316:, was overheard in an intercepted telephone call to Desjardins arranging for him to have his thuggish "soldiers" pack a reelection rally for Cournoyer in his St. Jerome riding. Cliche asked Cornoyer: "How could you tolerate illegal acts without doing anything? The disruption of a parliamentary commission by union goons, for example?" In response, Cournoyer replied: "I am only the labor minister. I don’t have the police". The exchanges between Cournoyer and Cliche grew increasingly heated as Cournoyer disclaimed responsibility for his portfolio under that the grounds that he was too busy to look into allegations of union corruption, leading Cliche to scold him: "“Responsibility, and I’m talking on a much higher plane, responsibility for a ministry and its faults cannot be explained by saying: 'I don’t have time' or 'I’ve got too much work'". Bouchard had wanted to call Bourassa as a witness to testify about his links with Desjardins, but Mulroney prevented this, saying having the Premier of Quebec testify before the commission would be a violation of "executive privilege".
438:
Desjardins to forgive a $ 400,000 loan with 52% interest that a friend of his had taken out and was struggling to repay, and was told by
Desjardins "fuck you!" as he never forgave loans. Desjardins, who was 23 years older than Boucher, told him that he did not take orders from the Hells Angels, and reminded him that he had powerful friends in the Mafia, the police and in Quebec politics, saying he was not afraid of Boucher at all. Boucher replied: "You are going to calm down and you are going to forget about it. Get the fuck back there and have some fun, OK?" Desjardins in turn informed Boucher: "Over my dead fucking body! If you think that prick's going to get way with some $ 400,000". Desjardins was interrupted by Boucher who told him: "I'm telling ya, okay, knock it off". Boucher asked Desjardins to meet him again for breakfast at Shawn's the next day to further discuss the matter, a request that Desjardins agreed to. However, Boucher did not appear at Shawn's as he had promised.
324:
resigned as union boss on 25 November 1974. The commissioners grilled
Desjardins over his association with members of the Mafia, and his denials of not being involved in organized crime proved to be ultimately unconvincing. Bouchard in a 2000 interview with Auger recalled that Desjardins was one of the toughest and wiliest witnesses he ever cross-examined. The climax of the hearings came when Cliche exploded in rage at Desjardins's evasive answers, shouting: "You have played a very important role as a union leader and thousands of Quebec workers looked up to you for inspiration, workers who were proud of you...but you have allowed exploiters to surround you. You practised a coverup from all points of view. The commission very sincerely hopes that when our work is finished the workers in the construction industry are going to find leaders who are capable of honor, dignity and truth".
481:, an attack that Auger noted was very similar to the "hit" on Desjardins with the only difference being that he survived the five bullets that were pumped into his back. Auger noted it was the same type of gun used in both the Desjardins murder and the attempted murder of himself, namely a .22 Ruger handgun modified with a silencer. Commander Bouchard arrested Charles Michel Vézina, a gunsmith for the Montreal underworld for supplying the guns used for the murder of Desjardins and the attempted murder of Auger, and he was sentenced to four years in prison for violating Canada's gun laws. Commander Bouchard has stated there it was the same Hells Angel who attempted to kill Auger that killed Desjardins, but given the unwillingness of Vézina to testify, there was insufficient evidence to charge him.
469:
western Canada". Desjardins's business partner Savard was killed on 7 July 2000 after having breakfast with
Boucher on the previous day and by October 2000, there had been 11 murders of "independent" gangsters not with the Rizzuto family who had previously been allies of the Hells Angels. In June 2000, Sandra Craig, the daughter of a Bolivian gangster, was almost killed by the Hells Angels and on 29 August 2000, her Canadian husband Raymond Craig was killed by the Angels; the Craigs had previously been the main link between the Colombian gangsters and the Rizzuto family and the Hells Angels in Montreal. Auger, the crime correspondent with
287:...tales of nepotism, bribery, sabotage, blackmail and intimidation; charges of union organizers with criminal records who gave lessons in how to break legs; thugs-for-hire who would happily beat up a rival union organizer's teenager or strangle their dog. Almost as frightening was an aura of complacency, a 'So what?' and 'What you gonna do about it?' reaction from key witnesses and from union rank-and file. As one union delegate put it, "How do you think a government commission is going to settle problems if the workers themselves are not willing to respect the law? By increasing the number of baseball bats in circulation?".
