
878:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
10022:
9457:
9381:Edgar Rodrigues (December 20, 2010).
9329:A classe operária no Brasil 1889-1930
9236:
9152:
9028:
9007:
8515:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7511:
7499:
7487:
7446:
7434:
7422:
7410:
7347:
7308:
7296:
7284:
7272:
7260:
7248:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7164:
7133:
7121:
7106:
7094:
7082:
7053:
7025:
6959:
6826:
6618:
6486:
6447:
6399:
6168:
6152:
6074:
5802:
5715:
5686:
5662:
5647:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5453:
5433:
5373:
5344:
5273:
5257:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5006:
4954:
4938:
4910:
4639:
4017:and having distributed the newspaper
3815:In 1958, MOS published the newspaper
3408:The anarchists' attitude towards the
9376:Cumplicidade - anarchist news portal
9258:Rodrigues, Edgar (August 12, 1900).
9159:(Doctorate thesis) (in Portuguese).
8747:
8711:de Góes Jr., Plínio de Góes (2017).
8522:(Doctorate thesis) (in Portuguese).
8226:
4440:Federación Obrera Regional Argentina
4263:Federal University of Santa Catarina
3728:Federación Obrera Regional Argentina
3614:conferences, the thesis proposed by
9407:. February 17, 2003. Archived from
8654:: Comissão de Cultura Élio Goulart.
4295:Central Sindical e Popular Conlutas
3609:Crisis of revolutionary syndicalism
2669:Funeral of the anarchist shoemaker
1966:arrived, many holding anarchist or
13:
9195:
4446:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
3951:Libertarian Student Movement (MEL)
3093:In July 1924, the retired general
2555:International Workers' Association
14:
10230:
9369:
9290:Ferreira, Maria Nazareth (1978).
9099:: Letra e Voz. pp. 211–228.
8680:Ferreira, Maria Nazareth (1988).
8431:. Black Rose Anarchist Federation
8393:Fachin, Patricia (May 18, 2016).
8294:Máximo, Wellton (June 29, 2013).
4452:Confédération Générale du Travail
3989:Eye for an eye: Tooth for a tooth
3908:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
2285:First Brazilian Workers' Congress
10186:
10174:
9260:"Latin American Anarchist Women"
9035:(Dissertation) (in Portuguese).
9016:: Imaginário. pp. 125–189.
8864:Oliveira, João Henrique (2011).
8779:Hardman, Francisco Foot (1984).
8516:Bartz, Frederico Duarte (2014).
8443:
8416:
8351:
8320:
8287:
8256:
8076:
8014:
4139:History of Brazil (1985–present)
4129:Redemocratization (1985 onwards)
3056:18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt
2648:, of the libertarian periodical
2363:Brazilian Workers' Confederation
2310:Confederação Operária Brasileira
2302:Brazilian Workers' Confederation
1898:
1888:
913:International Conference of Rome
903:International Conference of Rome
45:
8932:: Ex-Libris. pp. 111–134.
8477:
8335:(in Portuguese). Archived from
8304:(in Portuguese). Archived from
8271:(in Portuguese). Archived from
4458:
4427:
4386:2016 student protests in Brazil
4334:Free Trade Area of the Americas
3914:Military dictatorship in Brazil
3833:Dialectical Analysis of Marxism
3036:Industrial Workers of the World
9352:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.).
9237:Maram, Sheldon Leslie (1979).
8748:Gohn, Maria da Glória (2017).
8631:. Cambridge University Press.
8597:. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV.
4234:Federación Anarquista Uruguaya
3703:was replaced by the newspaper
2052:abolition of slavery in Brazil
2028:Federación Anarquista Uruguaya
1025:Australian Anarchist Centenary
950:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
10219:Political movements in Brazil
9161:Universidade Federal do Ceará
9153:Viana, Alysson Bruno (2014).
9062:Silva, Rafael Viana (2017a).
8964:: Prismas. pp. 401–429.
8909:: Prismas. pp. 207–242.
8885:: Prismas. pp. 373–399.
8870:Cadernos de Pesquisa do CDHIS
8808:: Prismas. pp. 173–206.
8610:: Prismas. pp. 431–449.
8358:Grillo, Ioan (May 23, 2014).
4498:
4478:Category:Brazilian anarchists
3854:Institutional Act Number Five
3134:political and social issues.
2125:Republican Party of São Paulo
1212:Decentralized planned economy
9350:Movimento operário 1877-1944
9029:Silva, Rafael Viana (2014).
8625:Chilcote, Ronald H. (2014).
4503:
3995:Suppression of MEL and CEPJO
3827:talked about the origins of
3633:Constitutionalist Revolution
3579:National Liberation Alliance
3486:Brazilian Integralist Action
3119:José Carlos de Macedo Soares
3009:Arnolfo Rodrigues de Azevedo
2166:Proclamation of the Republic
2134:, undertaken by the Italian
438:Proletarian internationalism
7:
9171:; Schmidt, Michael (2009).
8682:Imprensa operária no Brasil
8659:Dulles, John W. F. (1980).
4471:
4433:Some authors use the term "
4252:Federação Anarquista Gaúcha
4135:Redemocratization in Brazil
4080:Federal University of Bahia
4062:period of political opening
3941:Operational Self-Management
3866:Antônio de Oliveira Salazar
3663:Populist period (1945–1964)
3565:Integralist injured during
3287:Schools and cultural events
3162:penal colony of Clevelândia
2783:between Rio de Janeiro and
960:1919 United States bombings
10:
10235:
10049:Anarchism in South America
8723:Information Age Publishing
8450:Vandaw (August 12, 2021).
8370:Public Radio International
4488:Landless Workers' Movement
4443:(FORA) and by the Spanish
4315:, protesting the World Cup
4291:Landless Workers' Movement
4132:
3911:
3890:National Union of Students
3666:
3602:Communist uprising of 1935
3484:in Brazil, represented by
3401:
3247:Workers and Peasants' Bloc
2594:Cotonificio Rodolfo Crespi
2157:
2154:First Republic (1889–1930)
2107:(1898–1900), published in
2041:
1866:Situationist International
1170:Self-managed social center
985:Spanish Revolution of 1936
10127:
10054:
9993:
9927:
9906:
9838:
9657:
9534:
9491:
9285:On anarchist newspapers:
9212:University of Texas Press
9202:Dulles, John W F (1973).
8987:Rodrigues, André (2017).
8719:Charlotte, North Carolina
8531:Batalha, Claudio (2000).
3821:Mário Ferreira dos Santos
3669:Fourth Brazilian Republic
3504:Anti-fascist United Front
3313:Francesc Ferrer i Guardia
3044:Communist Party of Brazil
1992:Communist Party of Brazil
1987:Revolutionary syndicalism
1040:Really Really Free Market
1035:1999 Seattle WTO protests
503:Temporary autonomous zone
428:Permanent autonomous zone
363:Consensus decision-making
9348:Carone, Edgard (1984) .
9313:Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth
9068:Revista Espaço Acadêmico
8485:Azevedo, Raquel (2002).
8251:Moraes & Vieira 2017
8215:Moraes & Vieira 2017
8200:Moraes & Vieira 2017
4420:
4330:Independent Media Center
3981:Edson Luís de Lima Souto
2419:The election of marshal
2160:First Brazilian Republic
2066:coffee farms during the
1944:First Brazilian Republic
1267:Workers' self-management
1165:Radical environmentalism
1114:Independent Media Center
1030:Carnival Against Capital
955:Bavarian Soviet Republic
944:Manifesto of the Sixteen
343:Autonomous social center
9995:Individualist anarchism
9335:: Editora Brasiliense.
