Egyptian temple - Knowledge

2931: 2911: 1881: 2459: 3170:, which most of the time was far out of step with the astronomical year. Thus, while many festivals had a seasonal origin, their timing lost its connection with the seasons. Most festivals took place at a single temple, but others could involve two or more temples or an entire region of Egypt; a few were celebrated throughout the country. In the New Kingdom and later, the festival calendar at a single temple could include dozens of events, so it is likely that most of these events were observed only by the priests. In those festivals that involved a procession outside the temple, the local population also gathered to watch and to celebrate. These were the most elaborate temple ceremonies, accompanied by the recitation of hymns and the performance of musicians. 2213: 3085: 3382:, so temples built of limestone were almost all dismantled. Sandstone temples, found mostly in Upper Egypt, were more likely to survive. What humans left intact was still subject to natural weathering. Temples in desert areas could be partly covered by drifts of sand, while those near the Nile, particularly in Lower Egypt, were often buried under layers of river-borne silt. Thus, some major temple sites like Memphis were reduced to ruin, while many temples far from the Nile and centers of population remained mostly intact. With the understanding of the hieroglyphic script lost, the information about Egyptian culture that was preserved in the surviving temples lay incomprehensible to the world. 2098: 2034: 2313: 3339:

portions of the temple offerings to sustain the donors' spirits. Other statues served as gifts to the temple god, and inscribed stelae conveyed to the resident deity the donors' prayers and messages of thanks. Over the centuries, so many of these statues accumulated within a temple building that priests sometimes moved them out of the way by burying them in caches beneath the floor. Commoners offered simple wooden or clay models as votives. The form of these models may indicate the reason for their donation. Figurines of women are among the most common types of votive figures, and some are inscribed with a prayer for a woman to bear a child.

2991: 1950:, one of the first measures of the Roman rulers was to implement a reform on land possession and taxation. The Egyptian temples, as important landowners, were made to either pay rent to the government for the land they owned or surrender that land to the state in exchange for a government stipend. However, the temples and priests continued to enjoy privileges under Roman rule, e.g., exemption from taxes and compulsory services. On the official level, the leading officials of the temples became part of the Roman ruling apparatus by, for example, collecting taxes and examining charges against priests for violating sacral law. 2895: 1943:

long dead. The most drastic means of controlling the temple estates was to completely revise the distribution of their property nationwide, which might extend to closing down certain temples. Such changes could significantly alter Egypt's economic landscape. The temples were thus important instruments with which the king managed the nation's resources and its people. As the direct overseers of their own economic sphere, the administrations of large temples wielded considerable influence and may have posed a challenge to the authority of a weak pharaoh, although it is unclear how independent they were.

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The priests were therefore subject to the king's authority, and he had the right to appoint anyone he wished to the priesthood. In fact, in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, most priests were government officials who left their secular duties for part of the year to serve the temple in shifts. Once the priesthood became more professional, the king seems to have used his power over appointments mainly for the highest-ranking positions, usually to reward a favorite official with a job or to intervene for political reasons in the affairs of an important cult. Lesser appointments he delegated to his

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the mythical geography already present in the temple's architecture. Images of rituals served to reinforce the rituals' magical effect and to perpetuate that effect even if the rituals ceased to be performed. Because of their religious nature, these decorations showed an idealized version of reality, emblematic of the temple's purpose rather than real events. For instance, the king was shown performing most rituals, while priests, if depicted, were secondary. It was unimportant that he was rarely present for these ceremonies; it was his role as an intermediary with the gods that mattered.

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Egyptian society. In the Greco-Roman period, priestly offices continued to be advantageous. Especially in rural areas, Egyptian priests distinguished themselves from other inhabitants by means of income and privileges attached to priestly offices, but also by their education in reading and writing. High-ranking offices were, still, so lucrative that some priests fought over their occupation in lengthy court cases. However, that may have changed in the later Roman period, when Egypt was subject to large-scale processes of economic, social, cultural and religious change.

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questioned whether the processions inspired genuine "religious feelings" or were simply seen as occasions for revelry. In any case, the oracular events during festivals provided an opportunity for people to receive responses from the normally isolated deities, as did the other varieties of oracle that developed late in Egyptian history. Temples eventually became a venue for yet another type of divine contact: dreams. The Egyptians saw dreaming as a means of communion with the divine realm, and by the Ptolemaic period many temples provided buildings for

2638: 2567: 3310:. In the Greco-Roman period, and possibly much earlier, oracles were used outside the festival, allowing people to consult them frequently. Priests interpreted the movements of sacred animals or, being asked questions directly, wrote out or spoke answers that they had supposedly received from the god in question. The priests' claim to speak for the gods or interpret their messages gave them great political influence and provided the means for the High Priests of Amun to dominate Upper Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period. 1732: 3185:. Many of these ceremonies took place only within the temple building, such as the "union with the sun disk" festival practiced in the Late Period and afterward, when cult statues were carried to the temple roof at the start of the New Year to be enlivened by the rays of the sun. In festivals that involved a procession, priests carried the divine image out from the sanctuary, usually in its model barque, to visit another site. The barque might travel entirely on land or be loaded onto a real boat to travel on the river. 33: 2790: 2704: 2368:. Most Egyptian towns had a temple, but in some cases, as with mortuary temples or the temples in Nubia, the temple was a new foundation on previously empty land. The exact site of a temple was often chosen for religious reasons; it might, for example, be the mythical birthplace or burial place of a god. The temple axis might also be designed to align with locations of religious significance, such as the site of a neighboring temple or the rising place of the sun or particular stars. The Great Temple of 2822:. The lowest registers were decorated with plants representing the primeval marsh, while the ceilings and tops of walls were decorated with stars and flying birds to represent the sky. Illustrations of rituals, surrounded by text related to the rituals, often filled the middle and upper registers. Courts and exterior walls often recorded the king's military exploits. The pylon showed the "smiting scene", a motif in which the king strikes down his enemies, symbolizing the defeat of the forces of chaos. 1640:, the divine order of the universe. Housing and caring for the gods were the obligations of pharaohs, who therefore dedicated prodigious resources to temple construction and maintenance. Pharaohs delegated most of their ritual duties to a host of priests, but most of the populace was excluded from direct participation in ceremonies and forbidden to enter a temple's most sacred areas. Nevertheless, a temple was an important religious site for all classes of Egyptians, who went there to 1904:, producing grain, fruit, or wine, or supporting herds of livestock. The temple either managed these lands directly, rented them out to farmers for a share of the produce, or managed them jointly with the royal administration. Temples also launched expeditions into the desert to collect resources such as salt, honey, or wild game, or to mine precious minerals. Some owned fleets of ships with which to conduct their own trade across the country or even beyond Egypt's borders. Thus, as 1840:" and regarded as essentially different from divine temples. In recent years some Egyptologists, such as Gerhard Haeny, have argued that there is no clear division between the two. The Egyptians did not refer to mortuary temples by any distinct name. Nor were rituals for the dead and rituals for the gods mutually exclusive; the symbolism surrounding death was present in all Egyptian temples. The worship of gods was present to some degree in mortuary temples, and the Egyptologist 2849:, the form of Egyptian that was commonly used in Greco-Roman times. Although not part of the temple's formal decoration, graffiti can be an important source of information about its history, both when its cults were functioning and after its abandonment. Ancient graffiti, for instance, often mention the names and titles of priests who worked in the temple, and modern travelers often inscribed their names in temples that they visited. Graffiti left by priests and pilgrims at 3016:, but sexual intercourse rendered them unclean until they underwent further purification. The cults of specific gods might impose further restrictions related to that god's mythology, such as rules against eating the meat of an animal that represented the god. The acceptance of women into the priesthood was variable. In the Old Kingdom, many women served as priests, but their presence in clergies declined drastically in the Middle Kingdom before increasing in the 9841: 1829:, the first temple originated as a shelter for a god—which god it was varied according to the city—that stood on the mound of land where the process of creation began. Each temple in Egypt, therefore, was equated with this original temple and with the site of creation itself. As the primordial home of the god and the mythological location of the city's founding, the temple was seen as the hub of the region, from which the city's patron god ruled over it. 76: 9793: 9830: 9450: 1562: 9861: 3569:. Jitse Dijkstra has argued that Procopius's account of the temple closure is inaccurate and that regular religious activity there ceased shortly after the last date inscribed at the temple, in AD 456 or 457. Eugene Cruz-Uribe suggests instead that during the fifth and early sixth centuries the temple lay empty most of the time, but that Nubians living nearby continued to hold periodic festivals there until well into the sixth century. 7888: 2810:

appropriate for exterior surfaces, where the shadows it created made the figures stand out in bright sunlight. Finished reliefs were painted using the basic colors black, white, red, yellow, green, and blue, although the artists often mixed pigments to create other colors, and Ptolemaic temples were especially varied, using unusual colors such as purple as accents. In some temples, gilding or inlaid pieces of colored glass or

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priest entered the sanctuary, carrying a candle to light the room. He opened the doors of the shrine and prostrated himself before the god's image, reciting hymns in its praise. He removed the god from the shrine, clothed it (replacing the clothes of the previous day), and anointed it with oil and paint. At some point the priest presented the god's meal, including a variety of meats, fruits, vegetables, and bread.

9871: 9851: 2553:. This crucial place, the Egyptians believed, had to be insulated from the impure outside world. Therefore, as one moved toward the sanctuary the amount of outside light decreased and restrictions on who could enter increased. Yet the temple could also represent the world itself. The processional way could, therefore, stand for the path of the sun traveling across the sky, and the sanctuary for the 1805:. Thus, it was theoretically his duty to perform the temple rites. While it is uncertain how often he participated in ceremonies, the existence of temples across Egypt made it impossible for him to do so in all cases, and most of the time these duties were delegated to priests. The pharaoh was nevertheless obligated to maintain, provide for, and expand the temples throughout his realm. 3410: 2679:, a pair of trapezoidal towers flanking the main gateway. The pylon is known from only scattered examples in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, but in the New Kingdom it quickly became the distinctive and imposing façade common to most Egyptian temples. The pylon served symbolically as a guard tower against the forces of disorder and may also have been meant to resemble 2539:. It was a greatly elaborated variant on the design of an Egyptian house, reflecting its role as the god's home. Moreover, the temple represented a piece of the divine realm on earth. The elevated, enclosed sanctuary was equated with the sacred hill where the world was created in Egyptian myth and with the burial chamber of a tomb, where the god's 2420:. Each stone was dressed to fit with its neighbors, producing cuboid blocks whose uneven shapes interlocked. The interiors of walls were often built with less care, using rougher, poorer-quality stones. To build structures above ground level, the workers used construction ramps built of varying materials such as mud, brick, or rough stone. When 2014:(c. 2686–2181 BC) that followed the Early Dynastic Period, royal funerary monuments greatly expanded, while most divine temples remained comparatively small, suggesting that official religion in this period emphasized the cult of the king more than the direct worship of deities. Deities closely connected with the king, such as the sun god 2629:

barque in the sanctuary, there was a separate shrine to store the barque. In late temples the ritual areas could extend to chapels on the roof and crypts below the floor. Finally, in the exterior wall at the back of the temple, there were often niches for laymen to pray to the temple god, as close as they could come to its dwelling place.

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might have spaces designated for public prayer. Sometimes people directed their appeals to the royal colossi, which were believed to act as divine intermediaries. More private areas for devotion were located at the building's outer wall, where large niches served as "chapels of the hearing ear" for individuals to speak to the god.

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these higher ranks were full-time positions from the New Kingdom onward, the lower grades of priesthood still worked in shifts over the course of the year. Whereas many priests did a variety of menial tasks, the clergy also contained several ritual specialists. Prominent among these specialized roles was that of the

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Ptolemaic temples go further to include information of all kinds taken from temple libraries. The decoration in a given room either depicts the actions performed there or has some symbolic tie to the room's purpose, providing a great deal of information on temple activities. Interior walls were divided into several

2154:, the most prolific monument-builder in Egyptian history. As the wealth of the priesthoods continued to grow, so did their religious influence: temple oracles, controlled by the priests, were an increasingly popular method of making decisions. Pharaonic power waned, and in the eleventh century BC a military leader 3289:, and both ibises and baboons were given to him. Although this practice was distinct from the worship of single divine representatives, some temples kept stocks of animals that could be selected for either purpose. These practices produced large cemeteries of mummified animals, such as the catacombs around the 2448:, as with Akhenaten's temples, but in most cases, the reason seems to have been convenience. Such expansion and dismantling could considerably distort the original temple plan, as happened at the enormous Precinct of Amun-Re at Karnak, which developed two intersecting axes and several satellite temples. 2491:

the path used for festival processions—a broad avenue punctuated with large doors—served as this central axis. The path was intended primarily for the god's use when it traveled outside the sanctuary; on most occasions people used smaller side doors. The typical parts of a temple, such as column-filled

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and Dietrich Wildung, have argued that the Egyptians did not believe their kings were divine. Nevertheless, the divinity of the king is constantly emphasized in official writings: the products of the royal court and religious establishment. Therefore, regardless of whether ordinary Egyptians believed

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Nineteenth-century Egyptologists studied the temples intensively, but their emphasis was on the collection of artifacts to send to their own countries, and their slipshod excavation methods often did further harm. Slowly the antique-hunting attitude toward Egyptian monuments gave way to careful study

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Unable to address the cult image directly, laymen still attempted to convey their prayers to it. At times they related messages to priests to deliver to the temple deity; at other times they expressed their piety in the parts of the temple that they could access. Courts, doorways, and hypostyle halls

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Although they were excluded from the formal rituals of the temple, laymen still sought to interact with the gods. There is little evidence of the religious practices of individual people from early Egyptian history, so Egyptologists' understanding of the subject derives mostly from the New Kingdom or

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An elaborate series of foundation rituals preceded construction. A further set of rituals followed the temple's completion, dedicating it to its patron god. These rites were conducted, at least in theory, by the king as part of his religious duties; indeed, in Egyptian belief, all temple construction

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Many temples were now built entirely of stone, and their general plan became fixed, with the sanctuary, halls, courtyards, and pylon gateways oriented along the path used for festival processions. New Kingdom pharaohs ceased using pyramids as funerary monuments and placed their tombs a great distance

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linked to a pyramid temple at the foot of the pyramid. Sneferu's immediate successors followed this pattern, but beginning in the late Old Kingdom, pyramid complexes combined different elements from the axial plan and from the rectangular plan of Djoser. To supply the pyramid complexes, kings founded

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says, the temple estate "often represented no less than a slice of Egypt itself". As a major economic center and the employer of a large part of the local population, the temple enclosure was a key part of the town in which it stood. Conversely, when a temple was founded on empty land, a new town was

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has said that "at all periods royal cult involves the gods, but equally... all cult of the gods involves the king". Even so, certain temples were clearly used to commemorate deceased kings and to give offerings to their spirits. Their purpose is not fully understood; they may have been meant to unite

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The royal administration could also order one temple to divert its resources to another temple whose influence it wished to expand. Thus, a king might increase the income of the temples of a god he favored, and mortuary temples of recent rulers tended to siphon off resources from temples to pharaohs

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Temples were key centers of economic activity. The largest required prodigious resources and employed tens of thousands of priests, craftsmen, and laborers. The temple's economic workings were analogous to those of a large Egyptian household, with servants dedicated to serving the temple god as they

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were involved primarily in magical or private religious practice, with little or no presence in temple ceremonies. There were also other gods who had significant roles in the cosmos but, for unclear reasons, were not honored with temples of their own. Of those gods who did have temples of their own,

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Festival processions offered a chance for laymen to approach and perhaps even glimpse the cult image in its barque, and for them to receive portions of the god's food. Because the key rituals of any festival still took place within the temple, out of public sight, Egyptologist Anthony Spalinger has

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In fact, the Egyptians believed that all ritual actions achieved their effect through ḥkꜣ. It was a fundamental force that rituals were meant to manipulate. Using magic, people, objects, and actions were equated with counterparts in the divine realm and thus were believed to affect events among the

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who recited hymns and spells during temple rituals, and who hired out his magical services to laymen. Besides its priests, a large temple employed singers, musicians, and dancers to perform during rituals, plus the farmers, bakers, artisans, builders, and administrators who supplied and managed its

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The requirements for the priesthood differed over time and among the cults of different gods. Although detailed knowledge was involved in priestly offices, little is known about what knowledge or training may have been required of the officeholders. Priests were required to observe strict standards

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are the largest free-standing statues made in ancient Egypt. There were also figures of gods, often in sphinx form, that served as symbolic guardians of the temple. The most numerous statues were votive figures donated to the temple by kings, private individuals, or even towns to gain divine favor.

