3632:: "There is a peculiarity in the designation of the Philistines in Hebrew which has often been noticed, and which must have a certain significance. In referring to a tribe or nation, the Hebrew writers as a rule either (a) personified an imaginary founder, making his name stand for the tribe supposed to derive from him—e. g. 'Israel' for the Israelites; or (b) used the tribal name in the singular, with the definite article—a usage sometimes transferred to the Authorized Version, as in such familiar phrases as 'the Canaanite was then in the land' (Gen. xii. 6); but more commonly assimilated to the English idiom which requires a plural, as in 'the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full' (Gen. xv. 16). But in referring to the Philistines, the plural of the ethnic name is always used, and as a rule, the definite article is omitted. A good example is afforded by the name of the Philistine territory above mentioned, 'ereṣ Pelištīm, literally 'the land of Philistines': contrast such an expression as 'ereṣ hak-Kena'anī, literally 'the land of the Canaanite'. A few other names, such as that of the Rephaim, are similarly constructed: and so far as the scanty monuments of Classical Hebrew permit us to judge, it may be said generally that the same usage seems to be followed when there is question of a people not conforming to the model of Semitic (or perhaps we should rather say Aramaean) tribal organization. The Canaanites, Amorites, Jebusites, and the rest, are so closely bound together by the theory of blood-kinship which even yet prevails in the Arabian deserts, that each may logically be spoken of as an individual human unit. No such polity was recognized among the pre-Semitic Rephaim, or the intruding Philistines so that they had to be referred to as an aggregate of human units. This rule, it must be admitted, does not seem to be rigidly maintained; for instance, the name of the pre-Semitic Horites might have been expected to follow the exceptional construction. But a hard-and-fast adhesion to so subtle a distinction, by all the writers who have contributed to the canon of the Hebrew scriptures and by all the scribes who have transmitted their works, is not to be expected. Even in the case of the Philistines, the rule that the definite article should be omitted is broken in eleven places. "
5377:, p. 10: "The difficulty of associating pots with peoples or ethnic groups has often been commented on. Nonetheless, the association of the Philistines with the Iron Age I bichrome pottery bearing their name is most often taken for granted. Although scholars have backed off from postulating that every site with bichrome pottery was under Philistine control, the ethnic association remains... A cautionary note has, however, been sounded in particular by Brug, Bunimovitz, H. Weippert, and Noort, among others. In essence, their theories rest on the fact that even among sites in the Philistine heartland, the supposed Philistine pottery does not represent the major portion of the finds... While not denying Cypriote and/or Aegean/ Mycenean influence in the material cultural traditions of coastal Canaan in the early Iron Age, in addition to that of Egyptian and local Canaanite traditions, the above named "minimalist" scholars emphasize the continuities between the ages and not the differences. As H. Weippert has stated, "Könige kommen, Könige gehen, aber die Kochtöpfe bleiben." In regard to the bichrome pottery, she follows Galling and speculates that it was produced by a family or families of Cypriote potters who followed their markets and immigrated into Canaan once the preexisting trade connections had been severed. The find at Tell Qasile of both bichrome and Canaanite types originating in the same pottery workshop would appear to indicate that the ethnic identification of the potters is at best an open question. At any rate, it cannot be facilely assumed that all bichrome ware was produced by "ethnic" Philistines. Thus Bunimovitz's suggestion to refer to "Philistia pottery" rather than to "Philistine" must be given serious consideration... What holds true for the pottery of Philistia also holds true for other aspects of the regional material culture. Whereas Aegean cultural influence cannot be denied, the continuity with the Late Bronze traditions in Philistia has increasingly come to attention. A number of Iron Age I features which were thought to be imported by the Philistines have been shown to have Late Bronze Age antecedents. It would hence appear that the Philistines of foreign (or "Philistine") origin were the minority in Philistia."
4523:, pp. 22–23, write of the initial identification: "It was not, however, until the spring of 1829, almost a year after they had arrived in Egypt, that Champollion and his entourage were finally ready to tackle the antiquities of Thebes… The chaotic tangle of ships and sailors, which Denon assumed was a panicked flight into the Indus, was actually a detailed portrayal of a battle at the mouth of the Nile. Because the events of the reign of Ramesses III were unknown from other, the context of this particular war remained a mystery. On his return to Paris, Champollion puzzled over the identity of the various enemies shown in the scene. Since each of them had been carefully labeled with a hieroglyphic inscription, he hoped to match the names with those of ancient tribes and peoples mentioned in Greek and Hebrew texts. Unfortunately, Champollion died in 1832 before he could complete the work, but he did have success with one of the names. proved to be none other than the biblical Philistines." Dothan and Dothan's description was incorrect in stating that the naval battle scene (Champollion, Monuments,
1254:
3123:, in: Bietak, M., (Ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B. C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euro- Conference, Vienna, 28th of May–1st of June 2003, Denkschriften der Ge- samtakademie 37, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 9, Vienna 2007, pages 517–524. Quote: "SUMMARY Was there a Sea Peoples migration to the coast of the Levant? Yes. Was it a maritime migration? Possibly. Was there a massive maritime Sea Peoples invasion? Probably not. Did the Philistines settle en-masse in Philistia in the days of Ramesses III? No. Were the Iron I Philistine cities fortified? No. Were the Iron I Philistines organized in a peer-polity system? Probably not. Was there a Philistine Pentapolis system in the Iron I? No. Are the Iron I Philistines the Philistines described in the Bible? No."
3147:
the
Philistines directly from Crete, a five-day sail away, Maspero's myth credited them with an itinerary that, while reflecting badly on their intelligence, testified to prodigious physical stamina: the Philistines sail from Crete to Caria, where they abandon their ships and their maritime tradition; the nation then travels in ox carts through seven hundred miles of rough and hostile terrain until it reaches southern Canaan; at that point, far from being debilitated by their trek, the Philistines not only conquer the land and give it their name but come within a hair's breadth of defeating the Egyptian pharaoh himself. Not surprisingly, for the migration from Caria to Canaan imagined by Maspero there is no evidence at all, whether literary, archaeological, or documentary.
5737:, p. 342: "The number of Aegean migrants that reached Philistia in the twelfth century cannot be established, yet something can be said about the scale of migration (Chapter 8). According to calculations of the inhabited area, the population of Philistia after the arrival of the migrants numbered about twenty five thousand in the twelfth century (reaching a peak of thirty thousand in the eleventh century). The continuation of local Canaanite material culture and toponyms indicates that a good part of the population was local. The number of migrants amounted, at most, to half of the population, and perhaps much less. Even the migrant population probably accumulated over at least two generations, the minimum estimated time for the continuous process of migration."
1833:
702:, show nearly no signs of an intervening event marked by destruction. The same can be said for Aphek where an Egyptian garrison was destroyed, likely in an act of warfare at the end of the 13th century, which was followed by a local Canaanite phase, which was then followed by the peaceful introduction of Philistine pottery. The lack of destruction by the Sea Peoples in the southern Levant should not be surprising as Canaan was never mentioned in any text describing the Sea Peoples as a target of destruction or attack by the Sea Peoples. Other sites such as Tell Keisan, Acco, Tell Abu Hawam, Tel Dor, Tel Mevorak, Tel Zeror, Tel Michal, Tel Gerisa, and Tel Batash, have no evidence of a destruction ca. 1200 BC.
3165:, p. 207: "Reconstruction of the Philistine migration and settlement on the basis of the above model is hard to accept. First, it is not supported by any factual evidence. Second, it assumes that the Philistines had at their disposal a large and strong naval force of a kind unknown in this period. Third, in the period immediately following their settlement in Philistia there is hardly any archaeological evidence connecting the Philistine culture and settlement with sea and navigation. Had the Philistines really possessed such a strong naval force and tradition, as suggested by Stager, we would expect to observe these associations in their material culture in later times."
5118:, p. 48: "The thesis that a great "migration of the Sea Peoples" occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer 'Volkerwanderung' zu tun." Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation."
5785:
language before they came. Their names are usually
Semitic (e.g., Ahimelek, Mitinti, Hanun, and the god Dagon). But two Philistine names may have come from the Asianic area: Achish has been compared with Anchises, and Goliath with Alyattes. A few Hebrew words may be Philistine loanwords. The word for helmet (koba H3916 or qoba H7746) is a foreign word often attributed to the Philistines. The term for "lords," already mentioned (seren), can possibly be connected with tyrannos ("tyrant"), a pre-Greek or Asianic word. Some have connected three seals discovered in the excavations at Ashdod with the Philistines. The signs resemble the
2207:-related admixture. This confirms previous historic and archaeological records of a Southern-European migration event. The DNA suggests an influx of people of European heritage into Ashkelon in the 12th century BC. The individuals' DNA shows similarities to that of ancient Cretans, but it is impossible to specify the exact place in Europe from where Philistines had migrated to Levant, due to limited number of ancient genomes available for study, "with 20 to 60 per cent similarity to DNA from ancient skeletons from Crete and Iberia and that from modern people living in
3656:, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as ἀλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."
2000:
1446:
2102:, and a larger settlement at Tel Qasile). Most scholars, therefore, believe that the settlement of the Philistines took place in two stages. In the first, dated to the reign of Ramesses III, they were limited to the coastal plain, the region of the Five Cities; in the second, dated to the collapse of Egyptian hegemony in southern Canaan, their influence spread inland beyond the coast. During the 10th to 7th centuries BC, the distinctiveness of the material culture appears to have been absorbed with that of surrounding peoples.
83:
5459:, p. 234: "During the Iron II (tenth-seventh centuries B.C.E. ), the Philistines completed the process of acculturation with the surrounding indigenous culture (Stone 1995). By the end of the Iron II, the Philistines had lost much of their distinctiveness as expressed in their material culture (see Gitin 1998; 2003; 2004 and bibliography there). My suggested chronological framework for Philistine acculturation spans the tenth to seventh centuries B.C.E. (Tel Miqne-Ekron Strata IV-I; Ashdod Strata X-VI).".
1065:
1689:
2008:
1340:
1962:, records how the defeated foe were brought in captivity to Egypt and settled in fortresses. The Harris papyrus can be interpreted in two ways: either the captives were settled in Egypt and the rest of the Philistines/Sea Peoples carved out a territory for themselves in Canaan, or else it was Ramesses himself who settled the Sea Peoples (mainly Philistines) in Canaan as mercenaries. Egyptian strongholds in Canaan are also mentioned, including a temple dedicated to
706:
1433:. This view is based largely upon the fact that archaeologists, when digging up strata dated to the Philistine time-period in the coastal plains and in adjacent areas, have found similarities in material culture (figurines, pottery, fire-stands, etc.) between Aegean-Greek culture and that of Philistine culture, suggesting common origins. A minority, dissenting, claims that the similarities in material culture are only the result of
560:
3321:, p. 68: In 712, after an uprising by the Philistine city of Ashdod, supported militarily by Egypt, the Assyrian King Sargon II (reigned 722–705 BCE) invaded Pilishte to oust Iamani and annexed the whole region; Philistia was brought under direct Assyrian control, in effect becoming an Assyrian province (Thompson 2016: 165), although the King of Ashdod was allowed to remain on the throne (Galllagher 1995: 1159.
2073:, and emphasize the continuities with the local world in the material remains of the coastal area identified with "Philistines", rather than the differences emerging from the presence of Cypriote and/or Aegean/ Mycenaean influences. The view is summed up in the idea that 'kings come and go, but cooking pots remain', suggesting that the foreign Aegean elements in the Philistine population may have been a minority.
2040:. Also of particular interest is a large, well-constructed building covering 240 square metres (2,600 sq ft), discovered at Ekron. Its walls are broad, designed to support a second story, and its wide, elaborate entrance leads to a large hall, partly covered with a roof supported on a row of columns. In the floor of the hall is a circular hearth paved with pebbles, as is typical in Mycenaean
22:
1780:. The quantity of Philistine pottery within these sites is still quite small, showing that even if the Philistines did settle the valley, they were a minority that blended within the Canaanite population during the 12th century BC. The Philistines seem to have been present in the southern valley during the 11th century, which may relate to the biblical account of their victory at the
3752:
2403:
being unattested in the already limited corpus of known
Philistine names. A further assessment of the Iron Age I finds worship of Dagon in any immediate Canaanite context, let alone one which is indisputably Philistine, as seemingly non-existent. Still, Dagon-worship probably wasn't completely unheard of amongst the Philistines, as multiple mentions of a city known as
3066:, p. 56: The 3200-year-old documents from Ramesses III, including an inscription dated c. 1150 BC, at the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III at the Medinat Habu Temple in Luxor – one of the best-preserved temples of Egypt – refers to the Peleset among those who fought against Ramesses III (Breasted 2001: 24; also Bruyère 1929‒1930), who reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC.
2227:
Laura Mazow, an archaeologist at East
Carolina University in Greenville, N.C., said the research paper supported the idea that there was some migration from the west. She added that the findings "support the picture that we see in the archaeological record of a complex, multicultural process that has been resistant to reconstruction by any single historical model."
4595:'s wholesale revision of the entire episode. In his 1873 review of Chabas's book, Maspero agreed that the Peleset of Medinet Habu were accoutred more like Europeans than Semites and also agreed that they were Aegean Pelasgians. But he proposed that it must have been at this very time — in the reign of Ramesses III — that these Pelasgians became Philistines."
1824:
bound in my name. Numerous were their classes, hundreds of thousands strong. I taxed them all, in clothing and grain from the storehouses and granaries each year." Some scholars suggest it is likely that these "strongholds" were fortified towns in southern Canaan, which would eventually become the five cities (the pentapolis) of the
Philistines.
3681:
that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the
Promised Land' when used in a context of the 3rd century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun
2299:, on the basis of some Philistine-related words found in the Bible not appearing to be related to other Semitic languages. Such theories suggest that the Semitic elements in the language were borrowed from their neighbours in the region. For example, the Philistine word for captain, "seren", may be related to the Greek word
864:, took over and destroyed Askhelon, Gaza, Aphek, and Ekron, which is proven by archaeological evidence and contemporary sources. Some Philistine kings requested help from the Egyptians but they were ultimately ignored. Following the destruction of the Philistine cities, their inhabitants were either killed or were exiled to
841:, instead forcing it to pay tribute. As punishment, the rebel nations paid tribute to Assyria, and Sennacherib's annals report that he exacted such tribute from the kings of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gaza, and Ekron, but Gath is never mentioned, which may indicate that the city was actually destroyed by Sargon II.
