History of ancient Israel and Judah

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due to social isolation. It was not until later on in Israelite history that people started to worship Yahweh alone and fully convert to monotheistic values. That switch occurred with the growth of power and influence of the Israelite kingdom and its rulers. Further details of this are contained in the Iron Age Yahwism section below. Evidence from the Bible suggests that henotheism did exist: "They went and served alien gods and paid homage to them, gods of whom they had no experience and whom he did not allot to them" (Deut. 29.26). Many believe that this quote demonstrates that the early Israelite kingdom followed traditions similar to ancient Mesopotamia, where each major urban centre had a supreme god. Each culture embraced their patron god but did not deny the existence of other cultures' patron gods. In Assyria, the patron god was Ashur, and in ancient Israel, it was Yahweh; however, both Israelite and Assyrian cultures recognized each other's deities during this period. Some scholars have used the Bible as evidence to argue that most of the people alive during the events recounted in the Hebrew Bible, including Moses, were most likely henotheists. There are many quotes from the Hebrew Bible that are used to support this view. One such quote from Jewish tradition is the first commandment which in its entirety reads "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage: You shall have no other gods before me." This quote does not deny the existence of other gods; it merely states that Jews should consider Yahweh or God the supreme god, incomparable to other supernatural beings. Some scholars attribute the concept of angels and demons found in Judaism and Christianity to the tradition of henotheism. Instead of completely getting rid of the concept of other supernatural beings, these religions changed former deities into angels and demons.

3879:, including monumental and multi-towered city walls and multi-gate entry systems. Israel's economy was based on multiple industries. It had the largest olive oil production centres in the region, using at least two different types of olive oil presses, and also had a significant wine industry, with wine presses constructed next to vineyards. By contrast, the Kingdom of Judah was significantly less advanced. Some scholars believe it was no more than a small tribal entity limited to Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small and mostly unfortified settlements. The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate among scholars. According to some scholars, Jerusalem does not show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity until the 9th century BCE. Other scholars argue that recent discoveries and radiocarbon tests in the 4083: 5703:

force is retained in the laments over the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in its midst. most of Judah's inhabitants remained there after the destruction of Jerusalem. They concentrated chiefly in the Benjamin region and the northern Judean hill country. This area was hardly affected by the destruction, and became the centre of the Babylonian province with its capital at Mizpah. The archaeological data reinforce the biblical account, and they indicate that Jerusalem and its close environs suffered a severe blow. Most of the small settlements near the city were destroyed, the city wall was demolished, and the buildings within were put to the torch. Excavation and survey data show that the western border of the kingdom also sustained a grave onslaught, seemingly at the time when the Babylonians went to besiege Jerusalem.

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villages, the largest of which had populations of up to 300 or 400. Their villages were built on hilltops. Their houses were built in clusters around a common courtyard. They built three- or four-room houses out of mudbrick with a stone foundation and sometimes with a second story made of wood. The inhabitants lived by farming and herding. They built terraces to farm on hillsides, planting various crops and maintaining orchards. The villages were largely economically self-sufficient and economic interchange was prevalent. According to the Bible, prior to the rise of the Israelite monarchy the early Israelites were led by the

5249:...Shoshenq I, the founder of the Twenty-Second Dynasty and seemingly the more assertive of the Egyptian rulers of the time, reacted to the north Israelite challenge. He campaigned into the highlands and took over the Saulide power bases in the Gibeon plateau and the area of the Jabbok River in the western Gilead. The fortified sites of Khirbet Qeiyafa, Khirbet Dawwara, et-Tell, and Gibeon were destroyed or abandoned. Shoshenq reorganized the territory of the highlands - back to the traditional situation of two city-states under his domination... (p. 48) 3948: 3415: 3572:

hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE. There was no sign of violent invasion or even the infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group. Instead, it seemed to be a revolution in lifestyle. In the formerly sparsely populated highlands from the Judean hills in the south to the hills of Samaria in the north, far from the Canaanite cities that were in the process of collapse and disintegration, about two-hundred fifty hilltop communities suddenly sprang up. Here were the first Israelites.

4166: 79: 4018:. Theologically, the Babylonian exiles were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism (the concept that one god controls the entire world) and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness. Most significantly, the trauma of the exile experience led to the development of a strong sense of Hebrew identity distinct from other peoples, with increased emphasis on symbols such as circumcision and Sabbath-observance to sustain that distinction. 3753: 7816: 673: 4888:, in Radiocarbon, Vol 52, No. 4, The Arizona Board of Regents in behalf of the University of Arizona, pp. 1667 and 1674: "The Iron I/IIA transition occurred during the second half of the 10th century...We propose that the late Iron I cities came to an end in a gradual process and interpret this proposal with Bayesian Model II...The process results in a transition date of 915-898 BCE (68% range), or 927-879 BCE (95% range)..." 4486: 4472: 4328: 3838: 4193:, was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods (the "gods of the fathers"). With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, Yahweh, as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centred. The major deities were not numerous – El, 3584:, or chieftains who served as military leaders in times of crisis. Scholars are divided over the historicity of this account. However, it is likely that regional chiefdoms and polities provided security. The small villages were unwalled but were likely subjects of the major town in the area. Writing was known and available for recording, even at small sites. 3899: 4074:, there was public worship practised all over Israel and Judah in shrines and sanctuaries, outdoors, and close to city gates. In the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, the kings Hezekiah and Josiah of Judah implemented a number of significant religious reforms that aimed to centre worship of the God of Israel in Jerusalem and eliminate foreign customs. 4375:) ruled over the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The national god Yahweh, who selects those to rule his realm and his people, is depicted in the Hebrew Bible as having a hand in the establishment of the royal institution. In this sense, the true king is God, and the king serves as his earthly envoy and is tasked with ruling his realm. In some 4264:, as scholars call these Judean nationalists, the treaty with Yahweh would enable Israel's god to preserve both the city and the king in return for the people's worship and obedience. The destruction of Jerusalem, its Temple, and the Davidic dynasty by Babylon in 587/586 BCE was deeply traumatic and led to revisions of the national 4460:), who has a function of stewardship of the household of the king at the beginning and seems to become a real prime minister of Judah during the later periods. The attributions of most of these dignitaries remain debated, as illustrated in particular by the much-discussed case of the “king's friend” mentioned under Solomon. 3654: 4147:

absorbing several characteristics from Canaanite deities, in turn strengthening his own position as an all-powerful "One." Even still, monotheism in the region of ancient Israel and Judah did not take hold overnight, and during the intermediate stages most people are believed to have remained henotheistic.

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During this intermediate period of henotheism many families worshipped different gods. Religion was very much centred around the family, as opposed to the community. The region of Israel and Judah was sparsely populated during the time of Moses. As such many different areas worshipped different gods,

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Finkelstein holds that Judah emerged as an operational kingdom somewhat later than Israel, during the second half of 9th century BCE, but the subject is one of considerable controversy. There are indications that during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, the southern highlands had been divided

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These surveys revolutionized the study of early Israel. The discovery of the remains of a dense network of highland villages – all apparently established within the span of few generations – indicated that a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central

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Out of the discussions a new model is beginning to emerge, which has been inspired, above all, by recent archaeological field research. There are several variations in this new theory, but they share in common the image of an Israelite community which arose peacefully and internally in the highlands

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writes that archaeological and demographic surveys show that the population of Judah was significantly reduced to barely 10% of what it had been in the time before the exile. The assassination around 582 of the Babylonian governor by a disaffected member of the former royal House of David provoked a

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Extensive archaeological excavations have provided a picture of Israelite society during the early Iron Age period. The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population. During this period, Israelites lived primarily in small

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proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and the notable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as markers of ethnicity, but others have cautioned that these can be a "common-sense" adaptation to highland life and not necessarily

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would reign there forever. The fall of the city and the end of Davidic kingship forced the leaders of the exile community – kings, priests, scribes and prophets – to reformulate the concepts of community, faith and politics. The exile community in Babylon thus became

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Archaeological records indicate that the Kingdom of Israel was fairly prosperous. The late Iron Age saw an increase in urban development in Israel. Whereas previously the Israelites had lived mainly in small and unfortified settlements, the rise of the Kingdom of Israel saw the growth of cities and

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is the act of worshipping a single god, without denying the existence of other deities. Many scholars believe that before monotheism in ancient Israel, there came a transitional period; in this transitional period many followers of the Israelite religion worshipped the god Yahweh, but did not deny

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The destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (586 B.C.E.) is the most traumatic event described in biblical historiography, and in its shadow the history of the people of Israel was reshaped. The harsh impression of the destruction left its mark on the prophetic literature also, and particular

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is unknown, it is certain that the transition was a gradual one and was not totally accomplished during the First Temple period. More is known about this period, as during this time writing was widespread. The number of gods that the Israelites worshipped decreased, and figurative images vanished

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In the 7th century Jerusalem grew to contain a population many times greater than earlier and achieved clear dominance over its neighbours. This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and was probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the

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in the Iron Age. This new culture is characterized by a lack of pork remains (whereas pork formed 20% of the Philistine diet in places), by an abandonment of the Philistine/Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery, and by the practice of circumcision. The Israelite ethnic identity had

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were syncretized in the Israelite pantheon. El already occupied a reasonably important place in the Israelite religion. Even the name "Israel" is based on the name El, rather than Yahweh. It was this initial harmonization of Israelite and Canaanite religious thought that led to Yahweh gradually

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In the Late Bronze Age there were no more than about 25 villages in the highlands, but this increased to over 300 by the end of Iron Age I, while the settled population doubled from 20,000 to 40,000. The villages were more numerous and larger in the north, and probably shared the highlands with

3895:, have also been found in the Negev, and a collection of military orders found there suggest literacy was present throughout the ranks of the Judahite army. This suggests that literacy was not limited to a tiny elite, indicating the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah. 4024:

writes that the concentration of the biblical literature on the experience of the exiles in Babylon disguises that the great majority of the population remained in Judah; for them, life after the fall of Jerusalem probably went on much as it had before. It may even have improved, as they were

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and four-room houses have been identified outside the highlands and thus cannot be used to distinguish Israelite sites, and while the pottery of the highland villages is far more limited than that of lowland Canaanite sites, it develops typologically out of Canaanite pottery that came before.