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Several other rooms neighbored the sanctuary. Many of these rooms were used to store ceremonial equipment, ritual texts, or temple valuables; others had specific ritual functions. The room where offerings were given to the deity was often separate from the sanctuary itself, and in temples without a

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of exterior walls, while partly meant to ensure stability, was also a holdover from archaic building methods. Temple ground plans usually centered on an axis running on a slight incline from the sanctuary down to the temple entrance. In the fully developed pattern used in the New Kingdom and later,

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With greater power and wealth during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), Egypt devoted still more resources to its temples, which grew larger and more elaborate. Higher-ranking priestly roles became permanent rather than rotating positions, and they controlled a large portion of Egypt's wealth.

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The god was believed to consume only the spiritual essence of this meal. This belief allowed the food to be distributed to others, an act that the Egyptians called the "reversion of offerings". The food passed first to the other statues throughout the temple, then to local funerary chapels for the

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who voluntarily dedicated themselves to serving the god and living in its household. A major cult, therefore, could have well over 150 full or part-time priests, with tens of thousands of non-priestly employees working on its lands across the country. These numbers contrast with mid-sized temples,

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A temple needed many people to perform its rituals and support duties. Priests performed the temple's essential ritual functions, but in Egyptian religious ideology, they were far less important than the king. All ceremonies were, in theory, acts by the king, and priests merely stood in his place.

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erected within the enclosure. Egyptian artists used both low relief and sunken relief. Low relief allowed more subtle artistry but involved more carving than sunken relief. Sunken relief was therefore used on harder, more difficult stone and when the builders wanted to finish quickly. It was also

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The temple building was elaborately decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculpture, all with religious significance. As with the cult statue, the gods were believed to be present in these images, suffusing the temple with sacred power. Symbols of places in Egypt or parts of the cosmos enhanced

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Outside the temple building, proper was the temple enclosure, surrounded by a rectangular brick wall that symbolically protected the sacred space from outside disorder. On occasion, this function was more than symbolic, especially during the last native dynasties in the fourth century BC, when the

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Hypostyle halls, covered rooms filled with columns, appear in temples throughout Egyptian history. By the New Kingdom they typically lay directly in front of the sanctuary area. These halls were less restricted than the inner rooms, being open to laymen at least in some cases. They were often less

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Despite the political upheaval, the Egyptian temple style continued to evolve without absorbing much foreign influence. Whereas earlier temple building mostly focused on male gods, goddesses and child deities grew increasingly prominent. Temples focused more on popular religious activities such as

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Although the pharaoh delegated his authority, the performance of temple rituals was still an official duty, restricted to high-ranking priests. The participation of the general populace in most ceremonies was prohibited. Much of the lay religious activity in Egypt instead took place in private and

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A large temple also owned sizable tracts of land and employed thousands of laymen to supply its needs. Temples were therefore key economic as well as religious centers. The priests who managed these powerful institutions wielded considerable influence, and despite their ostensible subordination to

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work continues as well, as many temple remains still lie buried and many extant temples are not yet fully studied. Some damaged or destroyed structures, like the temples of Akhenaten, are even being reconstructed. These efforts are improving modern understanding of Egyptian temples, which in turn

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During the Late Period, a different form of worship involving animals developed. In this case, laymen paid the priests to kill, mummify, and bury an animal of a particular species as an offering to a god. These animals were not regarded as especially sacred, but as a species, they were associated

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in the same way that cult images were. Each of these sacred animals was kept in the temple and worshipped for a certain length of time, ranging from a year to the lifetime of the animal. At the end of that time, it was replaced with a new animal of the same species, which was selected by a divine

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rites: one to clean and dress the god for the day, and one to present it with a meal. The exact order of events in these rituals is uncertain and may have varied somewhat each time they were performed. In addition, the two sequences probably overlapped with each other. At sunrise, the officiating

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courts open to the sky. These open courts, which had been a part of Egyptian temple design since the Old Kingdom, became transitional areas in the standard plan of the New Kingdom, lying between the public space outside the temple and the more restricted areas within. Here the public met with the

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containing the image within its cabin, which was used to carry the image during festival processions. In some cases the sanctuary may have housed several cult statues. To emphasize the sanctuary's sacred nature, it was kept in total darkness. Whereas in earlier times the sanctuary lay at the very

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At the head of the temple hierarchy was the high priest, who oversaw all the temple's religious and economic functions and in the largest cults was an important political figure. Beneath him might be as many as three grades of subordinate priests who could substitute for him in ceremonies. While

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in AD 391 or 392. Through some combination of Christian coercion and loss of funds, temples ceased to function at various times. The last temple cults died out in the fourth through sixth centuries AD, although locals may have venerated some sites long after the regular ceremonies there had

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to examine the surviving ancient monuments. The results of their study inspired a fascination with ancient Egypt throughout Europe. In the early nineteenth century, growing numbers of Europeans traveled to Egypt, both to see the ancient monuments and to collect Egyptian antiquities. Many temple

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or to the priests themselves. In the latter case, the holder of an office named his own son as his successor, or the temple clergy conferred to decide who should fill an empty post. Priestly offices were extremely lucrative and tended to be held by the wealthiest and most influential members of

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The front of every pylon held niches for pairs of flagpoles to stand. Unlike pylons, such flags had stood at temple entrances since the earliest Predynastic shrines. They were so closely associated with the presence of a deity that the hieroglyph for them came to stand for the Egyptian word for

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The temple's inner chambers centered on the sanctuary of the temple's primary god, which typically lay along the axis near the back of the temple building, and in pyramid temples directly against the pyramid base. The sanctuary was the focus of temple ritual, the place where the divine presence

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The Egyptians also interacted with deities through the donation of offerings, ranging from simple bits of jewelry to large and finely carved statues and stelae. Among their contributions were statues that sat in temple courts, serving as memorials to the donors after their deaths and receiving

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Subsidiary chapels, dedicated to deities associated with the primary god, lay to the sides of the main one. When the main temple god was male, the secondary chapels were often dedicated to that god's mythological consort and child. The secondary chapels in mortuary temples were devoted to gods

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Temple construction did not end once the original plan was complete; pharaohs often rebuilt or replaced decayed temple structures or made additions to those still standing. In the course of these additions, they frequently dismantled old temple buildings to use as fill for the interiors of new

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in Egyptian temples emphasized their purpose as eternal houses for the gods and set them apart from buildings for the use of mortals, which were built of mudbrick. Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials, and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained

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from the god. Their questions dealt with subjects ranging from the location of a lost object to the best choice for a government appointment. The motions of the barque as it was carried on the bearers' shoulders—making simple gestures to indicate "yes" or "no", tipping toward tablets on which

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Temple decoration is among the most important sources of information on ancient Egypt. It includes calendars of festivals, accounts of myths, depictions of rituals, and the texts of hymns. Pharaohs recorded their temple-building activities and their campaigns against the enemies of Egypt. The

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statues and punctuated by barque stations, where the priests carrying the festival barque could set it down to rest during the procession. The processional path usually ended in a quay on the Nile, which served as the entrance point for river-borne visitors and the exit point for the festival

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The gods involved in a festival also received offerings in much larger quantities than in daily ceremonies. The enormous amounts of food listed in festival texts are unlikely to have been divided among the priests alone, so it is likely that the celebrating commoners also participated in the

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celebrating the birth of the god's mythological child. Sacred lakes found in many temple enclosures served as reservoirs for the water used in rituals, as places for the priests to ritually cleanse themselves and as representations of the water from which the world emerged.

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later periods. The evidence from those times indicates that while ordinary Egyptians used many venues to interact with the divine, such as household shrines or community chapels, the official temples with their sequestered gods were a major focus for popular veneration.

3020:. Lesser positions, such as that of a musician in ceremonies, remained open to women in even the most restrictive periods, as did the special role of a ceremonial consort of the god. This latter role was highly influential, and the most important of these consorts, the 3120:, for instance, hymns were sung day and night for every hour of the god's journey across the sky. Many of the ceremonies acted out in ritual the battle against of the forces of chaos. They might, for instance, involve the destruction of models of inimical gods like 2557:

where it was believed to set and to be reborn at night. The space outside the building was thus equated with the waters of chaos that lay outside the world, while the temple represented the order of the cosmos and the place where that order was continually renewed.

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many were venerated mainly in certain areas of Egypt, though many gods with a strong local tie were also important across the nation. Even deities whose worship spanned the country were strongly associated with the cities where their chief temples were located. In

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at Karnak, whose largest columns are 69 feet (21 m) tall. In later periods, the Egyptians favored a different style of hall, where a low screen wall at the front let in the light. The shadowy halls, whose columns were often shaped to imitate plants such as

3347:. People slept in these buildings in hopes of contacting the temple god. The petitioners often sought a magical solution to sickness or infertility. At other times they sought an answer to a question, receiving the answer through a dream rather than an oracle. 2751:"house of life", where the temple edited, copied, and stored its religious texts, including those used for temple rituals. The house of life also functioned as a general center of learning, containing works on non-religious subjects such as history, geography, 2197:(664–323 BC), the weakened Egyptian state fell to a series of outside powers, experiencing only occasional periods of independence. Many of these foreign rulers funded and expanded temples to strengthen their claim to the kingship of Egypt. One such group, the 2061:. For the rest of the Old Kingdom, tomb and temple were joined in elaborate stone pyramid complexes. Near each pyramid complex was a town that supplied its needs, as towns would support temples throughout Egyptian history. Other changes came in the reign of 3104:

sustenance of the dead, and finally to the priests who ate it. The quantities even for the daily meal were so large that only a small part of it can have been placed on the offering tables. Most of it must have gone directly to these secondary uses.

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texts show that some cults continued to exist until at least the 330s. The Temple of Isis at Philae, at Egypt's southern frontier with Nubia, was the last fully functioning temple. Scholars have traditionally believed, based on the writings of

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the king with the gods, elevating him to a divine status greater than that of ordinary kingship. In any case, the difficulty of separating divine and mortuary temples reflects the close intertwining of divinity and kingship in Egyptian belief.

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the office passed from the viziers to the High Priests of Amun, who held it for much of the New Kingdom. The Romans established a similar office, that of the high priest for all Egypt, which oversaw the temple cults until their extinction.

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Anthony Spalinger suggests that, as the influence of temples expanded, religious celebrations that had once been fully public were absorbed into the temples' increasingly important festival rituals. The most important god of the time was

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The phrase "mansion of millions of years" is often taken as the Egyptian term for a mortuary temple. In several instances the Egyptians used this phrase to refer to sacred buildings that are not generally regarded as "mortuary", such as

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Much of a temple's economic support came from its own resources. These included large tracts of land beyond the temple enclosure, sometimes in a completely different region than the temple itself. The most important type of property was

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They could depict the god to whom they were dedicated, the people who donated the statue, or both. The most essential temple statues were the cult images, which were usually made of or decorated with precious materials such as gold and

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Other offering rituals took place at noon and at sunset, though the sanctuary was not reopened. Some ceremonies other than offerings also took place daily, including rituals specific to a particular god. In the cult of the sun god

2833:" form, using symbols in a different way than the normal conventions of hieroglyphic writing. The cryptographic text became more widespread and more complex in Ptolemaic times. Temple walls also frequently bear written or drawn 2503:, were arranged along this path in a traditional but flexible order. Beyond the temple building proper, the outer walls enclosed numerous satellite buildings. The entire area enclosed by these walls is sometimes called the 3049:

Some priests' duties took them beyond the temple precinct. They formed part of the entourage in festivals that traveled from one temple to another, and clergies from around the country sent representatives to the national

2700:. In late temples, these walls frequently had alternating concave and convex courses of bricks, so that the top of the wall undulated vertically. This pattern may have been meant to evoke the mythological waters of chaos. 2478:, Egyptian temple designs emphasized order, symmetry, and monumentality and combined geometric shapes with stylized organic motifs. Elements of temple design also alluded to the form of the earliest Egyptian buildings. 3111:

to the temple deity, an act that represented the purpose of all other offerings. The king may have presented a real figurine of Maat to the deity, or the temple reliefs depicting the act may have been purely symbolic.

3361:

After their original religious activities ceased, Egyptian temples suffered slow decay. Many were defaced by Christians trying to erase the remnants of ancient Egyptian religion. Some temple buildings, such as the

3165:

On days of particular religious significance, the daily rituals were replaced with festival observances. Different festivals occurred at different intervals, though most were annual. Their timing was based on the

7251:

Naerebout, Frederick G. (2007). "The Temple at Ras el-Soda. Is It an Isis Temple? Is It Greek, Roman, Egyptian, or Neither? And So What?". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John; Meyboom, Paul G. P. (eds.).

2871:, was more than 118 feet (36 m) high. They were often placed in pairs in front of pylons or elsewhere along the temple axis. Statues of the king, which were similarly placed, also reached colossal size; the 3065:

At certain times there was an administrative office that presided over all temples and clergies. In the Old Kingdom, kings gave this authority first to their relatives and then to their viziers. In the reign of

3547:

at Karnak. Patricia Spencer suggests that the term applied to "any temple in which the cult of the king was observed, even if the temple was dedicated, in the first instance, to the chief god of the area."

2411:

Temple structures were built on foundations of stone slabs set into sand-filled trenches. In most periods, walls and other structures were built with large blocks of varying shape. The blocks were laid in

2145:

over all others and eventually abolished the official worship of most other gods. Traditional temples were neglected while new Aten temples, differing sharply in design and construction, were erected. But

3157:, the living son of Osiris, who in mythology sustained his father after death through offerings. By magically equating himself with a god in a myth, the priest was able to interact with the temple deity. 2372:, for instance, is aligned so that twice a year the rising sun illuminates the statues of the gods in its innermost room. Most temples were aligned toward the Nile with an axis running roughly east–west. 3181:

Festival ceremonies entailed reenactment of mythological events or the performance of other symbolic acts, like the cutting of a sheaf of wheat during the harvest-related festival dedicated to the god

2243:, a building celebrating the mythical birth of a god. Though the characteristics of the late temple style had developed by the last period of native rule, most of the examples date from the era of the 3378:, while locals carried off their stones to serve as material for new buildings. The dismantling of temples for stone continued well into modern times. Limestone was especially useful as a source of 2089:

lying behind a pillared hall frequently appears in Middle Kingdom temples, and sometimes these two elements are fronted by open courts, foreshadowing the standard temple layout used in later times.