3644:, p. 49: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vulgate. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew
4571:, p. 49: "As the Egyptian province in Asia collapsed after the death of Merneptah, and as the area that identified itself as 'Canaan' shrank to the coastal cities beneath the Lebanon range, the names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' (or, more plainly, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians') came to the fore"
2226:
in Israel. "While I fully agree that there was a significant component of non-Levantine origins among the
Philistines in the early Iron Age," he said, "these foreign components were not of one origin, and, no less important, they mixed with local Levantine populations from the early Iron Age onward."
2031:
culture and
Philistine culture was further documented by finds at the excavation of Ashdod, Ekron, Ashkelon, and more recently Gath, four of the five Philistine cities in Canaan. The fifth city is Gaza. Especially notable is the early Philistine pottery, a locally made version of the Aegean Mycenaean
1828:
has suggested that there may be a period of 25–50 years after the sacking of these cities and their reoccupation by the
Philistines. It is possible that at first, the Philistines were housed in Egypt; only subsequently late in the troubled end of the reign of Ramesses III would they have been allowed
6912:
The Land of Israel: Cross-roads of
Civilizations: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Brussels from the 3rd to the 5th of December 1984 to Mark the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: in Memory of Prof. Y. Yadin
2402:
Although the Bible cites Dagon as the main Philistine god, there is a stark lack of any evidence indicating the Philistines had any particular proclivity to his worship. In fact, no evidence of Dagon worship whatsoever is discernible at Philistine sites, with even theophoric names invoking the deity
1882:
The inscriptions at Medinet Habu consist of images depicting a coalition of Sea Peoples, among them the Peleset, who are said in the accompanying text to have been defeated by Ramesses III during his Year 8 campaign. In about 1175 BC, Egypt was threatened with a massive land and sea invasion by
3149:
Since none of Maspero's national migrations is demonstrable in the Egyptian inscriptions, or in the archaeological or linguistic record, the argument that these migrations did indeed occur has traditionally relied on place-names. These place-names are presented as the source from which were derived
2230:
Modern archaeologists agree that the Philistines were different from their neighbors: their arrival on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean in the early 12th century B.C. is marked by pottery with close parallels to the ancient Greek world, the use of an Aegean —instead of a Semitic— script, and
1823:
details the achievements of the reign (1186–1155 BC) of Ramesses III. In the brief description of the outcome of the battles in Year 8 is the description of the fate of some of the conjectured Sea Peoples. Ramesses claims that, having brought the prisoners to Egypt, he "settled them in strongholds,
812:
invaded Philistia, which effectively became annexed by Assyria, although the kings of the five cities, including Iamani, were allowed to remain on their thrones as vassals. In his annals concerning the campaign, Sargon II singled out his capture of Gath, in 711 BC. Ten years later, Egypt once again
5784:
Little is known of the Philistine language or script. There is never any indication in the Bible of a language problem between the Israelites and Philistines. The Philistines must have adopted the indigenous Semitic language soon after arriving in Canaan, or they might have already known a Semitic
4590:
published the first translation of all the texts relating to the wars of Merneptah and Ramesses III. Chabas found it strange that the Peleset shown in the reliefs were armed and garbed in the same manner as "European" peoples such as the Sicilians and Sardinians, and he therefore argued that these
3146:
reliefs, with their ox carts, depict the Philistine nation on the eve of its settlement in Canaan, Maspero imagined a great overland migration. The Philistines moved first from Crete to Caria, he proposed, and then from Caria to Canaan in the time of Ramesses III. Whereas Amos and Jeremiah derived
2061:
goddess. Excavations in Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath reveal dog and pig bones which show signs of having been butchered, implying that these animals were part of the residents' diet. Among other findings there are wineries where fermented wine was produced, as well as loom weights resembling those of
1915:
chief is of a bearded man without headdress. This has led to the interpretation that Ramesses III defeated the Sea Peoples, including Philistines, and settled their captives in fortresses in southern Canaan; another related theory suggests that Philistines invaded and settled the coastal plain for
3680:
is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude
2165:
Archaeological evidence, provided by architecture, burial arrangements, ceramics, and pottery fragments inscribed with non-Semitic writing, indicates that the Philistines were not native to Canaan. Most of the 150 dead were buried in oval-shaped graves, some were interred in ashlar chamber tombs,
2436:
Cities excavated in the area attributed to Philistines give evidence of careful town planning, including industrial zones. The olive industry of Ekron alone includes about 200 olive oil installations. Engineers estimate that the city's production may have been more than 1,000 tons, 30 percent of
1775:
and Tel Zariq. Scholars have attributed the presence of Philistine pottery in northern Israel to their role as mercenaries for the Egyptians during the Egyptian military administration of the land in the 12th century BC. This presence may also indicate further expansion of the Philistines to the
5944:
It is not as probable that b'l-zbl, which can mean "lord of the (heavenly) dwelling" in Ugaritic, was changed to b'l zbb to make the divine name an opprobrius epithet. The reading Beelzebul in Mt. 10:25 would then reflect the right form of the name, a wordplay on "master of the house" (Gk
2202:
A study carried out on skeletons at Ashkelon in 2019 by an interdisciplinary team of scholars from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the Leon Levy Expedition found that human remains at Ashkelon, associated with Philistines during the Iron Age, derived most of their
2044:
hall buildings; other unusual architectural features are paved benches and podiums. Among the finds are three small bronze wheels with eight spokes. Such wheels are known to have been used for portable cultic stands in the Aegean region during this period, and it is therefore assumed that this
1969:
The only mention in an Egyptian source of the Peleset in conjunction with any of the five cities that are said in the Bible to have made up the Philistine pentapolis comes in the Onomasticon of Amenope. The sequence in question has been translated as: "Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza, Assyria, Shubaru
1412:
from a European-related gene pool" during the Bronze to Iron Age transition, which supports the theory that a migration event occurred. Philistine DNA shows similarities to that of ancient Cretans, but it is impossible to specify the exact place in Europe from where Philistines had migrated to
871:
Babylonian ration lists dating back to the early 6th century BC, which mention the offspring of Aga, the ultimate ruler of Ashkelon, provide clues to the eventual fate of the Philistines. This evidence is further illuminated by documents from the latter half of the 5th century BC found in the
683:; however, because the quantity of said pottery finds are light, it is assumed that the Philistines' presence in these areas were not as strong as in their core territory, and that they probably were a minority which had assimilated into the native Canaanite population by the 10th century BC.
2129:
said that "it was, without doubt, a conscious decision made by the city's rulers who wished to associate with Mediterranean culture and not adopt Syrian and Mesopotamian styles of art like other cities in Canaan did; the Canaanites were living in the Levant and wanted to feel European."
2076:
Following DNA sequencing using the modern method, DNA testing has concluded sufficient evidence that there was indeed a notable surge of immigration from Aegean, supporting the Biblical/Aegean connection and theory that the Philistine people were initially a migrant group from Europe.
2085:
Material culture evidence, primarily pottery styles, indicates that the Philistines originally settled in a few sites in the south, such as Ashkelon, Ashdod and Ekron. It was not until several decades later, about 1150 BC, that they expanded into surrounding areas such as the
3199:
Ben-Shlomo, David. 2011. "Early Iron Age Domestic Material Culture in Philistia and an Eastern Mediterranean Koinי." Pages 183–206 in Household Archaeology in Ancient Israel and Beyond. Assaf Yasur-Landau, Jennie R. Ebeling, and Laura B. Mazow. CHANE 50. Leiden: Brill. DOI:
2214:
After two centuries since their arrival, the Southern-European genetic markers were dwarfed by the local Levantine gene pool, suggesting intensive intermarriage, but the Philistine culture and peoplehood remained distinct from other local communities for six centuries.
5435:, Yuval Gadot, "Continuity and Change in the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition in Israel's Coastal Plain: A Long-Term Perspective", pp. 63–64: "Based on material culture studies, we know that the Philistines initially immigrated only to the southern Coastal Plain".
2015:
Many scholars have interpreted the ceramic and technological evidence attested to by archaeology as being associated with the Philistine advent in the area as strongly suggestive that they formed part of a large scale immigration to southern Canaan, probably from
1585:
suggests that King David halted the Arameans' expansion into the Land of Israel on account of his alliance with the southern Philistine kings, as well as with Toi, king of Ḥamath, who is identified with Tai(ta) II, king of Palistin (the northern Sea Peoples).
2187:
The Leon Levy Expedition, which has been going on since 1985, helped break down some of the previous assumptions that the Philistines were uncultured people by having evidence of perfume near the bodies in order for the deceased to smell it in the afterlife.
1005:
tells the people they will conquer, though the land in which they resided is included in the boundaries based on the locations of rivers described. In fact, the Philistines, through their Capthorite ancestors, were allowed to conquer the land from the
5106:. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term "Sea Peoples" encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). "
1610:
state, including the names of the kings of Palistin. Singer proposes (based on archaeological finds) that a branch of the Philistines settled in Tell Tayinat and were replaced or assimilated by a new Luwian population who took the Palistin name.
678:
Typically "Philistine" artifacts begin appearing in Canaan by the 12th century BC. Pottery of Philistine origin has been found far outside of what would later become the core of Philistia, including at the majority of Iron Age I sites in the
197:. Subsequently, the Philistines were compelled into exile in Babylonia, where over time, they lost their unique ethnic identity. By the late fifth century BC, they vanished from both historical and archaeological records as a distinct group.
2062:
Mycenaean sites in Greece. Further evidence of the Aegean origin of the initial Philistine settlers was provided by studying their burial practices in the so far only discovered Philistine cemetery, excavated at Ashkelon (see below).
3189:
Avner Raban, "The Philistines in the Western Jezreel Valley", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 17–27, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental
984:
suggests that Casluhim and Caphtorim were brother tribes who lived in the same territory. However, the Capthorim enslaved the Cashluhim and their Philistine descendants, forcing the latter to flee to Canaan, according to Amos 9:7.
4411:
Hincks, Edward (1846). "An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic, or Ancient Egyptian Alphabet; Grounded on the Establishment of a New Principle in the Use of Phonetic Characters".
928:, whence the Philistines came forth." There is debate among interpreters as to whether Genesis 10:13-14 was intended to signify that the Philistines were the offspring of the Caphtorim or Casluhim. Some interpreters, such as
4878:
See Before and After the Storm, Crisis Years in Anatolia and Syria between the Fall of the Hittite Empire and the Beginning of a New Era (c. 1220 – 1000 BCE), A Symposium in Memory of Itamar Singer, University of Pavia
4849:
4511:, il transcrivit le même nom Polosté ou Pholosté, mais contrairement à ce qu'affirmait Brugsch en 1858 et tous les auteurs postérieurs, Champollion n'a nulle part écrit que ces Pholosté étaient les Philistins de la Bible. "
594:
civilizations. While their exact origins are a mystery, and probably diverse, it is generally agreed that the Sea Peoples had origins in the greater Southern European and West Asian area, including western Asia Minor, the
2239:
The population of the area associated with Philistines is estimated to have been around 25,000 in the 12th century BC, rising to a peak of 30,000 in the 11th century BC. The Canaanite nature of the material culture and
5789:. Three inscribed clay tablets from Deir Alla (SUCCOTH) also have been attributed to the Philistines. These signs resemble the Cypro-Mycenaean script. Both the seals and clay tablets are still imperfectly understood.
2258:
Virtually nothing is known for certain about the language of the Philistines. Pottery fragments from the period of circa 1500–1000 BC have been found bearing inscriptions in non-Semitic languages, including one in a
2117:
era, which increased by the Early Bronze Age. In the Middle Bronze Age, coastal plains in the southern Levant economically prospered due to long-distance exchange with the Aegean, Cypriot and Egyptian civilizations.
1966:, which some scholars place in Gaza; however, the lack of detail indicating the precise location of these strongholds means that it is unknown what impact these had, if any, on Philistine settlement along the coast.
1407:
population was genetically distinct due to a European-related admixture; this genetic signal is no longer detectable in the later Iron Age population. According to the authors, the admixture was likely due to a
1183:
A few biblical texts, such as the Ark Narrative and stories reflecting the importance of Gath, seem to portray Late Iron I and Early Iron II memories. They are mentioned more than 250 times, the majority in the
5571:
4527:) "carefully labeled with a hieroglyphic inscription" each of the combatants, and Champollion's posthumously published manuscript notes contained only one short paragraph on the naval scene with only the "
4104:
4081:
According to biblical tradition (Deuteronomy 2:23; Jeremiah 47:4), the Philistines came from Caphtor (possibly Crete, although there is no archaeological evidence of a Philistine occupation of the island.)
3514:
on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew
3138:, p. 69: "For the modern myth that has replaced it, however, there is . Instead of questioning the story of the Philistines Cretan origins, in an attempt to locate a core of historical probability,
6063:
Emanuel, J. P. (2011). Digging for Dagon: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence for a Cult of Philistine Dagon in Iron I Ashdod. In Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting. San Francisco,
1241:
speak of the destruction of the Philistines. Jeremiah 47:4 describes the Philistines as the remnant of the Caphtorim because the latter were mysteriously destroyed, either by divine or man-made means.
2391:, a supposed hypostasis of Baal, is described in the Hebrew Bible as the patron deity of Ekron, though no explicit attestation of such a god or his worship has thus far been discovered, and the name
895:, although evidence for continuity from earlier, Iron Age traditions in the region is scarce. The citizens of Ashdod were reported to keep their language but it might have been an Aramaic dialect.
3819:
These particular Amos verses are earliest-witnessed in the Minor-Prophets scroll found in Wadi Murabbaat, "MurXII"; but both are decayed such that whatever stands in for "PLSTYM" is conjectural.
2891:
3838:
800:), and occupying the remaining kingdoms in the area (including Philistia). Decades later, Egypt began agitating its neighbours to rebel against Assyrian rule. A revolt in Israel was crushed by
2036:
pottery, which is decorated in shades of brown and black. This later developed into the distinctive Philistine pottery of the Iron Age I, with black and red decorations on white slip known as
2158:, conducted a 30-year investigation of the burial practices of the Philistines, by excavating a Philistine cemetery containing more than 150 burials dating from the 11th to 8th century BC
1911:
depicting two major battle scenes. A separate relief on one of the bases of the Osiris pillars with an accompanying hieroglyphic text clearly identifying the person depicted as a captive
1195:
The Aramean, Assyrian and Babylonian threat eventually took over, with the Philistines themselves falling victim to these groups. They were conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the
5591:: "Cemetery in ancient Ashkelon, dating back 2700-3000 years, proves the Philistines came from the Aegean, and that in contrast to the conventional wisdom, they were a peaceful folk.
4857:
686:
There is little evidence that the Sea Peoples forcefully injected themselves into the southern Levant; and the cities which would become the core of Philistine territory, such as
2263:. The Bible does not mention any language problems between the Israelites and the Philistines, as it does with other groups up to the Assyrian and Babylonian occupations. Later,
4547:. Champollion did not make a connection to the Philistines in his published work, and Greene did not refer to such a connection in his 1855 work which commented on Champollion (
4146:
Feldman, Michal; Master, Daniel M.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Burri, Marta; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mittnik, Alissa; Aja, Adam J.; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (3 July 2019).