457:, the Hells Angel assassin who later turned Crown's evidence, testified at Boucher's trial in 2002 that Boucher resented the power of the Mafia and was planning to drive them out of Montreal altogether, but was waiting until he won the Quebec biker war with the Rock Machine before taking on the Mafia. However, Gagné testified that Boucher wanted to eliminate people like Desjardins, French-Canadian criminals willing to work with the Mafia, as an interim measure as way of weakening the power of the Mafia before taking them on outright. Boucher's friend who was struggling with the loan was a man who had associations with the
451:
present; later the same afternoon, Boucher gave a statement at the
Montreal police station in the presence of his lawyer Gilbert Frigon, claiming that he did not meet Desjardins at Shawn's that day because he was so bored with talking to him the previous day. With a noticeable lack of emotion, Boucher told Commander Bouchard that it was a "sad thing" that his friend Desjardins had been murdered and would call him at once "if he heard anything".
163:
criminal records to serve as his officials or "soldiers" as he called them, and rose up rapidly using violence and intimidation. Desjardins ran his loan sharking business from the Café Évangéline, and was so successful that he lent money to other criminals in
Montreal, most notably Eugene Lafort, Gérald Fontaine (who was the father of Hells Angel Paul "Fon Fon" Fontaine), and members of the Devils Disciples outlaw motorcycle gang.
187:
Desjardins was well known for his lavish lifestyle, which went beyond a union official's salary, wearing a large diamond ring, owning a white
Cadillac and frequently taking vacations in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Desjardins's lifestyle and his domination of a union of 70,000 members gave him the moniker the "King of Construction" (
158:, the son of a plumber, and grew up in poverty. Desjardins went to work as an apprentice plumber at the age of 14, and had a long criminal record as a young man, doing several short stints in prison. In 1949, Desjardins was convicted of robbery and was convicted several more times in the 1950s. In 1957, he joined local 144 of
244:, and the two tried hard to win over Desjardins, buying him a lunch at the exclusive Ritz-Carlton hotel in a vain attempt to end the "anarchic disorder" on the Olympic stadium construction site. Finally, Bourassa made a secret deal to buy off Desjardins, which finally allowed work to proceed. In his 2000 book
176:
ruthless methods, at one point leading a delegation of construction workers to storm the
National Assembly in Quebec City while the assembly was in session to shut down a meeting of a parliamentary committee that was proposing a bill he disapproved of. Desjardins's tactics paid off and the bill was killed.
375:
editorial declared about the Cliche commission's report: "A devastating document. For some four years, the
Bourassa government worked hand in glove with gangster union leadership in the province's construction industry." The public backlash generated by the Cliche commission's discovery of widespread
282:
The Cliche commission established that the Quebec construction industry was dominated by casual brutality with thuggish union bosses teaching union organizers how best to break legs. Workers who complained about corruption on the part of their bosses had their dogs murdered and their teenage children
162:
union, which he rapidly came to dominate. During this time, Desjardins started to engage in organized crime, running illegal lotteries, demanding payments from construction companies to avoid "delays", engaging in loan sharking, and formed ties with the
Montreal Mafia. Desjardins recruited men with
441:
After having breakfast at Shawn's on the morning of 27 April, while getting into his automobile, Desjardins was shot in the back 11 times by an unknown gunman who used a semi-automatic handgun equipped with a silencer. The assassin left the weapon at the crime scene and was picked up by a van in the
420:
led by Nicolo
Rizzuto as Montreal's largest criminal syndicate. The Rizzuto family had a policy of co-opting former associates of the Cotroni family into their operations. Desjardins was one of the former Cotroni associates who switched his loyalties. In his last years, Desjardins, who become one of
255:
union destroyed the LG-2 construction site, causing $ 35 million in damages. The workers on the LG-2 site used their bulldozers to destroy the site they were working on while other workers set buildings afire. Desjardins was charged with incitement to violence as a result of the riot, but was never
195:
union is remembered as a "reign of terror" in the construction industry in Quebec. Auger described Desjardins's time as the "King of Construction" as the take-over of an entire section of the economy by organized crime, through he argued that Desjardins for his all power, was just a French-Canadian
186:
A man with an engaging manner and immense powers of leadership noted for his walrus mustache, Desjardins quickly rose up the ranks of the union, becoming the general manager of the Construction Trades Council union affiliated with the FTQ and in September 1970 become the vice-president of the FTQ.