7944:Walt & Schmidt 2009
4415:2021 Brazilian protests
4365:2013 protests in Brazil
2984:Communist International
2671:Francisco José Martinez
2628:Francisco José Martinez
2572:Aurelino de Araújo Leal
2524:. In the same year, in
2426:Ministry of Agriculture
2144:libertarian (anarchist)
2123:, official body of the
1207:Cost the limit of price
9690:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4360:
4321:Peoples' Global Action
4316:
4251:
4182:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
4111:psychedelic aesthetics
4065:
3964:
3711:anarchist congress in
3570:
3526:
3426:
3398:Vargas Era (1930–1945)
3308:
3294:Maria Lacerda de Moura
3077:Florentino de Carvalho
3030:
2978:
2883:
2865:Campo de São Cristovão
2729:
2684:
2480:
2440:
2365:
2309:
2280:
2084:
1946:. During the epoch of
1354:Bosnia and Herzegovina
443:Propaganda of the deed
433:Prefigurative politics
423:Participatory politics
368:Conscientious objector
23:
9405:recollectionbooks.com
9264:Kate Sharpley Library
4358:
4346:free public transport
4342:Movimento Passe Livre
4323:, in the wake of the
4311:Anarchist protest in
4310:
4206:Cornelius Castoriadis
4153:military dictatorship
4147:, trade unionism and
4133:Further information:
4088:the political opening
4054:
4010:National Security Law
3958:
3912:Further information:
3829:libertarian socialism
3667:Further information:
3569:, carried by comrades
3567:Battle of Praça da Sé
3564:
3552:Integralist Manifesto
3548:Battle of Praça da Sé
3524:
3476:Combating integralism
3419:
3402:Further information:
3392:University of Coimbra
3302:
3269:Minervino de Oliveira
3164:, on the border with
3028:
2973:
2881:
2828:João da Costa Pimenta
2727:
2668:
2603:, owned by Commander
2478:
2434:
2360:
2278:
2158:Further information:
2076:
1856:Libertarian socialism
1020:Kate Sharpley Library
995:Red inverted triangle
938:High Treason Incident
928:Congress of Amsterdam
513:Voluntary association
323:Anti-authoritarianism
313:Anarchist criminology
308:Anarchist Black Cross
21:
10214:Anarchism by country
9411:on February 28, 2007
9169:Walt, Lucien van der
8088:O Estado de S. Paulo
6167:, pp. 211–212;
4210:Maurício Tragtenberg
4198:Libera... Amore Mio!
3985:later demonstrations
3720:Anarchist Congresses
3357:fall of the Bastille
2714:O Estado de S. Paulo
2490:A Voz do Trabalhador
2458:A Voz do Trabalhador
2437:A Voz do Trabalhador
2379:A Voz do Trabalhador
2371:A Voz do Trabalhador
2315:A Voz do Trabalhador
2048:European immigration
1739:Fictional characters
1160:Radical cheerleading
10209:Anarchism in Brazil
9485:Anarchism by region
9448:Anarchism in Brazil
8253:, pp. 180–181.
8190:, pp. 424–425.
8178:, pp. 419–420.
8049:, pp. 421–422.
8021:OASL / FARJ - CAB.
7958:, pp. 410–411.
7922:, pp. 382–384.
7910:, pp. 381–382.
7835:, pp. 408–409.
7726:, pp. 222–223.
7702:, pp. 221–222.
7673:, pp. 220–221.
7550:, pp. 118–119.
7526:, pp. 119–120.
6682:, pp. 145–149.
6585:, pp. 190–191.
6366:, pp. 272–273.
6222:, pp. 238–239.
6210:, pp. 229–230.
5933:, pp. 113–116.
5841:, pp. 229–230.
5200:, pp. 220–221.
5188:, pp. 221–222.
5149:, pp. 219–220.
4786:, pp. 180–181.
4493:Socialism in Brazil
4435:anarcho-syndicalism
4409:events against the
4403:anarcho-syndicalist
3595:Luís Carlos Prestes
3386:, who graduated in
3099:revolt in São Paulo
2817:José Elias da Silva
2682:1917 general strike
2585:. Upon arriving at
2530:José Elias da Silva
2399:Rio Grande do Norte
2341:, and Leuenroth in
2221:in Rio de Janeiro;
2089:Gli Schiavi Bianchi
1968:anarcho-syndicalist
1846:Left-libertarianism
1142:No gods, no masters
970:Kronstadt rebellion
908:Trial of the Thirty
873:Revolutions of 1848
9861:Dominican Republic
8667:: Nova Fronteira.
7362:, pp. 35, 37.
7052:, pp. 71–72;
4361:
4350:World Social Forum
4325:anti-globalization
4317:
4066:
3965:
3571:
3527:
3448:The government of
3352:The Tenants Strike
3309:
3220:Sacco and Vanzetti
3139:state of emergency
3095:Isidoro Dias Lopes
3065:Evaristo de Morais
3031:
2979:
2884:
2850:Astrogildo Pereira
2793:Russian Revolution
2753:Borges de Medeiros
2730:
2685:
2481:
2441:
2407:Herculano Bandeira
2366:
2281:
2121:Correio Paulistano
2085:
1796:Anti-globalization
1729:Anarcho-punk bands
1414:Dominican Republic
1154:Property is theft!
1120:The Internationale
1074:Anarchist bookfair
1000:Labadie Collection
990:Barcelona May Days
893:Cantonal rebellion
220:Without adjectives
79:Schools of thought
24:
10162:
10161:
10134:other territories
10016:
10015:
9331:(in Portuguese).
9298:: Editora Vozes.
9186:978-1-904859-16-1
9126:(in Portuguese).
9095:(in Portuguese).
9012:(in Portuguese).
9001:Tempos Históricos
8960:(in Portuguese).
8928:(in Portuguese).
8905:(in Portuguese).
8881:(in Portuguese).
8851:on April 14, 2018
8804:(in Portuguese).
8783:(in Portuguese).
8752:(in Portuguese).
8732:978-1-68123-720-6
8684:(in Portuguese).
8663:(in Portuguese).
8650:(in Portuguese).
8638:978-1-316-06188-6
8606:(in Portuguese).
8566:(in Portuguese).
8535:(in Portuguese).
8489:(in Portuguese).
8401:(in Portuguese).
8239:Rocha et al. 2018
8188:Rocha et al. 2018
8176:Rocha et al. 2018
8161:Rocha et al. 2018
8149:Rocha et al. 2018
8125:Rocha et al. 2018
8113:Rocha et al. 2018
8071:Rocha et al. 2018
8059:Rocha et al. 2018
8047:Rocha et al. 2018
7997:Rocha et al. 2018
7980:Rocha et al. 2018
7968:Rocha et al. 2018
7956:Rocha et al. 2018
7884:Rocha et al. 2018
7860:Rocha et al. 2018
7845:Rocha et al. 2018
7833:Rocha et al. 2018
7821:Rocha et al. 2018
7797:Rocha et al. 2018
7374:, pp. 39–40.
7311:, pp. 75–76.
7299:, pp. 73–74.
7179:, pp. 29–30.
7167:, pp. 59–62.
7136:, pp. 28–29.
6904:, pp. 62–63.
6609:, pp. 38–39.
5781:, pp. 94–95.
5757:, pp. 76–77.
5064:, pp. 43–44.
4874:, pp. 39–40.
4850:, pp. 60–61.
4627:, pp. 59–60.
4567:, pp. 17–19.
4399:anarcho-communist
3493:Giacomo Matteotti
3361:French Revolution
3321:Djalma Fettermann
3191:A Classe Operária
2917:Montevideo Square
2781:Baía da Guanabara
2749:Abílio de Nequete
2587:Palácio do Catete
2515:Antônio Dominguez
2421:Hermes da Fonseca
2015:redemocratization
1940:
1939:
1876:Spontaneous order
1806:Anti-war movement
1749:Jewish anarchists
1148:Popular education
868:French Revolution
493:Spontaneous order
353:Classless society
278:
277:
236:Counter-economics
10226:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10179:
10178:
10177:
10170:
10154:
10142:Falkland Islands
10056:Sovereign states
10043:
10036:
10029:
10020:
10019:
9478:
9471:
9464:
9455:
9454:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9365:
9344:
9307:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9254:
9233:
9190:
9164:
9149:
9118:
9087:
9058:
9025:
9004:
8983:
8951:
8920:
8896:
8873:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8847:. Archived from
8819:
8796:
8775:
8744:
8707:
8676:
8655:
8642:
8621:
8598:
8589:
8558:
8527:
8512:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8390:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8339:on July 14, 2018
8324:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8308:on July 19, 2014
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8275:on March 9, 2021
8260:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8203:
8197:
8191:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8122:
8116:
8110:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8080:
8074:
8068:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7744:
7738:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7647:
7641:
7632:
7626:
7617:
7611:
7600:
7594:
7585:
7579:
7570:
7564:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7057:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6734:
6728:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6656:
6650:
6639:
6633:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5540:
5534:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5457:
5447:
5441:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5277:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5121:
5115:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5010:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4948:
4942:
4932:
4926:
4923:de Góes Jr. 2017
4920:
4914:
4908:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4431:
4303:
4218:
4192:, among others.