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The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, but the liquidation of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries. The most significant casualty was the state ideology of "Zion theology," the idea that the god of Israel had chosen

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Babylonian Judah suffered a steep decline in both economy and population and lost the Negev, the Shephelah, and part of the Judean hill country, including Hebron, to encroachments from Edom and other neighbours. Jerusalem, destroyed but probably not totally abandoned, was much smaller than

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in the Late Bronze Age was a shadow of what it had been centuries earlier: many cities were abandoned, others shrank in size, and the total settled population was probably not much more than a hundred thousand. Settlement was concentrated in cities along the coastal plain and along major

3399:. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia. The location and geographical characteristics of the narrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerful entities that surrounded it. 3866:

incursions and attacks, but after the Arameans were subjugated by the Assyrians and Israel could afford to put less resources into defending its territory, its architectural infrastructure grew dramatically. Extensive fortifications were built around cities such as

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in Archaeology & History of the Land of the Bible International MA in Ancient Israel Studies, Tel Aviv University: "...Megiddo has...a fascinating picture of state-formation and social evolution in the Bronze Age (ca. 3500-1150 B.C.) and Iron Age (ca. 1150-600

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Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to

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was already a Canaanite city-state recognizing Egyptian overlordship. Politically and culturally it was dominated by Egypt, each city under its own ruler, constantly at odds with its neighbours, and appealing to the Egyptians to adjudicate their differences.

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was conquered in 604, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location. There is also a strong probability that for most or all of the period the temple at

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traditions. Using Canaanite religion as a base was natural due to the fact that the Canaanite culture inhabited the same region prior to the emergence of Israelite culture. Israelite religion was no exception, as during the transitional period, Yahweh and

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Unusually favourable climatic conditions in the first two centuries of Iron Age II brought about an expansion of population, settlements and trade throughout the region. In the central highlands this resulted in unification in a kingdom with the

4295:(520 BCE – 70 CE) differed in significant ways from what had gone before. Strict monotheism emerged among the priests of the Temple establishment during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, as did beliefs regarding 4086:

El, the Canaanite creator deity, Megiddo, Stratum VII, Late Bronze II, 1400–1200 BCE, bronze with gold leaf – Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago – DSC07734 The Canaanite god El, who may have been the precursor to the Israelite god

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Regev, Johanna; Gadot, Yuval; Uziel, Joe; Chalaf, Ortal; Shalev, Yiftah; Roth, Helena; Shalom, Nitsan; Szanton, Nahshon; Bocher, Efrat; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Brown, David M.; Mintz, Eugenia; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (29 April 2024).

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that appear to be related to the coronation of kings, they are referred to as "sons of Yahweh". The kings actually had to succeed one another according to a dynastic principle, even though the succession was occasionally decided through

3495:, who left no remains. Archaeologists and historians attempting to trace the origins of these villagers have found it impossible to identify any distinctive features that could define them as specifically Israelite – 4239:. Refugees from the northern kingdom fled to Judah, bringing with them laws and a prophetic tradition of Yahweh. This religion was subsequently adopted by the landowners of Judah, who in 640 BCE placed the eight-year-old 4243:

on the throne. Judah at this time was a vassal state of Assyria, but Assyrian power collapsed in the 630s, and around 622 Josiah and his supporters launched a bid for independence expressed as loyalty to "Yahweh alone".

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at an early stage. There is a general consensus among scholars that the first formative event in the emergence of the distinctive religion described in the Bible was triggered by the destruction of Israel by Assyria in

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Archaeologist Paula McNutt says: "It is probably… during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'," differentiating itself from its neighbours via prohibitions on intermarriage, an emphasis on

4205:(the sun) in the early period. At an early stage El and Yahweh became fused and Asherah did not continue as a separate state cult, although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persian times. 4034:, but the situation seems to have soon stabilized again. Nevertheless, those unwalled cities and towns that remained were subject to slave raids by the Phoenicians and intervention in their internal affairs by 3406:

communication routes; the central and northern hill country which would later become the biblical kingdom of Israel was only sparsely inhabited although letters from the Egyptian archives indicate that

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The Bible's descriptions of the lists of dignitaries from the reigns of David and Solomon show that the king is supported by a group of high dignitaries. Those include the chief of the army (Hebrew:

3466:: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity, well enough established for the Egyptians to perceive it as a possible challenge, but an 5877: 3073:'s hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE. This history unfolds within the 3862:

the construction of palaces, large royal enclosures, and fortifications with walls and gates. Israel initially had to invest significant resources into defence as it was subjected to regular

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were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure – and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity.

3450:. The process was gradual and a strong Egyptian presence continued into the 12th century BCE, and, while some Canaanite cities were destroyed, others continued to exist in Iron Age I. 3745:). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of people from Israel and their replacement with settlers from other parts of the empire – such 4768: 3964:

previously, and the settlements surrounding it, as well as the towns in the former kingdom's western borders, were all devastated as a result of the Babylonian campaign. The town of

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the existence of other deities accepted throughout the region. Henotheistic worship was not uncommon in the Ancient Near East, as many Iron Age nation states worshipped an elevated

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continued to be practised across Israel and Judah. These practices were influenced by the polytheistic beliefs of the surrounding ethnicities, and were denounced by the prophets.

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on storage jar handles, excavated from strata in and around that formed by Sennacherib's destruction, appear to have been used throughout Sennacherib's 29-year reign, along with

4872: 7862: 4718:, SBL Press, Atlanta, GA, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..." 3891:, which originally formed part of one structure, also contain material culture from the 10th century BCE or earlier. The ruins of a significant Judahite military fortress, 3272:

The Iron Age II period is followed by periods named after conquering empires, such as the Neo-Babylonians becoming the "godfathers" for the Babylonian period (586–539

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revelatory of origins. Other Aramaean sites also demonstrate a contemporary absence of pig remains at that time, unlike earlier Canaanite and later Philistine excavations.

4288:, which interpreted the Babylonian destruction as divinely-ordained punishment for the failure of Israel's kings to worship Yahweh to the exclusion of all other deities. 1720: 3981:

in Benjamin replaced that at Jerusalem, boosting the prestige of Bethel's priests (the Aaronites) against those of Jerusalem (the Zadokites), now in exile in Babylon.

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records a series of campaigns directed at the area. Israel had clearly emerged in the first half of the 9th century BCE, this is attested when the Assyrian king

3695:. This "Sir'lit" is most often interpreted as "Israel". At this time Israel was apparently engaged in a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of the 3944:, which was taken over about a century later by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, created after the revolt of the Babylonians and them defeating the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 2298: 8663: 3158:, respectively. The kingdoms' history is known in greater detail than that of other kingdoms in the Levant, primarily due to the selective narratives in the 1953: 1648: 601: 1840: 4392:) of Yahweh"; the end of the ritual seems marked by an acclamation by the people (or at least their representatives, the Elders), followed by a banquet. 7097: 29:

This article is about Iron Age history of the Israelites, including the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. For the post-exilic period of Jewish history, see

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Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal state controlling the valuable olive industry. Judah prospered as a vassal state (despite a

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Niehr, Herbert (1999). "Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period". In Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds.).

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Dever, William (1987). "Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Middle Bronze Age: The Zenith of the Urban Canaanite Era".

8120: 6486: 4772: 3806:, a notable increase in the power of the Judean state can be observed. This is reflected in archaeological sites and findings, such as the 616: 7701:

Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.), "The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible" (Oxford University Press, 2020)

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seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the 10th century BCE. Significant administrative structures such as the

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was virtually an archaeological terra incognita. Since then, intensive surveys have examined the traditional territories of the tribes of

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inscription dating back to around 1208 BCE. Archaeological evidence suggests that ancient Israelite culture evolved from the pre-existing

9156: 9063: 8897: 7991: 4794: 4674: 1322: 1285: 701: 3554:. These surveys have revealed the sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in 8256: 7594: 7681:

Day, John (ed.), "In search of pre-exilic Israel: proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar" (T&T Clark International, 2004)

3177:. While the Kingdom of Judah remained intact during this time, it became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the 9085: 7867: 7857: 7716:

Levine, Lee I., "Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.)" (Jewish Publication Society, 2002)

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became increasingly important, and most of the biblical literature, including the Torah, was substantially revised during this time.

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rewarded with the land and property of the deportees, much to the anger of the community of exiles remaining in Babylon. Conversely,

2261: 586: 9141: 8998: 8668: 8635: 5610: 3918:), but in the last half of the 7th century BCE, Assyria suddenly collapsed, and the ensuing competition between Egypt and the 3144:

of it that are accepted as consensus—but historians and archaeologists agree that Israel and Judah existed as separate kingdoms by

2284: 9146: 9136: 8892: 7952: 5307:...the emergence of the 'Tirzah polity' (the first fifty years of the Northern Kingdom) in the middle of the tenth century BCE... 1634: 502: 8562: 8283: 7248: 3041: 2211: 2146: 2028: 9051: 9046: 8372: 8042: 7852: 7648: 7625: 7604: 7583: 7560: 7539: 7518: 7497: 7476: 7455: 7431: 7410: 7389: 7368: 7345: 7324: 7303: 7279: 7258: 7237: 7214: 7191: 7170: 7149: 7128: 7107: 7086: 7065: 7044: 7021: 7000: 6979: 6958: 6911: 6888: 6867: 6846: 6825: 6804: 6783: 6762: 6743: 6722: 6701: 6677: 6656: 6646: 6635: 6614: 6562: 6294: 6284: 5949: 5827: 5594: 5499: 5475: 5356: 5279: 5242: 5128: 4900: 4752: 4657: 1332: 7711:

Lemche, Neils Peter, "The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey" (Westminster John Knox Press, 2008)

9068: 8779: 7840: 7441: 4875:, in Near Eastern Archaeology 82.1 (2019), p. 8: "...The late Iron I system came to an end during the tenth century BCE..." 4590: 1770: 521: 7292:(2003). "Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period". In Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded (eds.). 8190: 8025: 7755: 4550: 3880: 3109: 2038: 1855: 1845: 543: 211: 6835:

Cahill, Jane M. (1992). "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.).