3212:"Stratigraphic Overview." Pages 215–326 in Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview. Edited by Lawrence E. Stager, David Schloen, and Daniel M. Master. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns
5602:
4501:, pp. 39–41: "Quand Champollion visita Médinet Habou en juin 1829, il vit ces scénes, lut le nom des Pourosato, sans y reconnaître les Philistins; plus tard, dans son
2069:, and Edward Noort, among others, have noted the "difficulty of associating pots with people", proposing alternative suggestions such as potters following their markets or
947:. Deuteronomist sources describe the "Five Lords of the Philistines" as based in five city-states of the southwestern Levant: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath, from
7096:
4544:
1413:
Levant, due to limited number of ancient genomes available for study, "with 20 to 60 per cent similarity to DNA from ancient skeletons from Crete and Iberia and that from
4610:, p. 180: "It seems, then, that the etymological evidence for the origin of the Philistines and other Sea Peoples can be defined as unfocused and ambiguous at best."
4933:"The philistine emergence and its possible bearing on the appearance and activities of Aegean invaders in the east Mediterranean area at the end of the Mycenaean period"
1188:, and are depicted as among the arch-enemies of the Israelites, a serious and recurring threat before being subdued by David. Not all relations were negative, with the
5708:
943:
According to rabbinic sources, the name Philistines designated two separate groups; those said to descend from the Casluhim were different from those described in the
2287:); although by then this language might have been an Aramaic dialect. There is some limited evidence in favour of the assumption that the Philistines were originally
1730:
were located on the northern frontier of Philistine territory, and Tell Qasile in particular may have been inhabited by both Philistine and non-Philistine people.
2399:, is PTYH, unique to the Philistine sphere and possibly representing a goddess in their pantheon, though an exact identity has been subject to scholarly debate.
880:. These records, which link individuals to cities like Gaza and Ashkelon, highlight a continued sense of ethnic identity among the Philistines who were exiled in
2683:
868:. Those exiled continued identifying themselves as the "men of Gaza" or Ashkelon for roughly 150 years, until they finally lost their distinct ethnic identity.
6005:
In contemporary Semitic speech it may have been understood as 'the master of the house'; if so, this phrase could be used in a double sense in Mt. 10:25b.
4880:
525:(1937), whose view was that the Philistines were Indo-European intruders coming from the Aegean and the Balkans via Crete, connected their name to that of the
7018:
3713:
1871:, are dated to the time of the reign of Ramesses III (1186–1155 BC). Another was composed in the period immediately following the death of Ramesses III (
1014:
states that only five cities, Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath and Ekron, were controlled by Philistine lords. Three of these cities were later overtaken by the
2244:
suggest that much of this population was indigenous, such that the migrant element would likely constitute less than half the total, and perhaps much less.
2417:, a Philistine city, one of the "mighty lands of Dagon", though this does little in the way of clarifying the god's importance to the Philistine pantheon.
498:
religious literature, evidence for the name and the origins of the Philistines is less abundant and less consistent. In the remainder of the Hebrew Bible,
1776:
valley during the 11th century BC, or their trade with the Israelites. There are biblical references to Philistines in the valley during the times of the
1253:
6499:"All the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites': A Current Assessment of the Evidence for the Minoan Connection with the Philistines"
4201:
5257:
2583:
997:
does not record the Philistines as one of the nations to be displaced from Canaan. In Genesis 15:18-21, the Philistines are absent from the ten nations
2409:
in Assyrian, Phoenician, and Egyptian sources may imply the god was venerated in at least some parts of Philistia. Furthermore, the inscription of the
3822:
667:. Though archaeological investigation has been unable to correlate any such settlement existing during this time period, this, coupled with the name
2218:
The finding fits with an understanding of the Philistines as an "entangled" or "transcultural" group consisting of peoples of various origins, said
1819:. Though they were eventually repulsed by Ramesses III, he finally resettled them, according to the theory, to rebuild the coastal towns in Canaan.
5045:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
3010:"The "Hunger Years" and the "Sea Peoples": Preliminary Observations on the Recently Published Letters from the "House of Urtenu" Archive at Ugarit"
2455:, as complex wares of gold, bronze, and iron, have been found at Philistine sites as early as the 12th century BC, as well as artisanal weaponry.
2166:
while there were 4 who were cremated. These burial arrangements were very common to the Aegean cultures, but not to the one indigenous to Canaan.
5816:
Harrison, Timothy P. (December 2009). "NEO-HITTITES IN THE "LAND OF PALISTIN": Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of Antioch".
1467:
1288:
regime. 1 Samuel 13:19-21 states that no Israelite blacksmiths were permitted and they had to go to the Philistines to sharpen their weapons and
7091:
5669:
1550:
proposed by the Hittitologists Elisabeth Rieken and Ilya Yakubovich were conducive to the conclusion that the country ruled by Taita was called
6727:. CCEM. Vol. 35 (1 ed.). Vienna: Österreichische Academie der Wissenschaften / Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 113–140.
5620:
5416:
5322:
5243:
4478:: "To my knowledge, the earliest scholars who explicitly proposed the identification of Pourousta with the Philistines are William Osburn Jr.,
4123:
2558:
5516:
Marcus, Ezra S.; Porath, Yosef; Paley, Samuel M. (2008). "THE EARLY MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IIa PHASES AT TEL IFSHAR AND THEIR EXTERNAL RELATIONS".
1395:
origin. In 2016, a large Philistine cemetery was discovered near Ashkelon, containing more than 150 dead buried in oval-shaped graves. A 2019
777:'s dissolution, after which there are only sparse references to them. The accuracy of these narratives is a subject of debate among scholars.
769:, forbidding the Israelites from making iron implements of war. According to their chronicles, the Philistines were eventually subjugated by
1954:
The Harris Papyrus, which was found in a tomb at Medinet Habu, also recalls Ramesses III's battles with the Sea Peoples, declaring that the
7023:
7038:
6108:
4238:
First, there is widespread understanding that the Philistines, Israel's near neighbours, were of Greek, or more generally, Aegean origin.
7083:
6402:
Bene Israel: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and the Levant During the Bronze and Iron Ages Offered in Honour of Israel Finkelstein
6426:
1712:
13:3 and 1 Samuel 6:17, the land of the Philistines, called Philistia, was a pentapolis in the southwestern Levant comprising the five
1284:
Some Philistine military success must have taken place subsequently, allowing the Philistines to subject the Israelites to a localised
6721:"Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples.'"
2345:
in Palistin substantiate a connection between the language of the kingdom of Palistin and the Philistines of the southwestern Levant.
6615:
3510:
Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (
1535:
7104:
7050:
5349:
1647:. Stephanos Vogazianos (1993) states that Jones "only answers problems by analogy and he mainly speculates" but notes that the root
1164::1 tells that the Philistines dominated the Israelites in the times of Samson, who fought and killed over a thousand. According to
4466:À ma connaissance, les plus anciens savants qui ont proposé explicitement l' identification des Pourousta avec les Philistins sont
1986:" Scholars have advanced the possibility that the other Sea Peoples mentioned were connected to these cities in some way as well.
884:. These instances represent the last known mentions of the Philistines, marking the end of their presence in historical accounts.
603:
of the East Mediterranean. Egypt, in particular, repelled numerous attempted invasions from the Sea Peoples, most famously at the
6567:
Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E.
2341:, appear to be of non-Semitic origin, and Indo-European etymologies have been suggested. Recent finds of inscriptions written in
1701:
5176:
1494:." Archaeological research to date has been unable to corroborate a mass settlement of Philistines during the Ramesses III era.
6756:
The Mediterranean Sea and the Southern Levant: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives from the Bronze Age to Medieval Times
4781:
Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday
4641:
Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday
2473:
548:
6962:
6920:
6896:
6784:
6763:
6732:
6688:
6667:
6646:
6466:
6414:
6083:
5998:
5966:
5937:
5777:
5500:
5400:
5100:
5053:
5026:
4977:
4915:
4832:
4805:
4752:
4554:
4346:
4287:
4259:
4231:
3723:
3503:
3048:
3021:
2769:
2742:
2703:
808:
ascended to the throne of Ashdod, and organized another failed uprising against Assyria with Egyptian aid. The Assyrian King
5718:
6309:
3076:
2279:
and Philistine cities, half the offspring of Judean marriages with women from Ashdod could speak only their mother tongue,
1437:, during their entire 575 years of existence among Canaanite (Phoenician), Israelite, and perhaps other seafaring peoples.
600:
3946:
3886:
3856:
6725:"Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on the Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th–11th centuries BCE
4591:
Peleset were not from Philistia after all, but were Aegean Pelasgians. It was this unfortunate suggestion that triggered
4484:
An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Alphabet Egyptian Hieroglyphic gold Ancient
3014:
Ve-'Ed Ya'aleh (Gen 2:6), Volume 1: Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L. Greenstein
1261:
The following is a list of battles described in the Bible as having occurred between the Israelites and the Philistines:
956:
1832:
6868:
2420:
The most common material religious artefact finds from Philistine sites are goddess figurines/chairs, sometimes called
2396:
2197:
1396:
4474:
An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic or Ancient Egyptian Alphabet
3916:
3359:
7133:
6841:
6805:
6709:
6596:
6575:
6525:
6487:
6389:
6364:
6283:
6258:
6235:
4365:
Stone, Bryan Jack (1995). "The Philistines and Acculturation: Culture Change and Ethnic Continuity in the Iron Age".
1527:("f"?) inadequately described in the script, or both. Falistina was a kingdom somewhere on the Amuq plain, where the
3458:
De goden der Filistijnen en hun dienst, in Geschiedenis van den godsdienst in de oudheid tot op Alexander den Groote
1751:, 23 of the 26 Iron Age I sites (12th to 10th centuries BC) yielded typical Philistine pottery. These sites include
1744:, which according to the Bible marked the border between the Philistine and Israelite territory, remains uncertain.
4294:
Most scholars conclude that the Philistines came from the area of Greece and the islands between Greece and Turkey.
4020:
1951:
in this inscription is seen as providing some information on the possible origin and identity of the Philistines.
6979:
6183:
4524:
1425:
Most scholars agree that the Philistines were of Greek origin, and that they came from Crete and the rest of the
1169:
3380:
Peter Machinist (2013). "Biblical Traditions: The Philistines and Israelite History". In Eliezer D. Oren (ed.).
2571:
1796:
and William Osburn Jr. in 1846, biblical scholars have connected the biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "
749:, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron and Gath. Whether or not historians are inclined to accept the historicity of the
3820:
3120:
2464:
2410:
67:
5690:
4443:
3441:
2923:
2635:
5713:
5588:
Philippe Bohstrom, 'Archaeologists find first-ever Philistine cemetery in Israel,' Haaretz 10 July 2016.
5311:, Chapter 20: Lawrence E. Stager, "The Impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185–1050 BCE)", p. 344.
2833:
2828:
1816:
1083:
Rabbinic sources state that the Philistines of Genesis were different people from the Philistines of the
3585:
2875:
2170:
of Harvard University believes that Philistines came to Canaan by ships before the Battle of the Delta (
1815:
Philistines formed part of the conjectured "Sea Peoples" who repeatedly attacked Egypt during the later
1598:
notes that there is nothing (besides the name) in the recently discovered archaeology that indicates an
1023:
780:
The Philistines seemed to have generally retained their autonomy, up until the mid-8th century BC, when
7003:
2395:
itself may be the result of an intentional distortion by the Israelites. Another name, attested on the
2151:
1907:. Scholars have been unable to conclusively determine which images match what peoples described in the
1384:
1363:
mentions in two places that they originate from a geographical region known as Caphtor (possibly Crete/
1189:
825:. Sennacherib crushed the revolt, defeated the Egyptians, and destroyed much of the cities in southern
7013:
3012:. In Machinist, Peter; Harris, Robert A.; Berman, Joshua A.; Samet, Nili; Ayali-Darshan, Noga (eds.).
7143:
6856:""Sea Peoples" and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean"
5470:
3142:
took the story at face value and proceeded to inflate it to fantastic dimensions. Believing that the
2871:
2467:, a museum displaying the major archaeological artifacts from the five ancient Philistine city-states
1210:
in 1:8 sets the Philistines / ἀλλοφύλοι at Ashdod and Ekron. In 9:7 God is quoted asserting that, as
944:
7028:
6889:
Israel in Transition: From late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c.1250-850 B.C.E.). Volume I. The Archaeology
5326:
4539:). Dothan and Dothan's following paragraph "Dr. Greene's Unexpected Discovery" incorrectly confused
2879:
7138:
6993:
6606:
6424:
Finkelstein, Israel (December 2002). "The Philistines in the Bible: A Late-Monarchic Perspective".
4337:. In Ebeling, Jennie R.; Wright, J. Edward; Elliott, Mark Adam; Flesher, Paul V. McCracken (eds.).
2037:
1011:
753:
of the Hebrew nation, their writers describe a series of conflicts between the Philistines and the
579:
171:
2444:. Finds include breweries, wineries, and retail shops marketing beer and wine. Beer mugs and wine
1577:
John David Hawkins (who translated the Aleppo inscriptions) hypothesizes a connection between the
1019:
5554:
3771:
2966:
1697:
1185:
4507:
3396:
1119:
119:
6154:
6131:
5767:
2483:
2376:
2260:
1876:
1391:. These traditions, among other things, have led to the modern theory of Philistines having an
1289:
466:
175:
104:
6885:"The Date of the Philistine Settlement in the Coastal Plain: The View from Megiddo and Latish"
6774:
6634:
6624:
Maeir, A. M. (2005). "Philister-Keramik". In Frantz-Szabo, Gabriella; Hellwag, Ursula (eds.).
5852:
5388:
5016:
4822:
4795:
4742:
4639:
Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). "The new values of Luwian signs L 319 and L 172".
3762:
3491:
3457:
2983:
2847:
1594:
However, the relation between Palistin and the Philistines is much debated. Israeli professor
1399:
found that, while all three Ashkelon populations derive most of their ancestry from the local
7067:
6907:
6678:
6297:
4536:
3143:
3038:
3009:
2759:
2726:
1904:
1860:
1848:
1547:
1450:
861:
718:
687:
660:
591:
474:
194:
6350:
5088:
3428:, Die Rasse der Philistäer, in Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie, xxxiv. 103, 1891
2375:, and Dagon, whose names or variations thereof had already appeared in the earlier attested
2121:
The Cretans also influenced the architecture of Middle Bronze Age Canaanite palaces such as
1928:
drawn by two horses. They carried small shields and fought with straight swords and spears.