2667:, were symbolic of the mythological marsh that surrounded the primeval mound at the time of creation. The columns could also be equated with the pillars that held up the sky in Egyptian cosmology. 2266:

took on the role of ruler and temple patron. Many temples in Roman Egypt continued to be built in Egyptian style. Others, including some that were dedicated to Egyptian gods—such as the temple to

6907:

Hahn, Johannes; Emmel, Stephen; Gotter, Ulrich (2008). "'From Temple to Church': Analysing a Late Antique Phenomenon of Transformation". In Hahn, Johannes; Emmel, Stephen; Gotter, Ulrich (eds.).

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procession when it traveled by water. In Old Kingdom pyramid temples, the quay adjoined an entire temple (the valley temple), which was linked to the pyramid temple by the processional causeway.

1873:

campaigns or the tribute given by his client states. The king might also levy various taxes that went directly to support a temple. Other revenue came from private individuals, who offered land,

3578:

Because the axis was aligned at 90 degrees from the river's generally north-south flow, irregularities in the Nile's course meant that the orientation did not always conform to true directions.

3398:

resulted in the rediscovery of temple sites such as Abu Simbel, but artifacts and even whole temples were often treated with great carelessness. The discoveries of the period made possible the

3212:

between deities, or between deities and their human consorts, although the evidence that ritual marriage was their purpose is ambiguous. A prominent example is a festival in which an image of

2621:

back of the building, in the Late and Ptolemaic periods it became a freestanding building inside the temple, further insulated from the outside world by the surrounding corridors and rooms.

6884:

Hahn, Johannes (2008). "The Conversion of the Cult Statues: The Destruction of the Serapeum 392 A.D. and the Transformation of Alexandria into the 'Christ-Loving' City". In Hahn, Johannes;

6624:

Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (2010). "The Death of Demotic Redux: Pilgrimage, Nubia, and the Preservation of Egyptian Culture". In Knuf, Hermann; Leitz, Christian; von Recklinghausen, Daniel (eds.).

2528:

was built with two main sanctuaries, producing two parallel axes that run the length of the building. The most idiosyncratic temple style was that of the Aten temples built by Akhenaten at

2209:

building. Amid this turmoil, the fortunes of various temples and clergies shifted and the independence of Amun's priesthood was broken, but the power of the priesthood in general remained.

2742:

in some temples provided a place for the sick to await healing dreams sent by the god. Other temple buildings included kitchens, workshops, and storehouses to supply the temple's needs.

2150:

was reversed soon after his death, with the traditional cults reinstated and the new temples dismantled. Subsequent pharaohs dedicated still more resources to the temples, particularly

1912:

All this economic power was ultimately under the pharaoh's control, and temple products and property were often taxed. Their employees, even the priests, were subject to the state

2520:. They used much the same layout as free-standing temples but used excavated chambers rather than buildings as their inner rooms. In some temples, like the mortuary temples at 2966: 2715:

The walls enclosed many buildings related to the temple's function. Some enclosures contain satellite chapels dedicated to deities associated with the temple god, including

2894: 3466:

are well preserved. Those that are well preserved, such as Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel, draw tourists from around the world and are therefore a key attraction for the

7254:

Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, May 11–14, 2005

3012:

before entering the most sacred areas. They shaved their heads and bodies, washed several times a day, and wore only clean linen clothing. They were not required to be

2766:

Through the enclosure ran the processional path, which led from the temple entrance through the main gate in the enclosure wall. The path was frequently decorated with

2074:

new towns and farming estates on undeveloped lands across Egypt. The flow of goods from these lands to the central government and its temples helped unify the kingdom.

7809: 1776:. These rituals, it was believed, sustained the god and allowed it to continue to play its proper role in nature. They were therefore a key part of the maintenance of 1702:

during the fourth through sixth centuries AD. The buildings they left behind suffered centuries of destruction and neglect. At the start of the nineteenth century, a

1618:

and regions under Egyptian control. Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to whom they were dedicated. Within them, the Egyptians performed a variety of

2428:

were carved into the stone or, if the stone was of too poor quality to carve, a layer of plaster that covered the stone surface. Reliefs were then decorated with

3597:

blocks, possibly to speed up construction. Ptolemaic and Roman temples were built in regular courses, with the blocks within each course cut to the same height.

3474:. Three temple sites—Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, Memphis and its Necropolis, and the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae—have been designated by 1718:. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones as invaluable sources of information about ancient Egyptian society. 1813:, separate from official temples. As the primary link between the human and divine realms, temples attracted considerable veneration from ordinary Egyptians. 2936:

Relief on a screen wall between columns at Dendera, with images of marsh plants at the base, torus moldings framing the relief, and a cavetto cornice with a

3587:

In their earliest stone constructions the Egyptians made small blocks shaped like mud bricks. Large blocks were typical of all other periods, except in the

1916:

system, which conscripted labor for royal projects. They could also be ordered to provide supplies for some specific purposes. A trading expedition led by

3606:

No surviving statues of deities are known for certain to have been cult images, although a few have the right characteristics to have served that purpose.

1590: 2591:

representing the sun, worshipped in a court open to the sky. In many mortuary temples, the inner areas contained statues of the deceased pharaoh, or a

2289:

issued decrees that were increasingly hostile to pagan cults and temples. Some Christians attacked and destroyed temples, as in the plundering of the

3447:

disassembled some of the threatened monuments and rebuilt them on higher ground, and the Egyptian government gave several of the others, such as the

3432:

and preservation efforts. The government also took greater control of archaeological activity as Egypt's independence from foreign powers increased.

3208:

to visit the kings commemorated there, while ordinary people visited the funerary chapels of their own deceased relatives. Some may have centered on

1995:

continually reused and adapted elements from them, evoking the ancient shrines to suggest the eternal nature of the gods and their dwelling places.

1659:, a statue of its god. The rooms outside the sanctuary grew larger and more elaborate over time, so that temples evolved from small shrines in late 2946: 2541: 1679:

aligned along the path used for festival processions. Beyond the temple proper was an outer wall enclosing a wide variety of secondary buildings.

2081:(c. 2055–1650 BC) continued building pyramids and their associated complexes. The rare remains from Middle Kingdom temples, like the one at 9487: 7802: 2759:. Although these outlying buildings were devoted to more mundane purposes than the temple itself, they still had religious significance; even 2805:. Relief became more extensive over time, and in late temples, walls, ceilings, columns, and beams were all decorated, as were free-standing 1710:

and drawing increasing numbers of visitors to the civilization's remains. Dozens of temples survive today, and some have become world-famous

1634:

interactions through festivals, and warding off the forces of chaos. These rituals were seen as necessary for the gods to continue to uphold

7641:

Uphill, Eric (1973). "The Concept of the Egyptian Palace as a 'Ruling Machine'". In Ucko, Peter J.; Tringham, Ruth; Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.).

3462:

Today there are dozens of sites with substantial temple remains, although many more once existed, and none of the major temples in Lower or

2597: 3257:

oracle or based on specific markings that were supposed to indicate its sacred nature. Among the most prominent of these animals were the

2134:

from their mortuary temples. Without pyramids to build around, mortuary temples began using the same plan as those dedicated to the gods.

9513: 2030:. Meanwhile, the small provincial temples retained a variety of local styles from Predynastic times, unaffected by the royal cult sites. 3459:, as gifts to nations that had contributed to the preservation effort. Nevertheless, several other temples vanished beneath the lake. 3301:

By the beginning of the New Kingdom, and quite possibly earlier, the festival procession had become an opportunity for people to seek

2726:

sometimes contain a palace for the spirit of the king to whom the temple was dedicated, built against the temple building proper. The

9585: 7795: 2085:, show that temple plans grew more symmetrical during that period, and divine temples made increasing use of stone. The pattern of a 6626:

Honi soit qui mal y pense: Studien zum pharaonischen, griechisch-römischen und spätantiken Ägypten zu Ehren von Heinz-Josef Thissen

6468: 3395: 1703: 1854:

might serve the master of an estate. This similarity is reflected in the Egyptian term for temple lands and their administration,

9814: 9642: 2516:, were cut entirely into living rock, as at Abu Simbel, or had rock-cut inner chambers with masonry courtyards and pylons, as at 1583: 17: 2512:

The temple pattern could vary considerably, apart from the distorting effect of additional construction. Many temples, known as

9902: 3192:, an extremely important ceremony during the New Kingdom, the image of Amun from Karnak visited the form of Amun worshipped at 8940: 7765: 7696: 7672: 7650: 7631: 7612: 7593: 7544: 7525: 7469: 7450: 7425: 7403: 7384: 7362: 7343: 7321: 7302: 7283: 7261: 7241: 7222: 7203: 7184: 7160: 7141: 7122: 7103: 7082: 7026: 7000: 6981: 6943: 6916: 6897: 6874: 6855: 6836: 6815: 6788: 6750: 6731: 6712: 6690: 6671: 6652: 6633: 6602: 6575: 6549: 6527: 6499: 6478: 6453: 6432: 6405: 5551: 4110: 3479: 3394:

artifacts, from small objects to enormous obelisks, were removed by outside governments and private collectors. This wave of

1877:, or goods to temples in exchange for a supply of offerings and priestly services to sustain their spirits in the afterlife. 6991:

Janssen, Jac J. (1978). "The Role of the Temple in the Egyptian Economy During the New Kingdom". In Lipiński, Edward (ed.).

9917: 9760: 7877: 3399: 3356: 1699: 132: 115: 3149:

gods. In the daily offering, for instance, the cult statue, regardless of which deity it represented, was associated with

9874: 9632: 9627: 9508: 9355: 7912: 6494:. Translated by Sabine H. Gardiner and Helen Strudwick. Edited by Nigel and Helen Strudwick. Princeton University Press. 3390: 3197: 2482:

at the tops of walls, for instance, were made to imitate rows of palm fronds placed atop archaic walls, while the torus

2380:

system. The construction process for a new temple, or a major addition to an existing one, could last years or decades.

2233:, and prayer. New architectural forms continued to develop, such as covered kiosks in front of gateways, more elaborate 9907: 9480: 7832: 7737:

Temples and Sacred Centres of Ancient Egypt: A Comprehensive Guide to the Religious Sites of a Fascinating Civilisation

7567: 7049: 3386: 1576: 90: 56: 9597: 9320: 9315: 9070: 7922: 7746: 7723: 6962: 2038: 1880: 1239: 159: 9750: 9518: 9363: 8267: 3500: 3201: 2876: 2286: 493: 6955:

Divine Households: Administrative and Economic Aspects of the New Kingdom Royal Memorial Temples in Western Thebes

6662:

Dijkstra, Jitse (2011). "The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

9782: 9728: 9580: 9260: 7907: 7837: 7151:

Lavan, Luke (2011). "The End of the Temples: Towards a New Narrative?". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

3135: 2405: 1963:

The earliest known shrines appeared in prehistoric Egypt in the late fourth millennium BC, at sites such as

1826: 1547: 1479: 150: 95: 9854: 9755: 8302: 2185:, were buried within the enclosures of divine temples, thus continuing the close link between temple and tomb. 2177:

As the New Kingdom crumbled, the building of mortuary temples ceased and was never revived. Some rulers of the

1833: 534: 3435:

Yet even in recent times, the ancient remains have faced threats. The most severe was the construction of the

3228:. These varied ceremonies were united by the broad purpose of renewing life among the gods and in the cosmos. 9541: 9536: 9473: 7927: 7862: 6846:

Goedicke, Hans (1978). "Cult-Temple and 'State' During the Old Kingdom in Egypt". In Lipiński, Edward (ed.).

3544: 3439:

in the 1960s, which threatened to submerge the temples in what had been Lower Nubia beneath the newly formed

2475: 2307: 2198: 1999: 1668: 122: 9922: 9688: 9563: 9531: 7010: 3025: 2617: 2194: 1901: 3046:

which may have had 10 to 25 priests, and with the smallest provincial temples, which might have only one.

2444:

structures. On rare occasions, this may have been because the old structures or their builders had become

2317: 2069:, built pyramid complexes symmetrically along an east–west axis, with a valley temple on the banks of the 9772: 9735: 9683: 9602: 9305: 7872: 2612:

was believed to inhabit while interacting with humans. The sanctuary in these temples contained either a

2524:, the processional path ran up a series of terraces rather than sitting on a single level. The Ptolemaic 2282: 2201:

of the eighth and seventh centuries BC, adopted Egyptian-style temple architecture for use in their

1461: 127: 5544:

Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum

4103:

Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum

9622: 9330: 7842: 6559: 2957: 2650:

dark as well: New Kingdom halls rose into tall central passages over the processional path, allowing a

2376:

was symbolically his work. In reality, it was the work of hundreds of his subjects, conscripted in the

2019: 1764:

to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple building,

155: 7293:

Quirke, Stephen (1997b). "Gods in the Temple of the King: Anubis at Lahun". In Quirke, Stephen (ed.).

2436:, or paint. The paints were usually mixtures of mineral pigments with some kind of adhesive, possibly 9897: 9745: 9713: 9698: 9693: 9592: 9546: 9373: 9345: 7818: 7066: 3017: 2756: 2727: 2178: 2171: 1931:–2246 BC) was allowed to procure supplies from any temple it wished, and the mortuary temples of the 1870: 1787: 1772:

in the temple linked the human and divine realms and allowed humans to interact with the god through

1747: 1667:(c. 1550–1070 BC) and later. These edifices are among the largest and most enduring examples of 1623: 64: 9864: 9740: 9661: 9612: 9300: 7952: 6519: 2364:. In periods when Egypt dominated Nubia, Egyptian rulers also built temples there, as far south as 1874: 1817: 1761: 1607: 186: 7435:

Shafer, Byron E. (1997). "Temples, Priests, and Rituals: An Overview". In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.).

3054:

that reinforced the king's divine power. Some temples, such as those in the neighboring cities of

9155: 2854: 2458: 2312: 2078: 6643:

Davies, Sue; Smith, H. S. (1997). "Sacred Animal Temples at Saqqara". In Quirke, Stephen (ed.).

3556:

Many temples were abandoned during or before the third century, although mentions of priests in

9844: 9777: 9617: 9325: 9105: 9090: 8906: 8829: 8107: 7942: 3306:

possible answers were written, or moving toward a particular person in the crowd—were taken to

3252:

Some temples kept sacred animals, which were believed to be manifestations of the temple god's

3217: 3000: 2221: 2212: 2002:(c. 3100–2686 BC), the first pharaohs built funerary complexes in the religious center of 1947: 1921: 1687: 1276: 1162: 1079: 329: 6807: 6799: 6594: 6586: 3084: 9809: 7479:

Spalinger, Anthony J. (October 1998). "The Limitations of Formal Ancient Egyptian Religion".