437:
On 26 April 2000, Desjardins had lunch with Boucher at a popular Montreal restaurant, Shawn's, to discuss business matters. Shawn's was well known in Montreal for its buxom waitresses whose "uniforms" are string bikinis, giving the restaurant a disreputable image. Over the breakfast, Boucher asked
445:
Supporting the theory that the Hells Angels had killed Desjardins was the fact that just a mere twenty minutes after his murder, a Hells Angel in Montreal phoned another Hells Angel vacationing in the Dominican Republic; unaware that his phone had been tapped by the police, the caller in Montreal
175:
about Desjardins: "He was a tough guy. But at the same time, you have to remember labor relations back then were tough as well. During strikes, employers would use dogs and thugs and other means". Though capable of being charming and a professed friend of journalists, Desjardins was known for his
450:
of the Montreal police arrived at the Au Bon Pain Café to personally arrest Boucher and ask him what he knew about the murder of Desjardins, in particular why he did not have breakfast with Desjardins that day as he had promised to do the previous day. Boucher refused to speak without his lawyer
388:
and drug smuggling. Desjardins was notorious as a loan shark who charged 52% interest on the loans he gave to the poor and desperate of Montreal. Desjardins was often described by the police as one of the most successful loan sharks in Montreal, whose fortune by the 1990s was estimated to be at
468:
The journalists Julian Sher and William Marsden wrote that Desjardins's murder was not "an isolated killing", but rather "the beginning of a new era of consolidation of the Hells' now massive drug empire, which extended throughout Quebec and the Maritimes and was fast spreading into Ontario and
392:
Desjardins opened a restaurant in Laval, two jewelry shops, a furniture store, and a 25-room motel in the Dominican Republic, hiding his ownership via a convoluted ownership structure. On 3 February 1979, Desjardins and his wife Jacqueline were indicted on charges of tax evasion with Desjardins
323:
showed that Desjardins had ordered a set of illegal strikes in the summer of 1974 as a bid to pressure the government not to have him testify before the Cliche commission. Despite his best efforts, Desjardins did testify before the Cliche commission, which damaged his reputation so much that he
227:
in Montreal, which nearly bankrupted the city. In May 1970, the International Olympic Committee declared that Montreal would host the 1976 Summer Olympics and construction of the facilities for the Olympics began later that year. The Montreal journalist Kristian Gravenor called Desjardins a
442:
Shawn's parking lot immediately after he killed Desjardins. The police described the assassination as a highly professional killing, saying this was not the work of an amateur assassin, which supports the theory that the assassin was either a member of the Rock Machine or the Hells Angels.
