455:, known to reach 2 m. Some angel sharks have deformities that have been described in elasmobranchs. These can include skeletal deformities, as lateral spinal curvature (scoliosis), humpback curvature (khyphosis), axial spinal curvature (lordosis), missing fins, additional fins, deformed snout, and more. These abnormalities have only been found in a few sharks, but the causes of these deformities have been found to be from dietary nutritional imbalance, genetic factors, parasites, traumatic injuries, or stress in the specimen. In 2015, two sharks were captured and examined, and both showed a lateral spinal curvature (scoliosis) and also a humpback curvature. Both the animals had the curvature in the middle of their pectoral fins, but the deformity did not affect their swimming capacity.
337:
462:, these curvatures do not seem to significantly affect its hunting capacity, which involves burying itself to ambush their prey. Right now, research is assuming most physical injuries are caused by human interactions because of the constant interference in coastal areas, where most of the sharks reside. There have been few attacks reported, and what few have occurred were due to accidental stepping on of buried newborn sharks. Landings of Pacific angel shark increased through the mid-1980s and reached over 1,125 tonnes in 1986, becoming the shark species with the highest total reported landings off the US West coast that year.
551:, US, in cooperation with local commercial fishermen, developed the market for angel sharks. The annual take of angel shark in 1977 was an estimated 147 kg. By 1985, the annual take of angel shark on the central California coast had increased to more than 454 tonnes or an estimated 90,000 sharks. The population declined dramatically and is now regulated. Angel sharks live very close to shore, resulting in high bycatch rates. In 1991, the use of gillnets in nearshore state waters of California was forbidden, and fishing was restricted in a larger portion of the Pacific angel shark's range.
162:
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509:. These three species are listed in the IUCN Red List as threatened, and they are now protected under Brazilian law, which makes angling and exchange illegal. To prevent landing and trade of these endangered species along the São Paulo, DNA barcoding was used. DNA barcoding revealed fishing and trafficking of these protected species.
1118:
423:
The angel shark has unique features that differentiates them from other sharks. They are considered as smaller sized sharks because they grow up to only 7 feet (2.1 m) and can weigh around 77 pounds (35 kg), as opposed to the whale shark that can measure up to 32 feet (9.8 m) and weigh
484:
Angel sharks usually reside in depths of 1–200 metres (3.3–656.2 ft) and can be seen on muddy or soft benthic substrata where they can easily blend in as they lie in wait. Members of the family
Squatinidae have a unique camouflage method, which relates to how they obtain their food, involving
517:
Angel sharks inhabit temperate and tropical marine environments. They are generally found in shallow waters at depths from 3–100 metres (9.8–328.1 ft) off coasts. They are known to bury themselves in sandy or muddy environments during the day, where they remain camouflaged for weeks until a
534:
Angelsharks have a unique way of breathing compared to most other benthic fish. They do not pump out water from the oropharyngeal cavity like other fish. Instead they use gill flaps located under their body to pump out water during respiration. Doing so also allows them to be more discreet and
1661:
Lawson, Julia M.; Pollom, Riley A.; Gordon, Cat A.; Barker, Joanna; Meyers, Eva K M.; Zidowitz, Heike; Ellis, Jim R.; Bartolí, Álex; Morey, Gabriel; Fowler, Sarah L.; Alvarado, David Jiménez; Fordham, Sonja V.; Sharp, Rowland; Hood, Ali R.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (January–February 2020).
1997:"Species New to Science: [Ichthyology • 2023] Squatina leae • Revision of the Western Indian Ocean Angel Sharks, Genus Squatina (Squatiniformes: Squatinidae), with Description of A New Species and Redescription of the African Angel Shark Squatina africana Regan, 1908"
1554:
King, Jackie; McFarlane, Gordon A.; Gertseva, Vladlena; Gasper, Jason; Matson, Sean; Tribuzio, Cindy A. (2017). "Shark
Interactions with Directed and Incidental Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Historic and Current Encounters, and Challenges for Shark Conservation".
340:
1931:
Acero P., Arturo; Tavera, José J.; Anguila, Rafael; Hernández, Luis (July 2016). "A New
Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species".
2044:
Meyers, Eva K. M.; Tuya, Fernando; Barker, Joanna; Jiménez
Alvarado, David; Castro-Hernández, José Juan; Haroun, Ricardo; Rödder, Dennis (2017). "Population structure, distribution and habitat use of the Critically Endangered Angelshark,
1421:
Bunholi, Ingrid
Vasconcellos; Ferrette, Bruno Lopes da Silva; De Biasi, Juliana Beltramin; Magalhães, Carolina de Oliveira; Rotundo, Matheus Marcos; Oliveira, Claudio; Foresti, Fausto; Mendonça, Fernando Fernandes (October 2018).
384:
inhabit shallow temperate or tropical seas, but a few species inhabit deeper water, down to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). Angel sharks are sometimes called monkfish, although this name is also applied to members of the genus
1701:
Gordon, Cat; Almabruk, Sara; Barker, Joanna; Bradai, Mohamed
Nejmeddine; Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Fortibuoni, Tomaso; Giovos, Ioannis; Jiménez, David; Meyers, Eva; Morey, Gabriel; Serena, Fabrizio; Vacchi, Marino (2019).
530:
Although this shark is a bottom-dweller and appears harmless, it can inflict painful lacerations if provoked, due to its powerful jaws and sharp teeth. It may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail.
415:. Once common over large areas of the Northeast Atlantic from Norway, Sweden, Morocco and the Canary Islands, to the Mediterranean and Black Seas, fishing pressure has resulted in significant population decline.
1796:"A Synoptic Review of the Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätten of Southern Germany: Taxonomy, Diversity, and Faunal Relationships"
481:, producing litters of up to 13 pups. Pacific angel shark pups are born from March to June in deep water; generally 180 to 300 feet (55 and 90 metres); possibly to protect the pups from predators.