6935: 6927: 6424: 6416: 3483: 3021: 2901: 2583:

manifested most strongly. The form in which it manifested itself varied. In Aten temples and

2467: 2421: 2413: 1695: 48:

and an enclosed court on the left and the inner building at right. Fourth to first century BC

7442: 7436: 3370:

or other types of buildings. Most commonly the sites were left disused, as at the Temple of

9834: 9792: 9649: 9558: 9551: 9454: 7682: 6909:

From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity

6890:

From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity

3482:. The Egyptian government is working to balance the demands of tourism against the need to 3142: 2860: 2826: 2780: 2676: 2655: 2500: 2483: 2011: 1992: 1905: 1862: 1676: 1664: 1566: 45: 6781:

The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt, Revised Edition

3188:

The purpose of the god's visit varied. Some were tied to the ideology of kingship. In the

2388:

brick-built throughout Egyptian history. The main stones used in temple construction were

1987:. Most of these shrines were made of perishable materials such as wood, reed matting, and 1939:. Kings could also exempt temples or classes of personnel from taxation and conscription. 1675:. Their typical layout consisted of a series of enclosed halls, open courts, and entrance 27:

Structures for official worship of the gods and commemoration of pharaohs in Ancient Egypt

8: 9654: 9575: 9060: 8876: 8864: 3367: 3344: 3290: 3177:

Priests carrying a festival barque in a relief from the Ramesseum. Thirteenth century BC.

3009: 2977: 2584: 2536: 2486:

along the edges of walls may have been based on wooden posts used in such buildings. The

2396:, which are common in Egypt; stones that are harder and more difficult to carve, such as 2206: 2159: 2127: 2115: 2054: 2023: 1836:, often linked with or located near their tombs. These temples are traditionally called " 1672: 1226: 1128: 1116: 7113:

Kozloff, Arielle P. (2001). "Sculpture: Divine Sculpture". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6700: 6562:(1997). "Temples as Symbols, Guarantors, and Participants in Egyptian Civilization". In 6321: 2747: 2532:, in which the axis passed through a series of entirely open courts filled with altars. 2281:

Temple-building continued into the third century AD. As the empire weakened in the

1801:, was regarded as Egypt's representative to the gods and its most important upholder of 9708: 9671: 9570: 9273: 9040: 8292: 8057: 7857: 7735: 7504: 7496: 2846: 2752: 2680: 2525: 2329: 2275: 2271: 1631: 1488: 522: 293: 110: 75: 3037:

practical needs. In the Ptolemaic era, temples could also house people who had sought

1832:

Pharaohs also built temples where offerings were made to sustain their spirits in the

1816:

Each temple had a principal deity, and most were dedicated to other gods as well. Not

9666: 9607: 9424: 9290: 9210: 8644: 8197: 7961: 7932: 7761: 7742: 7719: 7692: 7686: 7668: 7646: 7627: 7608: 7589: 7563: 7540: 7521: 7508: 7465: 7446: 7421: 7399: 7380: 7358: 7339: 7317: 7298: 7279: 7257: 7237: 7218: 7199: 7180: 7174: 7156: 7137: 7118: 7099: 7078: 7045: 7022: 6996: 6977: 6958: 6939: 6912: 6893: 6870: 6851: 6832: 6826: 6811: 6784: 6746: 6727: 6708: 6686: 6667: 6648: 6629: 6598: 6571: 6545: 6523: 6513: 6495: 6489: 6474: 6464: 6449: 6428: 6401: 5547: 4106: 3205: 3167: 3091:

presents a variety of offerings in a relief from Luxor Temple. Fourteenth century BC.

2921: 2872: 2697: 2252: 2244: 2058: 2027: 1932: 1660: 1543: 1500: 1406: 886: 419: 197: 182: 7781: 7758:

Egyptian Temple Architecture: 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt, 1907–2007

3196:, and both acted to reaffirm the king's divine rule. Still other celebrations had a 9912: 9723: 9637: 9284: 9120: 8509: 8217: 7488: 7372: 7014: 6612: 3471: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3173: 2811: 2794: 2417: 1715: 1711: 1496: 1301: 747: 441: 2990: 2324: 2097: 9278: 9100: 8754: 8714: 8659: 8317: 8282: 7994: 7917: 7660: 7093: 6443: 3456: 3379: 3038: 2868: 2789: 2723: 2675:

priests and assembled during festivals. At the front of each court was usually a

2664: 2479: 2357: 2202: 1935:

in the New Kingdom oversaw the provision of the royally employed tomb workers at

1837: 1821: 1782:, the ideal order of nature and of human society in Egyptian belief. Maintaining 1769: 1492: 1286: 1004: 962: 903: 551: 230: 7622:

Thompson, Stephen E. (2001). "Cults: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6800:"Temples of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods: Ancient Traditions in New Contexts" 9703: 8479: 8399: 8312: 8177: 8004: 7413: 7271: 7194:

Lesko, Barbara S. (2001). "Cults: Private Cults". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6776: 6761: 6741:

Englund, Gertie (2001). "Offerings: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6563: 3525: 3505: 3444: 3318: 3266: 3221: 3055: 2819: 2575: 2521: 2492: 2248: 2230: 2042: 1936: 1841: 717: 633: 546: 399: 240: 6153: 3529:

in it, the king's divine nature is key to the ideology of the Egyptian temple.

9891: 9496: 9429: 9383: 9340: 9295: 9240: 9125: 8968: 8963: 8729: 8449: 8232: 8102: 8042: 7667:. Translated by Anna Bryson-Gustová. The American University in Cairo Press. 6885: 6537: 3588: 3424: 3189: 3088: 3033: 2838: 2731: 2660: 2517: 2487: 2349: 2263: 2123: 2003: 1861:

Some of the temple's supplies came from direct donations by the king. In the

1754: 1686:

Temple-building in Egypt continued despite the nation's decline and ultimate

1615: 1504: 1371: 1341: 1306: 1271: 977: 685: 456: 324: 278: 7787: 7760:. Translated by David Robert Evans. The American University in Cairo Press. 7555: 7037: 3153:, the god of the dead. The priest performing the ritual was identified with 2588: 2105:, one of the major New Kingdom temples. Fourteenth to thirteenth century BC. 2033: 9765: 9388: 9378: 9368: 9335: 9310: 9225: 9165: 9160: 9145: 9130: 9055: 9009: 8794: 8604: 8484: 8424: 8172: 8097: 8076: 3540: 3463: 3258: 3245: 3209: 3193: 3067: 3051: 2885: 2830: 2703: 2683:, the hieroglyph for "horizon", underscoring the temple's solar symbolism. 2463: 2384: 2365: 2361: 2259: 2102: 2082: 2045:, with causeway leading out to the valley temple. Twenty-fourth century BC. 2022:

was a major religious center, and several Old Kingdom pharaohs built large

1891:

of Egypt bearing offerings for the temple god, from the mortuary temple of

1888: 1691: 1351: 1346: 1331: 1311: 1221: 1044: 846: 774: 722: 660: 394: 319: 7584:

Teeter, Emily (2001). "Cults: Divine Cults". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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where the Apis bulls were buried along with millions of animal offerings.

2566: 9414: 9245: 8549: 8392: 8222: 8192: 8187: 8052: 7902: 7867: 7331: 7170: 6509: 3732: 3566: 3487: 3440: 3375: 3277:

with the god because it was depicted in the form of that animal. The god

3262: 3128:, acts that were believed to have a real effect through the principle of 3125: 2642: 2470:, surrounded by the remains of subsidiary structures. Twelfth century BC. 2437: 2341: 2337: 2167: 2151: 1984: 1972: 1964: 1892: 1884: 1798: 1529: 1456: 1411: 789: 621: 446: 414: 409: 288: 7234:

From the Ptolemies to the Romans: Political and Economic Change in Egypt

6349: 2857:, inscribed in AD 394, and the last one in Demotic script, from AD 452. 2053:, who built his complex entirely of stone and placed in the enclosure a 9804: 9465: 9409: 9250: 9095: 8978: 8921: 8759: 8569: 8434: 8372: 8347: 8237: 7665:

Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt

7070: 6309: 3403: 3307: 3107:

Temple artwork often shows the king presenting an image of the goddess

2973: 2953: 2937: 2651: 2605: 2592: 2369: 2353: 2294: 2018:, received more royal contributions than other deities. Ra's temple at 1735: 1707: 1683:

the king, they may have posed significant challenges to his authority.

1656: 1426: 1366: 1281: 1177: 1009: 809: 670: 606: 581: 510: 461: 7500: 6066: 5747: 5745: 5743: 4939: 4937: 4935: 3240: 9220: 9200: 9135: 8973: 8871: 8854: 8809: 8799: 8749: 8719: 8704: 8624: 8579: 8574: 8342: 7984: 7852: 7562:. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles. 7516:

Spalinger, Anthony (2001). "Festivals". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

7132:

Kruchten, Jean-Marie (2001). "Oracles". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

7044:. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles. 7013:(1986). "The Role of the Egyptian Priesthood in Ptolemaic Egypt". In 6129: 6093: 5991: 5644: 5084: 4500: 3562: 3491:

allow a better understanding of ancient Egyptian society as a whole.

3436: 3182: 3096: 3059: 2880: 2739: 2708: 2671: 2496: 2393: 2389: 2138: 2086: 1652: 1627: 1431: 1421: 1396: 1316: 1123: 1106: 1059: 1049: 999: 967: 952: 866: 819: 814: 576: 220: 6928:"New Kingdom 'Mortuary Temples' and 'Mansions of Millions of Years'" 6027: 4584: 3744: 3565:, that it was closed in about AD 535 by a military expedition under 2377: 1913: 32: 9676: 9419: 9170: 9014: 8916: 8901: 8619: 8614: 8534: 8469: 8459: 8377: 8327: 8162: 8037: 7492: 6249: 5740: 5072: 4932: 4879: 3013: 2834: 2735: 2445: 2290: 2007: 1988: 1731: 1539: 1356: 1172: 1157: 861: 856: 769: 707: 695: 628: 566: 384: 273: 169: 7887: 6724:

Ancient Egyptian Temple Ritual: Performance, Pattern, and Practice

6273: 6225: 6141: 4661: 4659: 4632: 2867:, tall, pointed pillars that symbolized the sun. The largest, the 2637: 1698:, traditional Egyptian religion faced increasing persecution, and 1671:, with their elements arranged and decorated according to complex 9718: 9434: 9404: 9235: 9205: 9195: 9110: 9019: 8958: 8844: 8839: 8774: 8769: 8739: 8684: 8634: 8609: 8474: 8444: 8439: 8337: 8202: 8137: 8112: 6995:. Vol. 2. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. pp. 505–515. 6850:. Vol. 1. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. pp. 115–131. 6681:

Doxey, Denise (2001). "Priesthood". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6177: 5704: 5304: 5012: 4290: 3660: 3593: 3557: 3419: 3042: 2994:

A priest burning incense depicted in a papyrus. Tenth century BC.

2864: 2760: 2716: 2616:, a cabinet-like shrine that housed the divine image, or a model 2513: 2505: 2429: 2404:. The stone might be quarried nearby or shipped on the Nile from 2401: 2397: 2239: 2217: 2155: 2147: 2062: 1917: 1794: 1611: 1534: 1524: 1451: 1401: 1391: 1321: 1291: 1096: 1091: 1024: 1014: 987: 930: 881: 851: 712: 680: 675: 571: 424: 359: 334: 7295:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

7276:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

6645:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

6568:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

6373: 6015: 5048: 4215: 4191: 4058: 3322:

Votive statue of a man donating a shrine containing a figure of

1706:

in ancient Egypt swept Europe, giving rise to the discipline of

1663:(late fourth millennium BC) to large stone edifices in the 9268: 9215: 9140: 9045: 8988: 8983: 8926: 8911: 8896: 8819: 8804: 8784: 8779: 8724: 8709: 8689: 8654: 8584: 8559: 8539: 8529: 8519: 8504: 8494: 8489: 8357: 8332: 8322: 8257: 8242: 8227: 8157: 8152: 8127: 8122: 8062: 8047: 8014: 7999: 7989: 7979: 7974: 7716:

Die Tempel Ägyptens: Götterwohnungen, Kültstatten, Baudenkmäler

6865:

Gundlach, Rolf (2001). "Temples". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6105: 6054: 6044: 6042: 4656: 4524: 4302: 4155: 3983: 3981: 3591:, when temples to the Aten were built with small, standardized 3475: 3414: 3323: 3302: 3286: 3273:, and the falcon at Edfu who represented the falcon god Horus. 3213: 3150: 2940:

emblem topped by a frieze of uraei. First to second century AD.

2850: 2802: 2767: 2613: 2529: 2425: 2234: 2119: 2066: 2050: 1976: 1866: 1810: 1773: 1757: 1739: 1645: 1641: 1619: 1484: 1446: 1436: 1416: 1326: 1211: 1182: 1167: 1152: 1069: 1054: 1034: 1029: 972: 957: 935: 898: 824: 799: 779: 759: 742: 732: 727: 591: 561: 556: 481: 466: 451: 379: 374: 349: 344: 298: 283: 250: 235: 225: 215: 210: 41: 5895: 5608: 5451: 5246: 5244: 5171: 5169: 5144: 5142: 4990: 4988: 4560: 4452: 4391: 4389: 4046: 3624: 9190: 9180: 9175: 9150: 8859: 8824: 8814: 8764: 8734: 8679: 8664: 8639: 8629: 8589: 8564: 8554: 8544: 8499: 8454: 8409: 8387: 8382: 8367: 8362: 8352: 8277: 8247: 8147: 8142: 8117: 6972:

Hölzl, Regina (2001). "Stelae". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6261: 5931: 5871: 5837: 5835: 4973: 4869: 4867: 4700: 4698: 4620: 4280: 4278: 3371: 3278: 3225: 3154: 2917: 2842: 2806: 2601:("personality") was believed to appear to receive offerings. 2571: 2550: 2433: 2345: 2182: 1869:, these donations often came out of the spoils of the king's 1386: 1376: 1361: 1336: 1111: 1074: 1064: 1019: 982: 925: 908: 876: 871: 829: 804: 794: 784: 737: 690: 645: 616: 611: 601: 596: 586: 505: 471: 369: 364: 339: 7334:(2001). "Cults: Animal Cults". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). 7217:. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Cornell University Press. 6201: 6189: 6083: 6081: 6039: 5692: 5256: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4821: 4775: 4773: 4536: 4428: 4418: 4416: 3978: 3095:

The daily rituals in most temples included two sequences of

2545:, or spirit, came to inhabit its cult image just as a human 2400:, were used in smaller amounts for individual elements like 9230: 9185: 9115: 9085: 9080: 9050: 9035: 9004: 8953: 8948: 8886: 8849: 8789: 8669: 8524: 8207: 8182: 8167: 8132: 8092: 8032: 8022: 7969: 7847: 7556:"Taxation (until the End of the Third Intermediate Period)" 7038:"Taxation (until the End of the Third Intermediate Period)" 6759: 6355: 5979: 5883: 5762: 5760: 5656: 5620: 5475: 5463: 5427: 5415: 5333: 5331: 5280: 5268: 5241: 5166: 5154: 5139: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5096: 5036: 4985: 4949: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4722: 4608: 4386: 4326: 4167: 3966: 3409: 3282: 3270: 3130: 3121: 3108: 2554: 2267: 2142: 2111: 2070: 1991:. Despite the impermanence of these early buildings, later 1980: 1968: 1778: 1743: 1636: 1441: 1381: 1296: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1216: 1206: 1140: 1101: 1039: 913: 764: 429: 404: 389: 354: 314: 268: 258: 205: 105: 100: 37: 7626:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 326–332. 7588:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 340–345. 7520:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 521–525. 7338:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 345–348. 7198:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 336–339. 7136:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 609–612. 7117:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–246. 6976:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 319–324. 6869:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 363–379. 6745:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 564–569. 6473:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–125. 5907: 5832: 5680: 5560: 5511: 5499: 5000: 4891: 4864: 4797: 4695: 4596: 4548: 4314: 4275: 4251: 3809: 3807: 3780: 3720: 3204:, when Amun of Karnak visited the mortuary temples of the 2126:, eventually became the largest of all temples, and whose 2049:

The expansion of funerary monuments began in the reign of

8594: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8252: 8027: 7274:(1997a). "Editorial Foreword". In Quirke, Stephen (ed.). 6361: 6297: 6285: 6078: 5859: 5847: 5523: 5379: 5355: 5343: 5316: 4915: 4903: 4785: 4770: 4758: 4464: 4440: 4413: 4401: 4362: 4227: 4203: 4143: 4119: 4082: 3954: 3930: 3906: 2738:, which may have served as a symbolic tomb for the king. 834: 665: 655: 650: 476: 263: 7420:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. 7095:

Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation, Second Edition

6707:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. 6685:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–73. 6117: 5943: 5919: 5757: 5632: 5584: 5487: 5439: 5328: 5108: 5024: 4961: 4845: 4734: 4572: 4263: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3896: 3894: 3855: 3792: 3696: 3636: 2535:

The traditional design was a highly symbolic variety of

8699: 7379:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 6587:"The New Kingdom 'Divine' Temple: The Example of Luxor" 6237: 5955: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5728: 5596: 5572: 5403: 5060: 4746: 4671: 4644: 4476: 4374: 4338: 4179: 4070: 3942: 3804: 3756: 3117: 2837:, both in modern languages and in ancient ones such as 2654:

to provide dim light. The epitome of this style is the

2015: 2006:

following a single general pattern, with a rectangular

1793:

Because he was credited with divine power himself, the

947: 6337: 6213: 6165: 5967: 5820: 5716: 5668: 5391: 5367: 5292: 5217: 5205: 5127: 4833: 4809: 4131: 4105:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 208–227, 253–257. 2696:

walls were fully fortified in case of invasion by the

6417:"Royal Cult Complexes of the Old and Middle Kingdoms" 5808: 5193: 4710: 4512: 4488: 4034: 4010: 3993: 3891: 3867: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3768: 3248:, depicted on a coffin. Eleventh to tenth century BC. 3024:, even supplanted the High Priest of Amun during the 7019:

Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker

6828:

Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance

5229: 5181: 4350: 4239: 3684: 192: 6617:

Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal

6003: 4683: 2734:incorporates an unusual underground structure, the 2193:In the Third Intermediate Period and the following 2130:may have wielded considerable political influence. 7734: 7377:The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice 5546:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 1–6, 249–257. 3708: 7213:Meeks, Dimitri; Favard-Meeks, Christine (1996) . 7212: 6993:State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East 6848:State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East 6699: 6491:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture 6159: 6135: 6099: 6072: 6021: 5997: 5751: 5650: 5078: 5054: 4943: 4885: 4161: 3750: 3738: 3666: 3648: 3366:at Dendera or the hypostyle hall at Philae, were 9889: 7069:(1973). "Temple and Town in Ancient Egypt". In 6906: 4566: 2587:, the object of ritual was the sun itself or a 2262:conquered the Ptolemaic kingdom in 30 BC, 2170:, beginning the political fragmentation of the 1820:had temples dedicated to them. Many demons and 6957:. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabĳe Oosten. 3486:from the harmful effects of tourist activity. 2608:: a statue of the temple god which that god's 2205:, beginning a long tradition of sophisticated 1848: 1790:, and it was the purpose of a temple as well. 1651:The most important part of the temple was the 9481: 7817: 7803: 3417:(fourteenth century BC), from whose interior 2980:at Karnak, as a pharaoh. Eleventh century BC. 2900:Painted relief on doorframes and ceilings at 1768:, means "mansion (or enclosure) of a god". A 1584: 7537:The Egyptian Temple: A Lexicographical Study 7314:The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt 3385:The situation changed dramatically with the 2509:, the sacred precinct dedicated to the god. 1714:that contribute significantly to the modern 6824: 6642: 6060: 6033: 4542: 2670:Beyond the hypostyle hall were one or more 1606:were built for the official worship of the 9488: 9474: 7810: 7796: 7355:The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple 7153:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 7073:; Tringham, Ruth; Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.). 6664:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 6647:. British Museum Press. pp. 112–131. 6623: 6570:. British Museum Press. pp. 216–241. 6463:Arnold, Dieter (2001). "Architecture". In 6398:Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry 4626: 3413:Reconstruction work on the Ninth Pylon at 2801:The most important form of decoration was 2328:A rock-cut chamber in the Great Temple of 2137:In the middle of the New Kingdom, Pharaoh 1591: 1577: 7681: 7515: 7478: 7418:The Priests of Ancient Egypt, New Edition 7278:. British Museum Press. pp. viii–x. 7250: 6797: 6705:Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE 6379: 6327: 6315: 6279: 6231: 6147: 6111: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5638: 5493: 5469: 5433: 5421: 5385: 5349: 5274: 5250: 5175: 5160: 5102: 5090: 4994: 4967: 4752: 4728: 4704: 4677: 4665: 4650: 4638: 4506: 4482: 4434: 4296: 4284: 4257: 3972: 3948: 3885: 3762: 3726: 3224:, the temple of her mythological consort 3062:, were overseen by the same high priest. 2065:who, beginning with his first pyramid at 9495: 7624:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7621: 7586:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7518:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7412: 7336:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7297:. British Museum Press. pp. 24–48. 7196:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7134:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7131: 7115:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6974:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6867:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6864: 6845: 6743:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6683:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6661: 6470:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6195: 6183: 6048: 5901: 5766: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5614: 5566: 5517: 5505: 5445: 5337: 5310: 5262: 4614: 4590: 4395: 4380: 4332: 4308: 4173: 4064: 3912: 3408: 3317: 3281:, for instance, could be depicted as an 3239: 3172: 3083: 2989: 2920:, or rearing cobras, atop a wall at the 2788: 2702: 2636: 2565: 2457: 2453: 2323: 2311: 2211: 2096: 2032: 1879: 1730: 31: 7553: 7534: 7352: 7292: 7270: 7112: 7009: 6990: 6740: 6611: 6536: 6508: 6219: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5913: 5853: 5826: 5790: 5778: 5662: 5529: 5481: 5298: 5042: 4979: 4926: 4716: 4602: 4530: 3900: 3849: 3825: 3798: 3786: 3678: 3642: 3074: 2763:might be used for specific ceremonies. 1648:guidance from the god dwelling within. 14: 9890: 7782:Ancient Egyptian architecture: temples 7659: 7640: 7602: 7583: 7434: 7393: 7371: 7311: 7231: 7169: 7035: 6952: 6558: 6487: 6462: 6441: 6414: 6395: 6343: 6171: 6123: 5949: 5925: 5841: 5814: 5722: 5674: 5626: 5590: 5541: 5457: 5397: 5373: 5286: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5148: 5133: 5121: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4909: 4897: 4873: 4858: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4764: 4740: 4689: 4518: 4494: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4422: 4407: 4368: 4356: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4185: 4149: 4125: 4100: 4088: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4016: 4004: 3960: 3936: 3924: 3873: 3837: 3774: 3714: 3690: 3630: 3265:worshipped as a manifestation of the 9469: 7791: 7688:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt 7459: 7441:. Cornell University Press. pp. 7193: 7150: 6971: 6934:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6925: 6806:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6775: 6721: 6680: 6593:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6423:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6367: 6303: 6291: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6207: 6087: 5802: 5734: 5602: 5578: 5409: 5361: 5322: 5235: 5066: 4955: 4554: 4320: 4137: 3861: 3813: 3702: 3654: 2879:and the statue of Ramesses II at the 2825:The text on the walls was the formal 9850: 7605:Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt 7091: 7065: 6883: 6584: 5937: 4578: 4344: 4269: 4197: 4076: 3987: 3400:decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 3357:Decline of ancient Egyptian religion 3350: 3326:. Thirteenth to eleventh century BC. 2344:, as well as at Egyptian-controlled 2316:Stone construction in a wall of the 2188: 1958: 9870: 7330: 6798:Finnestad, Ragnhild Bjerre (1997). 6703:; Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2004) . 6515:The Search for God in Ancient Egypt 6009: 2632: 2604:In most temples, the focus was the 2274:were built in a style derived from 24: 7707: 3387:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 3313: 3220:was brought annually to visit the 2037:Reconstruction of the Old Kingdom 25: 9934: 9598:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 9321:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld 9316:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 7784:at Digital Egypt for Universities 7775: 6760:Egypt State Information Service. 3470:, which is a major sector of the 3389:in 1798, which brought with it a 3235: 2561: 9869: 9859: 9849: 9840: 9839: 9828: 9791: 9448: 9364:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 7886: 5535: 3600: 3501:List of ancient Egyptian temples 3202:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 3079: 2965: 2945: 2929: 2909: 2893: 2877:mortuary temple of Amenhotep III 2829:. Some texts were written in a " 1895:at Abydos. Thirteenth century BC 1560: 74: 9860: 7645:. Duckworth. pp. 721–734. 7560:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 7481:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 7357:. Manchester University Press. 7215:Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods 7077:. Duckworth. pp. 657–678. 7042:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 6356:Egypt State Information Service 4094: 4022: 3918: 3879: 3581: 3572: 3550: 3532: 2422:cutting chambers in living rock 2301: 2057:under which he was buried: the 1858:, meaning "house" or "estate". 1742:performing rituals for the god 1673:patterns of religious symbolism 1548:Church of the Most High Goddess 7718:(in German). Bechtermünz Vlg. 7607:. Cambridge University Press. 7558:. In Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). 7236:. Cambridge University Press. 7040:. In Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). 6831:. Princeton University Press. 6544:. Princeton University Press. 6518:. Translated by David Lorton. 6388: 3672: 3518: 3232:reversion of these offerings. 2861:Large, free-standing sculpture 2855:last ancient hieroglyphic text 2499:courts, and towering entrance 2336:Temples were built throughout 2114:, whose main cult center, the 2092: 1953: 1655:, which typically contained a 1630:to the gods, reenacting their 13: 1: 9903:Ancient Egyptian architecture 6930:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6802:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6628:. Peeters. pp. 499–506. 6589:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6419:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6318:, pp. 219–220, 230, 242. 6258:, pp. 103, 126, 179–181. 6160:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6136:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6100:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6073:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6022:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5998:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996 5752:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5651:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5079:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5055:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 4944:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 4886:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 4567:Hahn, Emmel & Gotter 2008 4162:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 3751:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996 3739:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 3667:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 3613: 3545:Festival Hall of Thutmose III 2797:at Karnak. Twelfth century BC 2774: 2745:Especially important was the 2476:ancient Egyptian architecture 2308:Ancient Egyptian architecture 2224:. First to second century AD. 1948:Egypt became a Roman province 1925: 1760:were meant as places for the 1669:ancient Egyptian architecture 7643:Man, Settlement and Urbanism 7539:. Kegan Paul International. 7396:Egyptian Painting and Relief 7075:Man, Settlement and Urbanism 6445:Temples of the Last Pharaohs 6162:, pp. 119–120, 135–136. 4593:, pp. 398–409, 423–425. 4509:, pp. 524–529, 545–547. 4200:, pp. 113–114, 134–135. 3618: 3524:Many Egyptologists, such as 3160: 2985: 2690: 2578:. Fourth to third century BC 1726: 1721: 1610:and in commemoration of the 7: 9918:Ancient Egyptian technology 9783:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 9603:Population history of Egypt 9306:Book of Traversing Eternity 7256:. Brill. pp. 506–554. 6892:. Brill. pp. 335–365. 6825:Frankfurter, David (1998). 6666:. Brill. pp. 389–436. 6448:. Oxford University Press. 6400:. Oxford University Press. 5093:, pp. 70, 82, 178–179. 3494: 3406:as a scholarly discipline. 3136:Egyptological pronunciation 2924:. Twenty-eighth century BC. 2283:crisis of the third century 1849:Economic and administrative 1644:, give offerings, and seek 1622:, the central functions of 10: 9939: 9331:Litany of the Eye of Horus 7884: 7535:Spencer, Patricia (1984). 7353:Reymond, E. A. E. (1969). 7155:. Brill. pp. xv–lxv. 5021:, pp. 64–65, 88, 159. 4224:, pp. 18–19, 230–231. 3354: 3296: 2778: 2625:associated with kingship. 2320:. Twenty-sixth century BC. 2305: 1786:was the entire purpose of 9908:Ancient Egyptian religion 9823: 9800: 9789: 9527: 9504: 9443: 9397: 9374:Coronation of the pharaoh 9354: 9346:Spell of the Twelve Caves 9259: 9069: 9028: 8997: 8939: 8083: 8071: 8013: 7960: 7951: 7895: 7825: 7819:Ancient Egyptian religion 7021:. Brown. pp. 70–84. 6953:Haring, B. J. J. (1997). 6888:; Gotter, Ulrich (eds.). 6722:Eaton, Katherine (2013). 5542:Sippel, Benjamin (2020). 4641:, pp. 100, 233, 234. 4101:Sippel, Benjamin (2020). 3633:, pp. 119, 162, 221. 3484:protect ancient monuments 3468:Egyptian tourist industry 3018:Third Intermediate Period 2922:pyramid complex of Djoser 2728:Mortuary Temple of Seti I 2707:Brick storehouses at the 2585:traditional solar shrines 2356:, and at outposts in the 2179:Third Intermediate Period 2172:Third Intermediate Period 1748:mortuary temple at Abydos 307: 249: 196: 9835:Ancient Egypt portal 9455:Ancient Egypt portal 9301:Book of the Heavenly Cow 7554:Stadler, Martin (2008). 7438:Temples of Ancient Egypt 7312:Quirke, Stephen (2001). 6932:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6911:. Brill. pp. 1–22. 6804:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6591:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6520:Cornell University Press 6488:Arnold, Dieter (2003) . 6421:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6282:, pp. 161, 240–242. 6234:, pp. 29, 102, 114. 6186:, pp. 405–406, 427. 6150:, pp. 245, 249–250. 6036:, pp. 116–120, 123. 5940:, pp. 158, 174–176. 5713:, pp. 176–177, 186. 5313:, pp. 369, 371–372. 4533:, pp. 261, 267–268. 4461:, pp. 282–286, 298. 4299:, pp. 245, 247–249. 4067:, pp. 169–170, 182. 4055:, pp. 389, 394–396. 3990:, pp. 661, 666–667. 3741:, pp. 103, 111–112. 3511: 3443:. A major effort by the 3308:indicate the god's reply 3041:within the precinct, or 2711:. Thirteenth century BC. 2332:. Thirteenth century BC. 2026:in his honor near their 1694:in 30 BC. With the 1567:Ancient Egypt portal 9156:Horus on the Crocodiles 7714:Arnold, Dieter (1992). 7232:Monson, Andrew (2012). 6926:Haeny, Gerhard (1997). 6762:"Tourism: Introduction" 6542:Egypt in Late Antiquity 6442:Arnold, Dieter (1999). 6415:Arnold, Dieter (1997). 6396:Arnold, Dieter (1991). 6270:, pp. xi, 160–162. 6034:Davies & Smith 1997 5460:, pp. 62, 134–135. 4311:, pp. 52, 174–176. 3168:Egyptian civil calendar 2960:. Twentieth century BC. 2814:substituted for paint. 2318:Valley Temple of Khafre 2174:(c. 1070–664 BC). 1827:Egyptian creation myths 1750:. Thirteenth century BC 18:Ancient Egyptian temple 9326:Great Hymn to the Aten 9106:Crown of justification 8830:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 8108:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 7943:Veneration of the dead 7603:Teeter, Emily (2011). 7464:. Shire Publications. 7460:Snape, Steven (1996). 7398:. Shire Publications. 7036:Katary, Sally (2011). 6382:, pp. 7, 240–242. 6210:, pp. 27–29, 179. 4668:, pp. 36–37, 226. 3428: 3402:and the beginnings of 3327: 3249: 3218:Dendera Temple complex 3178: 3092: 2995: 2798: 2793:Painted relief in the 2712: 2646: 2579: 2471: 2333: 2321: 2255:for nearly 300 years. 2225: 2222:Dendera Temple complex 2148:Akhenaten's revolution 2106: 2046: 1896: 1751: 1696:coming of Christianity 1080:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 330:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 49: 9509:Glossary of artifacts 7756:Vörös, Győző (2007). 7733:Oakes, Lorna (2003). 7691:. Thames and Hudson. 7683:Wilkinson, Richard H. 7373:Ritner, Robert Kriech 7316:. Thames and Hudson. 7179:. Thames and Hudson. 7176:The Complete Pyramids 6114:, pp. 62–64, 99. 5904:, pp. 92–94, 96. 5617:, pp. 60, 70–71. 4982:, pp. 38, 43–44. 4958:, pp. 44–51, 56. 4830:, pp. 80–81, 86. 4557:, pp. xxii–xxiv. 4323:, pp. 29–33, 41. 3412: 3368:adapted into churches 3321: 3243: 3176: 3087: 2993: 2904:. Twelfth century BC. 2792: 2779:Further information: 2706: 2640: 2569: 2461: 2454:Design and decoration 2327: 2315: 2306:Further information: 2293:and other temples in 2215: 2100: 2036: 2000:Early Dynastic Period 1909:built to support it. 1883: 1734: 1700:temple cults died out 35: 7928:Opening of the mouth 7394:Robins, Gay (1986). 7092:Kemp, Barry (2006). 6585:Bell, Lanny (1997). 6075:, pp. 107, 110. 5629:, pp. 220, 232. 5289:, pp. 227, 252. 5151:, pp. 113, 180. 4581:, pp. 344, 353. 3705:, pp. 126, 281. 3480:World Heritage Sites 3075:Religious activities 2781:Art of ancient Egypt 2656:Great Hypostyle Hall 2549:came to inhabit its 2203:native land of Nubia 1906:Richard H. Wilkinson 1865:, when Egypt was an 1688:loss of independence 9923:Egyptian inventions 9655:Cursive hieroglyphs 9061:The Indestructibles 8865:Hermes Trismegistus 6370:, pp. 252–253. 6306:, pp. 250–251. 6294:, pp. 177–181. 6198:, pp. 420–421. 6138:, pp. 116–118. 6102:, pp. 112–113. 6090:, pp. 337–338. 6063:, pp. 148–152. 6051:, pp. 609–611. 6000:, pp. 129–130. 5988:, pp. 513–514. 5880:, pp. 257–258. 5844:, pp. 247–249. 5701:, pp. 105–107. 5665:, pp. 121–124. 5653:, pp. 306–310. 5484:, pp. 242–245. 5364:, pp. 320–322. 5325:, pp. 28, 121. 5265:, pp. 132–142. 5045:, pp. 242–243. 5009:, pp. 169–171. 4900:, pp. 113–114. 4876:, pp. 730–731. 4806:, pp. 115–122. 4794:, pp. 144–145. 4782:, pp. 120–122. 4767:, pp. 109–113. 4629:, pp. 505–506. 4617:, pp. 421–430. 4605:, pp. 261–267. 4473:, pp. 143–144. 4449:, pp. 65, 308. 4437:, pp. 188–189. 4410:, pp. 46, 308. 4398:, pp. 183–184. 4371:, pp. 334–341. 4347:, pp. 299–300. 4335:, pp. 182–183. 4272:, p. 144, 147. 4236:, pp. 228–229. 4212:, pp. 118–119. 4176:, pp. 121–124. 4152:, pp. 32, 258. 4128:, pp. 511–515. 4091:, pp. 136–141. 4079:, pp. 297–299. 3963:, pp. 372–379. 3939:, pp. 142–143. 3864:, pp. 123–126. 3789:, pp. 323–327. 3753:, pp. 126–128. 3427:are being retrieved 3291:Serapeum of Saqqara 2978:High Priest of Amun 2916:Frieze of sculpted 2827:hieroglyphic script 2645:. First century AD. 2537:sacred architecture 2181:, such as those at 2160:High Priest of Amun 2116:Precinct of Amun-Re 1712:tourist attractions 1240:Symbols and objects 1227:The Indestructibles 1117:Hermes Trismegistus 9628:Funerary practices 9274:Books of Breathing 8293:Four sons of Horus 6783:. Westview Press. 