191:). Desjardins had "soldiers" in every union local, who were expected to engage in intimidation and violence, and other criminal activities like drug dealing and extortion. Desjardins was very closely associated with the Mafia during his time as union chief, and his time as president of the
393:
accused of not paying $ 42,436.07 between 1967 and 1975. After defeating the tax evasion charges, Desjardins was tried for trafficking in stolen tires and for ordering an illegal strike in the early 1980s, but was acquitted of these charges. Desjardins spent much time living in the
446:
said in French "Okay, go ahead" and then hung up. At about 10:30 am on the same day as Desjardins's assassination, a group of men broke into Desjardins's condo in Puerto Plata, where they reportedly found some $ 5 million in cash stored in the safe. Later the same day, Commander
489:
The reforms that the Cliche commission had recommended were supposed to have ended the influence of organized crime and corruption within Quebec construction unions. But after a number of buildings collapsed in 2010–2011 due to poor construction, in 2011 Quebec premier
461:, the most powerful Mafia family in Canada, and was not a Hells Angel. Langton argued that Boucher had chosen to use a case of an Italo-Canadian struggling with an unpayable loan as an excuse to eliminate Desjardins without arousing the suspicions of his nominal ally,
228:"legendary" criminal who more than anyone else caused the "screwed up Olympics" that almost bankrupted Montreal and did so much to cause the decline of Montreal, which lost its status as the business capital of Canada to Toronto in the 1970s. The French architect
196:
frontman for the Montreal Mafia, who wanted control of all the construction unions in Quebec, not just in Montreal. As part of his investigation into Desjardins undertaken in 1972, Auger took photographs of Desjardins on vacation in the Dominican Republic with
335:
le leader syndical déchu est un ami intime de criminels notoires dont Francesco Fuoco, auteur d'un hold-up et "soldat" du mafiosi Vincent Cotroni, Jean-Louis Robinson, abattu dans un règlement de comptes et Eugène Lefort, surnommé le "caïd de la Rive-Sud".
279:. The commission had a narrow remit to examine only the question of freedom of expression within Quebec construction unions, but the commission soon began examining the question of the relationship between the construction unions and organized crime.
170:
described Desjardins as a "strong man" who frequently beat anyone who displeased him, and who was much feared in the construction industry in Montreal in the 1960s. Henri Masse, the president of the Quebec Federation of Labor, told the journalist
401:. Desjardins had much influence in the Dominican Republic, where he demanded a "cut" from any developer wishing to build in that country. In July 1983, the United States government requested his extradition, charging he was trafficking in the
358:
The Cliche commission's report concluded Desjardins had frequently used "threats, violence and intimidation against both workers and management", that too many construction companies had given into him rather than stand up, that his status as
367:
controls him to the extent of destroying his moral sense. To him, there are no bad methods, only inefficient ones". The report recommended that Desjardins be prevented from holding any more union offices as it was "in the public interest".
291:
During the hearings, a connection was established between Bourassa's office and Desjardins. It emerged that Bourassa's special executive assistant, Paul Desrochers, had met Desjardins to ask for the support of his union in helping the
502:, which discovered the same sort of rampant corruption and Mafia influences in Quebec construction unions that the Cliche commission of 1974–75 had discovered, suggesting that the reforms had failed to achieve their purpose.
133:
to examine corruption in Quebec construction unions. Afterwards, Desjardins enjoyed much success as one of the leading loan sharks in Montreal until his murder. Despite sharing the same surname, Desjardins is not related to
429:. Together with his business partner Robert Savard, Desjardins was reported to have made "millions" in loans to the Hells Angels and in laundering the profits of drug dealing for the Angels in the 1990s.
219:
noted that were 540 different incidents between the two main construction unions in Quebec on construction sites associated with the James Bay Project between 1970 and 1974, many of them "very bloody".
251:
On 21 March 1974 as part of an extortion attempt against the sub-contractors working on the James Bay Project who refused to fire two workers belonging to the rival CNFU union, workers belonging to
327:
The Cliche Commission, in its report of May 1975 called Desjardins a man "with exceptional qualities ... spoiled by an unbridled taste for power." The Cliche commission wrote about Desjardins:
416:
headed by the Cotroni brothers, Vic and Frank, which from the 1930s to the 1980s was the largest criminal syndicate in Montreal. In the 1980s, the Cotroni family were eclipsed by the Sicilian
211:
had promised in the 1970 election that his government would create 100,000 jobs in the construction industry with the James Bay Project, there was much violent competition between Desjardin's
376:
corruption in the construction unions tolerated by the Bourassa government played a major role in causing the defeat of Bourassa in the 1976 election, which were won by the separatist PQ.
256:
brought to trial. In response to the violence at the LG-2 site, which confirmed long-standing rumors about thuggish practices on the part of construction unions, the Premier of Quebec,
207:
Construction had boomed in Montreal for Expo 67, leading to an inflated workforce, and afterwards times were tough for the construction industry in Montreal. As the Liberal Premier
1372:
809:
1426:
412:
union in 1974, Desjardins still retained much influence in construction unions for decades afterwards. Desjardins had been associated with the Calabrian
204:
and other members of the Montreal underworld. Desjardins was aligned with the Cotroni family, at the time the most powerful Mafia family in Montreal.