4190:Errico Malatesta
4161:O Inimigo do Rei
4123:O Inimigo do Rei
4115:O Inimigo do Rei
4092:O Inimigo do Rei
4084:O Inimigo do Rei
4071:O Inimigo do Rei
4057:O Inimigo do Rei
3878:
3862:Francisco Franco
3757:
3689:
3587:
3541:
3516:Communist League
3497:Errico Malatesta
3452:soon launched a
3435:Great Depression
3417:, a FOSP organ:
3376:
3329:
3305:Zenon de Almeida
3277:
3266:
3255:
3240:
3199:
3156:
3144:Pedro II College
3127:
3114:Carlos de Campos
3111:
3085:
3073:
3058:, beginning the
3017:
2953:
2925:
2873:
2858:
2847:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2770:
2746:
2738:Zenon de Almeida
2706:
2679:
2647:
2636:
2613:
2602:
2580:
2544:in August 1914.
2538:
2523:
2415:
2387:Francisco Ferrer
2347:Adolfo Gordo Law
2332:
2290:Edgard Leuenroth
2270:Federal District
2142:, sought to put
2140:Palmeira, Paraná
2011:student movement
2007:1964 coup d'état
1932:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1894:Anarchism portal
1892:
1786:Anti-consumerism
1781:Anti-corporatism
1257:Social ownership
1242:Market socialism
1217:Free association
1126:Jewish anarchism
1068:A las Barricadas
980:Amakasu Incident
923:Strandza Commune
898:Haymarket affair
518:Workers' council
508:Union of egoists
468:Security culture
378:Decentralization
373:Critique of work
111:Total liberation
85:
84:
49:
26:
25:
10234:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10187:
10185:
10175:
10173:
10165:
10163:
10158:
10152:
10135:
10133:
10123:
10050:
10047:
10017:
10012:
9989:
9923:
9902:
9834:
9653:
9530:
9487:
9482:
9433:
9431:
9414:
9412:
9391:
9389:
9372:
9268:
9266:
9245:: Paz e Terra.
9222:
9214:. p. 603.
9198:
9196:Further reading
9193:
9187:
9175:. Vol. 1.
9138:
9107:
9047:
8972:
8940:
8917:
8893:
8854:
8852:
8816:
8787:: Brasiliense.
8764:
8733:
8696:
8639:
8618:
8578:
8547:
8539:: Jorge Zahar.
8501:
8480:
8475:
8474:
8464:
8462:
8456:Facção Fictícia
8448:
8444:
8434:
8432:
8421:
8417:
8407:
8405:
8391:
8384:
8374:
8372:
8356:
8352:
8342:
8340:
8325:
8321:
8311:
8309:
8292:
8288:
8278:
8276:
8261:
8257:
8249:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8213:
8206:
8198:
8194:
8186:
8182:
8174:
8167:
8159:
8155:
8147:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8123:
8119:
8111:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8069:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8031:
8029:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7995:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7954:
7950:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7756:
7747:
7739:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7698:
7694:
7686:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7635:
7627:
7620:
7612:
7603:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7573:
7565:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7534:
7530:
7522:
7518:
7510:
7506:
7498:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7474:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7358:
7354:
7346:
7342:
7334:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7295:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7151:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7060:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6825:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6737:
6729:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6674:
6666:
6659:
6651:
6642:
6634:
6625:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6410:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6311:
6304:
6296:
6292:
6284:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6163:
6159:
6151:
6147:
6139:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5905:
5896:
5888:
5884:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5857:
5849:
5845:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5526:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5460:
5448:
5444:
5436:, p. 123;
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5280:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5124:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5024:
5013:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4949:
4945:
4937:, p. 281;
4933:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4378:affinity groups
4297:
4212:
4186:Mikhail Bakunin
4149:identity issues
4141:
4131:
4049:
4037:Self-management
3997:
3953:
3937:Self-management
3921:The Libertarian
3916:
3910:
3872:
3870:Edgar Rodrigues
3800:
3751:
3722:
3683:
3671:
3665:
3621:Lindolfo Collor
3616:Leôncio Basbaum
3611:
3581:
3535:
3478:
3410:1930 Revolution
3406:
3400:
3370:
3368:Avelino Fóscolo
3323:
3289:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3234:
3228:Washington Luís
3203:O Internacional
3193:
3150:
3121:
3105:
3088:Artur Bernardes
3079:
3067:
3011:
3005:Epitácio Pessoa
3000:
2992:Domingos Passos
2961:Octávio Brandão
2947:
2919:
2867:
2852:
2841:
2839:Álvaro Palmeira
2830:
2819:
2808:
2806:Agripino Nazaré
2764:
2740:
2700:
2673:
2641:
2630:
2607:
2596:
2574:
2563:
2532:
2517:
2409:
2355:
2326:
2223:O Amigo do Povo
2202:
2162:
2156:
2044:
1996:Artur Bernardes
1956:labour movement
1952:anarchist ideas
1948:mass migrations
1936:
1904:Politics portal
1881:
1880:
1836:Labour movement
1776:
1775:
1764:
1763:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1179:
1094:Escuela Moderna
1062:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1045:Occupy movement
918:Ferrer movement
863:
862:
851:
850:
811:
810:
799:
798:
534:
533:
522:
521:
448:Refusal of work
333:Anti-militarism
328:Anti-capitalism
299:
298:
280:
279:
246:Insurrectionary
82:
81:
12:
11:
5:
10232:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10196:
10195:
10183:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10156:
10149:
10144:
10138:
10136:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10060:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10045:
10038:
10031:
10023:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10005:
9999:
9997:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9830:United Kingdom
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9705:Czech Republic
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9497:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9481:
9480:
9473:
9466:
9458:
9452:
9451:
9445:
9440:
9378:
9371:
9370:External links
9368:
9367:
9366:
9345:
9319:in Amsterdam.
9309:
9308:
9276:
9275:
9255:
9243:Rio de Janeiro
9234:
9220:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9185:
9165:
9150:
9136:
9128:Rio de Janeiro
9119:
9105:
9088:
9059:
9045:
9026:
9005:
8984:
8970:
8952:
8938:
8921:
8915:
8897:
8891:
8874:
8861:
8820:
8814:
8797:
8776:
8762:
8745:
8731:
8708:
8694:
8677:
8665:Rio de Janeiro
8656:
8643:
8637:
8622:
8616:
8599:
8590:
8576:
8568:Rio de Janeiro
8559:
8545:
8537:Rio de Janeiro
8528:
8513:
8499:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8442:
8415:
8382:
8350:
8319:
8301:Agência Brasil
8286:
8255:
8243:
8241:, p. 425.
8231:
8219:
8217:, p. 179.
8204:
8202:, p. 178.
8192:
8180:
8165:
8163:, p. 418.
8153:
8151:, p. 417.
8141:
8139:, p. 394.
8137:Oliveira 2018a
8129:
8127:, p. 414.
8117:
8115:, p. 424.
8100:
8075:
8073:, p. 423.
8063:
8061:, p. 422.
8051:
8039:
8013:
8011:, p. 392.
8009:Oliveira 2018a
8001:
7999:, p. 413.
7984:
7982:, p. 412.
7972:
7970:, p. 411.
7960:
7948:
7946:, p. 259.
7936:
7934:, p. 385.
7932:Oliveira 2018a
7924:
7920:Oliveira 2018a
7912:
7908:Oliveira 2018a
7900:
7898:, p. 381.
7896:Oliveira 2018a
7888:
7886:, p. 410.
7876:
7874:, p. 373.
7872:Oliveira 2018a
7864:
7862:, p. 409.
7849:
7847:, p. 407.
7837:
7825:
7823:, p. 405.
7813:
7811:, p. 226.
7801:
7799:, p. 406.
7786:
7784:, p. 499.
7774:
7772:, p. 225.
7762:
7760:, p. 503.
7745:
7743:, p. 223.
7728:
7716:
7714:, p. 222.
7704:
7692:
7690:, p. 221.
7675:
7663:
7661:, p. 220.
7648:
7646:, p. 219.
7633:
7631:, p. 218.
7618:
7616:, p. 217.
7601:
7599:, p. 215.
7586:
7584:, p. 216.
7571:
7569:, p. 214.
7552:
7540:
7538:, p. 118.
7528:
7516:
7514:, p. 121.
7504:
7502:, p. 168.
7492:
7490:, p. 166.
7480:
7478:, p. 213.
7463:
7461:, p. 212.
7451:
7449:, p. 113.
7439:
7437:, p. 162.
7427:
7425:, p. 160.
7415:
7413:, p. 241.
7400:
7388:
7376:
7364:
7352:
7350:, p. 111.
7340:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7277:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7229:
7217:
7205:
7193:
7181:
7169:
7157:
7138:
7126:
7124:, p. 114.