7128:
7077:
6513:
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature
5973:
An alternative suggested by many is to connect zĕbûl with a noun meaning "(exalted) abode".
5921:
5069:
4944:
4159:
3786:
2288:
1856:
891:
period, the region of Philistia saw resettlement, with its inhabitants being identified as
424:
5891:
Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 13, 2015
5550:
4266:
Many scholars have identified the Philistines and other Sea Peoples as Mycenaean Greeks...
1045:
deals with the Philistine king similarly, by concluding a treaty with them in chapter 26.
8:
7101:
7043:
5786:
5674:
5353:
4540:
4109:
3542:
2960:
2342:
2306:
2253:
2223:
2126:
2114:
2070:
1999:
1607:
1578:
1542:
was discovered during excavations conducted by German archaeologist Kay Kohlmeyer in the
1299:
1279:
1137:
917:
785:
781:
604:
186:
163:
6610:
5903:
Gitin, Seymour, and Mordechai Cogan. "A New Type of Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron."
5572:"Ancient philistine cemetery in Israel could solve one of the Bible's biggest mysteries"
4163:
2928:
The Samuel Scroll from Qumran: 4QSama Restored and Compared to the Septuagint and 4QSamc
1486:(Canaan), come to an end; and since 1873 comparisons were drawn between them and to the
6830:
6738:
6552:
6443:
6338:
6208:
6200:
5993:(3rd (108) ed.). Leicester, England; Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
5886:
5833:
5651:
5533:
4932:
4706:
4671:
4421:
4390:
4382:
4315:
4182:
4147:
3425:
3116:
2810:
2640:
2354:
2143:
2033:
1825:
1654:
1295:
929:
920:: "Mizraim begot the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, the Naphtuhim, the Pathrusim, the
804:
in 722 BC, resulting in the kingdom's total destruction. In 712 BC, a Philistine named
766:
399:
394:
7061:
4620:
Rieken, Elisabeth. A. Süel (ed.). "Das Zeichen <sà> im Hieroglyphen-luwischen".
4587:
2600:
Aaron J. Brody; Roy J. King (2013). "Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel".
2065:
However, for many years scholars such as Gloria London, John Brug, Shlomo Bunimovitz,
1445:
1367:), although the Hebrew chronicles also state that the Philistines were descended from
651:. Following the Sea Peoples' defeat, Ramesses III allegedly relocated a number of the
6958:
6916:
6892:
6837:
6801:
6780:
6759:
6728:
6705:
6684:
6663:
6642:
6592:
6571:
6556:
6521:
6483:
6462:
6447:
6410:
6385:
6360:
6342:
6305:
6279:
6254:
6247:
6231:
6212:
6089:
6079:
6043:
5994:
5962:
5933:
5871:
5837:
5773:
5747:
5655:
5589:
5496:
5396:
5271:
5180:
5096:
5049:
5022:
4973:
4948:
4911:
4828:
4801:
4748:
4710:
4675:
4394:
4342:
4283:
4255:
4227:
4187:
4076:
3719:
3499:
3044:
3017:
2802:
2765:
2738:
2699:
2617:
2050:
1931:
The Rhetorical Stela are less discussed, but are noteworthy in that they mention the
1720:
in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east.
1543:
1400:
1238:
1196:
1064:
888:
857:
384:
375:
263:
190:
36:
6503:
Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Cretan Studies, 21–27 October 2011
6461:. Vol. I. The Archaeology. New York and London: T & T Clark International.
5555:"Remains Of Minoan-Style Painting Discovered During Excavations of Canaanite Palace"
2613:
1581:
Palistin and the Philistines, as do archaeologists Benjamin Sass and Kay Kohlmeyer.
1497:
563:
Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the collapse of the
6939:
6544:
6435:
6330:
6192:
6033:
5867:
5825:
5643:
5525:
4853:
4698:
4663:
4374:
4177:
4167:
3511:
2794:
2691:
2609:
2099:
2058:
2028:
1959:
1872:
1820:
1781:
1727:
1658:
1226:
1177:
1053:
814:
664:
534:
505:
481:
470:
461:
457:
291:
40:
7102:
Neal Bierling. Giving Goliath His Due. New Archaeological Light on the Philistines
6998:
6943:
5603:"Long Buried By Bad Reputation, Philistines Get New Life With Archaeological Find"
4972:. Ben Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East. p. 336.
4622:
Acts of the VIIth International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, August 25–31, 2008
2162:. In July 2016, the expedition finally announced the results of their excavation.
7108:
7097:
Biblical Archaeology Review - Yavneh Yields Over a Hundred Philistine Cult Stands
7054:
6952:
6880:
6800:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
6797:
The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (University Museum Monograph 108)
6795:
6699:
6657:
6586:
6565:
6535:
Jones, A. (1972). "The Philistines and the Hearth: Their Journey to the Levant".
6511:
6477:
6456:
6400:
6375:
6269:
6221:
5670:"Know thine enemy: DNA study solves ancient riddle of origins of the Philistines"
5043:
4967:
4905:
3826:
2682:
Maeir, Aren M. (2018), Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Cline, Eric H.; Rowan, Yorke (eds.),
2441:
2425:
2314:
2310:
2292:
2204:
2181:
2167:
2155:
2046:
1903:), recording his victories in a series of inscriptions in his mortuary temple at
1868:
1539:
1512:
1272:
1230:
1147:
1115:
909:
834:
774:
758:
671:
and the peoples' supposed Aegean origins, have led many scholars to identify the
634:
420:
336:
308:
95:
82:
6752:"Just What did They Destroy? The Sea Peoples and the End of the Late Bronze Age"
4969:
From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel
3080:
1460:
Since 1846, scholars have connected the biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "
955:
in the north. This description portrays them at one period of time as among the
761:, and, allegedly, the Philistines exercised lordship over Israel in the days of
7092:
The Center for Online Judaic Studies: Ramesses III and the Philistines, 1175 BC
6867:
Silberman, Neil A. (1998), Seymour Gitin; Amichai Mazar; Ephraim Stern (eds.),
6851:
6439:
6334:
6302:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C.
5986:
5647:
5272:"Philistine | Definition, People, Homeland, & Facts | Britannica"
5003:
4592:
4353:... a distinctive Aegean-style material culture associated with the Philistines
4092:
3987:
3954:
3924:
3894:
3864:
3766:
3453:
3437:
3284:
3139:
2147:
2066:
1777:
1748:
1717:
1709:
1528:
1426:
1306:
1207:
1143:
1092:
1088:
970:
937:
933:
873:
830:
680:
428:
412:
136:
6268:
Dothan, Trude Krakauer; Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amihai; Stern, Ephraim (1998).
6155:"Excavating Ekron: Major Philistine City Survived by Absorbing Other Cultures"
5853:"After the Hittites: the kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in northern Syria"
4702:
4667:
4148:"Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines"
4064:
4009:
3998:
3618:
3607:
3596:
3574:
3559:
3295:
2787:
Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period
2695:
1879:, is dated to some time between the end of the 12th or early 11th century BC.
1001:'s descendants will displace as well as being absent from the list of nations
813:
incited its neighbors to rebel against Assyria, resulting in Ashkelon, Ekron,
7122:
6517:
6047:
4992:
4952:
4850:"The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data"
3808:
3797:
3756:
3570:
3487:
2806:
2798:
2621:
1808:". The evidence for these connections is etymological and has been disputed.
1793:
1771:, Be'er Tiveon, Hurvat Hazin, Tel Risim, Tel Re'ala, Hurvat Tzror, Tel Sham,
1595:
1582:
1574:
1434:
1192:, who were of Philistine origin, serving as David's bodyguards and soldiers.
1155:
1084:
981:
793:
587:
522:
7113:
6742:
6720:
2007:
1010:. However, their de-facto control over Canaan appears to have been limited.
6318:
6293:
6271:
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BC
4689:
Ilya Yakubovich (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia".
4191:
4172:
3709:
2452:
2159:
2087:
1989:
1899:" (the eastern Mediterranean coast) and at "the mouths of the rivers" (the
1844:
1734:
1603:
1454:
1360:
1321:
1234:
1151:
1076:
952:
750:
618:
416:
221:
217:
209:
74:
63:
6458:
Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)
6093:
5471:"CHAPTER 1: The Dawn of the Bronze Age – The Aegean in the 3rd Millennium"
4728:
Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions 1. Inscriptions of the Iron Age
4306:
Shai, Itzhaq (2011). "Philistia and the Philistines in the Iron Age IIA".
2572:
https://greekreporter.com/2023/10/08/ancient-philistines-greek-origin-dna/
2203:
ancestry from the local Levantine gene pool, but with a certain amount of
1895:. They were comprehensively defeated by Ramesses III, who fought them in "
1688:
1339:
7039:
Penn State University - The Sea Peoples and the Philistines (link broken)
6406:
6356:
6227:
5887:"King Taita and his 'Palistin': philistine state or neo-hittite kingdom?"
5529:
4053:
4042:
4031:
2684:"Iron Age I Philistines: Entangled Identities in a Transformative Period"
2424:. This seems to imply a dominant female figure, which is consistent with
2268:
2110:
There is evidence that Cretans traded with Levantine merchants since the
1917:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1723:
1662:
1638:
1555:
1285:
1199:, and disappeared as a distinct ethnic group by the late 5th century BC.
977:), which means simply "other nations", is used instead of "Philistines".
865:
822:
738:
730:
695:
583:
512::17. In the Septuagint, however, 269 references alternately use the term
326:
6038:
6021:
5829:
5537:
4425:
4319:
3755: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2814:
2785:
Perkins, Larry (2010). "What's in a Name—Proper Names in Greek Exodus".
208:. Though the primary source of information about the Philistines is the
162:
The Philistines may have originated as a Greek immigrant group from the
6626:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Band 14
5908:
4744:
A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari
4386:
2516:
2478:
2405:
2318:
2219:
2095:
1900:
1805:
1801:
1772:
1713:
1599:
1491:
1487:
1414:
1392:
1376:
1324:, killing King Saul and his three sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malkishua
1310:
1219:
1211:
1173:
1165:
1154:
states that the term "Philistines" means simply "non-Israelites of the
1111:
1030:
960:
754:
742:
710:
705:
626:
596:
564:
526:
509:
495:
432:
317:
299:
205:
152:
115:
6954:
The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age
6204:
1257:
Illustration depicting a Philistine victory over the Israelites (1896)
1029:
God also directed the Israelites away from the Philistines upon their
204:
conflict with the Canaanite peoples of the region, in particular, the
5352:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Archived from
2520:
2388:
2364:
2139:
2122:
2111:
1916:
themselves. The soldiers were quite tall and clean-shaven. They wore
1883:
the "Sea Peoples," a coalition of foreign enemies which included the
1693:
1683:
1520:
1440:
1409:
1380:
1359:
Several theories are given about the origins of the Philistines. The
1266:
1244:
1161:
1038:
964:
948:
925:
892:
881:
838:
809:
801:
797:
746:
714:
538:
513:
492:
453:
330:
320:
156:
59:
6873:
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan
6860:
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan
6751:
4378:
4334:
2724:
2688:
The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present
1602:
origin to Palistin; most of the discoveries at the Palistin capital
7046:
Giving Goliath his Due: New Archaeological Light on the Philistines
6884:
6855:
6548:
6498:
6381:
6196:
6022:"Philistine Cult and Religion According to Archaeological Evidence"
5929:
5907:, vol. 49, no. 3/4, Israel Exploration Society, 1999, pp. 193–202,
4654:
Hawkins, J. David (2011). "The inscriptions of the Aleppo Temple".
2296:
2264:
2241:
2208:
2017:
1944:
1812:
1760:
1733:
The location of Gath is not entirely certain, although the site of
1661:(1994) note the hearth constructions which have been discovered at
1551:
1404:
1368:
1344:
1327:
921:
849:
637:. Egyptian sources name one of these implicated Sea Peoples as the
530:
477:
174:. Over time, they gradually assimilated elements of the indigenous
148:
7076:
7060:
4776:
2305:(thought by linguists to have been borrowed by the Greeks from an
1855:
The "Peleset" appear in four different texts from the time of the
1811:
Based on the Peleset inscriptions, it has been suggested that the
1800:" inscriptions; and since 1873, both have been connected with the
1449:
Peleset, captives of the Egyptians, from a graphic wall relief at
6701:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East: Volume 4
5750:
5621:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
5417:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
5244:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
5089:"The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology"
4747:. Tell Ahmar, Volume 2. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 130.
4532:
4202:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
4124:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
3344:
Egypt and the Kingdom of Judah under Josiah and Jehoiakim, p. 218
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2559:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
2522:
2372:
2368:
2322:
2041:
1925:
1908:
1888:
1840:
1836:
1797:
1567:
1563:
1524:
1372:
1352:
1348:
1314:
1215:
1142:'other nations') instead of "Philistines" throughout the
1107:
1103:
1034:
1007:
998:
913:
722:
691:
643:
622:
559:
227:
31:
6591:. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
5928:. Vol. 1 (Revised (381) ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan:
3715:
The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and 2 Samuel
58:
This article is about the ancient people. For their polity, see
6776:
Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction
6275:
5748:'Archaeologists find first-ever Philistine cemetery in Israel,'
5093:
Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies
4824:
The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology
4528:
4280:
Ancient Israel's History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources
2445:
2380:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2301:
2054:
2021:
2003:
Philistine pottery, Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture
1884:
1741:
1643:
1634:
1559:
1554:. This country extended in the 11th-10th centuries BC from the
1430:
1099:
1072:
1068:
1015:
877:
826:
805:
789:
741:, the Philistines had formed an ethnic state centered around a
656:
630:
544:
302:
213:
182:
167:
144:
5495:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–229.
4775:
Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). Singer, I. (ed.).
3761:
Hirsch, Emil G.; Muller, W. Max; Ginzberg, Louis (1901–1906).
2933:
1461:
621:
defeated a massive invasion force which had already plundered
387:
225:
6891:. New York: T & T Clark International. pp. 203–216.
6352:
The Philistines in Transition: A History from ca. 1000-730 BC
5634:"Ancient DNA reveals the roots of the Biblical Philistines".
3675:
3651:
2764:. Translated by Thomas H. Trapp. Fortress Press. p. 95.
2528:
2414:
2330:
2276:
2091:
1896:
1864:
1764:
1666:
1649:
1628:
1388:
1364:
1218:. In the Greek this is, instead, bringing the ἀλλόφυλοι from
1049:
1042:
1002:
994:
818:
770:
726:
699:
446:
440:
201:
7033:
6854:(1998), Seymour Gitin; Amichai Mazar; Ephraim Stern (eds.),
5984:
1052:, the Philistines are almost always referred to without the
1033:
from Egypt, according to Exodus 13:17. In Genesis 21:22-17,
659:, as recorded in an inscription from his funerary temple in
185:, after having already been subjugated for centuries by the
6078:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 662.