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The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995

3642:, that can be considered the precursor of the Kingdom of Israel. The Kingdom of Israel was consolidated as an important 3576:

Modern scholars therefore see Israel arising peacefully and internally from existing people in the highlands of Canaan.

8751: 8542: 6360: 5270: 4304: 4190: 3182: 2434: 2384: 2349: 2043: 1908: 1775: 38: 5123:. Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement series. Vol. 241. Sheffield: A&C Black. p. 31. 9209: 7335: 6496: 4632: 3675:

as its capital, possibly by the second half of the 10th century BCE when an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh

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Eph’al Jaruzelska, I. (2010). "Officialdom and Society in the Book of Kings: The Social Relevance of the State." In

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Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E

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Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2003). "Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period". In Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded (eds.).

4907:, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University, last modified 1997, accessed 11 February 2019 4585: 3814:, an aqueduct designed to provide Jerusalem with water during an impending siege by the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by 3769: 3355:, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone of foothills, the 2419: 2401: 2307: 2201: 2053: 2048: 1973: 1938: 1805: 7666:

Arnold, Bill T.; Hess, Richard S., "Ancient Israel's History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources" (Baker, 2014)

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Mazar, Amihay (2007). "The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues". In Schmidt, Brian B. (ed.).

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summarized recent studies. They described how, up until 1967, the Israelite heartland in the highlands of western

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Stager, Lawrence E. (1998). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.).

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Lehman, Gunnar (1992). "The United Monarchy in the Countryside". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.).

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in the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom became the capital of the new Babylonian province of

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Knauf, Ernst Axel; Niemann, Hermann Michael "Geschichte Israels und Judas im Altertum" (Walter de Gruyter, 2021)

8251: 8049: 7805: 7800: 7748: 6200: 3741:, which first split its territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 2410: 2396: 2364: 2344: 2312: 2256: 2231: 2206: 2186: 2176: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2131: 2121: 2116: 2093: 2008: 1993: 1913: 1872: 1825: 1820: 1740: 1685: 563: 17: 6551:

Ahlström, G.W. (1995). "Administration of the State in Canaan and Ancient Israel". In Sasson, Jack, M. (ed.).

3733:" (i.e., Israel). It bears what is generally thought to be the earliest extra-biblical reference to the name " 8902: 8295: 7882: 7615: 4540: 4138: 2831: 2369: 2354: 2317: 2279: 2251: 2241: 2236: 2221: 2216: 2196: 2181: 2166: 2141: 2107: 2078: 1978: 1963: 1887: 1877: 1795: 1765: 1690: 1676: 6711:

Becking, Bob (2003b). "Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)". In Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob (eds.).

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against the Babylonians led to the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE, under the rule of Babylonian king

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The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times

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in 722 BCE, and the Kingdom of Judah began to flourish in the second half of the 9th century BCE.

2903: 2748: 2456: 1850: 1046: 1036: 772: 687: 596: 485: 58: 3922:

for control of the land led to the destruction of Judah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582.

8845: 8547: 8457: 8300: 8032: 7726:

Niditch, Susan (ed.), "The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel" (John Wiley & Sons, 2016)

7696:

Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.), "The Ancient Israelite World" (Taylor & Francis, 2022)

4555: 4510: 3017: 2710: 2561: 2502: 1393: 548: 3508: 3124:; the great kingdom later was separated into two smaller kingdoms: Israel, containing the cities of 8168: 8125: 8088: 7847: 7771: 4650:

The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories

3435: 3242: 2720: 2700: 1810: 1290: 831: 591: 581: 268: 166: 92: 6604: 4886:"The Iron I/IIA Transition in the Levant: A Reply to Mazar and Bronk Ramsey and a New Perspective" 3729:), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the "House of 9013: 8678: 8673: 8621: 8532: 8357: 8246: 8233: 8098: 8059: 5235:

Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives

4716:

Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives

4505: 4269: 3884: 3834:

from sealed documents, some that belonged to Hezekiah himself and others that name his servants.

2861: 2851: 2816: 2695: 2685: 2468: 1639: 1581: 1415: 1094: 1051: 766: 659: 621: 536: 324: 6733: 5994:"Temple and Dynasty: Hezekiah, the Remaking of Judah and the Rise of the Pan-Israelite Ideology" 9039: 8840: 8507: 8430: 8403: 8278: 7938: 7903: 7676:

Cook, Stephen L., "The social roots of biblical Yahwism" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2004)

4365: 3807: 3672: 3129: 3112:" consisting of Israel and Judah existed as early as the 11th century BCE, under the reigns of 3090: 2980: 2715: 2629: 1695: 1247: 866: 836: 7715: 7670: 7011: 6899: 6667: 5818: 5489: 5467: 4802: 4742: 4727: 4682: 3093:. During the Iron Age II period, two Israelite kingdoms emerged, covering much of Canaan: the 9111: 9090: 9029: 9024: 8850: 8784: 8557: 8502: 8435: 8322: 8273: 7400: 7356: 7225: 7118: 7032: 5346: 5230: 4711: 4255: 3919: 3888: 3639: 3611: 3336: 3202: 3178: 3141: 2871: 2866: 2811: 2599: 1514: 1242: 1229: 1124: 841: 654: 7691:

Hess, Richard S., "Israelite religions: an archaeological and biblical survey" (Baker, 2007)

8771: 8756: 8527: 8425: 8241: 8202: 7986: 7835: 7830: 6403: 6195: 5993: 5941:

Only One God? : Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah

4535: 4525: 4500: 4292: 4031: 3531: 3314: 3250: 3198: 2942: 2894: 2634: 2492: 1305: 1170: 1159: 1117: 606: 426: 259: 30: 6936: 3822:, a lintel inscription found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to comptroller 3173:

The northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the

8: 9116: 8956: 8789: 8447: 8420: 8367: 8214: 8207: 8175: 8093: 8071: 8020: 6606:

A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy

4071: 3761: 3746: 3738: 3647: 3522: 3513: 3423: 3194: 3174: 3167: 3137: 2995: 2690: 1368: 1235: 1138: 1131: 1061: 949: 824: 553: 507: 381: 5550: 3915: 3426:

translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel", representing the first instance of the name

9131: 8746: 8726: 8522: 8484: 8469: 8352: 8151: 8137: 7908: 7785: 7637: 7203: 6385: 6377: 6265: 6257: 6217: 6172: 6117: 6109: 6056: 6021: 5291: 5226: 4769:"British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE)" 4530: 4385: 3965: 3902: 3868: 3819: 3607: 3564: 3535: 3527: 3501: 3206: 2846: 2796: 2743: 2738: 2652: 2522: 1790: 1619: 1378: 1298: 1152: 718: 611: 393: 310: 4858: 3638:

another large polity emerged in the northern highlands with its capital eventually at

3262: 9163: 9034: 8949: 8872: 8835: 8799: 8581: 8494: 8362: 8327: 8310: 8163: 8083: 7973: 7644: 7621: 7600: 7579: 7572: 7556: 7535: 7514: 7493: 7472: 7451: 7445: 7427: 7406: 7385: 7364: 7341: 7320: 7299: 7275: 7254: 7233: 7210: 7187: 7166: 7145: 7124: 7103: 7082: 7061: 7040: 7017: 6996: 6975: 6954: 6907: 6884: 6863: 6842: 6821: 6800: 6779: 6758: 6739: 6718: 6697: 6673: 6652: 6631: 6610: 6568: 6558: 6492: 6389: 6290: 6269: 6121: 6101: 6060: 6025: 6013: 5955: 5945: 5920: 5823: 5693: 5590: 5555: 5537: 5495: 5471: 5431: 5352: 5342: 5295: 5238: 5124: 4748: 4653: 4628: 4520: 4352: 4265: 3956: 3952: 3551: 3543: 3217: 3186: 2990: 2932: 2912: 2729: 2289: 1928: 1388: 1259: 1189: 1066: 979: 846: 329: 288: 120: 105: 67: 4421:) who was in charge of the management of the royal chancellery, the herald (Hebrew: 4381: 8944: 8830: 8825: 8804: 8736: 8683: 8512: 8464: 8342: 7887: 7790: 7736:

Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism (2nd edition)" (Eerdmans, 2022)

6944: 6369: 6249: 6209: 6160: 6093: 6048: 6005: 5910: 5685: 5582: 5545: 5529: 5491:

The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity

5283: 3999: 3688: 3593: 3547: 3340: 3098: 2960: 2841: 2801: 2765: 2463: 2013: 1524: 1280: 1184: 1099: 989: 781: 446: 388: 371: 305: 298: 231: 130: 115: 110: 7289: 6817:

Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism

5650: 4897: 3140:, in the south. The historicity of the United Monarchy is debated—as there are no 9106: 8936: 8884: 8860: 8855: 8597: 8552: 8537: 8517: 8479: 8452: 8398: 7735: 7731:

Sparks, Kenton L., "Ethnicity and identity in ancient Israel" (Eisenbrauns, 1998)