1334:
108:(4 July 1930 – 27 April 2000) was a Canadian union official noted for his involvement with organized crime. Desjardins served as the president of the
736:
223:
Besides for the James Bay Project, Desjardins's union played a major role in causing the $ 1 billion cost overrun on building the facilities for the
275:
to investigate corruption in the construction industry in Quebec. The legal counsel to the Cliche commission was another prominent Montreal lawyer,
129:("the king of construction"). During this time, Desjardins was involved in the scandal that led to the Cliche commission of 1974–75 headed by Judge
371:
The Cliche Commission's report was described at the time as an exposé of "an organized system of corruption without parallel in North America." A
924:
389:
least $ 25 million. Auger quoted one of Desjardins friends as saying: "He liked money too much. Always wanted more. Couldn't get enough of it".
477:
that Boucher was systematically killing off his allies. Auger was shot in the back by a Hells Angel on 13 September 2000 in the parking lot of
121:
343:
the deposed union leader is a close friend of notorious criminals including Francesco Fuoco, organizer of a robbery and a "soldier" of the
511:
215:
and the rival Confederation of National Trade Unions (CNFU) to have their workers engaged in the project. The Canadian historian
1339:
1344:
1436:
1421:
1416:
1381:
967:
1441:
1369:
813:
1431:
1297:
1349:
1317:
1211:
1191:
296:
win a by-election in exchange for which the province would guarantee that only companies employing workers from the
1411:
398:
350:, Jean-Louis Robinson, shot in a settling of accounts and Eugene Lefort, nicknamed the "boss from the South Shore"
863:
473:
who was investigating Desjardins's murder in the summer of 2000, reported in a series of articles that summer in
1221:
Francoeur, Louis-Gilles (29 April 2000). "André Desjardins : Quand le syndicalisme était affaire de clan".
1277:
1258:
1239:
1162:
1175:
Rapport de la Commission d'enquête sur l'exercice de la liberté syndicale dans l'industrie de la construction
447:
744:
1406:
237:
216:
248:, Taillibert wrote "If the Olympic Games took place, it was thanks to Dede Desjardins. What irony!".
1359:
320:
495:
1364:
597:
1401:
1396:
458:
417:
413:
224:
139:
8:
454:
300:
union would work on the James Bay project. The hearings had already established that the
308:
generously and there were links between several ministers in Bourassa's cabinet and the
499:
394:
135:
1313:
1293:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1207:
1187:
1158:
1354:
766:
347:
229:
283:
beaten up. The columnist Peggy Curran wrote that the Cliche commission uncovered:
125:(Quebec Federation of Labour, FTQ) union between 1970 and 1974, becoming known as
1376:
422:
276:
257:
208:
1232:
Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels
363:
had allowed him to corrupt politicians, and his passion for money and power "...
313:
265:
1390:
272:
261:
197:
172:
130:
883:
881:
491:
462:
426:
402:
233:
167:
878:
397:, where he spent his winters at a luxury beach-front condo he owned in
385:
151:
405:
prescription drug, but in 1984 a Montreal court refused the request.
893:
160:
l'Association internationale des plombiers et tuyauteurs d'Amérique
155:
39:
1335:
Meurtre de «Dédé» Desjardins: la police interroge «Mom» Boucher
1133:
1131:
1091:
1089:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
989:
987:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
260:, appointed a commission consisting of well-respected judge
1360:
André « Dédé » Desjardins et la commission Cliche
1184:
Mafia Inc: The Long, Bloody Reign of Canada's Sicilian Clan
91:
Assisting the Mafia to take over Quebec construction unions
1340:
André «Dédé» Desjardins était lié aux groupes criminalisés
1310:
The Road To Hell How the Biker Gangs Are Conquering Canada
1128:
1101:
1086:
1074:
999:
984:
942:
834:
832:
830:
421:
the leading loan sharks in Montreal, become very close to
1345:
Meurtre d'André «Dédé» Desjardins: l'enquête n'avance pas
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1039:
1037:
1035:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
523:
1173:
Cliche, Robert; Mulroney, Brian; Chevrette, Guy (1975).