4314:(2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 124–125.
4105:
Discovery of Philistine Cemetery May Solve Biblical Mystery
3158:
3156:
2384:
2360:
2272:
1963:
1921:
1110:. This differentiation was also held by the authors of the
844:
The Philistines were later occupied by the Egyptians in 609
762:
6930:
Vandersleyen, Claude (2003). "Keftiu: A Cautionary Note".
5202:
5200:
5198:
3523:, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative
1379:
connects the Philistines to other biblical groups such as
1150:. Based on the LXX's regular translation as "foreigners",
1041:, the Philistine king, and his descendants. Abraham's son
1018:, making them a target for Israelite conquests as seen in
6957:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
5691:"DNA Begins to Unlock Secrets of the Ancient Philistines"
5278:
5258:"Who Were the Philistines, and Where Did They Come From?"
3760:
3040:
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
2599:
2584:"Who Were the Philistines, and Where Did They Come From?"
1887:, the Shekelesh, the Deyen, the Weshesh, the Teresh, the
1330:
defeats the Philistines as far as Gaza and its territory.
1130:
282:). They also left behind a distinctive material culture.
143:) were an ancient people who lived on the south coast of
130:
6076:
Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament
5961:. Vol. 1 (639 ed.). New York City: Doubleday.
4907:
Bronze Age Civilization: The Philistines and the Danites
4482:..., London, 1846. pp. 99, 107, 137, and Edward Hincks,
4145:
3407:
3168:
3153:
3095:
1990:
Material culture: Aegean origin and historical evolution
1573:
Due to the similarity between Palistin and Philistines,
837:, though he was unable to capture the Judahite capital,
7024:
List of Biblical References to Philistines or Philistia
6628:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 528–536.
5195:
2906:
The Social Location of the Visions of Amram (4Q543-547)
2718:
2636:
DNA Begins to Unlock Secrets of the Ancient Philistines
2440:
There is considerable evidence for a large industry in
2317:). Although most Philistine names are Semitic (such as
1653:
may not at all be out of place. Regarding this theory,
5799:
5797:
5171:
5169:
4965:
4480:
Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible
4472:..., Londres 1846. p. 99. 107. 137. et Edward Hincks,
4470:
Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible
4445:
Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible
4252:
A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines
3324:
3131:
3129:
2690:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 320,
2053:
to PYGN or PYTN, which some have suggested refers to "
1737:, not far from Ekron, is currently the most favoured.
1158:" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David.
1106:
60b, the Philistines of Genesis intermingled with the
582:, an apparent confederation of seafarers known as the
378:
257:
251:
245:
233:
178:
societies, while preserving their own unique culture.
6836:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
6398:
6374:
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2005).
6267:
5985:
Millard, Alan R.; Marshall, I. Howard; Packer, J.I.;
5432:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5014:
4586:, p. 55: "A slight shift occurred in 1872, when
4367:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3519:. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration
3463:
3312:
3150:
the ethnica in Merneptahs and Ramesses inscriptions."
3057:
2271:
records that when Judean men intermarried women from
1622:
Allen Jones (1972 & 1975) suggests that the name
55:
Ancient people who lived on the south coast of Canaan
6111:. Charlotte, North Carolina: Church of the Great God
5095:, vol. 15, Society of Biblical Lit, p. 2,
3746:
3744:
3742:
3360:"The History Leading Up to the Destruction of Judah"
3300:
2504:
792:
that was not already under Assyrian rule (including
499:
406:
239:
109:
6704:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
5794:
5166:
3384:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 53–83.
3126:
773:, before regaining independence in the wake of the
6829:
6758:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 59–98.
6570:Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature.
6399:Fantalkin, Alexander; Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2008).
6246:
6181:Bonfante, G. (1946). "Who were the Philistines?".
5709:"Ancient DNA may reveal origin of the Philistines"
5133:
4200:
1247:Battles between the Israelites and the Philistines
788:, marched into the region, conquering much of the
6611:"The Philistines: Their History and Civilization"
6373:
6249:People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines
5515:
4335:"The Philistines during the Period of the Judges"
3739:
2946:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2333:) some of the Philistine names, such as Goliath,
1716:of Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath, from
1478:900 BC just as archaeological references to
1355:, and other peoples mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
912:, 10:13-14 states, with regard to descendants of
7120:
7029:Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Website
6815:Rabin, Chaim (1963). "Hittite Words in Hebrew".
6637:. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.).
6377:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4: P–Sh
5493:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
5325:. Biblical Archaeological Review. Archived from
5323:"When Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon"
4820:
4777:"The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172"
4774:
4638:
4079:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11 August 2023.
3839:"Read the Bible text :: academic-bible.com"
3668:, p. 51: "The LXX's regular translation of
3043:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 76.
2515:) in Hebrew. The equivalent in the Greek of the
1843:prisoner being led by an Egyptian soldier under
1453:, in about 1185-52 BC, during the reign of
1429:or, more generally, from the area of modern-day
5957:Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1996). "Beelzebul".
4688:
4643:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology: 199–219 .
4603:
4601:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
3382:The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment
3379:
2757:
398:has the same derivation. The native Philistine
86:Confederacy of Philistia in the 9th century BCE
6875:, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 268–275
6862:, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 292–313
6723:. In Fischer, Peter M.; Bürge, Teresa (eds.).
6482:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Greenhill Books.
6304:, Princeton University Press, pp. 48–72,
6245:Dothan, Trude Krakauer; Dothan, Moshe (1992).
5860:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
5662:
4373:(298). The University of Chicago Press: 7–32.
4254:. British Archaeological Reports. p. 41.
3687:normally appeared without a definite article."
2903:
2647:
2451:The Philistines also seemed to be experienced
2180:BC). DNA was extracted from the skeletons for
2142:Expedition, consisting of archaeologists from
821:revolting against Sargon's son and successor,
277:
271:
7034:Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Blog
5926:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
5761:
5759:
5551:"Remains of Minoan fresco found at Tel Kabri"
5386:
5008:
2848:"Origin and meaning of the name Palestine by"
1498:"Walistina/Falistina" and "Palistin" in Syria
1343:A 1854 map showing possible locations of the
1176:, the return of the Ark to the Israelites of
6950:
6929:
6905:
6475:
6244:
5734:
5380:
5368:
5041:
4966:Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav (1994).
4797:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History
4793:
4632:
4607:
4598:
4553:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreene1855 (
4520:
4498:
4461:
4339:The Old Testament in Archaeology and History
4221:
4198:
4130:
3975:
3718:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. xvii.
3682:
3669:
3645:
2728:Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean
2510:
2094:, where there were Philistine farmsteads at
1939:, who sailed "in the midst of the sea". The
1071:slays a thousand men with the jawbone of an
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
189:(911–605 BC), was finally destroyed by King
7014:Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture
6754:. In Kamlah, J.; Lichtenberger, A. (eds.).
6588:The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land
6423:
6059:
6057:
6015:
6013:
5490:
4613:
4579:
4577:
4414:The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy
4308:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
3696:
3623:
3486:
2725:Raffaele D'Amato; Andrea Salimbeti (2015).
2379:. The Philistines may also have worshipped
311:
6832:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times
6683:. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 41–.
6605:
6427:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6323:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6253:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
6223:The Philistines and Their Material Culture
6106:
6019:
5756:
5518:Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
5035:
4930:
4278:Arnold, Bill T.; Hess, Richard S. (2014).
4277:
3629:
3413:
1672:
1059:
940:have argued for a third, Semitic origin.
6879:
6869:"The Sea Peoples, the Victorians, and Us"
6866:
6641:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 549–64.
6616:Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology
6563:
6496:
6476:Herzog, Chaim; Gichon, Mordechai (2006).
6153:Gitin, Seymour (November–December 2005).
6073:
6037:
5564:
5456:
5428:
5426:
5284:
5206:
5148:
5086:
4562:
4437:
4435:
4406:
4404:
4332:
4181:
4171:
3174:
3162:
3101:
2751:
2737:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 30–32.
2448:are among the most common pottery finds.
1403:-speaking Levantine gene pool, the early
1371:, one of the 7 sons of Ham's second son,
6850:
6180:
6107:Ritenbaugh, Richard T. (November 2006).
6054:
6010:
5989:, eds. (1996). "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul".
5956:
5920:
5815:
5688:
5582:
4827:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 662.
4574:
4341:. Baylor University Press. p. 332.
3482:
3480:
3478:
3200:10.1163/ej.9789004206250.i-452.64. p 202
3121:Is The Philistine Paradigm Still Viable?
3112:
3110:
3079:. Specialtyinterests.net. Archived from
2978:
2976:
2359:The deities worshipped in the area were
2090:region to the north (the area of modern
2006:
1998:
1943:are thought to have originated from the
1831:
1787:
1687:
1444:
1441:The "Peleset" from Egyptian inscriptions
1338:
1252:
1063:
704:
558:
81:
6827:
6772:
6676:
6659:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History
6655:
6509:
6348:
5884:
5769:The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible
5374:
5347:
5230:
5218:
5160:
5127:
5080:
4841:
4740:
4725:
4653:
4494:
4492:
4457:
4455:
4448:. Samuel Bagster and sons. p. 107.
4226:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 287.
3659:
3635:
3543:"Genesis 10 Matthew Poole's Commentary"
3469:
3330:
3318:
3185:
3183:
3063:
2958:
2784:
2080:
1214:, he also brought the Philistines from
1048:Unlike most other ethnic groups in the
7121:
6915:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 39–54.
6749:
6718:
6697:
6635:"Philistines and Israelites/Judahites"
6454:
6321:(1998), "Canaanites and Philistines",
6219:
6157:. Biblical Archaeology Society Library
6134:. Biblical Archaeology Society Library
6129:
5850:
5765:
5730:
5728:
5444:
5423:
4847:
4548:
4535:" identified (Champollion, Monuments,
4441:
4432:
4410:
4401:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3209:
2761:Isaiah 13-27: A Continental Commentary
2660:
2413:, dating to the 6th century BC, calls
1924:, and their superior weapons included
1614:
1420:
1387:, which have been identified with the
1037:agrees to a covenant of kindness with
6814:
6632:
6623:
6534:
6317:
6292:
6152:
5803:
5600:
5296:
5177:"Philistines | Follow The Rabbi"
5115:
4910:. Public Affairs Press. pp. VI.
4903:
4891:
4783:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology.
4583:
4568:
4364:
3708:
3702:
3665:
3641:
3537:
3535:
3475:
3375:
3373:
3353:
3351:
3306:
3135:
3107:
3036:
3007:
2973:
2681:
1947:coast and their association with the
1626:represents a corruption of the Greek
1320:The Philistines defeat Israelites on
988:
641:, generally transliterated as either
543:(term for the laboring population of
6908:"Le dossier egyptien des Philistins"
6793:
6584:
6132:"What We Know About the Philistines"
5909:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27926893
5594:
5308:
5179:. followtherabbi.com. Archived from
4730:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 2.366.
4489:
4452:
4305:
4249:
4222:Young, Ian; Rezetko, Robert (2016).
4097:
3357:
3180:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2595:
2593:
2105:
1994:
1859:. Two of these, the inscriptions at
898:
465:(4Q543-7), which is dated "prior to
200:The Philistines are known for their
15:
5725:
4224:Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts
3683:
3670:
3646:
2511:
2191:
2133:
1172:and held it for several months; in
1114:(LXX), who translated (rather than
856:BC, following a Philistine revolt,
370:
358:
346:
238:), accepted as cognate with Hebrew
99:
13:
6130:Dothan, Trude (July–August 1982).
5689:St Fleur, Nicholas (3 July 2019).
5468:
5393:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
5320:
5042:Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009).
4821:Ann E. Killebrew (21 April 2013).
4619:
3532:
3370:
3348:
3037:Paine, Lincoln (27 October 2015).
2908:. Peter Lang. pp. 17, 89, 99.
2397:Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription
2198:Genetic history of the Middle East
1935:together with a people called the
1534:In 2003, a statue of a king named
959:'s most dangerous enemies. In the
14:
7155:
6973:
5433:Fantalkin & Yasur-Landau 2008
4848:Salner, Omri (17 December 2014).
2666:
2590:
2437:Israel's present-day production.
2057:", the title given to an ancient
1118:) its base text as "foreigners" (
6146:
6123:
6100:
6067:
5978:
5959:The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary
5950:
5914:
5897:
5878:
5872:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x
5844:
5809:
5740:
5701:
5682:
5627:
5613:
5544:
5509:
5491:Shelmerdine, Cynthia W. (2010).
5484:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5409:
5389:"Ethnicity and Material Culture"
5350:"Recent Discoveries at Ashkelon"
5341:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5264:
5250:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5154:
5121:
5109:
5062:
5018:The History of Ancient Palestine
4997:
4986:
4959:
4924:
4897:
4885:
4872:
4814:
4787:
4768:
4734:
4718:
4682:
4647:
3775:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
3750:
2962:Ancient Languages of the Balkans
2926:), in Fincke, Andrew, ed. 2001.
2125:. Dr. Assaf Yasur-Landau of the
2027:The proposed connection between
1515:texts already variantly spelled
1415:modern people living in Sardinia
1170:captured the Ark of the Covenant
445:) occurs 12 times, again in the
244:; the parallel Assyrian term is
212:, they are first attested to in
20:
6656:Masalha, Nur (15 August 2018).
6537:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
6220:Dothan, Trude Krakauer (1982).
6184:American Journal of Archaeology
5348:Schloen, David (30 July 2007).
5021:. Fortress Press. p. 311.
4514:
4358:
4326:
4299:
4282:. Baker Academic. p. 152.
4271:
4243:
4215:
4116:
4086:
4069:
4058:
4047:
4036:
4025:
4014:
4003:
3992:
3981:
3969:
3939:
3909:
3879:
3849:
3831:
3813:
3802:
3791:
3779:
3690:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3579:
3564:
3553:
3447:
3431:
3419:
3389:
3336:
3289:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3203:
3193:
3069:
3030:
3001:
2952:
2912:
2897:
2885:
2865:
2840:
2821:
2778:
2614:10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0925
2497:
1202:
1075:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by
533:(a class of unfree laborers in
224:, in which they are called the
62:. For the derogatory term, see
6887:. In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.).
6828:Redford, Donald Bruce (1992).
6779:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 145–.
6384:: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
6278:: Israel Exploration Society.
5851:Weeden, Mark (December 2013).