7111:
7109:, p. 102.
7099:
7087:
7075:
7058:
7056:, p. 179.
7042:
7040:, p. 236.
7038:Oliveira 2018b
7030:
7028:, p. 181.
7018:
7016:, p. 113.
7006:
6991:
6989:, p. 115.
6979:
6964:
6962:, p. 175.
6952:
6937:
6933:Rodrigues 2017
6925:
6906:
6894:
6892:, p. 102.
6890:Rodrigues 2017
6882:
6880:, p. 100.
6878:Rodrigues 2017
6867:
6863:Rodrigues 2017
6855:
6851:Rodrigues 2017
6843:
6839:Rodrigues 2017
6831:
6829:, p. 177.
6812:
6808:Rodrigues 2017
6800:
6796:Rodrigues 2017
6788:
6784:Rodrigues 2017
6776:
6772:Rodrigues 2017
6764:
6760:Rodrigues 2017
6752:
6748:Rodrigues 2017
6735:
6731:Rodrigues 2017
6720:
6716:Rodrigues 2017
6708:
6704:Rodrigues 2017
6696:
6694:, p. 149.
6684:
6672:
6657:
6640:
6623:
6621:, p. 167.
6611:
6599:
6587:
6575:
6573:, p. 123.
6563:
6551:
6539:
6527:
6515:
6503:
6501:, p. 194.
6491:
6489:, p. 166.
6476:
6464:
6462:, p. 434.
6452:
6450:, p. 164.
6440:
6438:, p. 134.
6428:
6416:
6404:
6402:, p. 172.
6392:
6390:, p. 276.
6380:
6378:, p. 273.
6368:
6356:
6354:, p. 229.
6344:
6329:
6317:
6302:
6290:
6275:
6263:
6248:
6246:, p. 261.
6236:
6234:, p. 240.
6224:
6212:
6200:
6185:
6183:, p. 214.
6173:
6171:, p. 171.
6157:
6155:, p. 171.
6145:
6143:, p. 199.
6133:
6131:, p. 198.
6121:
6106:
6094:
6092:, p. 197.
6079:
6077:, p. 146.
6067:
6065:, p. 195.
6055:
6053:, p. 194.
6043:
6031:
6019:
6007:
6005:, p. 147.
5995:
5993:, p. 146.
5983:
5981:, p. 139.
5971:
5959:
5957:, p. 123.
5947:
5945:, p. 117.
5935:
5923:
5921:, p. 113.
5911:
5909:, p. 112.
5894:
5892:, p. 110.
5882:
5870:
5868:, p. 108.
5855:
5843:
5839:Oliveira 2018b
5831:
5819:
5807:
5805:, p. 134.
5795:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5720:
5718:, p. 145.
5708:
5691:
5689:, p. 144.
5679:
5667:
5665:, p. 143.
5652:
5650:, p. 142.
5640:
5638:, p. 223.
5636:Oliveira 2018b
5628:
5616:
5604:
5602:, p. 144.
5592:
5590:, p. 153.
5580:
5578:, p. 123.
5568:
5566:, p. 152.
5556:
5554:, p. 125.
5541:
5524:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5458:
5456:, p. 134.
5452:, p. 51;
5442:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5376:, p. 124.
5361:
5349:
5347:, p. 138.
5334:
5332:, p. 184.
5322:
5307:
5295:
5278:
5276:, p. 155.
5272:, p. 34;
5262:
5260:, p. 161.
5250:
5248:, p. 159.
5238:
5236:, p. 158.
5226:
5224:, p. 157.
5214:
5202:
5198:Oliveira 2018b
5190:
5186:Oliveira 2018b
5178:
5166:
5151:
5147:Oliveira 2018b
5139:
5137:, p. 219.
5135:Oliveira 2018b
5122:
5107:
5095:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5030:
5011:
5009:, p. 137.
5005:, p. 29;
4995:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4957:, p. 153.
4953:, p. 28;
4943:
4941:, p. 136.
4927:
4915:
4913:, p. 135.
4900:
4898:, p. 215.
4896:Oliveira 2018b
4888:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4822:, p. 15;
4812:
4810:, p. 176.
4800:
4798:, p. 181.
4788:
4776:
4774:, p. 165.
4764:
4752:
4740:
4738:, p. 172.
4728:
4716:
4704:
4702:, p. 218.
4700:Oliveira 2018b
4692:
4680:
4668:
4666:, p. 173.
4656:
4644:
4642:, p. 132.
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4557:
4555:, p. 163.
4545:
4533:
4531:, p. 166.
4521:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4395:Jair Bolsonaro
4221:Roberto Freire
4130:
4127:
4076:counterculture
4048:
4045:
3996:
3993:
3959:The newspaper
3952:
3949:
3909:
3906:
3799:
3796:
3721:
3718:
3664:
3661:
3610:
3607:
3506:(FUA) and the
3477:
3474:
3450:Getúlio Vargas
3399:
3396:
3317:Modern Schools
3288:
3285:
3232:Aristides Lobo
2999:
2996:
2650:Guerra Sociale
2605:Rodolfo Crespi
2583:Venceslau Brás
2562:
2559:
2439:of May 1, 1913
2354:
2351:
2324:Oreste Ristori
2298:general strike
2237:in São Paulo;
2211:eight-hour day
2201:
2198:
2178:First Republic
2155:
2152:
2136:Giovanni Rossi
2132:Cecília Colony
2109:Rio de Janeiro
2082:Cecília Colony
2078:Giovanni Rossi
2043:
2040:
2000:Getúlio Vargas
1980:Cecília Colony
1972:Giovanni Rossi
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Libertarianism
1848:
1843:
1841:Left communism
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1773:Related topics
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:United Kingdom
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Czech Republic
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1237:Labour voucher
1234:
1232:Give-away shop
1229:
1224:
1222:General strike
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
975:Makhnovshchina
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:Hague Congress
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
858:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
806:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:González Prada
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
529:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:Social ecology
475:
473:Self-ownership
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
403:Horizontalidad
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Class struggle
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:Affinity group
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
230:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
203:
202:
201:
186:
185:
184:
179:
169:
164:
163:
162:
157:
147:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
115:
114:
113:
108:
106:Social ecology
103:
93:
83:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10231:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10194:
10184:
10182:
10172:
10171:
10168:
10155:
10150:
10148:
10147:French Guiana
10145:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10131:
10126:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10053:
10044:
10039:
10037:
10032:
10030:
10025:
10024:
10021:
10009:
10008:United States
10006:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9998:
9996:
9992:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9965:French Guiana
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9928:South America
9926:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9897:
9894:
9893:
9892:
9891:United States
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9839:North America
9837:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9656:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9479:
9474:
9472:
9467:
9465:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9430:
9426:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9388:
9384:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9221:0-292-74076-X
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9200:
9199:
9188:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9137:9788520007761
9133:
9129:
9125:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9106:9788593467066
9102:
9098:
9094:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9046:9788555074523
9042:
9038:
9034:
9033:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8971:9788555079528
8967:
8963:
8959:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8939:9788590287667
8935:
8931:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8916:9788555079528
8912:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8892:9788555079528
8888:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8821:
8817:
8815:9788555079528
8811:
8807:
8803:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8763:9788524925276
8759:
8755:
8751:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8695:9788508029006
8691:
8687:
8683:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8644:
8640:
8634:
8630:
8629:
8623:
8619:
8617:9788555079528
8613:
8609:
8605:
8600:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8577:9788520006221
8573:
8569:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8546:9788571105416
8542:
8538:
8534:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8500:9788586726361
8496:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8482:
8465:September 11,
8461:
8457:
8453:
8446:
8430:
8426:
8419:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8389:
8387:
8371:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8354:
8338:
8334:
8333:Carta Capital
8330:
8323:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8290:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8247:
8240:
8235:
8229:, p. 54.
8228:
8223:
8216:
8211:
8209:
8201:
8196:
8189:
8184:
8177:
8172:
8170:
8162:
8157:
8150:
8145:
8138:
8133:
8126:
8121:
8114:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8089:
8085:
8079:
8072:
8067:
8060:
8055:
8048:
8043:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8005:
7998:
7993:
7991:
7989:
7981:
7976:
7969:
7964:
7957:
7952:
7945:
7940:
7933:
7928:
7921:
7916:
7909:
7904:
7897:
7892:
7885:
7880:
7873:
7868:
7861:
7856:
7854:
7846:
7841:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7783:
7782:Oliveira 2011
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7758:Oliveira 2011
7754:
7752:
7750:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7725:
7720:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7696:
7689:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7645:
7640:
7638:
7630:
7625:
7623:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7576:
7568:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7501:
7496:
7489:
7484:
7477:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7460:
7455:
7448:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7424:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7405:
7398:, p. 39.