7730: 7725: 7720: 7710: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7665: 7550: 7529: 7508: 7487: 7466: 7379: 7314: 7269: 7181: 7160: 7139: 7076: 7055: 6990: 6969: 6948: 6878: 6857: 6836: 6794: 6712: 6691: 6687: 6625: 5673: 5118: 4904: 4824: 4575: 4565: 4545: 4356: 4312: 4281: 4021: 4003: 3995: 3986: 3765: 3680: 3631: 3581: 3454: 3419: 3359:; like the plain this narrows as it goes northwards, ending in the promontory of 3344: 3230: 3213: 3159: 3082: 3074: 2922: 2881: 2876: 2856: 2778: 2772: 2705: 2657: 2497: 2478: 1629: 1358: 1270: 1253: 797: 649: 480: 436: 360: 100: 7671:

Brettler, Marc Z., "The Creation of History in Ancient Israel" (Routledge, 1995)

6904:

Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman

6355: 5689: 3363:. East of the plain and the Shfela is a mountainous ridge, the "hill country of 9126: 8794: 8693: 8644: 8115: 8108: 6135: 5517: 5468:

Biblical History and Israel S Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History

4560: 4491: 4388:

of the king who then becomes the "anointed one (māšîaḥ, the origin of the word

4384:. The coronation seemed to take place in a sacred place, and was marked by the 4285: 4277: 4273: 4015: 3991: 3947: 3696: 3643: 3539: 3480: 3348: 3306: 3238: 3234: 3163: 3022: 2821: 2676: 2556: 2535: 2512: 2507: 2485: 2473: 2068: 1549: 1483: 1448: 1426: 1363: 1201: 1179: 1041: 1020: 996: 762: 744: 639: 415: 356: 125: 6714:

Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era

5959: 9203: 9151: 8602: 8290: 7996: 6572: 6105: 6017: 6009: 5973:

Stern, Ephraim (2001). "Pagan Yahwism: The folk religion of ancient Israel".

5924: 5697: 5586: 5541: 5412: 5090: 4477: 4340: 4261: 4165: 4064: 4026: 3940:

After its fall, the former Kingdom of Israel became the Assyrian province of

3906: 3850: 3811: 3708: 3376: 3368: 3310: 3246: 3086: 2970: 2965: 2171: 2098: 1624: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1431: 1383: 1145: 984: 889: 851: 802: 677: 475: 411: 6040: 5533: 4055:, as some scholars name this belief system, is often described as a form of 3414: 3205:. The exilic period saw the development of the Israelite religion towards a 9188: 8809: 8130: 7920: 6627:

A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees

6052: 5559: 4209: 4096: 3831: 3737:". A century later Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding 3653: 3567:, but from a transformation of the existing Canaanite-Philistine cultures. 3467: 3380: 3360: 3105: 3000: 2826: 2667: 2662: 2620: 2573: 1667: 1534: 1519: 1478: 1443: 1056: 898: 558: 407: 7162:

Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)

3959:, which documented the condition of the exiled Judean community in Babylon 3792:

between a number of centres, none with clear primacy. During the reign of

8197: 7614:

Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999).

5575:"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" 4124: 4108: 4011: 3872: 3815: 3716: 3439: 3081:. The earliest documented mention of "Israel" as a people appears on the 2985: 2927: 2592: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1458: 278: 197: 7740: 6992:

Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah

6113: 5915: 5898: 4848:, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103 9168: 8721: 8001: 7815: 7721:

Na'aman, Nadav, "Ancient Israel and its neighbours" (Eisenbrauns, 2005)

6381: 6261: 6221: 6176: 5400:

Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature

5093:, "How Did Israel Become a People? The Genesis of Israelite Identity", 4225: 4170: 4143: 4091: 4056: 4047: 4007: 3752: 3676: 3627: 3619: 3560: 3447: 3245:. During this time, the destroyed Solomon's Temple was replaced by the 3066: 2643: 1657: 1586: 1544: 1373: 1353: 912: 819: 739: 490: 193: 135: 78: 6648:

Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E

5939: 4327: 4099:

which was nonetheless only part of a wider pantheon; examples include

3837: 3610:, after an emergent and large polity was suddenly formed based on the 3438:, and Canaanite culture was then gradually absorbed into those of the 8961: 8865: 6971:

Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel

6552: 6097: 5878:"Israel Regains Rare Ancient Hebrew Papyrus From First Temple Period" 4316: 4060: 4035: 3972:. This was standard Babylonian practice: when the Philistine city of 3876: 3827: 3484: 3443: 3407: 3189:. According to the biblical account, the armies of Nebuchadnezzar II 3133: 2806: 2791: 1881: 1829: 1591: 1539: 1529: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1111: 871: 7705: 6373: 6253: 6213: 6041:"Hezekiah's Cultic Reforms according to the Archaeological Evidence" 5265: 1559: 9121: 8981: 8413: 8266: 8103: 6081: 5861:

Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012).

5611:"New look at ancient shards suggests Bible even older than thought" 5574: 5287: 4332: 3973: 3941: 3931: 3892: 3863: 3842: 3793: 3384: 3078: 2975: 2585: 2517: 1348: 856: 807: 7930: 5819:

Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period: The Archaeology of Desolation.

8976: 8971: 8613: 8442: 8185: 8008: 7613: 5882: 4714:, in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), 4389: 4308: 4247: 4221: 4202: 4194: 4160: 4128: 4100: 4052: 3623: 3396: 3372: 3125: 3121: 2951: 2917: 2786: 2580: 1569: 1564: 1436: 1327: 1222: 1218: 1214: 963: 958: 935: 917: 792: 787: 777: 755: 730: 644: 497: 151: 7686:

Frevel, Christian, "History of Ancient Israel" (SBL Press, 2023)

4268:

during the Babylonian exile. This revision was expressed in the

3646:

by the first half of the 9th century BCE, before falling to the

9078: 8986: 8966: 8408: 8261: 8013: 7961: 7489:

A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah

5261: 4515: 4376: 4240: 4217: 4178: 4116: 3978: 3823: 3773: 3734: 3712: 3615: 3555: 3496: 3402: 3392: 3379:. To the east again lie the steep-sided valley occupied by the 3356: 3352: 3070: 2611: 2606: 2566: 2551: 1662: 1554: 974: 940: 926: 861: 512: 156: 142: 5231:"Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem" 4712:"Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem" 4220:

in southern Canaan and may have been brought to Israel by the

4137:

syncretized elements from neighbouring cultures, largely from

4046:

Although the specific process by which the Israelites adopted

3330: 7863:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

7141:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period

6082:"The Discovered Book and the Legitimation of Josiah's Reform" 5233:. In Joachim J. Krause; Omer Sergi; Kristin Weingart (eds.). 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4570: 4344: 4300: 4296: 4120: 3925: 3854: 3704: 3492: 3364: 3117: 1574: 1003: 907: 876: 161: 3512:

A reconstructed Israelite house, 10th–7th century BCE.

7271:

Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period

6950:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?

6838:

Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period

5899:"Archaeology and Folk or Family Religion in Ancient Israel" 4652:(1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 4336: 4213: 4198: 4174: 4112: 4104: 3898: 3846: 3757: 3730: 3700: 3684: 3388: 3347:, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the 3113: 726: 5674:"The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule" 4697: 4898:

Jerusalem in the First Temple period (c.1000-586 B.C.E.)

4322: 3990:

the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible:

3422:. While alternative translations exist, the majority of 7010:

Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003).

5860: 4185:

The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I, like the

7357:"Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E." 6163:(2005). "Assyrian Ideology and Israelite Monotheism". 4825:"Second Temple Period (538 BCE to 70 CE) Persian Rule" 4212:

of both Israel and Judah, seems to have originated in

3434:

The Canaanite city state system broke down during the

5514: 5266:"First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel" 3339:

seaboard stretches 400 miles north to south from the

3193:

between 589–586 BCE, which led to the destruction of

7354: 7053: 5991: 4647: 4467: 4455: 4442: 4429: 4416: 4403: 4370: 2590: 2571: 994: 7054:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). 6427:

Tubbs, Jonathan (2006) "The Canaanites" (BBC Books)

5992:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). 5466:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (17 May 2011). 4873:

First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel

4761: 4648:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). 4010:; and the final form of the history of Israel from 7636: 7571: 7531:An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah 7295:Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period 7202: 6796:Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period 5212:. Biblical Archaeology Society. 13 September 2022. 4625:British Museum Dictionary of the Ancient Near East 7361:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E 7230:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E 6665: 6198:(1942). "Monotheism and the Religion of Israel". 4857:The Lester and Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities, 4622: 3395:, which continues down to the eastern arm of the 9201: 4030:Babylonian crackdown, possibly reflected in the 3331:Background: Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 BCE) 7596:Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel 5522:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7639:The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction 5767: 5765: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5319: 5317: 5315: 4942: 4940: 4884:Finkelstein, Israel, and Eli Piasetzky, 2010. 4249:The Babylonian exile and Second Temple Judaism 3985:Jerusalem for his dwelling-place and that the 3810:; a defensive city wall in Jerusalem; and the 8629: 7946: 7756: 7617:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 7592: 7201:King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). 5351:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 40–. 3626:, in the 10th century BCE, a return to small 3042: 695: 7402:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel 7355:Lipschits, Oded; Vanderhooft, David (2006). 7078:No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel 7009: 6735:Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah 6666:Avery-Peck, Alan; et al., eds. (2003). 6557:. Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 590–595. 5723:Blenkinsopp in Blenkinsopp 2003, pp. 103–05. 5120:No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel 3587: 3473: 7440: 7120:Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives 6813: 6792: 6771: 6453: 6451: 5762: 5621: 5312: 5260: 5225: 5075: 5057: 4937: 4641: 1286:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 8636: 8622: 7953: 7939: 7763: 7749: 7359:. In Lipschits, Oded; et al. (eds.). 7250:The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BCE 7228:. In Lipschits, Oded; et al. (eds.). 7223: 7200: 7099:Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction 6752: 5998:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 5335: 4627:. British Museum Press. pp. 157–158. 3926:Aftermath: Assyrian and Babylonian periods 3657:Model of Levantine four-roomed house from 3602:Capital (architecture) § Proto-Aeolic 3049: 3035: 702: 688: 7868:List of burial places of biblical figures 7858:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology 7770: 7419: 7333: 7179: 6350: 6348: 5914: 5671: 5549: 5106:Finkelstein and Silberman (2001), p. 107. 4623:Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan (2000). 4235: 3802: 3742: 3725: 3663: 3635: 3462: 3323: 3298: 3273: 3225: 7569: 7552:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 7226:"And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit" 6859:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 6710: 6644: 6550: 6491:. Oxford University Press. p. 261. 6488:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 6485:Coogan, Michael David (8 January 2001). 6448: 6286:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 6233: 6231: 6045:The Last Century in the History of Judah 6039:Moulis, David Rafael (8 November 2019), 5326: 5081:Finkelstein and Silberman (2001), p. 107 5039: 5030: 4985: 4447:) and the master of the palace (Hebrew: 4326: 4164: 4081: 3946: 3916:disastrous rebellion against Sennacherib 3897: 3836: 3751: 3652: 3507: 3413: 37: 7450:. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. 7316:The Israelites in History and Tradition 7288: 7116: 7095: 7030: 6731: 6686: 6623: 6602: 6358:(2000). "At the Origins of the Bible". 6289:. Oxford University Press. p. 54. 6190: 6188: 6186: 6165:British Institute for the Study of Iraq 6079: 5937: 5221: 5219: 4434:), as well as the high priest (Hebrew: 4311:gained more significance as symbols of 3453:The name "Israel" first appears in the 3065:spans from the early appearance of the 14: 9202: 7548: 7527: 7398: 7312: 7267: 7158: 7137: 6920: 6902:. In Amit, Yaira; et al. (eds.). 6897: 6876: 6855: 6834: 6554:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 6546: 6544: 6538:Peck & Neusner, eds. (2003), p. 59 6520:Peck & Neusner, eds. (2003), p. 58 6484: 6354: 6345: 6325: 6282: 6276: 6159: 6153: 6038: 5897:Dever, William G. (12 December 2019). 5341: 5237:. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 48. 4817: 4795:"ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius" 4747:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. 4740: 4721: 4672: 3201:; this event was also recorded in the 3132:, in the north, and Judah, containing 8617: 7934: 7853:Historical reliability of the Gospels 7744: 7634: 7574:Early History of the Israelite People 7506: 7485: 7464: 7447:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah 7377: 7246: 7074: 6988: 6967: 6943: 6505: 6237: 6228: 5972: 5896: 5856: 5854: 5572: 5487: 5402:, Oxford University Press, 2005, 164. 5280:American Schools of Oriental Research 5116: 4666: 4323:Administrative and judicial structure 3760:King of Israel giving tribute to the 3279:Other academic terms often used are: 8780:Timeline of the Second Temple period 6194: 6183: 5876:Benn, Aluf, ed. (7 September 2022). 5875: 5254: 5216: 4618: 4616: 4591:Time periods in the Palestine region 3351:. The coastal plain of the southern 3229:. Subsequently, the Achaemenid king 3170:, which were included in the Bible. 7960: 7796:History of ancient Israel and Judah 7381:The Quest for the Historical Israel 6541: 5573:Mazar, Amihai (19 September 2010). 4675:"David, King of Judah (Not Israel)" 4551:Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) 4448: 4435: 4422: 4409: 4396: 4360: 4154: 3699:and Galilee in the north, and with 3233:issued a proclamation known as the 3063:history of ancient Israel and Judah 24: 8664:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 8643: 8121:National parks and nature reserves 7659: 7620:(2d ed.). Koninklijke Brill. 7384:. Society of Biblical Literature. 7186:. Society of Biblical Literature. 7117:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). 7096:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). 6669:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 6651:. Society of Biblical Literature. 5851: 5665: 5199:Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62. 4248: 4191:religions of the ancient Near East 3687:Sir'lit" among his enemies at the 25: 9226: 6080:Na’aman, Nadav (1 January 2011). 5863:The Routledge Companion to Theism 5822:Society of Biblical Lit. p. 140. 5429: 5072:Edelman in Brett 2002, pp. 46–47. 4955:Cahill in Vaughn 1992, pp. 27–33. 4613: 1077:Historical population comparisons 7873:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts 7814: 7423:The Troubles of Templeless Judah 7013:Eerdmans commentary on the Bible 6856:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). 6579: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6478: 6469: 6460: 4586:Timeline of the Palestine region 4484: 4470: 4189:from which it evolved and other 3770:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 3470:rather than an organized state. 1721:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1635:Historical population by country 671: 77: 43:The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel 8994:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 8752:Judah's revolts against Babylon 7444:; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). 7405:. Westminster John Knox Press. 7319:. Westminster John Knox Press. 7209:. Westminster John Knox Press. 7165:. T&T Clark International. 7159:Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). 7144:. T&T Clark International. 6923:"The Origin of Biblical Israel" 6900:"The Origin of Biblical Israel" 6630:. Westminster John Knox Press. 6609:. Westminster John Knox Press. 6475:Van der Toorn 1999, pp. 911–13. 6445:Van der Toorn 1996, pp. 181–82. 6439: 6430: 6421: 6396: 6319: 6310: 6128: 6073: 6047:, SBL Press, pp. 167–180, 6032: 5985: 5966: 5931: 5890: 5869: 5842: 5833: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5656: 5644: 5635: 5603: 5579:One God – One Cult – One Nation 5566: 5508: 5481: 5460: 5442: 5423: 5405: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5109: 5100: 5084: 5066: 5048: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4891: 4878: 4865: 4851: 4839: 4002:; the work of the hypothesized 3634:, but between 950 and 900 3249:, marking the beginning of the 7806:Jesus in comparative mythology 7801:Quest for the historical Jesus 7337:The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem 6755:A History of the Jewish People 6328:"Why Is Israel Called Israel?" 6326:Giliad, Elon (20 April 2015). 6283:Coogan, Michael David (2001). 6201:Journal of Biblical Literature 6136:"the definition of henotheism" 6086:Journal of Biblical Literature 5432:"Ancient Israelite Technology" 5389:Lehman in Vaughn 1992, p. 149. 5348:The Religion of Ancient Israel 5210:"Daily Life in Ancient Israel" 4787: 4744:Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls 4734: 4673:Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). 4177:, 14th–12th century BCE ( 3588:Iron Age II (950–587 BCE) 3474:Iron Age I (1150–950 BCE) 349:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages 13: 1: 7883:List of New Testament uncials 7593:Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). 7420:Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). 6511:Dunn and Rogerson, pp. 153–54 5599:– via www.academia.edu. 5009:Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91. 4710:Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). 4602: 4541:History of the ancient Levant 4408:), the great scribe (Hebrew: 4315:, and the institution of the 4230: 4201:as a fourth god, and perhaps 4077: 3797: 3777: 3720: 3658: 3457: 3318: 3291: 3268:Iron Age II: 950–586 BCE 3220: 3152: 3145: 1292:Christianity and Judaism 9074:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 8038:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7878:List of New Testament papyri 7570:Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). 7492:. Sheffield Academic Press. 7313:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). 7081:. Sheffield Academic Press. 7033:"Ethnicity and Early Israel" 6928:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 6814:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). 6772:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). 6757:. Harvard University Press. 6732:Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). 6693:History and the Hebrew Bible 5653:in Blenkinsopp 2003, p. 291. 4946:Killebrew (2005), pp. 38–39. 4871:Finkelstein, Israel, (2019). 