5478:Unisa International Repository
5015:Gösta Werner Ahlström (1993).
4931:Vogazianos, Stephanos (1994).
4628:. Ankara: Anıt Matbaa: 651–60.
2628:
2576:
2565:
2551:
456:" is further mentioned in the
1:
6944:10.1111/1468-0092.t01-1-00005
6932:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
6906:Vandersleyen, Claude (1985).
5924:, ed. (2002) . "Baal-Zebub".
5717:. 3 July 2019. Archived from
5601:Dwyer, Colin (10 July 2016).
4794:Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014).
4250:Brug, John Frederick (1978).
2947:Fahlbusch & Bromiley 2005
2729:
2539:
2234:
2171:
1958:were "reduced to ashes." The
1475:
1471:
1275:, Philistines capture the Ark
608:
568:
431:version of the Bible, called
7004:Resources in other libraries
6951:Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2010).
6910:. In Edward Lipiński (ed.).
5885:Emanuel, Jeffrey P. (2015).
5395:. Eisenbrauns. p. 146.
5391:. In Suzanne Richard (ed.).
4724:Inscription TELL TAYINAT 1:
4199:Clare Wilson (3 July 2019).
3442:Geschichte des Volkes Israel
3077:"Text of the Papyrus Harris"
2544:
2521:
2503:"Lords" is a translation of
2465:Museum of Philistine Culture
2411:sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
2049:. Further evidence concerns
1740:The identity of the city of
1677:
1462:
1278:Philistines defeated at the
1212:he brought Israel from Egypt
1131:
965:
829:, Phoenicia, Philistia, and
539:
514:
388:
379:
331:
321:
285:
258:
252:
246:
226:
131:
68:Philistines (disambiguation)
7:
7019:National Geographic article
6639:The Ancient Israelite World
6109:"Who Were the Philistines?"
5714:National Geographic Society
5233:, p. 8 (Footnote #42).
4800:. OUP Oxford. p. 111.
2852:Online Etymology Dictionary
2834:Online Etymology Dictionary
2634:St. Fleur, Nicholas. 2019."
2505:
2458:
2348:
2295:speakers from the coast of
2267:13:23-24 writing under the
2247:
2011:Philistine pottery patterns
1747:In the western part of the
1271:Israelites defeated at the
833:, and entered the northern
500:
473:," possibly to the time of
419:(of which 152 times are in
407:
364:
352:
340:
240:
110:
29:It has been suggested that
10:
7160:
6564:Killebrew, Ann E. (2005).
6520:: Hendrickson Publishers.
6497:Hitchcock, Louise (2011),
6455:Grabbe, Lester L. (2008).
6440:10.1177/030908920202700201
6335:10.1177/030908929802308104
6173:
6020:Ben-Shlomo, David (2019).
5905:Israel Exploration Journal
5772:, vol. 4, Zondervan,
5648:10.1038/d41586-019-02081-x
5642:(7764): 149. 4 July 2019.
5087:Killebrew, Ann E. (2013),
5070:"Butler, Trent C, editor.
5048:. Routledge. p. 249.
4726:Hawkins, J. David (2000).
4545:John Baker Stafford Greene
4333:Killebrew, Ann E. (2017).
3676:
3652:
3494:, in Mark G. Brett (ed.),
3490:; Rose, Catherine (1996),
2959:Katičić, Radoslav (1976).
2529:
2431:
2352:
2251:
2195:
2024:, in the 12th century BC.
1851:, around 1185–1152 BC
1681:
1385:Cherethites and Pelethites
1190:Cherethites and Pelethites
1123:
1087:(the series of books from
903:
586:are recorded as attacking
554:
484:46:1-47:1 might have used
452:In secondary literature, "
441:
423:). It also appears in the
278:
272:
267:
234:
181:In 604 BC, the Philistine
123:
72:
57:
6999:Resources in your library
6794:Oren, Eliezer D. (2000).
6619:, Oxford University Press
6607:Macalister, R. A. Stewart
6510:Jastrow, Marcus (2005) .
6349:Ehrlich, Carl S. (1996).
6230:: Yale University Press.
6074:Pritchard, James (1969).
4703:10.1017/s0066154615000010
4668:10.1017/s0066154600008772
4464:, pp. 40–41 n.9: : "
4113:. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
3492:"Reading as a Philistine"
3210:Stager, Lawrence (2008).
3016:. SBL Press. p. 58.
2758:Hans Wildberger (1979) .
2696:10.1017/9781316661468.018
2231:the consumption of pork.
1692:Land of the Philistines,
1589:
1531:had held sway before it.
1334:
974:
757:during the period of the
374:). There are cognates in
170:circa 1175 BC during the
155:generally referred to as
46:Proposed since July 2024.
7134:Ancient Israel and Judah
6698:Meyers, Eric M. (1997).
6585:Levy, Thomas E. (1998).
5818:Near Eastern Archaeology
5766:Tenney, Merrill (2010),
4904:Jones, Allen H. (1975).
4521:Dothan & Dothan 1992
4442:Osburn, William (1846).
3976:Herzog & Gichon 2006
2949:, "Philistines", p. 185.
2930:. Leiden: Brill. p. 144.
2799:10.1163/157006310X503630
2491:
2291:, either from Greece or
2038:Philistine Bichrome ware
1538:bearing inscriptions in
1298:, Philistines routed by
580:Late Bronze Age collapse
411:occurs 286 times in the
172:Late Bronze Age collapse
73:Not to be confused with
7084:Encyclopædia Britannica
6773:Naʼaman, Nadav (2005).
6677:Mathews, K. A. (2005).
6633:Maeir, Aren M. (2022).
5072:Holman Bible Dictionary
4103:Romey, Kristin. 2016. "
3772:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3496:Ethnicity and the Bible
2988:Encyclopædia Britannica
2904:Robert R. Duke (2010).
2426:Ancient Aegean religion
2051:an inscription in Ekron
1698:twelve tribes of Israel
1673:Archaeological evidence
1290:agricultural implements
1186:Deuteronomistic history
1085:Deuteronomistic history
1060:Deuteronomistic history
945:Deuteronomistic history
303:
7087:(11th ed.). 1911.
6913:and Prof. Ch. Perelman
6750:Millek, Jesse (2021).
6719:Millek, Jesse (2017).
6662:. Zed Books, Limited.
5387:Gloria London (2003).
4486:, Dublin, 1847, p. 47"
4476:, Dublin, 1847, p. 47"
4173:10.1126/sciadv.aax0061
3843:www.academic-bible.com
3769:; et al. (eds.).
3498:, Brill, p. 404,
3342:Bernd Schipper, 2010,
2733: 1400 BC-1000 BC
2484:Ashkelon National Park
2470:Archaeological sites:
2289:Indo-European-speakers
2222:, an archaeologist at
2012:
2004:
1877:Onomasticon of Amenope
1852:
1705:
1696:(lower left), and the
1546:. The new readings of
1502:
1457:
1356:
1258:
1080:
734:
675:with the Philistines.
575:
518:('of another tribe').
435:, the equivalent term
362:), meaning 'people of
312:
151:in a confederation of
140:
87:
66:. For other uses, see
7068:Catholic Encyclopedia
5922:Bromiley, Geoffrey W.
4741:Bunnens, Guy (2006).
4503:Dictionnaire égyptien
3825:12 March 2016 at the
3358:Kahn, Dan'el (2023).
3008:Cohen, Yoram (2021).
2283:, not Judean Hebrew (
2184:population analysis.
2010:
2002:
1835:
1829:to settle Philistia.
1788:Egyptian inscriptions
1704:, around 1200–1050 BC
1691:
1548:Anatolian hieroglyphs
1448:
1342:
1256:
1067:
713:cities shown in red:
708:
592:Eastern Mediterranean
562:
475:High Priest of Israel
195:Neo-Babylonian Empire
85:
7107:5 April 2018 at the
7053:5 April 2018 at the
6479:Battles of the Bible
5991:New Bible dictionary
5530:10.1553/AEundL18s221
4945:University of Cyprus
4508:Grammaire égyptienne
4468:William Osburn Jr.,
3787:Encyclopedia Biblica
2081:Geographic evolution
1726:(a "port city") and
1562:in the east down to
951:in the south to the
665:Great Harris Papyrus
521:The Serbian scholar
425:Samaritan Pentateuch
39:into this article. (
7078:"Philistines"
7062:"Philistines"
6680:Genesis 11:27-50:26
6039:10.3390/rel10020074
5830:10.1086/NEA25754026
5806:, pp. 113–139.
5787:Cypro-Minoan script
5746:Philippe Bohstrom,
5675:The Times of Israel
5299:, pp. 528–536.
5209:, pp. 204–205.
4937:Archaeologia Cypria
4894:, pp. 343–350.
4541:John Beasley Greene
4164:2019SciA....5...61F
4110:National Geographic
4077:"Philistine people"
3957:on 23 November 2021
3699:, pp. 131–167.
2474:Archaeology in Gaza
2343:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2261:Cypro-Minoan script
2254:Philistine language
2224:Bar-Ilan University
2127:University of Haifa
2071:technology transfer
1875:). The fourth, the
1849:Medinet Habu temple
1421:Scholarly consensus
1280:Battle of Eben-Ezer
1225:The Bible books of
786:Neo-Assyrian Empire
782:Tiglath-Pileser III
751:old canonical books
617:BC), where pharaoh
605:Battle of the Delta
335:), ultimately from
187:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6298:"Four: Migrations"
5695:The New York Times
5321:Stager, Lawrence.
5074:, "Ziklag" (1991)"
3988:2 Chronicles 28:18
3785:Cheyne and Black,
3426:Friedrich Schwally
3397:"Genesis 10:13-14"
3251:, pp. 120–122
3227:, pp. 125–126
3117:Israel Finkelstein
3083:on 1 February 2013
2641:The New York Times
2377:Canaanite pantheon
2355:Canaanite religion
2307:Anatolian language
2144:Harvard University
2034:Late Helladic IIIC
2013:
2005:
1853:
1826:Israel Finkelstein
1817:Nineteenth Dynasty
1706:
1655:Israel Finkelstein
1458:
1357:
1296:Battle of Michmash
1259:
1081:
989:Torah (Pentateuch)
930:Friedrich Schwally
784:, the king of the
767:Samuel the prophet
735:
576:
235:𓊪𓏲𓂋𓏤𓏤𓐠𓍘𓇋𓍑
88:
6980:Library resources
6964:978-0-521-19162-3
6922:978-90-6831-031-3
6898:978-0-567-02726-9
6786:978-1-57506-108-5
6765:978-3-447-11742-5
6734:978-3-7001-7963-4
6690:978-0-8054-0141-7
6669:978-1-78699-273-4
6648:978-1-000-77324-8
6468:978-0-567-02726-9
6416:978-90-04-15282-3
6085:978-0-691-03503-1
6000:978-0-8308-1439-8
5968:978-0-300-14081-1
5939:978-0-8028-3785-1
5779:978-0-310-87699-1
5735:Yasur-Landau 2010
5502:978-1-139-00189-2
5402:978-1-57506-083-5
5274:. 27 August 2024.
5102:978-1-58983-721-8
5055:978-1-134-15907-9
5028:978-0-8006-2770-6
4979:978-1-880317-20-4
4917:978-0-685-57333-4
4860:on 1 October 2018
4834:978-1-58983-721-8
4807:978-0-19-100292-2
4754:978-90-429-1817-7
4691:Anatolian Studies
4656:Anatolian Studies
4608:Yasur-Landau 2010
4499:Vandersleyen 1985
4462:Vandersleyen 1985
4348:978-1-4813-0743-7
4289:978-1-4412-4634-9
4261:978-0-86054-337-4
4233:978-1-134-93578-9
4093:1 Chronicles 1:12
4021:1 Samuel 13:19–21
3867:on 2 October 2021
3725:978-0-393-07025-5
3505:978-0-391-04126-4
3296:1 Chronicles 18:1
3285:1 Samuel 13:19–22
3050:978-1-101-97035-5
3023:978-0-88414-484-7
2969:. pp. 69–70.
2771:978-1-4514-0934-5
2744:978-1-4728-0683-3
2705:978-1-107-15668-5
2205:Southern-European
2106:Early connections
1995:Aegean connection
1544:Citadel of Aleppo
1468:All five of these
1197:Achaemenid Empire
1141:
1129:
1098:According to the
957:Kingdom of Israel
899:Biblical accounts
858:Nebuchadnezzar II
216:at the Temple of
191:Nebuchadnezzar II
129:
108:
53:
52:
48:
7151:
7144:Book of Jubilees
7088:
7080:
7072:
7064:
6968:
6947:
6926:
6902:
6881:Ussishkin, David
6876:
6863:
6847:
6835:
6824:
6811:
6790:
6769:
6746:
6715:
6694:
6673:
6652:
6629:
6620:
6602:
6581:
6560:
6531:
6506:
6493:
6472:
6451:
6420:
6395:
6380:. Grand Rapids,
6370:
6345:
6314:
6311:978-0-69102591-9
6289:
6264:
6252:
6241:
6216:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6071:
6065:
6061:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6017:
6008:
6007:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5918:
5912:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5857:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5763:
5754:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5568:
5562:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5260:. 16 April 2023.
5254:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5173:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4856:. Archived from
4854:Haifa University
4845:
4839:
4838:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4596:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4518:
4512:
4496:
4487:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4430:
4429:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4152:Science Advances
4143:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3953:. Archived from
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3923:. Archived from
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3893:. Archived from
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3863:. Archived from
3853:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3829:
3817:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3706:
3700:
3697:Finkelstein 2002
3694:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3619:Genesis 26:28–29
3616:
3610:
3608:Genesis 21:22–27
3605:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:Deuteronomy 2:23
3583:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3560:Genesis 15:18–21
3557:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3512:Midrash Tehillim
3484:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:, pp. 67–70
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3151:
3133:
3124:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2924:2 Samuel 4:9–6:3
2916:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2586:. 16 April 2023.
2580:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2192:Genetic evidence
2179:
2176:
2173:
2134:Burial practices
2047:cultic functions
2045:building served
1960:Papyrus Harris I
1873:Papyrus Harris I
1865:Rhetorical Stela
1821:Papyrus Harris I
1782:Battle of Gilboa
1511:is mentioned in
1477:
1474:1150 BC to
1473:
1466:" inscriptions.