7397:
7392:
7386:, p. 36.
7385:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7361:
7356:
7349:
7344:
7338:, p. 34.
7337:
7332:
7330:
7323:, p. 31.
7322:
7317:
7310:
7305:
7298:
7293:
7287:, p. 67.
7286:
7281:
7275:, p. 66.
7274:
7269:
7263:, p. 55.
7262:
7257:
7251:, p. 38.
7250:
7245:
7239:, p. 33.
7238:
7233:
7227:, p. 30.
7226:
7221:
7215:, p. 78.
7214:
7209:
7203:, p. 13.
7202:
7197:
7191:, p. 35.
7190:
7185:
7178:
7173:
7166:
7161:
7155:, p. 30.
7154:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7135:
7130:
7123:
7118:
7116:
7108:
7103:
7097:, p. 22.
7096:
7091:
7085:, p. 21.
7084:
7079:
7073:, p. 29.
7072:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7022:
7015:
7010:
7004:, p. 69.
7003:
6998:
6996:
6988:
6983:
6977:, p. 72.
6976:
6971:
6969:
6961:
6956:
6950:, p. 64.
6949:
6944:
6942:
6935:, p. 85.
6934:
6929:
6923:, p. 63.
6922:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6865:, p. 99.
6864:
6859:
6853:, p. 98.
6852:
6847:
6841:, p. 97.
6840:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6810:, p. 96.
6809:
6804:
6798:, p. 95.
6797:
6792:
6786:, p. 94.
6785:
6780:
6774:, p. 93.
6773:
6768:
6762:, p. 92.
6761:
6756:
6750:, p. 89.
6749:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6733:, p. 87.
6732:
6727:
6725:
6718:, p. 82.
6717:
6712:
6706:, p. 75.
6705:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6670:, p. 62.
6669:
6664:
6662:
6655:, p. 60.
6654:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6638:, p. 59.
6637:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6597:, p. 65.
6596:
6591:
6584:
6579:
6572:
6571:Petersen 2010
6567:
6561:, p. 21.
6560:
6559:Ferreira 1988
6555:
6549:, p. 19.
6548:
6547:Ferreira 1988
6543:
6537:, p. 22.
6536:
6535:Ferreira 1988
6531:
6524:
6523:Ferreira 1988
6519:
6513:, p. 64.
6512:
6507:
6500:
6495:
6488:
6483:
6481:
6474:, p. 72.
6473:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6426:, p. 63.
6425:
6420:
6414:, p. 58.
6413:
6408:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6342:, p. 56.
6341:
6336:
6334:
6327:, p. 55.
6326:
6321:
6315:, p. 54.
6314:
6309:
6307:
6300:, p. 53.
6299:
6294:
6288:, p. 52.
6287:
6282:
6280:
6273:, p. 61.
6272:
6267:
6261:, p. 51.
6260:
6255:
6253:
6245:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6198:, p. 44.
6197:
6192:
6190:
6182:
6177:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6125:
6119:, p. 49.
6118:
6113:
6111:
6104:, p. 48.
6103:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6041:, p. 37.
6040:
6035:
6029:, p. 36.
6028:
6023:
6017:, p. 59.
6016:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5969:, p. 58.
5968:
5963:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5891:
5886:
5880:, p. 56.
5879:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5853:, p. 55.
5852:
5847:
5840:
5835:
5829:, p. 91.
5828:
5823:
5817:, p. 78.
5816:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5793:, p. 95.
5792:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5769:, p. 81.
5768:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5745:, p. 74.
5744:
5739:
5733:, p. 73.
5732:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5712:
5706:, p. 54.
5705:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5688:
5683:
5677:, p. 67.
5676:
5671:
5664:
5659:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5626:, p. 53.
5625:
5620:
5614:, p. 66.
5613:
5608:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5539:, p. 52.
5538:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5522:, p. 55.
5521:
5516:
5514:
5507:, p. 51.
5506:
5501:
5495:, p. 54.
5494:
5489:
5483:, p. 53.
5482:
5477:
5471:, p. 52.
5470:
5465:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5440:, p. 55.
5439:
5435:
5430:
5424:, p. 51.
5423:
5418:
5412:, p. 49.
5411:
5406:
5400:, p. 48.
5399:
5394:
5388:, p. 47.
5387:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5359:, p. 39.
5358:
5353:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5331:
5326:
5320:, p. 37.
5319:
5314:
5312:
5305:, p. 34.
5304:
5299:
5293:, p. 49.
5292:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5212:, p. 48.
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5176:, p. 33.
5175:
5170:
5164:, p. 32.
5163:
5158:
5156:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5120:, p. 47.
5119:
5114:
5112:
5105:, p. 46.
5104:
5099:
5093:, p. 45.
5092:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5076:, p. 44.
5075:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5052:, p. 43.
5051:
5046:
5040:, p. 68.
5039:
5034:
5028:, p. 30.
5027:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4993:, p. 29.
4992:
4987:
4981:, p. 42.
4980:
4975:
4969:, p. 28.
4968:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4936:
4935:Chilcote 2014
4931:
4925:, p. 16.
4924:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4897:
4892:
4886:, p. 40.
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4862:, p. 39.
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4838:, p. 23.
4837:
4832:
4826:, p. 23.
4825:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4762:, p. 29.
4761:
4756:
4750:, p. 18.
4749:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4726:, p. 31.
4725:
4720:
4714:, p. 25.
4713:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4690:, p. 22.
4689:
4684:
4678:, p. 11.
4677:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4654:, p. 58.
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4615:, p. 59.
4614:
4609:
4603:, p. 61.
4602:
4597:
4591:, p. 24.
4590:
4585:
4579:, p. 23.
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4543:, p. 12.
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4519:, p. 17.
4518:
4513:
4509:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4461:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:neoliberalism
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:of 1972, and
4104:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4028:Daniel Guérin
4023:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3902:Jânio Quadros
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:Rudolf Rocker
3822:
3818:
3817:Ação Sindical
3813:
3811:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:O Libertarian
3783:
3781:
3780:cooperativist
3777:
3773:
3772:Direct Action
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3749:Benjamim Mota
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3533:O Homem Livre
3523:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3423:battlefields.
3418:
3416:
3415:O Trabalhador
3411:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3174:Belém do Pará
3171:
3167:
3166:French Guiana
3163:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3148:Domingos Brás
3145:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3010:
3006:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2802:José Oiticica
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:Sortition Law
2372:
2364:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:Everardo Dias
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:economic boom
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:O Regenerador
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:A Terra Livre
2216:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:direct action
2179:
2174:
2172:
2171:company towns
2167:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:'s anarchist
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:United States
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:French Guiana
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Mutual credit
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Communization
1195:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Biennio Rosso
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Paris Commune
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
861:
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:Animal rights
814:
813:
809:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
526:
525:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
408:Individualism
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Direct action
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
227:
226:
221:
218:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
146:
143:
139:
138:Philosophical
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:Individualist
116:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
20:
16:
10130:Dependencies
10073:
9944:
9521:South Africa
9432:. Retrieved
9428:
9413:. Retrieved
9409:the original
9404:
9390:. Retrieved
9386:
9349:
9328:
9321:
9310:
9291:
9284:
9280:Cadernos AEL
9279:
9277:
9267:. Retrieved
9263:
9238:
9203:
9172:
9155:
9123:
9092:
9067:
9031:
9009:
9000:
8997:(1932-1935)"
8994:
8990:
8957:
8925:
8902:
8878:
8869:
8853:. Retrieved
8849:the original
8828:
8801:
8780:
8749:
8713:
8681:
8660:
8652:Porto Alegre
8647:
8627:
8603:
8594:
8563:
8532:
8518:
8486:
8478:Bibliography
8455:
8445:
8433:. Retrieved
8429:BlackRoseFed
8428:
8418:
8406:. Retrieved
8398:
8373:. Retrieved
8363:
8353:
8341:. Retrieved
8337:the original
8332:
8322:
8310:. Retrieved
8306:the original
8299:
8289:
8277:. Retrieved
8273:the original
8268:
8258:
8246:
8234:
8222:
8195:
8183:
8156:
8144:
8132:
8120:
8091:. Retrieved
8078:
8066:
8054:
8042:
8030:. Retrieved
8026:
8016:
8004:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7903:
7891:
7879:
7867:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7804:
7777:
7765:
7719:
7707:
7695:
7666:
7543:
7531:
7519:
7507:
7495:
7483:
7454:
7442:
7430:
7418:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7316:
7304:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7129:
7102:
7090:
7078:
7050:Azevedo 2002
7045:
7033:
7021:
7014:Azevedo 2002
7009:
7002:Azevedo 2002
6987:Azevedo 2002
6982:
6975:Azevedo 2002
6955:
6948:Azevedo 2002
6928:
6921:Azevedo 2002
6902:Azevedo 2002
6897:
6885:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6711:
6699:
6692:Azevedo 2002
6687:
6680:Azevedo 2002
6675:
6668:Azevedo 2002
6653:Azevedo 2002
6636:Azevedo 2002
6614:
6607:Hardman 1984
6602:
6595:Batalha 2000
6590:
6578:
6566:
6554:
6542:
6530:
6525:, p. 6.