4679:The Bible and Interpretation 4607: 4596:Ancient history of the Negev 3313:marked the beginning of the 3309:and the construction of the 3199:exile of the Jews to Babylon 7: 8373:Water supply and sanitation 7555:. Oxford University Press. 7528:Soggin, Michael J. (1998). 7426:. Oxford University Press. 7102:. Oxford University Press. 7075:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). 7035:. In Brett, Mark G. (ed.). 6880:In Search of Ancient Israel 6862:. Oxford University Press. 6775:Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary 5975:Biblical Archaeology Review 5690:10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155 5413:"LAMRYEU-HNNYEU-OBD-HZQYEU" 5117:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). 5095:Biblical Archaeology Review 4463: 4456: 4443: 4430: 4417: 4404: 4371: 4041: 3936:Yehud (Babylonian province) 3711:in the east for control of 3598:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) 3297: – 586 2591: 2572: 2299:Latin America and Caribbean 995: 10: 9231: 8050:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 7635:Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). 7180:Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). 7138:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 6921:Davies, Philip R. (2009). 6898:Davies, Philip R. (2006). 6877:Davies, Philip R. (1992). 6717:. Koninklijke Van Gorcum. 6595: 6529:Grabbe (2004), pp. 243–44. 6241:The Biblical Archaeologist 5632:Thompson 1992, pp. 410–11. 5494:. SBL Press. p. 197. 5436:World History Encyclopedia 5380:Grabbe (2008), pp. 225–26. 4973:Killebrew 2005, pp. 10–16. 4581:Timeline of Jewish history 4253: 4187:Ancient Canaanite religion 4158: 3929: 3591: 3327: – 70 CE). 3256: 2904:Jewish political movements 2601:Conversion to Judaism 28: 9179: 9099: 9012: 8935: 8883: 8818: 8770: 8712: 8651: 8575: 8493: 8394: 8385: 8318: 8309: 8232: 8159: 8150: 8079: 8070: 7972: 7917: 7896: 7823: 7812: 7778: 7224:Kottsieper, Ingo (2006). 6753:Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). 6645:Albertz, Rainer (2003a). 6501:– via Google Books. 6436:Van der Toorn 1996, p. 4. 5944:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5839:Albertz 2003a, pp. 95–96. 5732:Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 228. 5450:"The Keys to the Kingdom" 5332:Mazar in Schmidt, p. 163. 5097:201 (2009): 62–69, 92–94. 5036:McNutt (1999), pp. 46–47. 4846:Harper's Bible Dictionary 4556:Kings of Israel and Judah 4511:Early Israelite campaigns 4339:, king of Judah" – royal 3849:, king of Judah" – royal 3618:plateau and destroyed by 3430:in the historical record. 3212:The exile ended with the 1307:Hinduism and Judaism 9210:Ancient Israel and Judah 9004:Revolt against Heraclius 8732:Ancient Israel and Judah 8714:Ancient Israel and Judah 7848:Historicity of the Bible 7510:The Early History of God 7334:Lipschits, Oded (2005). 6624:Albertz, Rainer (1994). 6603:Albertz, Rainer (1994). 6361:Near Eastern Archaeology 6010:10.1177/0309089206063428 5741:Middlemas 2005, pp. 1–2. 5672:Lipschits, Oded (1999). 5587:10.1515/9783110223583.29 5323:Thompson (1992), p. 408. 5271:Near Eastern Archaeology 5063:Killebrew (2005), p. 13. 4982:Golden 2004b, pp. 61–62. 4934:Finkelstein 2001, p. 78. 4351:As was customary in the 4347:excavations in Jerusalem 4063:. Over the same time, a 4038:, Arabs, and Ammonites. 3909:, Jerusalem (c. 700 BCE) 3857:excavations in Jerusalem 3801: 715 and 686 3436:Late Bronze Age collapse 1133:Temple in Jerusalem 826:Bar and bat mitzvah 236:10th century BCE–587 BCE 226:10th century BCE–720 BCE 180:Ancient Israel and Judah 167:Late Bronze Age collapse 8689:Expulsions and exoduses 8358:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 7507:Smith, Mark S. (2002). 7486:Nodet, Étienne (1999). 7205:Life in Biblical Israel 7037:Ethnicity and the Bible 7031:Edelman, Diana (2002). 6989:Dever, William (2017). 6968:Dever, William (2005). 5816:Faust, Avraham (2012). 5534:10.1073/pnas.2321024121 4741:Broshi, Maguen (2001). 4506:Chronology of the Bible 4270:Deuteronomistic history 3998:; the final version of 3885:Stepped Stone Structure 3424:biblical archaeologists 3369:hill country of Ephraim 1095:Twelve Tribes of Israel 206:12th–10th centuries BCE 9215:Ancient Jewish history 9040:Invasion of Banu Nadir 8841:First Jewish-Roman War 8348:Science and technology 8252:Intelligence Community 7904:Criticism of the Bible 7399:McNutt, Paula (1999). 7247:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 7060:. Simon and Schuster. 6053:10.2307/j.ctvr7fc18.11 5780:Middlemas 2005, p. 17. 5771:Middlemas 2005, p. 10. 5714:Lipschits 2005, p. 48. 4903:9 October 2020 at the 4348: 4182: 4139:Mesopotamian religious 4088: 3960: 3910: 3858: 3788: 3667: 3574: 3517: 3431: 3371:" north of that, then 3142:archaeological remains 3091:Canaanite civilization 50: 9091:Medieval antisemitism 9030:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 9025:Siege of Banu Qurayza 8999:Revolt against Gallus 8785:Second Temple Judaism 8274:Israel Defense Forces 8033:Arab–Israeli conflict 7772:The Bible and history 7442:Miller, James Maxwell 6589:(pp. 471–480). Brill. 6196:Meek, Theophile James 5938:Becking, Bob (2002). 5848:Albertz 2003a, p. 96. 5807:Albertz 2003a, p. 92. 5798:Barstad 2008, p. 109. 5759:Middlemas 2005, p. 2. 5172:McNutt (1999), p. 72. 5154:McNutt (1999), p. 70. 5045:McNutt (1999), p. 69. 5000:Golden 2004a, p. 155. 4991:McNutt (1999), p. 47. 4925:Coogan 1998, pp. 4–7. 4330: 4256:Second Temple Judaism 4168: 4085: 3950: 3920:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3901: 3889:Large Stone Structure 3840: 3755: 3656: 3630:was prevalent in the 3569: 3559:originated, not from 3511: 3417: 3367:" in the south, the " 3337:eastern Mediterranean 3203:Babylonian Chronicles 3179:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3097:in the north and the 1841:São Tomé and Príncipe 1836:Republic of the Congo 1230:Second Temple Judaism 1101:Kingdom of Judah 1072:Modern historiography 592:Historical literature 587:Historical population 549:Arab–Israeli conflict 41: 9052:Sephardic Golden Age 8846:Battle of Beth Horon 8772:Second Temple period 8757:Babylonian captivity 8563:World Heritage Sites 8220:System of government 7987:Second Temple period 7836:Historicity of Jesus 7831:Biblical archaeology 6935:(47). Archived from 6457:Smith (2002), p. 57. 5789:Bedford 2001, p. 48. 5750:Miller 1986, p. 203. 5488:Sergi, Omer (2023). 5190:Miller 2005, p. 105. 4536:Babylonian captivity 4526:History of Palestine 4501:Biblical archaeology 4307:, dietary laws, and 4293:Second Temple period 4051:from their shrines. 4032:Book of Lamentations 3747:population exchanges 3315:Second Temple period 3265:I: 1150–950 BCE 3251:Second Temple period 3207:monotheistic Judaism 2943:World Agudath Israel 2084:United Arab Emirates 1171:Second Temple period 1161:Babylonian captivity 564:Iran–Israel conflict 427:Kingdom of Jerusalem 408:Early Islamic period 382:Byzantine Palaestina 260:Second Temple period 31:Second Temple period 8790:Hellenistic Judaism 8699:Political movements 7057:The Bible Unearthed 5916:10.3390/rel10120667 5641:Grabbe 2004, p. 28. 5528:(19): e2321024121. 5371:Lemche 1998, p. 85. 5262:Finkelstein, Israel 5227:Finkelstein, Israel 5181:Miller 2005, p. 99. 5163:Miller 2005, p. 98. 5054:Miller 1986, p. 72. 5027:McNutt 1999, p. 35. 5018:Dever 2003, p. 206. 4964:Kuhrt 1995, p. 317. 4916:Miller 1986, p. 36. 4457:ʿal-habbayit, sōkēn 4197:, and Yahweh, with 4072:Temple in Jerusalem 4070:In addition to the 3739:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3648:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3523:The Bible Unearthed 3514:Eretz Israel Museum 3175:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1236:Hellenistic Judaism 814:Land of Israel 773:Principles of faith 8747:Assyrian Captivity 8727:Origins of Judaism 8669:Population history 8475:Standard of living 7909:Christ myth theory 7786:Biblical criticism 6587:The Books of Kings 6316:Smith 2002, p. 32. 5343:Miller, Patrick D. 4775:on 30 October 2014 4531:Assyrian captivity 4349: 4309:Sabbath-observance 4183: 4135:Canaanite religion 4089: 3966:Mizpah in Benjamin 3961: 3911: 3903:Siloam inscription 3859: 3820:Siloam inscription 3789: 3668: 3608:Israel Finkelstein 3518: 3502:Israel Finkelstein 3432: 3191:besieged Jerusalem 2797:Jewish Koine Greek 2339:Dominican Republic 1620:Judaism by country 1299:Jews and Christmas 1154:Assyrian captivity 279:Hellenistic period 93:Prehistoric Levant 51: 9197: 9196: 9189:WP:Jewish history 9047:Under Muslim rule 9035:Battle of Khaybar 8950:Synagogal Judaism 8931: 8930: 8873:Bar Kokhba revolt 8836:Jewish-Roman Wars 8800:Hasmonean kingdom 8742:Kingdom of Israel 8611: 8610: 8571: 8570: 8381: 8380: 8301:West Bank barrier 8228: 8227: 8181:Foreign relations 8146: 8145: 7928: 7927: 7650:978-0-8091-3610-0 7643:. Paulist Press. 7627:978-0-8028-2491-2 7606:978-90-04-10410-5 7585:978-90-04-09483-3 7562:978-0-19-513937-2 7541:978-0-334-02788-1 7520:978-0-8028-3972-5 7499:978-1-85075-445-9 7478:978-90-04-11496-8 7457:978-0-664-21262-9 7433:978-0-19-928386-6 7412:978-0-664-22265-9 7391:978-1-58983-277-0 7370:978-1-57506-130-6 7347:978-1-57506-095-8 7326:978-0-664-22727-2 7305:978-1-57506-073-6 7281:978-1-58983-066-0 7260:978-0-415-16763-5 7239:978-1-57506-130-6 7216:978-0-664-22148-5 7193:978-1-58983-097-4 7172:978-0-567-02726-9 7151:978-0-567-04352-8 7130:978-1-57607-897-6 7109:978-0-19-537985-3 7088:978-1-85075-657-6 7067:978-0-7432-2338-6 7046:978-0-391-04126-4 7023:978-0-8028-3711-0 7002:978-0-88414-217-1 6981:978-0-8028-2852-1 6960:978-0-8028-0975-9 6913:978-1-57506-128-3 6890:978-1-85075-737-5 6869:978-0-19-513937-2 6848:978-1-58983-066-0 6827:978-0-8028-6450-5 6806:978-1-57506-073-6 6785:978-0-664-22186-7 6764:978-0-674-39731-6 6745:978-90-04-11509-5 6724:978-90-232-3880-5 6703:978-3-16-149809-1 6679:978-1-57718-059-3 6658:978-1-58983-055-4 6637:978-0-664-22720-3 6616:978-0-664-22719-7 6564:978-1-56563-607-1 6296:978-0-19-513937-2 6161:Levine, Baruch A. 5951:978-0-567-23212-0 5828:978-1-58983-641-9 5596:978-3-11-022357-6 5501:978-1-62837-345-5 5476:978-0-8028-6260-0 5358:978-0-664-22145-4 5244:978-0-88414-451-9 5130:978-1-85075-657-6 4754:978-1-84127-201-6 4659:978-0-684-86912-4 4521:History of Israel 4454: 4441: 4428: 4415: 4402: 4369: 4353:ancient Near East 4260:According to the 3953:Al-Yahudu Tablets 3691:(853 BCE) on the 3563:and a subsequent 3497:collared-rim jars 3461: 1208 3243:province of Yehud 3218:Achaemenid Empire 3187:Nebuchadnezzar II 3104:According to the 3095:Kingdom of Israel 3059: 3058: 3008: 3007: 2756: 2755: 2503:Reconstructionist 2447: 2446: 1599: 1598: 1406: 1405: 1243:Jewish–Roman wars 1191:Hasmonean dynasty 1107:Kingdom of Israel 1011: 1010: 712: 711: 678:Israel portal 527: 472: 455: 454: 340: 339: 330:Jewish-Roman Wars 289:Hasmonean dynasty 250: 249: 222:Kingdom of Israel 147: 97: 16:(Redirected from 9222: 9185: 9021:Mohammedan Wars 8945:Rabbinic Judaism 8898:Byzantine Empire 8851:Galilee campaign 8831:Judean Civil War 8826:Maccabean Revolt 8819:Wars and revolts 8816: 8815: 8805:Herodian kingdom 8762:Babylonian Yehud 8737:Kingdom of Judah 8674:Military history 8638: 8631: 8624: 8615: 8614: 8591: 8584: 8543:National symbols 8392: 8391: 8338:Diamond industry 8316: 8315: 8157: 8156: 8077: 8076: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7888:Historical Jesus 7818: 7791:Biblical studies 7765: 7758: 7751: 7742: 7741: 7654: 7642: 7631: 7610: 7589: 7577: 7566: 7545: 7524: 7503: 7482: 7461: 7437: 7416: 7395: 7374: 7351: 7330: 7309: 7285: 7264: 7243: 7220: 7208: 7197: 7176: 7155: 7134: 7113: 7092: 7071: 7050: 7027: 7006: 6985: 6964: 6940: 6917: 6894: 6873: 6852: 6831: 6810: 6789: 6768: 6749: 6728: 6707: 6696:. Mohr Siebeck. 