1465:
1317:in single combat
1249:
1248:
1136:
1134:
1128:romanized:
1127:
1125:
1054:definite article
976:
968:
918:Table of Nations
855:
847:
616:
613:
610:
573:
570:
547:), the Illyrian
542:
517:
503:
471:Hasmonean revolt
462:Visions of Amram
444:
443:
410:
405:The Hebrew term
391:
382:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
343:
334:
324:
315:
306:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
236:
231:
166:that settled in
134:
128:romanized:
127:
125:
113:
103:
101:
44:
24:
23:
16:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7139:Ancient peoples
7119:
7118:
7109:Wayback Machine
7075:
7059:
7055:Wayback Machine
7044:Neal Bierling,
7010:
7009:
7008:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6923:
6899:
6852:Sherratt, Susan
6844:
6808:
6787:
6766:
6735:
6712:
6691:
6670:
6649:
6599:
6578:
6528:
6490:
6469:
6417:
6392:
6367:
6312:
6286:
6261:
6238:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6160:
6158:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6086:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6055:
6018:
6011:
6001:
5987:Wiseman, Donald
5983:
5979:
5969:
5955:
5951:
5940:
5919:
5915:
5902:
5898:
5883:
5879:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5814:
5810:
5802:
5795:
5780:
5764:
5757:
5745:
5741:
5733:
5726:
5721:on 3 July 2019.
5707:
5706:
5702:
5687:
5683:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5561:7 December 2009
5549:
5545:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5489:
5485:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5424:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5356:on 2 April 2009
5346:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5221:, pp. 7–8.
5217:
5213:
5205:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5183:on 14 July 2014
5175:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5085:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4902:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4792:
4788:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4739:
4735:
4723:
4719:
4687:
4683:
4652:
4648:
4637:
4633:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4599:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4552:
4519:
4515:
4497:
4490:
4477:
4460:
4453:
4440:
4433:
4409:
4402:
4379:10.2307/1357082
4363:
4359:
4349:
4331:
4327:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4220:
4216:
4158:(7): eaax0061.
4144:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4087:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4015:
4010:1 Samuel 7:3–14
4008:
4004:
3999:1 Samuel 4:1–10
3997:
3993:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3947:"Zephaniah 2:5"
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3927:on 3 March 2022
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3897:on 26 July 2021
3887:"Ezekiel 25:16"
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3857:"Jeremiah 47:4"
3855:
3854:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3827:Wayback Machine
3818:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3767:Singer, Isidore
3751:
3749:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3664:
3660:
3640:
3636:
3630:Macalister 1911
3628:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3506:
3485:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3452:
3448:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3414:Macalister 1911
3412:
3408:
3401:www.sefaria.org
3395:
3394:
3390:
3378:
3371:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3134:
3127:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2934:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2680:
2667:
2659:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2461:
2442:fermented drink
2434:
2357:
2351:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2200:
2194:
2177:
2174:
2168:Lawrence Stager
2156:Troy University
2152:Wheaton College
2136:
2108:
2083:
1997:
1992:
1869:Deir al-Medinah
1790:
1700:, based on the
1686:
1680:
1675:
1633:('tribe of the
1620:
1592:
1558:in the west to
1519:. This implies
1505:
1500:
1443:
1423:
1389:island of Crete
1337:
1273:Battle of Aphek
1251:
1246:
1245:
1205:
1144:Books of Judges
1062:
991:
910:Book of Genesis
906:
901:
853:
845:
775:United Monarchy
669:Peleset/Pulasti
635:Southern Levant
614:
611:
571:
557:
504:is attested at
491:Outside of pre-
309:Classical Latin
288:
78:
71:
56:
49:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7157:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7073:
7057:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:External links
6972:
6970:
6969:
6963:
6948:
6938:(2): 209–212.
6927:
6921:
6903:
6897:
6877:
6864:
6848:
6842:
6825:
6812:
6806:
6791:
6785:
6770:
6764:
6747:
6733:
6716:
6710:
6695:
6689:
6674:
6668:
6653:
6647:
6630:
6621:
6603:
6597:
6582:
6576:
6561:
6549:10.1086/372205
6543:(4): 343–350.
6532:
6526:
6507:
6494:
6488:
6473:
6467:
6452:
6421:
6415:
6396:
6390:
6371:
6365:
6359:: E.J. Brill.
6346:
6315:
6310:
6290:
6284:
6265:
6259:
6242:
6236:
6217:
6197:10.2307/499052
6177:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6145:
6122:
6099:
6084:
6066:
6053:
6009:
5999:
5977:
5967:
5949:
5945:oikodespótēs).
5938:
5913:
5896:
5877:
5843:
5824:(4): 174–189.
5808:
5793:
5778:
5755:
5739:
5724:
5700:
5681:
5661:
5626:
5612:
5593:
5581:
5563:
5543:
5508:
5501:
5483:
5461:
5457:Killebrew 2005
5449:
5447:, p. 213.
5437:
5422:
5408:
5401:
5379:
5367:
5340:
5329:on 19 May 2011
5313:
5301:
5289:
5287:, p. 230.
5285:Killebrew 2005
5277:
5263:
5249:
5235:
5223:
5211:
5207:Killebrew 2005
5194:
5165:
5153:
5151:, p. 202.
5149:Killebrew 2005
5132:
5130:, p. 289.
5120:
5108:
5101:
5079:
5061:
5054:
5034:
5027:
5007:
4996:
4985:
4978:
4958:
4923:
4916:
4896:
4884:
4871:
4840:
4833:
4813:
4806:
4786:
4767:
4753:
4733:
4717:
4681:
4646:
4631:
4612:
4597:
4573:
4561:
4513:
4488:
4451:
4431:
4400:
4357:
4347:
4325:
4298:
4288:
4270:
4260:
4242:
4232:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4129:
4115:
4096:
4085:
4068:
4065:2 Kings 18:5–8
4057:
4046:
4035:
4024:
4013:
4002:
3991:
3980:
3968:
3938:
3908:
3878:
3848:
3830:
3812:
3801:
3790:
3778:
3738:
3724:
3701:
3689:
3658:
3634:
3622:
3611:
3600:
3589:
3578:
3563:
3552:
3531:
3504:
3488:Jobling, David
3474:
3462:
3454:Cornelis Tiele
3446:
3438:Bernhard Stade
3430:
3418:
3406:
3388:
3369:
3347:
3335:
3333:, p. 145.
3323:
3311:
3309:, p. 557.
3299:
3288:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3214:. p. 257.
3202:
3192:
3179:
3177:, p. 202.
3175:Killebrew 2005
3167:
3163:Ussishkin 2008
3152:
3125:
3106:
3104:, p. 204.
3102:Killebrew 2005
3094:
3068:
3056:
3049:
3029:
3022:
3000:
2972:
2951:
2932:
2911:
2896:
2884:
2864:
2839:
2820:
2793:(4): 447–471.
2777:
2770:
2750:
2743:
2717:
2704:
2665:
2663:, p. 313.
2646:
2627:
2589:
2575:
2564:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2433:
2430:
2353:Main article:
2350:
2347:
2252:Main article:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2193:
2190:
2182:archaeogenetic
2148:Boston College
2135:
2132:
2107:
2104:
2082:
2079:
2067:Helga Weippert
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1789:
1786:
1749:Jezreel Valley
1702:Book of Joshua
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1619:
1613:
1591:
1588:
1570:in the south.
1529:Amurru kingdom
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1442:
1439:
1427:Aegean Islands
1422:
1419:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1307:Valley of Elah
1303:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1265:The Battle of
1250:
1243:
1204:
1201:
1180:is described.
1116:transliterated
1061:
1058:
1056:in the Torah.
1024:2 Samuel 21:20
990:
987:
938:Cornelis Tiele
934:Bernhard Stade
905:
902:
900:
897:
874:Murasu Archive
860:, the king of
745:consisting of
681:Jezreel Valley
556:
553:
551:, and others.
413:Masoretic Text
287:
284:
54:
51:
50:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7156:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7079:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7063:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6843:0-691-03606-3
6839:
6834:
6833:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6807:0-924171-80-4
6803:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6711:0-19-506512-3
6707:
6703:
6702:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6598:0-8264-6996-5
6594:
6590:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6577:1-58983-097-0
6573:
6569:
6568:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6527:1-56563-860-3
6523:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6489:1-85367-681-0
6485:
6481:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6434:(2): 131–67.
6433:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6391:0-8028-2416-1
6387:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6366:90-04-10426-7
6362:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6329:(81): 39–61,
6328:
6324:
6320:
6319:Drews, Robert
6316:
6313:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6294:Drews, Robert
6291:
6287:
6285:965-221-036-6
6281:
6277:
6274:. Jerusalem,
6273:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6260:0-02-532261-3
6256:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6237:0-300-02258-1
6233:
6229:
6226:. New Haven,
6225:
6224:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6191:(2): 251–62.
6190:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6156:
6149:
6133:
6126:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5762:
5760:
5753:10 July 2016.
5752:
5749:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5559:ScienceDaily,
5556:
5552:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5412:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5273:
5267:
5259:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5011:
5005:
5004:1 Samuel 6:17
5000:
4994:
4989:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4875:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4208:
4207:New Scientist
4203:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4125:
4119:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3763:"Cherethites"
3758:
3757:public domain
3747:
3745:
3743:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:Alter, Robert
3705:
3698:
3693:
3684:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
3671:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
3667:
3662:
3647:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3472:, p. 41.
3471:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3416:, p. 14.
3415:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:The Torah.com
3361:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3239:, p. 125
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2892:Genesis 10:13
2888:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:Genesis 10:13
2868:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2721:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Human Biology
2596:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:Edward Hincks
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:According to
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Nadav Na'aman
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1637:'), with the
1636:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:Itamar Singer
1587:
1584:
1583:Gershon Galil
1580:
1576:
1575:Hittitologist
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:variation, a
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1435:acculturation
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:genetic study
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:Promised Land
1153:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
983:
982:Matthew Poole
978:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Aram-Damascus
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
588:ancient Egypt
585:
581:
566:
561:
552:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Milan Budimir
519:
516:
511:
507:
502:
497:
494:
489:
488:as a source.
487:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
403:
401:
397:
396:
390:
386:
381:
377:
366:
359:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
354:
342:
338:
333:
328:
323:
319:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
265:
260:
254:
248:
242:
230:
229:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
121:
117:
112:
106:
100:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
97:
93:
84:
80:
76:
69:
65:
61:
47:
42:
38:
34:
33:
27:
18:
17:
7114:Ashkelon dig
7082:
7066:
7045:
6994:Online books
6984:
6953:
6935:
6931:
6911:
6888:
6872:
6859:
6831:
6820:
6816:
6796:
6775:
6755:
6743:j.ctt1v2xvsn
6724:
6700:
6679:
6658:
6638:
6625:
6614:
6587:
6566:
6540:
6536:
6512:
6505:, p. 20
6502:
6478:
6457:
6431:
6425:
6401:
6376:
6351:
6326:
6322:
6301:
6270:
6248:
6222:
6188:
6182:
6159:. Retrieved
6148:
6136:. Retrieved
6125:
6113:. Retrieved
6102:
6075:
6069:
6029:
6025:
6004:
5990:
5980:
5972:
5958:
5952:
5943:
5925:
5916:
5904:
5899:
5890:
5880:
5863:
5859:
5846:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5783:
5768:
5742:
5719:the original
5712:
5703:
5694:
5684:
5673:
5664:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5615:
5606:
5596:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5558:
5546:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5411:
5392:
5382:
5375:Ehrlich 1996
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5354:the original
5343:
5331:. Retrieved
5327:the original
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5266:
5252:
5238:
5231:Ehrlich 1996
5226:
5219:Ehrlich 1996
5214:
5187:25 September
5185:. Retrieved
5181:the original
5163:, p. 9.
5161:Ehrlich 1996
5156:
5128:Redford 1992
5123:
5111:
5092:
5082:
5071:
5064:
5044:
5037:
5017:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4968:
4961:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4906:
4899:
4887:
4874:
4862:. Retrieved
4858:the original
4843:
4823:
4816:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4743:
4736:
4727:
4720:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4640:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4564:
4525:Plate CCXXII
4516:
4506:
4502:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4444:
4417:
4413:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4352:
4338:
4328:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4293:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4251:
4245:
4237:
4223:
4217:
4206:
4155:
4151:
4118:
4108:
4099:
4088:
4080:
4071:
4060:
4049:
4038:
4027:
4016:
4005:
3994:
3983:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3955:the original
3951:Mechon-Mamre
3950:
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3925:the original
3921:Mechon-Mamre
3920:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3895:the original
3891:Mechon-Mamre
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:the original
3861:Mechon-Mamre
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3815:
3804:
3793:
3781:
3770:
3729:. Retrieved
3714:
3704:
3692:
3661:
3637:
3625:
3614:
3603:
3597:Exodus 13:17
3592:
3581:
3566:
3555:
3546:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3495:
3470:Mathews 2005
3465:
3449:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3381:
3363:
3343:
3338:
3331:Naʼaman 2005
3326:
3319:Masalha 2018
3314:
3302:
3291:
3280:
3268:
3263:, p. 62
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3195:
3170:
3144:Medinet Habu
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:the original
3071:
3064:Masalha 2018
3059:
3039:
3032:
3013:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:
2984:"Sea People"
2961:
2954:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2887:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2832:
2823:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2760:
2753:
2727:
2720:
2709:, retrieved
2687:
2639:
2630:
2605:
2601:
2578:
2567:
2553:
2499:
2453:metalworkers
2450:
2439:
2435:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2358:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2257:
2238:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2186:
2164:
2160:Tel Ashkelon
2137:
2120:
2109:
2084:
2075:
2064:
2026:
2014:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1918:breastplates
1912:
1905:Medinet Habu
1892:
1881:
1861:Medinet Habu
1854:
1845:Ramesses III
1810:
1791:
1746:
1739:
1735:Tell es-Safi
1732:
1722:
1707:
1648:
1642:
1641:spelling of
1627:
1623:
1621:
1616:phyle histia
1615:
1604:Tell Tayinat
1593:
1579:Syro-Hittite
1572:
1556:Amouq Valley
1533:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1483:
1479:
1470:appear from
1459:
1455:Ramesses III
1451:Medinet Habu
1424:
1361:Hebrew Bible
1358:
1322:Mount Gilboa
1260:
1224:
1206:
1203:The Prophets
1194:
1182:
1178:Beth Shemesh
1168:, they even
1160:
1152:Robert Drews
1097:
1082:
1077:James Tissot
1047:
1028:
992:
979:
953:Yarqon River
942:
907:
886:
870:
852:. In 604/603
843:
779:
736:
685:
677:
672:
668:
661:Medinet Habu
655:to southern
652:
648:
642:
638:
619:Ramesses III
577:
567:, beginning
520:
490:
485:
467:Antiochus IV
460:
451:
436:
417:Hebrew Bible
404:
402:is unknown.