6518:
6511:Batalha 2000
6506:
6494:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6436:Azevedo 2002
6431:
6424:Batalha 2000
6419:
6412:Azevedo 2002
6407:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6340:Azevedo 2002
6325:Azevedo 2002
6320:
6313:Azevedo 2002
6298:Azevedo 2002
6293:
6286:Azevedo 2002
6271:Batalha 2000
6266:
6259:Azevedo 2002
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6196:Azevedo 2002
6176:
6160:
6148:
6136:
6124:
6117:Azevedo 2002
6102:Azevedo 2002
6097:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6039:Batalha 2000
6034:
6027:Batalha 2000
6022:
6015:Batalha 2000
6010:
5998:
5986:
5974:
5967:Batalha 2000
5962:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5914:
5885:
5878:Batalha 2000
5873:
5851:Batalha 2000
5846:
5834:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5711:
5704:Batalha 2000
5682:
5670:
5643:
5631:
5624:Batalha 2000
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5559:
5537:Batalha 2000
5505:Batalha 2000
5500:
5488:
5476:
5445:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5393:
5381:
5352:
5325:
5298:
5291:Batalha 2000
5265:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5217:
5210:Batalha 2000
5205:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5142:
5118:Batalha 2000
5103:Batalha 2000
5098:
5091:Batalha 2000
5074:Batalha 2000
5069:
5062:Batalha 2000
5057:
5050:Batalha 2000
5045:
5033:
4998:
4986:
4979:Batalha 2000
4974:
4962:
4946:
4930:
4918:
4891:
4884:Batalha 2000
4879:
4872:Batalha 2000
4867:
4860:Batalha 2000
4855:
4843:
4831:
4820:Batalha 2000
4815:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4772:Batalha 2003
4767:
4760:Batalha 2000
4755:
4748:Batalha 2000
4743:
4736:Batalha 2003
4731:
4724:Batalha 2000
4719:
4712:Batalha 2000
4707:
4695:
4688:Batalha 2000
4683:
4676:Batalha 2000
4671:
4664:Batalha 2003
4659:
4647:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4589:Batalha 2000
4584:
4577:Batalha 2000
4572:
4560:
4553:Batalha 2003
4548:
4541:Batalha 2000
4536:
4529:Batalha 2003
4524:
4512:
4460:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4429:
4407:anti fascist
4371:
4369:
4362:
4338:
4318:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4256:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4202:Earth Summit
4197:
4194:
4177:
4165:
4160:
4157:Jaime Cubero
4142:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4069:
4067:
4055:
4041:
4036:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4005:
3998:
3988:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3886:
3881:
3858:
3845:O Libertário
3844:
3841:
3832:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3787:
3784:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3744:
3740:
3737:Remodelações
3736:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3709:
3705:O Libertário
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3679:
3676:Remodelações
3675:
3672:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3589:
3576:
3572:
3556:Jaime Cubero
3551:
3545:
3531:
3528:
3512:
3501:
3490:
3479:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3439:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3407:
3379:Lima Barreto
3365:
3351:
3344:Primo Maggio
3343:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3310:
3290:
3281:
3258:Azevedo Lima
3243:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3186:
3178:
3159:
3136:
3130:
3103:Miguel Costa
3092:
3053:
3048:united front
3032:
3019:
3001:
2988:
2980:
2965:
2957:
2943:
2936:Minas Gerais
2928:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2885:
2861:
2798:insurrection
2789:
2773:
2762:Manoel Borba
2758:
2731:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2694:
2686:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2639:Gigi Damiani
2591:
2568:
2564:
2546:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2457:
2454:
2450:Juiz de Fora
2446:Minas Gerais
2442:
2436:
2418:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2320:
2313:
2282:
2263:
2254:
2246:
2243:Porto Alegre
2238:
2234:La Battaglia
2232:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:O Libertário
2214:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2163:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:L'Asno Umano
2092:
2088:
2086:
2068:coffee cycle
2061:
2050:. After the
2045:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1984:
1941:
1801:Anti-statism
1791:Anti-fascism
1644:South Africa
1358:
1262:Wage slavery
1227:Gift economy
1118:
1079:Anarcho-punk
1066:
942:
831:Love and sex
719:Pi i Margall
383:Deep ecology
318:Anationalism
261:Relationship
194:Collectivist
150:Postcolonial
15:
9919:New Zealand
9896:Puerto Rico
9866:El Salvador
9815:Switzerland
9770:Netherlands
9624:Philippines
8460:CrimethInc.
8399:Revista IHU
7809:Silva 2017b
7770:Silva 2017b
7741:Silva 2017b
7724:Silva 2017b
7712:Silva 2017b
7700:Silva 2017b
7688:Silva 2017b
7671:Silva 2017b
7659:Silva 2017b
7644:Silva 2017b
7629:Silva 2017b
7614:Silva 2017b
7597:Silva 2017b
7582:Silva 2017b
7567:Silva 2017b
7476:Silva 2017b
7459:Silva 2017b
7396:Silva 2017a
7384:Silva 2017a
7372:Silva 2017a
7360:Silva 2017a
7336:Silva 2017a
7321:Silva 2017a
7177:Silva 2017a
7153:Silva 2017a
7071:Silva 2017a
6583:Mendes 2018
6499:Mendes 2018
6472:Toledo 2007
6460:Castro 2018
6388:Dulles 1980
6376:Dulles 1980
6364:Dulles 1980
6352:Dulles 1980
6244:Dulles 1980
6232:Dulles 1980
6220:Dulles 1980
6208:Dulles 1980
6181:Dulles 1980
6165:Dulles 1980
6141:Dulles 1980
6129:Dulles 1980
6090:Dulles 1980
6063:Dulles 1980
6051:Dulles 1980
6003:Dulles 1980
5991:Dulles 1980
5979:Dulles 1980
5955:Dulles 1980
5943:Dulles 1980
5931:Dulles 1980
5919:Dulles 1980
5907:Dulles 1980
5890:Dulles 1980
5866:Dulles 1980
5827:Dulles 1980
5815:Dulles 1980
5791:Dulles 1980
5779:Dulles 1980
5767:Dulles 1980
5755:Dulles 1980
5743:Dulles 1980
5731:Dulles 1980
5675:Dulles 1980
5612:Dulles 1980
5520:Dulles 1980
5493:Dulles 1980
5481:Dulles 1980
5469:Dulles 1980
5450:Dulles 1980
5438:Dulles 1980
5422:Dulles 1980
5410:Dulles 1980
5398:Dulles 1980
5386:Dulles 1980
5357:Dulles 1980
5330:Mendes 2018
5318:Dulles 1980
5303:Dulles 1980
5270:Dulles 1980
5174:Dulles 1980
5162:Dulles 1980
5038:Castro 2012
5026:Dulles 1980
5003:Dulles 1980
4991:Dulles 1980
4967:Dulles 1980
4951:Dulles 1980
4848:Toledo 2007
4836:Dulles 1980
4824:Dulles 1980
4808:Mendes 2018
4796:Mendes 2018
4784:Mendes 2018
4652:Toledo 2007
4625:Toledo 2007
4613:Toledo 2007
4601:Toledo 2007
4565:Dulles 1980
4517:Dulles 1980
4370:The use of
4363:During the
4298: [
4267:somatherapy
4243:especifista
4213: [
4173:anarchopunk
3882:Ação Direta
3873: [
3805:Ação Direta
3752: [
3741:Ação Direta
3701:Ação Direta
3684: [
3681:Ação Direta
3653:Estado Novo
3582: [
3536: [
3458:The Lantern
3443:Trotskyites
3371: [
3348:Pietro Gori
3324: [
3272: [
3261: [
3250: [
3235: [
3194: [
3151: [
3122: [
3106: [
3080: [
3068: [
3012: [
2976:Elvira Boni
2948: [
2920: [
2868: [
2853: [
2842: [
2831: [
2820: [
2809: [
2765: [
2741: [
2701: [
2698:Elói Chaves
2690:Praça da Sé
2674: [
2642: [
2631: [
2608: [
2597: [
2575: [
2542:World War I
2533: [
2518: [
2435:Edition of
2410: [
2333:in Santos,
2327: [
2247:O Despertar
2194:Elvira Boni
2103:(1898) and
2101:O Despertar
2095:(1894) and
2057:World War I
2023:especifismo
1759:Periodicals
1659:Switzerland
1619:Puerto Rico
1604:Philippines
1569:New Zealand
1564:Netherlands
1434:El Salvador
1247:Mutual bank
1202:Cooperative
1131:Lifestylism
933:Tragic Week
836:Nationalism
488:Somatherapy
398:Freethought
266:Syndicalist
256:Platformism
228:Methodology
101:Primitivist
10203:Categories
9851:Costa Rica
9569:East Timor
9552:Bangladesh
9547:Azerbaijan
9387:libcom.org
9304:1166801002
9296:Petrópolis
9115:1019871190
9084:8081147307
8995:A Lanterna
8845:7929288444
8772:1001807479
8756:: Cortez.