6688:Barstad, Hans M. 6683: 6662: 6641: 6620: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6548: 6539: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6512: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6467: 6466:Dever (2005), p. 6464: 6458: 6455: 6446: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6235: 6226: 6225: 6192: 6181: 6180: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6098:10.2307/41304187 6077: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6036: 6030: 6029: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5831: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5485: 5479: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5430:Brown, William. 5427: 5421: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4895: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4801:. Archived from 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4771:. Archived from 4765: 4759: 4758: 4738: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4708: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4681:. Archived from 4670: 4664: 4663: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4620: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4459: 4453:romanized: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4440:romanized: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4427:romanized: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414:romanized: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401:romanized: 4400: 4398: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4303:. At this time, 4250: 4238: 4237: 4234: 722 4232: 4155:Iron Age Yahwism 3805: 3804: 3799: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3744: 3728: 3727: 3724: 830 3722: 3689:battle of Qarqar 3666: 3665: 3662: 900 3660: 3637: 3594:Kingdom of Judah 3487:, and religion. 3465: 3464: 3459: 3341:Taurus Mountains 3326: 3325: 3322: 516 3320: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3288:Israelite period 3275: 3228: 3227: 3224: 538 3222: 3195:Solomon's Temple 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3138:Solomon's Temple 3099:Kingdom of Judah 3087:ancient Egyptian 3051: 3044: 3037: 2900: 2899: 2781: 2602: 2596: 2577: 2541: 2540: 2488: 2435:New Zealand 2387: 2350:El Salvador 2340: 2272:Northern America 2264: 1858: 1614: 1613: 1525:Crimean Karaites 1421: 1420: 1399: 1397: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1302: 1293: 1281:Rabbinic Judaism 1262: 1256: 1250: 1238: 1226: 1192: 1185:Maccabean Revolt 1162: 1155: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1102: 1026: 1025: 1000: 895: 894: 827: 815: 714: 713: 704: 697: 690: 676: 675: 674: 597:Economic history 525: 470: 447:Mamluk Sultanate 372:Syria Palaestina 353: 352: 299:Herodian dynasty 265: 264: 232:Kingdom of Judah 216:10th century BCE 185: 184: 146: 96: 81: 71: 53: 52: 21: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9183: 9175: 9164:Israeli history 9107:Jewish question 9095: 9008: 8937:Rabbinic period 8927: 8879: 8861:Diaspora revolt 8856:Siege of Masada 8814: 8766: 8708: 8679:Genetic history 8647: 8642: 8612: 8607: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8567: 8548:Public holidays 8489: 8377: 8305: 8224: 8142: 8066: 8021:British mandate 7968: 7959: 7929: 7924: 7913: 7892: 7819: 7810: 7779:General studies 7774: 7769: 7662: 7660:Further reading 7657: 7651: 7628: 7607: 7586: 7563: 7542: 7521: 7500: 7479: 7458: 7434: 7413: 7392: 7371: 7363:. Eisenbrauns. 7348: 7340:. Eisenbrauns. 7327: 7306: 7298:. Eisenbrauns. 7282: 7261: 7240: 7232:. Eisenbrauns. 7217: 7194: 7173: 7152: 7131: 7110: 7089: 7068: 7047: 7024: 7003: 6982: 6961: 6939:on 28 May 2008. 6914: 6906:. Eisenbrauns. 6891: 6870: 6849: 6828: 6807: 6799:. Eisenbrauns. 6786: 6765: 6746: 6725: 6704: 6680: 6659: 6638: 6617: 6598: 6593: 6584: 6580: 6565: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6408:www.sefaria.org 6402: 6401: 6397: 6374:10.2307/3210793 6353: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6281: 6277: 6254:10.2307/3210059 6236: 6229: 6214:10.2307/3262264 6193: 6184: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6063: 6037: 6033: 5990: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5895: 5891: 5874: 5870: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5622: 5615:Times of Israel 5609: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5571: 5567: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5465: 5461: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5428: 5424: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5398:David M. Carr, 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5313: 5300: 5298: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4905:Wayback Machine 4896: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4726: 4722: 4709: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4685:on 1 March 2021 4671: 4667: 4660: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4576:Ten Lost Tribes 4566:Lachish reliefs 4546:Jewish diaspora 4490: 4485: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4325: 4313:Jewish identity 4272:, the books of 4258: 4252: 4233: 4163: 4157: 4080: 4044: 4022:Hans M. Barstad 4004:priestly source 3987:Davidic dynasty 3938: 3930:Main articles: 3928: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3766:Shalmaneser III 3723: 3693:Kurkh Monoliths 3681:Shalmaneser III 3673:city of Samaria 3661: 3632:Southern Levant 3622:, the biblical 3604: 3590: 3582:Biblical judges 3476: 3460: 3455:Merneptah Stele 3420:Merneptah Stele 3345:Sinai Peninsula 3333: 3321: 3294: 3259: 3231:Cyrus the Great 3223: 3214:fall of Babylon 3160:Books of Samuel 3155: 3148: 3110:United Monarchy 3083:Merneptah Stele 3075:Southern Levant 3055: 3010: 3009: 2897: 2887: 2886: 2877:Judeo-Malayalam 2857:Judaeo-Georgian 2777: 2768: 2758: 2757: 2658:Yiddish theatre 2600: 2538: 2528: 2527: 2486: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2385: 2338: 2262: 1856: 1640:Genetic studies 1611: 1601: 1600: 1418: 1408: 1407: 1395: 1394: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1296: 1291: 1273:and Middle Ages 1271:Rabbinic period 1258: 1252: 1245: 1233: 1204: 1190: 1160: 1153: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1118:in Judaism 1115: 1100: 1023: 1013: 1012: 892: 882: 881: 825: 813: 758: 708: 672: 670: 665: 664: 650:Hebrew calendar 635: 627: 626: 582:Historical maps 577: 569: 568: 522:State of Israel 508:British Mandate 465: 457: 456: 437:Ayyubid dynasty 361:Rabbinic period 350: 342: 341: 262: 252: 251: 242:Babylonian rule 212:United Monarchy 182: 172: 171: 89: 69: 62: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9228: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9127:Reform Judaism 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9086:Ottoman Empire 9083: 9082: 9081: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9018: 9016: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8941: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8833: 8828: 8822: 8820: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8795:Yehud Medinata 8792: 8787: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8718: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8659:Historiography 8655: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8645:Jewish history 8641: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8169:Prime Minister 8160: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8118: 8116:Land of Israel 8113: 8112: 8111: 8109:Sea of Galilee 8106: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7632: 7626: 7611: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7567: 7561: 7546: 7540: 7525: 7519: 7504: 7498: 7483: 7477: 7462: 7456: 7438: 7432: 7417: 7411: 7396: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7352: 7346: 7331: 7325: 7310: 7304: 7290:Lemaire, André 7286: 7280: 7265: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7221: 7215: 7198: 7192: 7177: 7171: 7156: 7150: 7135: 7129: 7114: 7108: 7093: 7087: 7072: 7066: 7051: 7045: 7028: 7022: 7007: 7001: 6986: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6945:Dever, William 6941: 6918: 6912: 6895: 6889: 6874: 6868: 6853: 6847: 6832: 6826: 6811: 6805: 6790: 6784: 6769: 6763: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6723: 6708: 6702: 6684: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6642: 6636: 6621: 6615: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6578: 6563: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6497: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6447: 6438: 6429: 6420: 6395: 6344: 6318: 6309: 6295: 6275: 6227: 6182: 6152: 6140:Dictionary.com 6127: 6072: 6031: 6004:(3): 259–285. 5984: 5965: 5950: 5930: 5889: 5868: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5684:(2): 155–190. 5664: 5655: 5643: 5634: 5620: 5602: 5595: 5565: 5507: 5500: 5480: 5459: 5441: 5422: 5404: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5334: 5325: 5311: 5288:10.1086/703321 5253: 5243: 5215: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5129: 5108: 5099: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4890: 4877: 4864: 4850: 4838: 4816: 4799:www.livius.org 4786: 4760: 4753: 4733: 4720: 4696: 4665: 4658: 4640: 4633: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4561:Kings of Judah 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492:Judaism portal 4481: 4465: 4462: 4444:kōhēn hāggādôl 4324: 4321: 4262:Deuteronomists 4254:Main article: 4251: 4246: 4181:museum, Paris) 4159:Main article: 4156: 4153: 4079: 4076: 4043: 4040: 3927: 3924: 3785: 841–840 3697:Jezreel Valley 3644:regional power 3589: 3586: 3481:family history 3475: 3472: 3349:Arabian Desert 3332: 3329: 3307:return to Zion 3303: 3302: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3258: 3255: 3239:return to Zion 3235:Edict of Cyrus 3183:Jewish revolts 3156: 850 BCE 3149: 900 BCE 3101:in the south. 