1155:
The Biker who Shot Me: Recollections of a Crime Reporter
1020:
925:"Desjardins's tax evasion trial will be held on Sept.24"
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
1172:
899:
887:
827:
711:
709:
707:
1118:
1116:
1049:
1032:
552:
692:
682:
680:
678:
648:
638:
636:
634:
632:
619:
617:
704:
1113:
905:
675:
629:
614:
384:After his leaving the union, Desjardins turned to
236:discovered that various "delays" on building the
1388:
1350:André «Dédé» Desjardins enterré dans l'intimité
966:Appleby, Timonty; Tu, Tu Thanh (24 July 2000).
200:, president of the FTQ, together with various
961:
959:
957:
379:
1290:Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada
1204:Louis Laberge: le syndicalisme, c'est ma vie
425:, the president of the Quebec branch of the
179:
1427:People murdered by Canadian organized crime
1307:
1181:
1137:
1107:
1095:
1080:
1014:
993:
948:
546:
1177:. Québec city: Éditeur officiel du Québec.
954:
803:
1287:
1220:
1026:
965:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
698:
1370:Trip back in the corruption time machine
1253:. Toronto: Mcfarlane Walter & Ross.
1248:
1201:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
838:
764:
730:
728:
726:
724:
567:
1308:Sher, Julian; Marsden, William (2003).
1229:
1068:
1043:
669:
1389:
1267:
812:. The Montreal Gazette. Archived from
810:"Trip back in corruption time machine"
807:
780:
715:
410:Conseil des métiers de la construction
310:Conseil des métiers de la construction
302:Conseil des métiers de la construction
298:Conseil des métiers de la construction
253:Conseil des métiers de la construction
242:Conseil des métiers de la construction
213:Conseil des métiers de la construction
193:Conseil des métiers de la construction
110:Conseil des métiers de la construction
1272:. Montreal: McGill University Press.
1157:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
1152:
1122:
911:
900:Cliche, Mulroney & Chevrette 1975
888:Cliche, Mulroney & Chevrette 1975
861:
844:
734:
721:
686:
642:
623:
138:, a notorious mobster related to the
122:Fédération des travailleurs du Québec
117: Council of Construction Trades
16:Canadian loan shark and drug smuggler
1182:Cedilot, André; Noel, André (2012).
765:Gravenor, Kristian (28 April 2008).
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
329:
270:Centrale de l'enseignement du Québec
1292:. -Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.
864:"The man who told Quebec the truth"
735:Bauch, Hubert (14 September 2000).
113:
13:
1251:Mulroney: the politics of ambition
737:"Taillibert: blame Ottawa, Quebec"
312:. An aide to the Labour Minister,
264:, prominent Montreal labor lawyer
14:
1453:
1328:
1206:(in French). Montréal: Amérique.
573:
145:
917:
758:
319:Intercepted phone calls by the
862:Hagen, Matthew (1 July 1975).
1:
808:Curran, Peggy (10 May 2012).
517:
968:"Bikers expand crime empire"
119:) and vice-president of the
7:
1437:Trade unionists from Quebec
1422:Murdered Canadian gangsters
1417:Deaths by firearm in Quebec
1288:Schneider, Stephen (2009).
1234:. Toronto: Harper Collins.
505:
150:Desjardins was born in the
10:
1458:
1442:Unsolved murders in Canada
1382:Bikers expand crime empire
380:The loan shark of Montreal
268:and vice-president of the
246:Notre Cher Stade Olympique
1432:People murdered in Quebec
1312:. Toronto: Alfred Knopf.
1186:. Toronto: Random House.
767:"Andre "Dede" Desjardins"
598:"André "Dédé" Desjardins"
484:
432:
361:le roi de la construction
189:Le roi de la construction
181:Le roi de la construction
127:Le roi de la construction
87:
79:
71:
63:
58:Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
47:
28:
21:
1268:Morton, Desmond (1998).