8463:Retrieved
7548:Silva 2014
7536:Silva 2014
7524:Silva 2014
7512:Silva 2014
7500:Silva 2014
7488:Silva 2014
7447:Silva 2014
7435:Silva 2014
7423:Silva 2014
7411:Viana 2014
7348:Silva 2014
7309:Silva 2014
7297:Silva 2014
7285:Silva 2014
7273:Silva 2014
7261:Silva 2014
7249:Silva 2014
7237:Silva 2014
7225:Silva 2014
7213:Silva 2014
7201:Silva 2014
7189:Silva 2014
7165:Silva 2014
7134:Silva 2014
7122:Silva 2014
7107:Silva 2014
7095:Silva 2014
7083:Silva 2014
7054:Samis 2004
7026:Samis 2004
6960:Samis 2004
6827:Samis 2004
6619:Samis 2004
6487:Samis 2004
6448:Samis 2004
6400:Samis 2004
6169:Samis 2004
6153:Samis 2004
6075:Samis 2004
5803:Samis 2004
5716:Samis 2004
5687:Bartz 2014
5663:Bartz 2014
5648:Bartz 2014
5600:Samis 2004
5588:Samis 2004
5576:Bartz 2014
5564:Samis 2004
5552:Bartz 2014
5454:Samis 2004
5434:Bartz 2014
5374:Bartz 2014
5345:Samis 2004
5274:Samis 2004
5258:Samis 2004
5246:Samis 2004
5234:Samis 2004
5222:Samis 2004
5007:Samis 2004
4955:Samis 2004
4939:Samis 2004
4911:Samis 2004
4640:Samis 2004
4499:References
4397:to power,
4373:black bloc
4248:Portuguese
4239:Libera ...
4019:Autogestão
4015:O Protesto
4006:O Protesto
3977:O Protesto
3970:O Protesto
3961:O Protesto
3933:O Protesto
3649:Uruguaiana
3404:Vargas Era
3384:Neno Vasco
3040:Bolshevism
2494:Neno Vasco
2391:Pernambuco
2306:Portuguese
2294:stevedores
2228:A Lanterna
2105:O Protesto
2097:L'Avvenire
1831:Dual Power
1816:Autonomism
1811:Autarchism
1419:East Timor
1389:Costa Rica
1334:Bangladesh
1329:Azerbaijan
1104:Freeganism
821:Capitalism
614:Feyerabend
483:Sociocracy
453:Revolution
418:Mutual aid
348:Black bloc
241:Illegalism
10181:Anarchism
10119:Venezuela
10064:Argentina
9985:Venezuela
9935:Argentina
9914:Australia
9881:Nicaragua
9871:Guatemala
9629:Singapore
9589:Indonesia
9562:Hong Kong
9434:March 20,
9415:March 20,
9392:March 20,
9362:124029775
9356:: DIFEL.
9354:São Paulo
9341:722948713
9333:São Paulo
9269:March 20,
9251:478984483
9230:940454080
9146:494558186
9097:São Paulo
9076:1519-6186
9055:994009584
9039:(UFRRJ).
9022:682038880
9014:São Paulo
8980:2179-8095
8948:782983875
8855:March 17,
8837:2179-8095
8793:465504373
8785:São Paulo
8754:São Paulo
8741:966596014
8688:: Ática.
8686:São Paulo
8673:760667226
8586:758917265
8555:252886290
8509:685123764
8491:São Paulo
8408:April 15,
8365:The World
8343:April 13,
8312:April 13,
8279:April 13,
8227:Gohn 2017
8093:April 10,
8027:Anarkismo
4504:Citations
4411:far right
4313:São Paulo
4272:Libera...
4259:synthesis
4225:Libera...
4033:Tupamaros
3999:With the
3898:Venezuela
3850:1964 coup
3776:The Plebe
3470:Garanhuns
3462:The Plebe
3454:labor law
3431:Liberdade
3060:tenentist
2945:Spártacus
2550:Argentine
2507:Rio Largo
2503:Cachoeira
2206:mutualist
2148:free love
2064:São Paulo
1871:Socialism
1821:Communism
1754:Musicians
1704:Venezuela
1639:Singapore
1574:Nicaragua
1499:Indonesia
1479:Hong Kong
1474:Guatemala
1319:Australia
1309:Argentina
1281:By region
1189:Economics
1175:Symbolism
1089:DIY ethic
826:Education
744:Santillán
694:Malatesta
664:Kropotkin
644:Guillaume
498:Squatting
458:Rewilding
393:Free love
271:Synthesis
206:Communist
177:Christian
172:Religious
145:Mutualism
39:Anarchism
10109:Suriname
10099:Paraguay
10084:Colombia
9970:Paraguay
9955:Colombia
9785:Portugal
9695:Bulgaria
9619:Mongolia
9614:Malaysia
9177:AK Press
8962:Curitiba
8930:Brasília
8907:Curitiba
8883:Curitiba
8806:Curitiba
8704:19134154
8608:Curitiba
8526:(UFRGS).
8435:March 7,
8403:Unisinos
8375:March 7,
4472:See also
4282:Several
4119:Barbárie
3983:and the
3943:, 1969.
3764:Portugal
3359:and the
3170:Oiapoque
2908:Salvador
2776:Curitiba
2492:between
2462:Portugal
2361:Seal of
2339:Campinas
2251:Curitiba
2091:(1892),
2034:and the
1614:Portugal
1594:Paraguay
1554:Mongolia
1539:Malaysia
1384:Colombia
1364:Bulgaria
1109:Infoshop
1010:May 1968
846:Violence
841:Religion
729:Proudhon
689:Maksimov
669:Landauer
619:Giovanni
569:Bookchin
463:Sabotage
295:Practice
251:Pacifist
211:Magonism
133:Naturist
91:Feminist
57:Glossary
31:a series
29:Part of
10167:Portals
10114:Uruguay
10089:Ecuador
10069:Bolivia
9980:Uruguay
9960:Ecuador
9940:Bolivia
9907:Oceania
9825:Ukraine
9790:Romania
9750:Ireland
9745:Iceland
9740:Hungary
9730:Germany
9720:Finland
9715:Estonia
9710:Denmark
9700:Croatia
9685:Belgium
9680:Belarus
9675:Austria
9670:Andorra
9665:Albania
9649:Vietnam
9579:Georgia
9542:Armenia
9526:Tunisia
9516:Nigeria
9511:Morocco
9501:Algeria
8991:A Plebe
3929:Dealbar
3925:Dealbar
3894:Caracas
3837:Marxism
3792:kibbutz
3745:A Plebe
3697:A Plebe
3693:A Plebe
3590:A Plebe
3482:fascism
3390:at the
3336:A Plebe
3207:A Plebe
3131:A Plebe
3020:A Plebe
2940:Paraíba
2932:Alagoas
2900:A Plebe
2893:Germany
2889:Hungary
2785:Niterói
2734:Pelotas
2659:A Plebe
2654:Avanti!