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2938:Territorialism 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2822:Judaeo-Spanish 2819: 2817:Judaeo-Iranian 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263:United Kingdom 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1696:Bilad-el-Sudan 1693: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1649:Land of Israel 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1507:Related groups 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1364:Jewish atheism 1361: 1356: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315:Islamic–Jewish 1310: 1303: 1288: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1240: 1227: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1182: 1180:Yehud Medinata 1174: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1142: 1129: 1121: 1109: 1104: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1086:Ancient Israel 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042:Land of Israel 1039: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997:Shulchan Aruch 992: 987: 982: 977: 969: 968: 967: 966: 961: 953: 952: 946: 945: 944: 943: 938: 930: 929: 923: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 902: 901: 893: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 822: 817: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 775: 770: 763:God in Judaism 759: 754: 753: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 734: 733: 723: 722: 710: 709: 707: 706: 699: 692: 684: 681: 680: 667: 666: 663: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 640:Jewish history 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 622:Jewish warfare 619: 617:Jewish leaders 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 540: 539: 526:(1948–present) 518: 517: 516: 515: 505: 500: 495: 494: 493: 488: 483: 468:Modern history 466: 464:Modern history 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 452: 449: 443: 442: 439: 433: 432: 429: 423: 422: 419: 404: 403: 400: 399: 398: 397: 396: 391: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 357:Late antiquity 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 337: 334: 333: 321: 320: 317: 316: 315: 314: 313: 308: 295: 294: 291: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 263: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 183: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 64: 63: 56: 45:, produced by 18:Ancient Israel 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9227: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9190: 9187: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9152:The Holocaust 9150: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9142:United States 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9122:Enlightenment 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8627: 8625: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8247:Civil defense 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8043:Peace process 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7997:Ottoman Syria 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7923: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7652: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7526: 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Sheffield. 7273: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253:. Routledge. 7252: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995:. SBL Press. 6994: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883:. Sheffield. 6882: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841:. Sheffield. 6840: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6672:. Blackwell. 6671: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6588: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6547: 6545: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6508: 6500: 6498:9780195139372 6494: 6490: 6489: 6481: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6452: 6442: 6433: 6424: 6409: 6405: 6404:"Exodus 20:2" 6399: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6368:(4): 225–27. 6367: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6356:Caquot, André 6351: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6248:(3): 149–77. 6247: 6243: 6242: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6178: 6174: 6171:(1): 411–27. 6170: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5857: 5855: 5845: 5836: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5766: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5308: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5144: 5143:of Palestine. 5132: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5091:Avraham Faust 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4941: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4826: 4820: 4805:on 5 May 2019 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4634:9780714111414 4630: 4626: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4482: 4479: 4478:Jewish portal 4468: 4461: 4458: 4449:על הבית, סוכן 4445: 4432: 4419: 4406: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4343:found at the 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4245: 4242: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4065:folk religion 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4027:Avraham Faust 4023: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3955:, written in 3954: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3907:Siloam tunnel 3905:found in the 3904: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881:City of David 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3856: 3853:found at the 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812:Siloam tunnel 3809: 3795: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756:Depiction of 3754: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709:Aram Damascus 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606:According to 3603: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3471: 3469: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377:Mount Lebanon 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3316: 3312: 3311:Second Temple 3308: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3247:Second Temple 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2862:Judeo-Aramaic 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852:Judeo-Italian 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832:Ghardaïa Sign 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2457:Denominations 2453: 2452: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2285:United States 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:Guinea-Bissau 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625:Lists of Jews 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1384:The Holocaust 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 991: 988: 986: 985:Mishneh Torah 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 970: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 955: 954: 951: 948: 947: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 931: 928: 925: 924: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 904: 903: 900: 897: 896: 891: 886: 885: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 823: 821: 818: 816: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 783: 779: 776: 774: 771: 768: 764: 761: 760: 757: 752: 751: 746: 745:Who is a Jew? 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 732: 728: 725: 724: 720: 716: 715: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 686: 685: 683: 682: 679: 669: 668: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 631: 630: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 573: 572: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 529: 528: 524: 523: 514: 511: 510: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 492: 489: 487: 486:Mutasarrifate 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 473: 469: 461: 460: 450: 448: 445: 444: 440: 438: 435: 434: 430: 428: 425: 424: 420: 417: 413: 409: 406: 405: 401: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 362: 358: 355: 354: 346: 345: 335: 331: 327: 326: 323: 322: 318: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 297: 296: 292: 290: 287: 286: 282: 280: 277: 276: 272: 270: 269:Persian Yehud 267: 266: 261: 256: 255: 245: 243: 240: 239: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 223: 220: 219: 215: 213: 210: 209: 205: 199: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 187: 186: 181: 176: 175: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 95: 94: 88:Early history 85: 84: 80: 76: 75: 72: 66: 65: 60: 55: 54: 48: 47:Edward Weller 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 9147:World War II 9137:Soviet Union 9117:Emancipation 9112:Disabilities 8893:Roman Empire 8810:Roman Judaea 8731: 8713: 8508:Architecture 8431:Human rights 8404:Demographics 8279:Conscription 8131:Jordan River 8026:Independence 7981: 7921:Bible Portal 7919: 7795: 7638: 7616: 7595: 7573: 7551: 7530: 7513:. Eerdmans. 7509: 7488: 7467: 7446: 7422: 7401: 7380: 7360: 7336: 7315: 7294: 7270: 7249: 7229: 7204: 7182: 7161: 7140: 7123:. ABC-CLIO. 7119: 7098: 7077: 7056: 7036: 7016:. Eerdmans. 7012: 6991: 6974:. Eerdmans. 6970: 6953:. Eerdmans. 6949: 6937:the original 6932: 6926: 6903: 6879: 6858: 6837: 6820:. Eerdmans. 6816: 6795: 6778:. Eerdmans. 6774: 6754: 6734: 6713: 6692: 6668: 6647: 6626: 6605: 6586: 6581: 6553: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6462: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6411:. Retrieved 6407: 6398: 6365: 6359: 6335:. Retrieved 6331: 6321: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6285: 6278: 6245: 6239: 6208:(1): 21–43. 6205: 6199: 6168: 6164: 6155: 6143:. Retrieved 6139: 6130: 6092:(1): 47–62. 6089: 6085: 6075: 6064:, retrieved 6044: 6034: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5940: 5933: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5881: 5871: 5865:. Routledge. 5862: 5844: 5835: 5817: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5701: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5662:Davies 2009. 5658: 5646: 5637: 5614: 5605: 5578: 5568: 5525: 5521: 5510: 5490: 5483: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5425: 5417:www.lmlk.com 5416: 5407: 5399: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5347: 5337: 5328: 5306: 5299:. Retrieved 5282:(ASOR): 12. 5275: 5269: 5256: 5248: 5234: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5134:. Retrieved 5119: 5111: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4819: 4807:. Retrieved 4803:the original 4798: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4773:the original 4763: 4743: 4736: 4723: 4715: 4687:. Retrieved 4683:the original 4678: 4668: 4649: 4643: 4624: 4394: 4382:coups d'état 4350: 4305:circumcision 4290: 4259: 4210:national god 4208:Yahweh, the 4207: 4184: 4149: 4133: 4097:national god 4090: 4069: 4045: 4020: 3983: 3962: 3939: 3912: 3860: 3790: 3669: 3605: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3521: 3519: 3489: 3477: 3468:ethnic group 3452: 3433: 3427: 3401: 3381:Jordan River 3361:Mount Carmel 3334: 3304: 3287: 3284:First Temple 3283: 3278: 3271: 3211: 3172: 3106:Hebrew Bible 3103: 3062: 3060: 3001:Post-Zionism 2872:Judeo-Berber 2867:Judeo-Arabic 2827:Judeo-Gascon 2574:Pidyon haben 2493:Conservative 2039:Saudi Arabia 1857:South Africa 1846:Sierra Leone 1668:Israeli Jews 1582:Mosaic Arabs 1535:Kaifeng Jews 1396:Arab–Israeli 1369:Emancipation 1248:Great Revolt 1085: 1057:Anti-Judaism 1052:Antisemitism 1047:Name "Judea" 842:Baal teshuva 559:Silicon Wadi 544:Independence 520: 519: 476:Ottoman rule 467: 325:Roman Judaea 179: 141: 140: 91: 42: 35: 26: 9014:Middle Ages 8923:Mesopotamia 8558:Visual arts 8503:Archaeology 8323:Agriculture 7992:Middle Ages 7824:Historicity 7534:. Paideia. 6066:18 February 5981:(3): 20–29. 5909:(12): 667. 4827:. Biu.ac.il 4418:śar haṣṣābā 4405:śar haṣṣābā 4012:Deuteronomy 3951:One of the 3816:Sennacherib 3717:Mesha Stele 3628:city-states 3528:Finkelstein 3516:, Tel Aviv. 3444:Phoenicians 3440:Philistines 3295: 1000 3181:. 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