1202:Fournier, Louis (1992).
1146:
512:List of unsolved murders
455:Stéphane "Godasse" Gagné
333:
166:The Canadian journalist
1412:Criminals from Montreal
1365:André "Dédé" Desjardins
1355:Andre "Dede" Desjardins
1249:Sawatsky, John (1991).
1230:Langton, Jerry (2006).
1138:Sher & Marsden 2003
1108:Sher & Marsden 2003
1096:Sher & Marsden 2003
1081:Sher & Marsden 2003
1015:Sher & Marsden 2003
994:Sher & Marsden 2003
949:Cedilot & Noel 2012
547:Cedilot & Noel 2012
306:Parti libéral du Québec
294:Parti libéral du Québec
232:and the Montreal mayor
1153:Auger, Michel (2002).
496:Charbonneau Commission
479:Le Journal de Montréal
475:Le Journal de Montréal
471:Le Journal de Montréal
341:
289:
423:Maurice "Mom" Boucher
285:
747:on 18 September 2018
741:The Montreal Gazette
459:Rizzuto crime family
418:Rizzuto crime family
414:Cotroni crime family
408:Despite leaving the
140:Rizzuto crime family
304:had donated to the
240:were caused by the
1407:Canadian gangsters
1375:2019-08-27 at the
972:The Globe and Mail
500:France Charbonneau
395:Dominican Republic
136:Raynald Desjardins
931:. 3 February 1979
498:headed by Madame
356:
355:
95:
94:
80:Years active
1449:
1323:
1303:
1283:
1264:
1245:
1226:
1217:
1197:
1178:
1168:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
997:
991:
982:
981:
979:
978:
963:
952:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
929:Montreal Gazette
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
890:, p. 73-88.
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
859:
842:
836:
825:
824:
822:
821:
805:
778:
777:
775:
774:
762:
756:
755:
753:
752:
743:. Archived from
732:
719:
713:
702:
696:
690:
684:
673:
667:
646:
640:
627:
621:
612:
611:
609:
608:
594:
571:
565:
550:
544:
373:Montreal Gazette
366:
348:Vincenzo Cotroni
330:
321:Sûreté du Québec
230:Roger Taillibert
118:
115:
64:Other names
54:
40:Montreal, Quebec
33:André Desjardins
23:André Desjardins
19:
18:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1387:
1386:
1377:Wayback Machine
1331:
1320:
1300:
1280:
1261:
1242:
1214:
1194:
1165:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1000:
992:
985:
976:
974:
964:
955:
947:
943:
934:
932:
923:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
879:
869:
867:
860:
845:
837:
828:
819:
817:
806:
781:
772:
770:
763:
759:
750:
748:
733:
722:
714:
705:
697:
693:
685:
676:
668:
649:
641:
630:
622:
615:
606:
604:
596:
595:
574:
566:
553:
545:
524:
520:
508:
487:
435:
382:
364:
352:
338:
277:Lucien Bouchard
258:Robert Bourassa
238:Olympic stadium
209:Robert Bourassa
184:
148:
116:
59:
56:
52:
43:
37:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1329:External links
1327:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1305:
1299:978-0470835005
1298:
1285:
1278:
1270:Working People
1265:
1259:
1246:
1240:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1192:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1140:, p. 241.
1127:
1112:
1110:, p. 228.
1100:
1098:, p. 229.
1085:
1083:, p. 223.
1073:
1071:, p. 213.
1048:
1046:, p. 211.
1031:
1029:, p. 417.
1027:Schneider 2009
1019:
1017:, p. 221.
998:
996:, p. 222.
983:
953:
951:, p. 134.
941:
916:
904:
892:
877:
843:
841:, p. 257.
826:
779:
757:
720:
718:, p. 298.
703:
699:Francoeur 2000
691:
674:
672:, p. 210.
647:
628:
613:
572:
570:, p. 418.
551:
549:, p. 431.