393:
347:פְּלִשְׁתִּי
329:Φυλιστιειμ (
295:
289:
222:Medinet Habu
218:Ramesses III
210:Hebrew Bible
199:
180:
161:
91:
89:
79:
75:Palestinians
64:Philistinism
45:
30:
7129:Philistines
6985:Philistines
6516:. Peabody,
6115:22 December
5866:(2): 1–20.
5576:www.msn.com
5524:: 221–244.
5469:Kieser, D.
5445:Grabbe 2008
4993:Joshua 13:3
4551:, p. 4
4549:Greene 1855
4533:Schaïratana
4505:et dans sa
4420:(21): 176.
4054:1 Samuel 31
4043:1 Samuel 17
4032:1 Samuel 14
3961:23 November
3931:23 November
3901:23 November
3871:23 November
3653:Παλαιστίνοι
3273:Millek 2021
3261:Millek 2021
3249:Millek 2017
3237:Millek 2017
3225:Millek 2017
3087:11 December
2993:8 September
2922:column 35 (
2661:Meyers 1997
2530:σατραπείαις
2269:Achaemenids
2175: 1175
1857:New Kingdom
1769:Tel Qashish
1757:Tel Yokneam
1753:Tel Megiddo
1724:Tell Qasile
1714:city-states
1663:Tell Qasile
1608:Neo-Hittite
1606:indicate a
1521:dialectical
1302:and his men
1286:disarmament
1132:allóphylloi
1120:Koinē Greek
1012:Joshua 13:3
980:Theologian
963:, the term
893:Phoenicians
887:During the
866:Mesopotamia
823:Sennacherib
739:Iron Age II
709:Philistine
612: 1175
584:Sea Peoples
578:During the
572: 1200
501:ha-Pəlištīm
437:Phulistieím
392:; the term
327:Koine Greek
322:Philistinoi
313:Philistinus
298:comes from
153:city-states
147:during the
132:Phulistieím
120:Koinē Greek
92:Philistines
7123:Categories
6823:: 113–139.
6817:Orientalia
6405:. Leiden,
6355:. Leiden,
6161:22 October
6138:22 October
5804:Rabin 1963
5297:Maeir 2005
5116:Drews 1995
4892:Jones 1972
4760:9 December
4584:Drews 1995
4569:Drews 1998
3917:"Amos 1:8"
3666:Drews 1998
3642:Drews 1998
3525:allophuloi
3521:phulistiim
3307:Maeir 2022
3136:Drews 1995
2829:Philistine
2608:(6): 925.
2540:References
2517:Septuagint
2479:Ashdod-Yam
2406:Beth Dagon
2393:Baal-zebub
2367:(that is,
2309:, such as
2297:Asia Minor
2235:Population
2220:Aren Maeir
2196:See also:
2096:Tel Gerisa
1920:and short
1901:Nile Delta
1891:, and the
1806:Pelasgians
1773:Midrakh Oz
1624:Philistine
1492:Pelasgians
1377:Septuagint
1220:Cappadocia
1174:1 Samuel 6
1166:1 Samuel 5
1112:Septuagint
1020:Judges 3:3
966:allophiloi
961:Septuagint
924:, and the
848:BC, under
755:Israelites
743:pentapolis
711:pentapolis
663:, and the
633:, and the
627:Carchemish
599:, and the
590:and other
565:Bronze Age
527:Pelasgians
515:allophylos
510:2 Samuel 5
447:Pentateuch
442:Φυλιστιείμ
433:Septuagint
332:Philistiim
318:Late Greek
300:Old French
296:Philistine
206:Israelites
141:Philistaei
124:Φυλιστιείμ
6557:161766215
6448:170636773
6409:: Brill.
6343:144074940
6213:191379950
6048:2077-1444
6032:(2): 74.
6026:Religions
5838:166706357
5656:195847736
5309:Levy 1998
4953:0257-1951
4864:1 October
4711:162771440
4697:: 35–53.
4676:162387945
4662:: 35–54.
4588:F. Chabas
4395:155280448
3677:ἀλλόφυλοι
3190:Research.
2857:6 October
2807:0047-2212
2622:0018-7143
2545:Citations
2389:Beelzebub
2365:Ashteroth
2319:Ahimelech
2140:Leon Levy
2123:Tel Kabri
2112:Neolithic
2059:Mycenaean
2029:Mycenaean
1945:Anatolian
1813:Casluhite
1718:Wadi Gaza
1694:Philistia
1684:Philistia
1678:Territory
1517:Palistina
1509:Walistina
1410:gene flow
1381:Caphtorim
1349:Caphtorim
1305:Near the
1267:Shephelah
1239:Zephaniah
1162:Judges 13
1124:ἀλλόφυλοι
1039:Abimelech
975:ἀλλόφυλοι
949:Wadi Gaza
926:Caphtorim
916:, in the
882:Babylonia
839:Jerusalem
810:Sargon II
802:Sargon II
798:Phoenicia
496:Israelite
493:Maccabean
454:Philistia
427:. In the
395:Palestine
371:פְּלֶשֶׁת
350:; plural
304:Philistin
286:Etymology
176:Canaanite
157:Philistia
105:romanized
60:Philistia
7105:Archived
7051:Archived
6883:(2008).
6609:(1911),
6296:(1995),
5930:Eerdmans
5538:23788614
4537:page 368
4426:30079013
4320:41304095
4192:31281897
3823:Archived
3809:Amos 9:7
3798:Amos 1:8
3712:(2009).
3571:Deut 7:1
3547:Biblehub
3517:pĕlištim
3386:, p. 64.
2876:21:32–34
2815:24670934
2711:24 March
2512:סַרְנֵ֣י
2459:See also
2349:Religion
2302:tyrannos
2265:Nehemiah
2248:Language
2242:toponyms
2209:Sardinia
2018:Anatolia
1926:chariots
1863:and the
1761:Tel Qiri
1564:Mehardeh
1552:Palistin
1484:Ka-na-na
1405:Iron Age
1383:and the
1373:Miṣrayim
1369:Casluhim
1345:Casluhim
1328:Hezekiah
1313:defeats
1300:Jonathan
1227:Jeremiah
922:Casluhim
850:Necho II
723:Ashkelon
692:Ashkelon
673:pwrꜣsꜣtj
653:pwrꜣsꜣtj
639:pwrꜣsꜣtj
549:Pirustae
540:Pelastai
535:Thessaly
531:Penestai
482:Jubilees
478:Onias II
469:and the
421:1 Samuel
408:Pəlištīm
389:Palusata
385:Egyptian
376:Akkadian
353:Pəlištīm
279:𒉿𒇷𒅖𒌓
273:𒉿𒇷𒅖𒋾
268:𒉺𒆷𒀸𒌓
264:Akkadian
241:Peleshet
202:biblical
149:Iron Age
111:Pəlīštīm
7071:. 1913.
6174:Sources
5751:Haaretz
5607:NPR.org
5360:4 April
5333:4 April
4593:Maspero
4531:" and "
4529:Fekkaro
4387:1357082
4183:6609216
4160:Bibcode
3759::
3549:. 2023.
3140:Maspero
2523:satraps
2446:kraters
2432:Economy
2422:Ashdoda
2373:Asherah
2369:Astarte
2323:Mitinti
2285:Yehūdīṯ
2281:Ašdōdīṯ
2042:megaron
1980:Peleset
1976:Tjekker
1972:Sherden
1956:Peleset
1949:Peleset
1933:Peleset
1913:Peleset
1909:reliefs
1889:Sherden
1841:Sherden
1837:Peleset
1798:Peleset
1631:-histia
1568:Shaizar
1525:phoneme
1480:Kinaḫḫu
1463:Peleset
1401:Semitic
1353:Misraim
1315:Goliath
1231:Ezekiel
1216:Caphtor
1140:
1108:Avvites
1104:Chullin
1093:2 Kings
1035:Abraham
1008:Avvites
999:Abraham
914:Mizraim
908:In the
904:Origins
889:Persian
862:Babylon
649:Pulasti
644:Peleset
623:Hattusa
601:islands
555:History
537:), the
458:Aramaic
415:of the
400:endonym
380:Palastu
365:Pəlešeṯ
341:Pəlištī
325:; from
316:; from
307:; from
292:English
259:Pilistu
253:Pilišti
247:Palastu
228:Peleset
214:reliefs
193:of the
107::
41:Discuss
32:Peleset
7048:(1992)
6982:about
6961:
6919:
6895:
6840:
6804:
6783:
6762:
6741:
6731:
6708:
6687:
6666:
6645:
6595:
6574:
6555:
6524:
6486:
6465:
6446:
6413:
6388:
6363:
6341:
6308:
6282:
6257:
6234:
6211:
6205:499052
6203:
6094:382005
6092:
6082:
6046:
5997:
5965:
5936:
5836:
5776:
5654:
5636:Nature
5536:
5499:
5399:
5099:
5052:
5025:
4976:
4951:
4947:: 31.
4943:(14).
4914:
4881:p. 7+8
4831:
4804:
4751:
4709:
4674:
4424:
4393:
4385:
4345:
4318:
4286:
4258:
4230:
4190:
4180:
3722:
3502:
3460:, 1893
3444:, 1881
3047:
3020:
2967:Mouton
2894:, etc.
2882:, etc.
2813:
2805:
2768:
2741:
2702:
2620:
2506:sarnei
2381:Qudshu
2339:Phicol
2337:, and
2335:Achish
2329:, and
2315:Lydian
2311:Luwian
2293:Luwian
2178:
2115:Minoan
2088:Yarkon
2055:Potnia
2022:Cyprus
1984:Khurma
1941:Teresh
1937:Teresh
1885:Tjeker
1802:Aegean
1792:Since
1778:Judges
1742:Ziklag
1710:Joshua
1657:&
1644:hestia
1635:hearth
1618:theory
1600:Aegean
1590:Contra
1560:Aleppo
1540:Luwian
1513:Luwian
1488:Aegean
1431:Greece
1393:Aegean
1375:. The
1335:Origin
1148:Samuel
1100:Talmud
1089:Joshua
1069:Samson
1031:Exodus
1016:Anakim
936:, and
878:Nippur
854:
846:
827:Aramea
817:, and
806:Iamani
790:Levant
759:Judges
729:, and
719:Ashdod
698:, and
688:Ashdod
657:Canaan
631:Cyprus
615:
597:Aegean
545:Attica
529:, the
506:Qumran
337:Hebrew
276:, and
183:polity
168:Canaan
164:Aegean
145:Canaan
96:Hebrew
37:merged
6739:JSTOR
6553:S2CID
6444:S2CID
6339:S2CID
6209:S2CID
6201:JSTOR
5856:(PDF)
5834:S2CID
5652:S2CID
5534:JSTOR
5474:(PDF)
4707:S2CID
4672:S2CID
4543:with
4422:JSTOR
4391:S2CID
4383:JSTOR
4316:JSTOR
3765:. In
3731:6 May
3674:into
3575:20:17
2918:4QSam
2880:26:1f
2811:JSTOR
2492:Notes
2415:Jaffa
2331:Dagon
2327:Hanun
2277:Ammon
2100:Aphek
2092:Jaffa
1922:kilts
1897:Djahy
1765:Afula
1728:Aphek
1667:Ekron
1650:phyle
1639:Ionic
1629:phyle
1536:Taita
1482:, or
1365:Minoa
1311:David
1050:Bible
1043:Isaac
1003:Moses
995:Torah
971:Greek
835:Sinai
831:Judah
819:Sidon
815:Judah
771:David
727:Ekron
700:Ekron
486:Amram
429:Greek
294:term
256:, or
137:Latin
6959:ISBN
6917:ISBN
6893:ISBN
6838:ISBN
6802:ISBN
6781:ISBN
6760:ISBN
6729:ISBN
6706:ISBN
6685:ISBN
6664:ISBN
6643:ISBN
6593:ISBN
6572:ISBN
6522:ISBN
6484:ISBN
6463:ISBN
6411:ISBN
6386:ISBN
6361:ISBN
6306:ISBN
6280:ISBN
6255:ISBN
6232:ISBN
6163:2021
6140:2021
6117:2011
6090:OCLC
6080:ISBN
6044:ISSN
5995:ISBN
5963:ISBN
5934:ISBN
5774:ISBN
5497:ISBN
5397:ISBN
5362:2011
5335:2011
5189:2014
5097:ISBN
5050:ISBN
5023:ISBN
4974:ISBN
4949:ISSN
4912:ISBN
4866:2018
4829:ISBN
4802:ISBN
4762:2020
4749:ISBN
4715:, 38
4555:help
4343:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4256:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4188:PMID
3963:2021
3933:2021
3903:2021
3873:2021
3733:2020
3720:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3089:2011
3045:ISBN
3018:ISBN
2995:2012
2859:2018
2803:ISSN
2766:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2713:2024
2700:ISBN
2618:ISSN
2385:Anat
2383:and
2361:Baal
2273:Moab
2211:."
2154:and
2138:The
2098:and
2020:and
1964:Amun
1893:PRST
1839:and
1665:and
1566:and
1237:and
1235:Amos
1208:Amos
1146:and
1138:lit.
1022:and
993:The
796:and
765:and
763:Saul
747:Gaza
731:Gath
715:Gaza
696:Gath
508:for
383:and
290:The
90:The
6940:doi
6545:doi
6436:doi
6331:doi
6193:doi
6064:CA.
6034:doi
5868:doi
5826:doi
5644:doi
5640:571
5526:doi
4699:doi
4664:doi
4375:doi
4371:298
4312:127
4178:PMC
4168:doi
4107:."
3650:as
2831:."
2795:doi
2692:doi
2638:."
2610:doi
2519:is
2371:),
2313:or
1867:at
1503:Pro
1417:."
1095:).
1091:to
1073:ass
876:at
737:By
647:or
368:' (
220:at
116:LXX
35:be
7125::
7081:.
7065:.
6936:22
6934:.
6871:,
6858:,
6821:32
6819:.
6737:.
6613:,
6551:.
6541:31
6539:.
6518:MA
6501:,
6442:.
6432:27
6430:.
6407:NL
6382:MI
6357:NL
6337:,
6327:23
6325:,
6300:,
6276:IL
6228:CT
6207:.
6199:.
6189:50
6187:.
6088:.
6056:^
6042:.
6030:10
6028:.
6024:.
6012:^
6003:.
5971:.
5942:.
5932:.
5889:.
5864:56
5862:.
5858:.
5832:.
5822:72
5820:.
5796:^
5782:,
5758:^
5727:^
5711:.
5693:.
5672:.
5650:.
5638:.
5605:.
5574:.
5557:,
5553:;
5532:.
5522:18
5520:.
5476:.
5425:^
5197:^
5168:^
5135:^
5091:,
4939:.
4935:.
4852:.
4779:.
4705:.
4695:65
4693:.
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