2624:Cambuci
2553:of the
2403:Alagoas
2395:Paraíba
2343:Jundiaí
2117:May Day
2042:Origins
2026:of the
1976:commune
1960:Italian
1861:Marxism
1709:Vietnam
1699:Uruguay
1684:Ukraine
1674:Tunisia
1624:Romania
1579:Nigeria
1559:Morocco
1509:Ireland
1489:Iceland
1484:Hungary
1464:Germany
1459:Georgia
1444:Finland
1439:Estonia
1424:Ecuador
1409:Denmark
1394:Croatia
1349:Bolivia
1344:Belgium
1339:Belarus
1324:Austria
1314:Armenia
1304:Andorra
1299:Algeria
1294:Albania
1136:May Day
1059:Culture
860:History
789:Yarchuk
764:Tolstoy
759:Thoreau
754:Stirner
749:Spooner
714:Parsons
639:Graeber
629:Goldman
589:Durruti
574:Chomsky
564:Bonanno
559:Berkman
554:Bakunin
303:Anarchy
199:Parecon
155:African
67:Outline
62:History
10193:Brazil
10094:Guyana
10074:Brazil
10003:Europe
9945:Brazil
9886:Panama
9876:Mexico
9846:Canada
9820:Turkey
9810:Sweden
9800:Serbia
9795:Russia
9780:Poland
9775:Norway
9765:Monaco
9760:Latvia
9735:Greece
9725:France
9658:Europe
9644:Turkey
9639:Taiwan
9599:Israel
9493:Africa
9360:
9339:
9302:
9249:
9228:
9218:
9208:Austin
9183:
9163:(UFC).
9144:
9134:
9113:
9103:
9082:
9074:
9053:
9043:
9020:
8978:
8968:
8946:
8936:
8913:
8889:
8843:
8835:
8812:
8791:
8770:
8760:
8739:
8729:
8702:
8692:
8671:
8635:
8614:
8584:
8574:
8553:
8543:
8507:
8497:
8032:May 5,
4285:squats
4178:Utopia
3713:France
3645:Recife
3182:Geneva
3097:led a
2912:Recife
2526:Manaus
2253:; and
2239:A Luta
1978:, the
1964:exiles
1679:Turkey
1669:Taiwan
1654:Sweden
1634:Serbia
1629:Russia
1609:Poland
1589:Panama
1584:Norway
1549:Monaco
1544:Mexico
1534:Latvia
1514:Israel
1469:Greece
1449:France
1369:Canada
1359:Brazil
1289:Africa
808:Issues
794:Zerzan
784:Warren
769:Tucker
739:Rocker
734:Reclus
724:Pouget
704:Michel
684:Makhno
659:Kōtoku
649:He-Yin
624:Godwin
609:Ferrer
579:Cleyre
544:Armand
539:Alston
531:People
291:Theory
189:Social
182:Jewish
128:Market
123:Egoist
10079:Chile
9950:Chile
9805:Spain
9755:Italy
9634:Syria
9609:Korea
9604:Japan
9584:India
9574:Egypt
9557:China
9506:Egypt
8269:Sul21
4421:Notes
4391:PCdoB
4302:]
4217:]
4103:Tribo
3896:, in
3877:]
3760:Spain
3756:]
3688:]
3586:]
3540:]
3375:]
3328:]
3276:]
3265:]
3254:]
3239:]
3198:]
3155:]
3126:]
3110:]
3084:]
3072:]
3016:]
2952:]
2924:]
2872:]
2857:]
2846:]
2835:]
2824:]
2813:]
2769:]
2745:]
2705:]
2678:]
2646:]
2635:]
2616:Mooca
2612:]
2601:]
2579:]
2537:]
2522:]
2470:Italy
2466:Spain
2448:, in
2414:]
2331:]
2259:Ceará
1744:Films
1734:Books
1722:Lists
1664:Syria
1649:Spain
1529:Korea
1524:Japan
1519:Italy
1494:India
1429:Egypt
1379:China
1374:Chile
1099:Films
1005:Provo
774:Volin
679:Magón
654:Kanno
604:Faure
599:Ervin
594:Ellul
167:Queer
160:Black
96:Green
10104:Peru
9975:Peru
9856:Cuba
9594:Iran
9535:Asia
9436:2023
9417:2023
9394:2023
9358:OCLC
9337:OCLC
9317:IISH
9300:OCLC
9271:2023
9247:OCLC
9226:OCLC
9216:ISBN
9181:ISBN
9142:OCLC
9132:ISBN
9111:OCLC
9101:ISBN
9080:OCLC
9072:ISSN
9051:OCLC
9041:ISBN
9018:OCLC
8976:ISSN
8966:ISBN
8944:OCLC
8934:ISBN
8911:ISBN
8887:ISBN
8857:2021
8841:OCLC
8833:ISSN
8810:ISBN
8789:OCLC
8768:OCLC
8758:ISBN
8737:OCLC
8727:ISBN
8700:OCLC
8690:ISBN
8669:OCLC
8633:ISBN
8612:ISBN
8582:OCLC
8572:ISBN
8551:OCLC
8541:ISBN
8505:OCLC
8495:ISBN
8467:2021
8437:2021
8410:2018
8377:2021
8345:2018
8314:2018
8281:2018
8095:2018
8034:2018
4401:and
4219:and
4188:and
4168:punk
4137:and
4107:Soma
4001:AI-5
3864:and
3810:UNIR
3762:and
3743:and
3460:and
3377:and
3350:and
2891:and
2848:and
2622:and
2620:Brás
2511:Pará
2505:and
2468:and
2401:and
2231:and
2217:and
2176:The
2032:2013
1599:Peru
1504:Iran
1399:Cuba
1084:Arts
779:Ward
709:Most
699:Mett
10132:and
3495:or
3388:law
3346:by
2963:.
2887:in
2337:in
2257:in
2249:in
2241:in
1015:LIP
674:Liu
584:Day
413:Law
10205::
9427:.
9421:*
9403:.
9398:*
9385:.
9262:.
9224:.
9210::
9206:.
9179:.
9140:.
9109:.
9078:.
9066:.
9049:.
8999:.
8993:e
8974:.
8942:.
8868:.
8839:.
8827:.
8766:.
8735:.
8725:.
8721::
8717:.
8698:.
8580:.
8549:.
8503:.
8458:.
8454:.
8427:.
8397:.
8385:^
8368:.
8362:.
8331:.
8298:.
8267:.
8207:^
8168:^
8103:^
8086:.
8025:.
7987:^
7852:^
7789:^
7748:^
7731:^
7678:^
7651:^
7636:^
7621:^
7604:^
7589:^
7574:^
7555:^
7466:^
7403:^
7328:^
7141:^
7114:^
7061:^
6994:^
6967:^
6940:^
6909:^
6870:^
6815:^
6738:^
6723:^
6660:^
6643:^
6626:^
6479:^
6332:^
6305:^
6278:^
6251:^
6188:^
6109:^
6082:^
5897:^
5858:^
5723:^
5694:^
5655:^
5544:^
5527:^
5512:^
5461:^
5364:^
5337:^
5310:^
5281:^
5154:^
5125:^
5110:^
5081:^
5014:^
4903:^
4632:^
4417:.
4300:pt
4250::
4215:pt
4184:,
4039:.
3875:pt
3839:.
3754:pt
3739:,
3686:pt
3584:pt
3538:pt
3394:.
3373:pt
3326:pt
3274:pt
3267:,
3263:pt
3252:pt
3241:.
3237:pt
3196:pt
3153:pt
3124:pt
3108:pt
3082:pt
3070:pt
3014:pt
2955:.
2950:pt
2938:,
2934:,
2922:pt
2910:,
2870:pt
2855:pt
2844:pt
2837:,
2833:pt
2826:,
2822:pt
2815:,
2811:pt
2767:pt
2743:pt
2703:pt
2676:pt
2644:pt
2633:pt
2610:pt
2599:pt
2577:pt
2535:pt
2520:pt
2464:,
2412:pt
2397:,
2393:,
2329:pt
2318:.
2308::
2261:.
2245:;
2225:,
2038:.
549:Ba
33:on
10169::
10042:e
10035:t
10028:v
9477:e
9470:t
9463:v
9438:.
9419:.
9396:.
9364:.
9343:.
9306:.
9273:.
9253:.
9232:.
9189:.
9148:.
9117:.
9086:.
9057:.
9024:.
8982:.
8950:.
8919:.
8895:.
8859:.
8818:.
8795:.
8774:.
8743:.
8706:.
8675:.
8641:.
8620:.
8588:.
8557:.
8511:.
8469:.
8439:.
8412:.
8379:.
8347:.
8316:.
8283:.
8097:.
8036:.
2304:(
1931:e
1924:t
1917:v
1156:"
1152:"
1144:"
1140:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.