6465:Redford, Donald B. 5916:, pp. 25, 40. 4912:, pp. 28, 46. 4743:, pp. 27, 36. 4731:, pp. 19, 42. 4425:, p. 256–257. 4031:, pp. 392–395 3975:, pp. 50, 75. 3816:, pp. 89–102. 3645:, pp. 22, 43. 3429: 3328: 3250: 3198:funerary character 3179: 3093: 3022:God's Wife of Amun 2996: 2799: 2713: 2647: 2641:Hypostyle hall of 2580: 2526:Temple of Kom Ombo 2472: 2416:, usually without 2334: 2322: 2287:Christian emperors 2276:Roman architecture 2226: 2107: 2101:Entrance pylon of 2077:The rulers of the 2047: 2010:enclosure. In the 1897: 1752: 1489:Books of Breathing 523:Four sons of Horus 50: 9883: 9882: 9638:Great Royal Wives 9608:Prehistoric Egypt 9463: 9462: 9425:Mysteries of Isis 9398:Related religions 9291:Book of the Earth 8935: 8934: 7767:978-963-662-084-4 7698:978-0-500-05100-9 7674:978-977-416-563-4 7652:978-0-7156-0589-9 7633:978-0-19-510234-5 7614:978-0-521-61300-2 7595:978-0-19-510234-5 7546:978-0-7103-0065-2 7527:978-0-19-510234-5 7471:978-0-7478-0327-0 7452:978-0-8014-3399-3 7427:978-0-8014-8654-8 7405:978-0-85263-789-0 7386:978-0-918986-75-7 7364:978-0-7190-0311-0 7345:978-0-19-510234-5 7323:978-0-500-05107-8 7304:978-0-7141-0993-0 7285:978-0-7141-0993-0 7263:978-90-04-15420-9 7243:978-1-107-01441-1 7224:978-0-8014-8248-9 7205:978-0-19-510234-5 7186:978-0-500-05084-2 7162:978-0-7546-3603-8 7143:978-0-19-510234-5 7124:978-0-19-510234-5 7105:978-0-415-01281-2 7084:978-0-7156-0589-9 7028:978-0-87451-321-9 7015:Lesko, Leonard H. 7011:Johnson, Janet H. 7002:978-90-70192-03-7 6983:978-0-19-510234-5 6945:978-0-8014-3399-3 6918:978-90-04-13141-5 6899:978-90-04-13141-5 6876:978-0-19-510234-5 6857:978-90-70192-03-7 6838:978-0-691-07054-4 6817:978-0-8014-3399-3 6790:978-0-8133-4061-6 6752:978-0-19-510234-5 6733:978-0-415-83298-4 6714:978-0-8014-8853-5 6701:Dunand, Françoise 6692:978-0-19-510234-5 6673:978-0-7546-3603-8 6654:978-0-7141-0993-0 6635:978-90-429-2323-2 6604:978-0-8014-3399-3 6577:978-0-7141-0993-0 6551:978-0-691-06986-9 6538:Bagnall, Roger S. 6529:978-0-8014-3786-1 6501:978-0-691-11488-0 6480:978-0-19-510234-5 6455:978-0-19-512633-4 6434:978-0-8014-3399-3 6407:978-0-19-511374-7 6246:, pp. 55–57. 6126:, pp. 87–90. 5952:, pp. 66–73. 5928:, pp. 17–18. 5892:, pp. 95–96. 5856:, pp. 49–51. 5805:, pp. 24–25. 5754:, pp. 90–91. 5737:, pp. 41–49. 5689:, pp. 53–54. 5605:, pp. 71–72. 5593:, pp. 25–26. 5581:, pp. 69–70. 5569:, pp. 35–43. 5553:978-3-447-11485-1 5532:, pp. 81–82. 5520:, pp. 43–47. 5508:, pp. 32–35. 5472:, pp. 57–60. 5436:, pp. 46–47. 5424:, pp. 44–46. 5412:, pp. 16–17. 5277:, pp. 54–55. 5253:, pp. 74–75. 5178:, pp. 60–62. 5163:, pp. 65–66. 5124:, pp. 77–84. 5105:, pp. 69–70. 5081:, pp. 86–87. 5069:, pp. 26–27. 5033:, pp. 71–72. 4997:, pp. 76–79. 4946:, pp. 79–82. 4929:, pp. 31–33. 4888:, pp. 77–79. 4861:, pp. 20–25. 4707:, pp. 43–44. 4545:, pp. 72–76. 4287:, pp. 24–25. 4260:, pp. 22–23. 4188:, pp. 84–90. 4140:, pp. 15–17. 4112:978-3-447-11485-1 3915:, pp. 52–53. 3801:, pp. 19–25. 3729:, pp. 8, 86. 3669:, pp. 89–91. 3391:corps of scholars 3351:After abandonment 3345:ritual incubation 3206:Theban Necropolis 2873:Colossi of Memnon 2698:Achaemenid Empire 2253:ruled as pharaohs 2189:Later development 2141:promoted the god 2059:Pyramid of Djoser 1959:Early development 1933:Theban Necropolis 1788:Egyptian religion 1661:Prehistoric Egypt 1624:Egyptian religion 1601: 1600: 1544:Kemetic Orthodoxy 1519:Related religions 1501:Book of the Earth 1191: 1190: 16:(Redirected from 9930: 9898:Egyptian temples 9873: 9872: 9863: 9862: 9853: 9852: 9843: 9842: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9795: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9467: 9466: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9285:Book of the Dead 9121:Egyptian obelisk 8510:Kothar-wa-Khasis 7958: 7957: 7923:Offering formula 7918:Mortuary temples 7908:Embalming ritual 7890: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7771: 7752: 7740: 7729: 7702: 7678: 7661:Verner, Miroslav 7656: 7637: 7618: 7599: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7550: 7531: 7512: 7475: 7462:Egyptian Temples 7456: 7431: 7409: 7390: 7368: 7349: 7327: 7308: 7289: 7267: 7247: 7228: 7209: 7190: 7166: 7147: 7128: 7109: 7088: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7032: 7006: 6987: 6968: 6949: 6922: 6903: 6880: 6861: 6842: 6821: 6794: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6756: 6737: 6718: 6696: 6677: 6658: 6639: 6620: 6608: 6581: 6555: 6533: 6505: 6484: 6459: 6438: 6411: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6061:Frankfurter 1998 6058: 6052: 6046: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5755: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5106: 5100: 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4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3991: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3888:, pp. 90–93 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3548: 3536: 3530: 3522: 3472:Egyptian economy 3453:Temple of Taffeh 3449:Temple of Dendur 3423:blocks from the 3210:ritual marriages 2969: 2949: 2933: 2913: 2897: 2795:Temple of Khonsu 2724:Mortuary temples 2633:Halls and courts 2480:Cavetto cornices 2237:styles, and the 2199:Kushite pharaohs 1930: 1927: 1838:mortuary temples 1755:Ancient Egyptian 1716:Egyptian economy 1704:wave of interest 1604:Egyptian temples 1593: 1586: 1579: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1497:Book of the Dead 1302:Egyptian obelisk 748:Kothar-wa-Khasis 194: 193: 160:Offering formula 78: 67: 66:Ancient Egyptian 52: 51: 21: 9938: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9879: 9829: 9827: 9819: 9796: 9787: 9523: 9500: 9494: 9464: 9459: 9449: 9447: 9439: 9393: 9350: 9279:Book of Caverns 9255: 9101:Crook and flail 9072: 9065: 9024: 8993: 8931: 8283:Dionysus-Osiris 8079: 8067: 8009: 7947: 7891: 7882: 7821: 7816: 7778: 7768: 7755: 7749: 7732: 7726: 7713: 7710: 7708:Further reading 7705: 7699: 7675: 7653: 7634: 7615: 7596: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7547: 7528: 7472: 7453: 7428: 7414:Sauneron, Serge 7406: 7387: 7365: 7346: 7324: 7305: 7286: 7272:Quirke, Stephen 7264: 7244: 7225: 7206: 7187: 7163: 7144: 7125: 7106: 7085: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7029: 7003: 6984: 6965: 6946: 6919: 6900: 6877: 6858: 6839: 6818: 6791: 6766: 6764: 6753: 6734: 6715: 6693: 6674: 6655: 6636: 6605: 6578: 6564:Quirke, Stephen 6552: 6530: 6502: 6481: 6456: 6435: 6408: 6391: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6326: 6322: 6314: 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4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007:, pp. 4–7. 4003: 3994: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3876:, pp. 2–3. 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3840:, pp. 3–4. 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3693:, pp. 1–2. 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3555: 3551: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3497: 3457:Temple of Debod 3359: 3353: 3316: 3314:Popular worship 3299: 3238: 3163: 3082: 3077: 2988: 2981: 2970: 2961: 2950: 2941: 2934: 2925: 2914: 2905: 2898: 2869:Lateran Obelisk 2783: 2777: 2693: 2635: 2564: 2493:hypostyle halls 2456: 2358:Sinai Peninsula 2352:as far west as 2310: 2304: 2191: 2095: 1961: 1956: 1928: 1887:of personified 1851: 1770:divine presence 1729: 1724: 1597: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1493:Book of Caverns 1475: 1467: 1466: 1287:Crook and flail 1242: 1232: 1231: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1187: 303: 245: 190: 175: 174: 146: 138: 137: 86: 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9936: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9867: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9664: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9534: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9493: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9470: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9075: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8480:Khenti-Amentiu 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8268:Cavern deities 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7838:Creation myths 7835: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7815: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7777: 7776:External links 7774: 7773: 7772: 7766: 7753: 7747: 7741:. Southwater. 7730: 7724: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7697: 7679: 7673: 7657: 7651: 7638: 7632: 7619: 7613: 7600: 7594: 7581: 7569:978-0615214030 7568: 7551: 7545: 7532: 7526: 7513: 7493:10.1086/468651 7487:(4): 241–260. 7476: 7470: 7457: 7451: 7432: 7426: 7410: 7404: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7363: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7322: 7309: 7303: 7290: 7284: 7268: 7262: 7248: 7242: 7229: 7223: 7210: 7204: 7191: 7185: 7167: 7161: 7148: 7142: 7129: 7123: 7110: 7104: 7089: 7083: 7071:Ucko, Peter J. 7063: 7051:978-0615214030 7050: 7033: 7027: 7007: 7001: 6988: 6982: 6969: 6963: 6950: 6944: 6923: 6917: 6904: 6898: 6886:Emmel, Stephen 6881: 6875: 6862: 6856: 6843: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6795: 6789: 6773: 6757: 6751: 6738: 6732: 6719: 6713: 6697: 6691: 6678: 6672: 6659: 6653: 6640: 6634: 6621: 6613:Bleeker, C. J. 6609: 6603: 6582: 6576: 6556: 6550: 6534: 6528: 6506: 6500: 6485: 6479: 6460: 6454: 6439: 6433: 6412: 6406: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6380:Wilkinson 2000 6372: 6360: 6348: 6346:, p. 226. 6336: 6328:Wilkinson 2000 6320: 6316:Wilkinson 2000 6308: 6296: 6284: 6280:Wilkinson 2000 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6232:Wilkinson 2000 6224: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6174:, p. 234. 6164: 6152: 6148:Spalinger 1998 6140: 6128: 6116: 6112:Wilkinson 2000 6104: 6092: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6012:, p. 346. 6002: 5990: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5890:Wilkinson 2000 5882: 5878:Spalinger 1998 5870: 5868:, p. 521. 5866:Spalinger 2001 5858: 5846: 5831: 5819: 5807: 5795: 5793:, p. 512. 5783: 5781:, p. 566. 5771: 5769:, p. 328. 5756: 5739: 5727: 5725:, p. 220. 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5677:, p. 175. 5667: 5655: 5643: 5639:Wilkinson 2000 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5552: 5534: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5494:Wilkinson 2000 5486: 5474: 5470:Wilkinson 2000 5462: 5450: 5448:, p. 423. 5438: 5434:Wilkinson 2000 5426: 5422:Wilkinson 2000 5414: 5402: 5400:, p. 205. 5390: 5388:, p. 194. 5386:Finnestad 1997 5378: 5376:, p. 149. 5366: 5354: 5352:, p. 191. 5350:Finnestad 1997 5342: 5340:, p. 371. 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5275:Wilkinson 2000 5267: 5255: 5251:Wilkinson 2000 5240: 5228: 5226:, p. 169. 5216: 5214:, p. 256. 5204: 5192: 5180: 5176:Wilkinson 2000 5165: 5161:Wilkinson 2000 5153: 5138: 5136:, p. 251. 5126: 5107: 5103:Wilkinson 2000 5095: 5091:Wilkinson 2000 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4995:Wilkinson 2000 4984: 4972: 4968:Wilkinson 2000 4960: 4948: 4931: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4863: 4844: 4842:, p. 213. 4832: 4820: 4818:, p. 148. 4808: 4796: 4784: 4769: 4757: 4753:Wilkinson 2000 4745: 4733: 4729:Wilkinson 2000 4721: 4709: 4705:Wilkinson 2000 4694: 4682: 4678:Wilkinson 2000 4670: 4666:Wilkinson 2000 4655: 4651:Wilkinson 2000 4643: 4639:Wilkinson 2000 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4521:, p. 227. 4511: 4507:Naerebout 2007 4499: 4497:, p. 226. 4487: 4483:Wilkinson 2000 4475: 4463: 4451: 4439: 4435:Finnestad 1997 4427: 4412: 4400: 4385: 4383:, p. 379. 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4297:Spalinger 1998 4289: 4285:Wilkinson 2000 4274: 4262: 4258:Wilkinson 2000 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4111: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4043:, p. 168. 4033: 4021: 4019:, p. 395. 4009: 3992: 3977: 3973:Wilkinson 2000 3965: 3953: 3949:Wilkinson 2000 3941: 3929: 3927:, pp. 7–8 3917: 3905: 3890: 3886:Wilkinson 2000 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3777:, p. 340. 3767: 3763:Wilkinson 2000 3755: 3743: 3731: 3727:Wilkinson 2000 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3580: 3571: 3549: 3531: 3526:Wolfgang Helck 3516: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3506:Minoan palaces 3503: 3496: 3493: 3488:Archaeological 3445:United Nations 3355:Main article: 3352: 3349: 3315: 3312: 3298: 3295: 3237: 3236:Sacred animals 3234: 3222:Temple of Edfu 3162: 3159: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2776: 2773: 2692: 2689: 2634: 2631: 2576:Temple of Edfu 2570:Shrine in the 2563: 2562:Inner chambers 2560: 2522:Deir el-Bahari 2462:The temple of 2455: 2452: 2303: 2300: 2264:Roman emperors 2190: 2187: 2094: 2091: 2079:Middle Kingdom 2043:Djedkare Isesi 2039:pyramid temple 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1937:Deir el-Medina 1867:imperial power 1850: 1847: 1842:Stephen Quirke 1822:household gods 1746:, from Seti's 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1480:Funerary texts 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 939: 938: 933: 928: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 838: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 718:Khenti-Amentiu 715: 710: 699: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 637: 636: 631: 626: 625: 624: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 538: 537: 526: 525: 514: 513: 508: 497: 496: 494:Cavern deities 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 308: 305: 304: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 255: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 202: 200: 191: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 153: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 119: 118: 108: 103: 98: 93: 87: 84: 83: 80: 79: 71: 70: 61: 60: 36:The Temple of 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9935: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9886: 9876: 9868: 9866: 9858: 9856: 9848: 9846: 9838: 9836: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Egyptologists 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9794: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9498: 9497:Ancient Egypt 9491: 9486: 9484: 9479: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9456: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9430:Temple of Set 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9384:Opet Festival 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9341:Pyramid Texts 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9296:Book of Gates 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9241:Vulture crown 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9126:Egyptian pool 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964:Hieracosphinx 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Renpetneferet 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7806: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7748:1-84215-757-4 7744: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7727: 7725:3-86047-215-1 7721: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098:. Routledge. 7097: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6964:90-6258-212-5 6960: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726:. Routledge. 6725: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6222:, p. ix. 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6196:Dijkstra 2011 6192: 6185: 6184:Dijkstra 2011 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6049:Kruchten 2001 6045: 6043: 6035: 6030: 6024:, p. 21. 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5976:, p. 22. 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5903: 5902:Sauneron 2000 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5829:, p. 44. 5828: 5823: 5817:, p. 54. 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5767:Thompson 2001 5763: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5711:Sauneron 2000 5707: 5700: 5699:Sauneron 2000 5695: 5688: 5687:Sauneron 2000 5683: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5641:, p. 92. 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5615:Sauneron 2000 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5567:Sauneron 2000 5563: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5518:Sauneron 2000 5514: 5507: 5506:Sauneron 2000 5502: 5496:, p. 70. 5495: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5446:Dijkstra 2011 5442: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5338:Gundlach 2001 5334: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5311:Gundlach 2001 5307: 5301:, p. 43. 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5263:Sauneron 2000 5259: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5238:, p. 47. 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5202:, p. 93. 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5057:, p. 80. 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4976: 4970:, p. 76. 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4766: 4761: 4755:, p. 40. 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4719:, p. 30. 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4680:, p. 38. 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4653:, p. 16. 4652: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4615:Dijkstra 2011 4611: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4591:Dijkstra 2011 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4485:, p. 27. 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4396:Sauneron 2000 4392: 4390: 4382: 4381:Gundlach 2001 4377: 4370: 4365: 4359:, p. 28. 4358: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4333:Sauneron 2000 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4309:Sauneron 2000 4305: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4254: 4248:, p. 15. 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4174:Goedicke 1978 4170: 4164:, p. 78. 