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
507:
504:
494:appointed the
486:
483:
448:André Bouchard
434:
431:
381:
378:
354:
353:
339:
314:Jean Cournoyer
266:Brian Mulroney
217:Desmond Morton
183:
178:
147:
144:
93:
92:
89:
88:Known for
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
55:(aged 69)
49:
45:
44:
38:
32:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1454:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1319:0-676-97598-4
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:. p. A7.
1224:
1219:
1215:
1213:9782890375659
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1193:9780307360410
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1125:, p. 52.
1124:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
995:
990:
988:
973:
969:
962:
960:
958:
950:
945:
930:
926:
920:
914:, p. 48.
913:
908:
902:, p. 73.
901:
896:
889:
884:
882:
865:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
840:
839:Sawatsky 1991
835:
833:
831:
816:on 2019-08-27
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
768:
761:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
727:
725:
717:
712:
710:
708:
700:
695:
689:, p. 51.
688:
683:
681:
679:
671:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
645:, p. 47.
644:
639:
637:
635:
633:
626:, p. 49.
625:
620:
618:
603:
599:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
569:
568:Fournier 1992
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
548:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
522:
513:
510:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
482:
480:
476:
472:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
443:
439:
430:
428:
424:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
390:
387:
386:loan sharking
377:
374:
369:
362:
351:
349:
346:
340:
337:
332:
331:
328:
325:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
273:Guy Chevrette
271:
267:
263:
262:Robert Cliche
259:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:1976 Olympics
221:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
198:Louis Laberge
194:
190:
182:
177:
174:
173:Jerry Langton
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
146:Rise to power
143:
141:
137:
132:
131:Robert Cliche
128:
124:
123:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
51:27 April 2000
50:
46:
41:
31:
27:
20:
1309:
1289:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1222:
1203:
1183:
1174:
1154:
1103:
1076:
1069:Langton 2006
1044:Langton 2006
1022:
975:. Retrieved
971:
944:
933:. Retrieved
928:
919:
907:
895:
868:. Retrieved
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
771:. Retrieved
769:. Coolopolis
760:
749:. Retrieved
745:the original
740:
701:, p. 7.
694:
670:Langton 2006
605:. Retrieved
601:
492:Jean Charest
488:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:Vito Rizzuto
453:
444:
440:
436:
427:Hells Angels
409:
407:
399:Puerto Plata
391:
383:
372:
370:
360:
357:
344:
342:
334:
326:
318:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
281:
269:
252:
250:
245:
241:
234:Jean Drapeau
222:
212:
206:
201:
192:
188:
185:
180:
168:Michel Auger
165:
159:
149:
126:
120:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
53:(2000-04-27)
1402:2000 deaths
1397:1930 births
870:21 February
866:. Maclean's
716:Morton 1998
36:4 July 1930
1391:Categories
1279:0773518010
1260:0921912064
1241:144342725X
1164:1551996952
1123:Auger 2002
977:2017-11-30
935:2017-12-07
912:Auger 2002
820:2017-12-07
773:2017-12-07
751:2017-12-07
687:Auger 2002
643:Auger 2002
624:Auger 2002
607:2017-12-07
518:References
152:Centre-Sud
106:Desjardins
72:Occupation
1223:Le Devoir
403:Quaaludes
83:1949–2000
1373:Archived
602:OcCities
506:See also
156:Montreal
75:Gangster
42:, Canada
345:mafiosi
202:Mafiosi
114:transl.
1316:
1296:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1210:
1190:
1161:
485:Legacy
433:Murder
365:
1147:Works
98:André
1314:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1159:ISBN
872:2021
465:.
102:Dédé
67:Dédé
48:Died
29:Born
154:of
1393::
1130:^
1115:^
1088:^
1051:^
1034:^
1001:^
986:^
970:.
956:^
927:.
880:^
846:^
829:^
782:^
739:.
723:^
706:^
677:^
650:^
631:^
616:^
600:.
575:^
554:^
525:^
142:.
104:"
1324:.
1322:.
1304:.
1302:.
1284:.
1282:.
1263:.
1244:.
1216:.
1198:.
1196:.
1169:.
1167:.
980:.
938:.
874:.
823:.
776:.
754:.
610:.
112:(
100:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.