4163: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4065:Sauneron 2000 4061: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3951:, p. 88. 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3913:Sauneron 2000 3909: 3903:, p. 17. 3902: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3852:, p. 46. 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3828:, p. 25. 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3765:, p. 82. 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3589:Amarna period 3584: 3575: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3425:Amarna Period 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3247: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Opet Festival 3186: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3090: 3089:Amenhotep III 3086: 3080:Daily rituals 3072: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3034:lector priest 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:ritual purity 3005: 3002: 2992: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:cryptographic 2828: 2823: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518:Wadi es-Sebua 2515: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:Libyan Desert 2347: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2207:Nubian temple 2204: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158:made himself 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1923: 1922:Sixth Dynasty 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:ancient Egypt 1613: 1609: 1605: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1505:Book of Gates 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Hieracosphinx 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1307:Egyptian pool 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272:Book of Thoth 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 995: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 978:Renpetneferet 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 944: 943: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 921: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 895: 894: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 842: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 703: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 641: 635: 632: 630: 627: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 543: 542: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 495: 492: 491: 490: 489: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 311: 306: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 254: 252: 248: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 201: 199: 195: 188: 184: 179: 178: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9885: 9537:Architecture 9389:Sed festival 9379:Min festival 9369:Cattle count 9336:Litany of Re 9311:Coffin Texts 9283: 9226:Solar barque 9166:Imiut fetish 9161:Hypocephalus 9146:Hemhem crown 9131:Eye of Horus 9056:Land of Manu 9010:Djadjaemankh 8891: 8881: 8834: 8744: 8694: 8674: 8649: 8605:Nebethetepet 8599: 8514: 8485:Khenti-kheti 8464: 8404: 8307: 8303:Gate deities 8297: 8287: 8272: 8262: 8212: 8087: 8077:Theban Triad 7937: 7903:Canopic jars 7757: 7736: 7715: 7687: 7664: 7642: 7623: 7604: 7585: 7573:. Retrieved 7559: 7536: 7517: 7484: 7480: 7461: 7437: 7417: 7395: 7376: 7354: 7335: 7332:Ray, John D. 7313: 7294: 7275: 7253: 7233: 7214: 7195: 7175: 7171:Lehner, Mark 7152: 7133: 7114: 7094: 7074: 7055:. Retrieved 7041: 7018: 6992: 6973: 6954: 6931: 6908: 6889: 6866: 6847: 6827: 6803: 6780: 6777:Fagan, Brian 6765:. Retrieved 6742: 6723: 6704: 6682: 6663: 6644: 6625: 6616: 6590: 6567: 6560:Baines, John 6541: 6514: 6510:Assmann, Jan 6490: 6469: 6444: 6420: 6397: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6220:Quirke 1997a 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6068: 6056: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5993: 5986:Janssen 1978 5981: 5974:Bleeker 1967 5969: 5962:Stadler 2008 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5914:Bleeker 1967 5909: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5854:Assmann 2001 5849: 5827:Bleeker 1967 5822: 5810: 5798: 5791:Janssen 1978 5786: 5779:Englund 2001 5774: 5730: 5718: 5706: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5663:Janssen 1978 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5543: 5537: 5530:Johnson 1986 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5482:Kozloff 2001 5477: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5318: 5306: 5299:Assmann 2001 5294: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5190:, p. 5. 5183: 5156: 5129: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5043:Kozloff 2001 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4980:Assmann 2001 4975: 4963: 4951: 4927:Assmann 2001 4905: 4893: 4881: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4717:Assmann 2001 4712: 4692:, p. 4. 4685: 4673: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4603:Bagnall 1993 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4531:Bagnall 1993 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4403: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3901:Spencer 1984 3881: 3869: 3857: 3850:Quirke 1997b 3845: 3833: 3826:Spencer 1984 3821: 3799:Assmann 2001 3794: 3787:Reymond 1969 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3717:, p. 3. 3710: 3698: 3686: 3679:Assmann 2001 3674: 3662: 3657:, p. 9. 3650: 3643:Spencer 1984 3638: 3626: 3602: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3552: 3541:Luxor Temple 3534: 3520: 3464:Middle Egypt 3461: 3434: 3430: 3418: 3384: 3363: 3360: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3300: 3275: 3253: 3251: 3230: 3200:, as in the 3194:Luxor Temple 3187: 3180: 3164: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3068:Thutmose III 3064: 3052:Sed festival 3048: 3030: 3006: 2997: 2902:Medinet Habu 2886:lapis lazuli 2859: 2853:include the 2824: 2816: 2800: 2784: 2765: 2746: 2744: 2722: 2714: 2694: 2685: 2669: 2648: 2627: 2623: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2589:Benben stone 2581: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2511: 2504: 2473: 2468:Medinet Habu 2464:Ramesses III 2450: 2442: 2410: 2385:use of stone 2382: 2374: 2366:Jebel Barkal 2335: 2302:Construction 2280: 2257: 2238: 2231:animal cults 2227: 2192: 2176: 2163: 2136: 2132: 2128:high priests 2108: 2103:Luxor Temple 2083:Medinet Madi 2076: 2055:step pyramid 2048: 1997: 1993:Egyptian art 1962: 1945: 1941: 1911: 1898: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1831: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1792: 1783: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1692:Roman Empire 1685: 1681: 1650: 1635: 1632:mythological 1603: 1602: 1483: 1352:Imiut fetish 1347:Hypocephalus 1332:Hemhem crown 1312:Eye of Horus 1222:Land of Manu 1146: 1145: 1134: 1133: 1085: 1084: 993: 992: 941: 940: 919: 918: 892: 891: 847:Nebethetepet 840: 839: 753: 752: 723:Khenti-kheti 701: 700: 639: 638: 540: 539: 535:Gate deities 528: 527: 516: 515: 499: 498: 487: 486: 435: 434: 309: 164: 29: 9875:WikiProject 9689:Mathematics 9650:Hieroglyphs 9564:Portraiture 9532:Agriculture 9519:Main topics 9415:Hermeticism 9246:Was-sceptre 9073:and objects 8550:Mehet-Weret 8393:Harpocrates 8223:Banebdjedet 8188:Arensnuphis 7868:Osiris myth 7067:Kemp, Barry 6389:Works cited 6344:Baines 1997 6172:Baines 1997 6124:Teeter 2011 5950:Teeter 2011 5926:Verner 2013 5842:Ritner 1993 5815:Quirke 2001 5723:Monson 2012 5675:Haring 1997 5627:Ritner 1993 5591:Teeter 2011 5458:Quirke 2001 5398:Arnold 2003 5374:Arnold 1999 5287:Arnold 2003 5224:Arnold 2003 5212:Arnold 2003 5200:Arnold 1999 5188:Shafer 1997 5149:Arnold 2003 5134:Arnold 1999 5122:Teeter 2011 5031:Arnold 1997 5019:Quirke 2001 5007:Arnold 1999 4910:Arnold 2003 4898:Arnold 2001 4874:Uphill 1973 4859:Robins 1986 4840:Arnold 1991 4828:Arnold 1991 4816:Arnold 1991 4804:Arnold 1991 4792:Arnold 1999 4780:Arnold 1991 4765:Arnold 1991 4741:Arnold 1991 4690:Arnold 1991 4519:Monson 2012 4495:Arnold 1999 4471:Arnold 1999 4459:Arnold 1999 4447:Arnold 1999 4423:Arnold 1999 4408:Arnold 1999 4369:Verner 2013 4357:Arnold 1999 4246:Lehner 1997 4234:Lehner 1997 4222:Lehner 1997 4210:Quirke 2001 4186:Quirke 2001 4150:Arnold 1997 4126:Verner 2013 4089:Monson 2012 4053:Haring 1997 4041:Quirke 2001 4029:Haring 1997 4017:Haring 1997 4005:Katary 2011 3961:Haring 1997 3937:Haring 1997 3925:Katary 2011 3874:Shafer 1997 3838:Shafer 1997 3775:Teeter 2001 3715:Shafer 1997 3691:Shafer 1997 3681:, p. 4 3631:Arnold 1999 3567:Justinian I 3441:Lake Nasser 3396:Egyptomania 3376:Elephantine 3263:sacred bull 3026:Late Period 2952:Obelisk of 2643:Esna Temple 2438:natural gum 2408:elsewhere. 2342:Lower Egypt 2272:Ras el-Soda 2195:Late Period 2168:Upper Egypt 2152:Ramesses II 2093:New Kingdom 2024:sun temples 2012:Old Kingdom 1985:Upper Egypt 1973:Lower Egypt 1954:Development 1929: 2255 1893:Ramesses II 1885:Sunk relief 1863:New Kingdom 1818:all deities 1799:sacred king 1665:New Kingdom 1530:Hermeticism 1457:Was-sceptre 1412:Seqtet boat 790:Mehet-Weret 622:Harpocrates 447:Banebdjedet 410:Arensnuphis 9892:Categories 9805:Egyptology 9773:Technology 9736:Philosophy 9684:Literature 9576:Chronology 9410:Gnosticism 9251:Winged sun 9096:Corn mummy 8998:Characters 8922:Werethekau 8760:Sebiumeker 8570:Meretseger 8435:Ikhemu-sek 8373:Hermanubis 7873:Philosophy 7863:Numerology 6767:January 6, 6368:Fagan 2004 6330:, Part V, 6304:Fagan 2004 6292:Fagan 2004 6268:Fagan 2004 6256:Fagan 2004 6244:Fagan 2004 6208:Fagan 2004 6088:Lesko 2001 5803:Eaton 2013 5735:Eaton 2013 5603:Doxey 2001 5579:Doxey 2001 5410:Eaton 2013 5362:Hölzl 2001 5323:Eaton 2013 5236:Snape 1996 5067:Eaton 2013 4956:Snape 1996 4555:Lavan 2011 4321:Snape 1996 4138:Snape 1996 3862:Haeny 1997 3814:Haeny 1997 3703:Haeny 1997 3655:Snape 1996 3614:References 3404:Egyptology 2974:Pinedjem I 2972:Statue of 2958:Heliopolis 2954:Senusret I 2938:winged sun 2775:Decoration 2652:clerestory 2606:cult image 2595:where his 2593:false door 2370:Abu Simbel 2330:Abu Simbel 2295:Alexandria 2251:kings who 2216:Roman-era 2020:Heliopolis 1809:community 1736:Low relief 1708:Egyptology 1657:cult image 1540:Kemeticism 1462:Winged sun 1427:Set animal 1367:Matet boat 1282:Corn mummy 1178:Werethekau 1010:Sebiumeker 810:Meretseger 671:Ikhemu-sek 607:Hermanubis 511:Duau (god) 128:Philosophy 123:Numerology 9709:Mythology 9633:Geography 9623:Dynasties 9571:Astronomy 9356:Festivals 9221:Shen ring 9201:Ouroboros 9136:Eye of Ra 9091:Cartouche 9029:Locations 8974:Serpopard 8941:Creatures 8872:Tjenenyet 8855:Ta-Bitjet 8800:Shesmetet 8720:Renenutet 8705:Raet-Tawy 8625:Nehmetawy 8575:Meskhenet 8343:Hedjhotep 8198:Assessors 7896:Practices 7858:Mythology 7853:Maa Kheru 7833:Afterlife 7663:(2013) . 7575:6 January 7509:161279885 7416:(2000) . 7057:6 January 6512:(2001) . 5938:Bell 1997 4579:Hahn 2008 4345:Kemp 2006 4270:Bell 1997 4198:Kemp 2006 4077:Kemp 2006 3988:Kemp 1973 3619:Citations 3563:Procopius 3437:Aswan Dam 3285:and as a 3216:from the 3161:Festivals 3060:Letopolis 2986:Personnel 2881:Ramesseum 2863:included 2820:registers 2761:granaries 2753:astronomy 2740:Sanatoria 2709:Ramesseum 2691:Enclosure 2672:peristyle 2530:Akhetaten 2497:peristyle 2474:Like all 2394:sandstone 2390:limestone 2245:Ptolemies 2229:oracles, 2166:ruler of 2139:Akhenaten 2087:sanctuary 1889:provinces 1834:afterlife 1727:Religious 1722:Functions 1653:sanctuary 1628:offerings 1626:: giving 1432:Shen ring 1422:Serpopard 1397:Ouroboros 1317:Eye of Ra 1277:Cartouche 1201:Locations 1124:Tjenenyet 1107:Ta-Bitjet 1050:Shesmetet 968:Renenutet 953:Raet-Tawy 867:Nehmetawy 815:Meskhenet 577:Hedjhotep 420:Assessors 156:Offerings 145:Practices 111:Mythology 96:Cosmology 91:Afterlife 9845:Category 9766:District 9761:Capitals 9746:Religion 9729:Titulary 9719:Pharaohs 9699:Military 9694:Medicine 9677:Hieratic 9667:Language 9593:Clothing 9547:Obelisks 9420:Kemetism 9261:Writings 9171:Khepresh 9015:Rededjet 8917:Wepwawet 8902:Wadj-wer 8620:Nehebkau 8615:Nefertem 8535:Mandulis 8470:Kebechet 8460:Iusaaset 8378:Heryshaf 8328:Hatmehit 8163:Apedemak 8038:Nephthys 7933:Pyramids 7913:Funerals 7685:(2000). 7375:(1993). 7173:(1997). 6779:(2004). 6619:. Brill. 6615:(1967). 6540:(1993). 6010:Ray 2001 3543:and the 3495:See also 3267:Memphite 3097:offering 3043:recluses 3014:celibate 2865:obelisks 2835:graffiti 2757:medicine 2736:Osireion 2717:mammisis 2446:anathema 2406:quarries 2402:obelisks 2360:such as 2298:ceased. 2291:Serapeum 2164:de facto 2162:and the 2028:pyramids 2008:mudbrick 1989:mudbrick 1902:farmland 1871:military 1646:oracular 1612:pharaohs 1357:Khepresh 1173:Wepwawet 1158:Wadj-wer 862:Nehebkau 857:Nefertem 770:Mandulis 708:Kebechet 696:Iusaaset 629:Heryshaf 567:Hatmehit 385:Apedemak 274:Nephthys 170:Pyramids 151:Funerals 68:religion 57:a series 55:Part of 9913:Temples 9865:Outline 9855:Commons 9815:Museums 9751:Scribes 9741:Pottery 9672:Demotic 9662:History 9613:Cuisine 9542:Revival 9435:Thelema 9405:Atenism 9236:Ushabti 9206:Pschent 9196:Neshmet 9111:Deshret 9071:Symbols 9020:Ubaoner 8959:Griffin 8845:Taweret 8840:Tatenen 8775:Serapis 8770:Sekhmet 8740:Resheph 8685:Qed-her 8635:Nekhbet 8610:Nebtuwi 8475:Khensit 8445:Imhotep 8440:Imentet 8338:Hedetet 8203:Astarte 8138:Andjety 8113:Amesemi 7953:Deities 7938:Temples 7826:Beliefs 7017:(ed.). 6808:185–237 6595:127–184 6566:(ed.). 6467:(ed.). 3594:talatat 3558:papyrus 3420:talatat 3364:mammisi 3303:oracles 3297:Oracles 3056:Memphis 2875:at the 2847:Demotic 2812:faience 2687:"god". 2665:papyrus 2574:of the 2514:hypogea 2506:temenos 2495:, open 2484:molding 2430:gilding 2426:reliefs 2414:courses 2398:granite 2348:in the 2240:mammisi 2218:mammisi 2156:Herihor 2063:Sneferu 1998:In the 1920:in the 1918:Harkhuf 1811:shrines 1797:, as a 1795:pharaoh 1766:ḥwt-nṯr 1758:temples 1690:to the 1620:rituals 1535:Thelema 1525:Atenism 1452:Ushabti 1402:Pschent 1392:Neshmet 1322:Griffin 1292:Deshret 1097:Taweret 1092:Tatenen 1025:Serapis 1015:Sekhmet 988:Resheph 931:Qed-her 882:Nekhbet 852:Nebtuwi 713:Khensit 681:Imhotep 676:Imentet 572:Hedetet 425:Astarte 360:Andjety 335:Amesemi 183:Deities 165:Temples 85:Beliefs 44:, with 9714:People 9581:Cities 9499:topics 9269:Amduat 9216:Serekh 9211:Scarab 9141:Hedjet 9046:Benben 8989:Uraeus 8984:Sphinx 8969:Medjed 8927:Wosret 8912:Wepset 8897:Wadjet 8820:Sopdet 8805:Shezmu 8785:Seshat 8780:Serket 8725:Renpet 8710:Rekhyt 8690:Qetesh 8655:Pakhet 8585:Mnevis 8560:Menhit 8540:Medjed 8530:Mafdet 8520:Maahes 8505:Khonsu 8495:Kherty 8490:Khepri 8358:Hemsut 8333:Hauron 8323:Hathor 8258:Buchis 8243:Ba-Pef 8228:Bastet 8158:Anuket 8153:Anubis 8128:Amu-Aa 8123:Am-heh 8072:Triads 8063:Tefnut 8048:Osiris 8015:Ennead 8000:Naunet 7990:Kauket 7980:Hauhet 7975:Amunet 7962:Ogdoad 7764: 7745: 7722: 7695: 7671: 7649: 7630: 7611: 7592: 7566: 7543: 7524: 7507: 7501:545450 7499: 7468: 7449: 7424: 7402: 7383: 7361: 7342: 7320: 7301: 7282: 7260: 7240: 7221: 7202: 7183: 7159: 7140: 7121: 7102: 7081: 7048: 7025: 6999: 6980: 6961: 6942: 6936:86–126 6915: 6896: 6873: 6854: 6835: 6814: 6787: 6749: 6730: 6711: 6689: 6670: 6651: 6632: 6601: 6574: 6548: 6526: 6498: 6477: 6452: 6431: 6404: 6332:passim 5550: 4109: 3476:UNESCO 3455:, and 3415:Karnak 3324:Osiris 3287:baboon 3214:Hathor 3151:Osiris 3039:asylum 3001:vizier 2976:, the 2851:Philae 2845:, and 2807:stelae 2803:relief 2768:sphinx 2755:, and 2748:pr ꜥnḫ 2732:Abydos 2618:barque 2501:pylons 2488:batter 2418:mortar 2378:corvée 2258:After 2235:column 2124:Thebes 2120:Karnak 2067:Meidum 2051:Djoser 2004:Abydos 1981:Coptos 1977:Nekhen 1914:corvée 1875:slaves 1774:ritual 1740:Seti I 1677:pylons 1485:Amduat 1447:Uraeus 1437:Sphinx 1417:Serekh 1407:Scarab 1372:Medjed 1327:Hedjet 1212:Benben 1183:Wosret 1168:Wepset 1153:Wadjet 1070:Sopdet 1055:Shezmu 1035:Seshat 1030:Serket 973:Renpet 958:Rekhyt 936:Qetesh 899:Pakhet 825:Mnevis 800:Menhit 780:Mafdet 775:Medjed 760:Maahes 743:Khonsu 733:Kherty 728:Khepri 592:Hemsut 562:Hathor 557:Hauron 482:Buchis 467:Ba-Pef 452:Bastet 380:Anuket 375:Anubis 350:Amu-Aa 345:Am-heh 299:Tefnut 284:Osiris 251:Ennead 236:Naunet 226:Kauket 216:Hauhet 211:Amunet 198:Ogdoad 46:pylons 42:Philae 9778:Trade 9756:Sites 9704:Music 9618:Dance 9552:Pylon 9514:Index 9191:Nemes 9181:Menat 9176:Kneph 9151:Hennu 9041:Akhet 8907:Weneg 8860:Thoth 8825:Sopdu 8815:Sobek 8765:Seker 8755:Satis 8735:Repyt 8680:Qebui 8665:Petbe 8660:Perit 8645:Neper 8640:Nemty 8630:Neith 8590:Montu 8565:Meret 8555:Mehit 8545:Mehen 8525:Ma'at 8500:Khnum 8455:Iunit 8410:Iabet 8388:Horus 8383:Hesat 8368:Heqet 8363:Henet 8353:Hemen 8278:Dedun 8248:Bennu 8148:Anput 8143:Anhur 8118:Ammit 8103:Akhty 7843:Isfet 7505:S2CID 7497:JSTOR 6425:31–85 3512:Notes 3372:Khnum 3279:Thoth 3226:Horus 3155:Horus 3143:magic 2918:uraei 2843:Latin 2839:Greek 2681:Akhet 2677:pylon 2661:lotus 2572:cella 2551:mummy 2434:inlay 2362:Timna 2346:oases 2338:Upper 2249:Greek 2183:Tanis 1946:Once 1474:Texts 1387:Nemes 1377:Menat 1362:Kneph 1337:Hennu 1163:Weneg 1112:Thoth 1075:Sopdu 1065:Sobek 1020:Seker 1005:Satis 983:Repyt 926:Qebui 909:Petbe 904:Perit 887:Neper 877:Nemty 872:Neith 830:Montu 805:Meret 795:Mehit 785:Mehen 765:Ma'at 738:Khnum 691:Iunit 646:Iabet 617:Horus 612:Hesat 602:Heqet 597:Henet 587:Hemen 506:Dedun 472:Bennu 370:Anput 365:Anhur 340:Ammit 325:Akhty 116:Index 106:Ma'at 9724:List 9643:List 9586:List 9231:Tyet 9186:Nebu 9116:Djed 9086:Atef 9081:Ankh 9051:Duat 9036:Aaru 9005:Dedi 8954:Abtu 8949:Aani 8887:Unut 8877:Tutu 8850:Tayt 8795:Shed 8790:Shai 8670:Ptah 8425:Igai 8348:Heka 8318:Hapi 8238:Bata 8218:Babi 8208:Aten 8183:Aqen 8173:Apis 8168:Apep 8133:Anat 8098:Aker 8093:Aati 8033:Isis 8023:Atum 7970:Amun 7878:Soul 7848:Maat 7762:ISBN 7743:ISBN 7720:ISBN 7693:ISBN 7669:ISBN 7647:ISBN 7628:ISBN 7609:ISBN 7590:ISBN 7577:2015 7564:ISBN 7541:ISBN 7522:ISBN 7466:ISBN 7447:ISBN 7443:1–30 7422:ISBN 7400:ISBN 7381:ISBN 7359:ISBN 7340:ISBN 7318:ISBN 7299:ISBN 7280:ISBN 7258:ISBN 7238:ISBN 7219:ISBN 7200:ISBN 7181:ISBN 7157:ISBN 7138:ISBN 7119:ISBN 7100:ISBN 7079:ISBN 7059:2015 7046:ISBN 7023:ISBN 6997:ISBN 6978:ISBN 6959:ISBN 6940:ISBN 6913:ISBN 6894:ISBN 6871:ISBN 6852:ISBN 6833:ISBN 6812:ISBN 6785:ISBN 6769:2011 6747:ISBN 6728:ISBN 6709:ISBN 6687:ISBN 6668:ISBN 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