465:
Angel sharks possess extensible jaws that can rapidly snap upwards to capture prey and have long, needle-like teeth. They bury themselves in loose sediment lying in wait for prey, which includes
402:
with a corresponding stationary bottom-dwelling habit. Thus, trans-ocean migration is extremely unlikely, even though large-scale coastal migratory patterns have been reported in species such as
961:
866:
599:, are at a high risk of extinction, with geographic studies projecting severe population declines for the three species. The Angel Shark Conservation Network, a network established by the
802:
458:
Spinal scoliosis has been reported to be diverse in sharks, but mostly in pelagic sharks that depend on their swimming abilities to catch their prey. For the angel shark, specifically
798:
794:
394:
While some species occur over a wide geographic range, the majority are restricted to a smaller area. Restriction in geographic range might be as a result of the behaviour of
493:
Morphological identification in the field can be difficult due to discontinuity and similarity of species. In this specific circumstance, the sharks' place within the genus
1794:
Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Stumpf, Sebastian; Türtscher, Julia; Jambura, Patrick L.; Begat, Arnaud; López-Romero, Faviel A.; Fischer, Jan; Kriwet, Jürgen (March 2023).
997:
427:
While the anterior part of the angel shark's body is broad and flattened, the posterior part retains a muscular appearance more typical of other sharks. The eyes and
965:
870:
3136:
1242:
Stelbrink, Björn; von
Rintelen, Thomas; Cliff, Geremy; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2010). "Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus
993:
570:) was classified as "Critically Endangered" in 2010, and recent studies from the IUCN in 2019 reaffirm their CR status. Angel sharks are highly sensitive to
1076:
754:
927:
830:
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931:
758:
2087:
3121:
3010:
2785:
1374:
Lyons, Kady; Lowe, Christopher G. (August 2015). "Organochlorine contaminants and maternal offloading in the lecithotrophic
Pacific angel shark (
1307:"First Case of Morphological Abnormality in Common Angel Sharks : Squatina squatina (Chondrichthyes: Squatinidae), from the Canary Islands"
485:
lying still on the sea floor, making rapid lunges at passing prey, and using negative pressure to capture prey by sucking it into their mouths.
834:
600:
412:
2824:
2586:
1622:
Morey, G; Barker, J.; Hood, A.; Gordon, C.; Bartolí, A.; Meyers, E.K.M.; Ellis, J.; Sharp, R.; Jimenez-Alvarado, D. & Pollom, R. (2019).
935:
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3023:
2798:
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1191:
1011:
1729:
López-Romero, Faviel A.; Stumpf, Sebastian; Pfaff, Cathrin; Marramà, Giuseppe; Johanson, Zerina; Kriwet, Jürgen (2020-07-28).
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1223:
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2803:
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642:
species. The earliest records that can be assigned with confidence to the modern genus are known from the Early
Cretaceous (
3131:
518:
desirable prey crosses paths with them. At night, they take a more active approach and cruise on the bottom of the floor.
2114:
1487:
1664:"Extinction risk and conservation of critically endangered angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea"
283:
3088:
2863:
2638:
2280:
1904:
sp. nov., a new species of angel shark (Chondrichthyes: Squatiniformes: Squatinidae) from the
Philippine Islands".
2829:
2591:
1304:
1048:
308:
543:
Prior to the late 1980s, the Pacific angel shark was considered a "munk fish". It was a byproduct of commercial
1474:
1423:
762:
3036:
2811:
2573:
2355:
1968:
1597:
1531:
Richards, John B. (1987). "Developing a Localized Fishery: The Pacific Angel Shark". In Cook, Sid F. (ed.).
1345:
King, J., & Tribuzio, C. A. (2017). Northeast Pacific Shark Biology, Research, and Conservation, Part B.
2391:
555:
27:
1731:"Evolutionary trends of the conserved neurocranium shape in angel sharks (Squatiniformes, Elasmobranchii)"
547:, with no commercial appeal and was used only for crab bait. In 1977, Michael Wagner, a fish processor in
3126:
2932:
2919:
2707:
2694:
2482:
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957:
862:
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1285:
1062:
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2712:
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627:
are known from the Late Jurassic (from around 160 million years ago) of Europe, assigned to the genus
497:
comprises three species in the southern part of the western Atlantic. The three species observed were
2868:
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2335:
2307:
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2152:
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1071:
816:
548:
161:
3093:
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2360:
1424:"The fishing and illegal trade of the angelshark: DNA barcoding against misleading identifications"
1855:"Node age estimations and the origin of angel sharks, Squatiniformes (Neoselachii, Squalomorphii)"
1854:
2292:
2107:
1305:
Alejandro Escánez Pérez; Sergio Moreno Borges; Felipe Ravina Olivares; Sandra J. Raredon (2019).
726:
1101:
848:
711:
3067:
2855:
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1020:
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is longer than the upper lobe. Most types grow to a length of 1.5 m (5 ft), with the
428:
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8:
843:
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1969:"Sea creature with oversized tail was found decades ago. Now it's labeled a new species"
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to establish conservation strategies to protect angel shark populations in the region.
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and other Squatiniformes differ from other sharks in having flattened bodies and broad
316:
156:
2924:
2020:
1996:
1623:
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20:
1953:
1460:
1399:
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In April 2008, the UK government afforded the angel shark full protection under the
2699:
2066:
1941:
1913:
1874:
1825:
1807:
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1750:
1711:
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1536:
1446:
1438:
1395:
1321:
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1140:
1006:
988:
904:
825:
811:
366:. They commonly inhabit sandy seabeds close to 150 m (490 ft) in depth.
2500:
1442:
2950:
2895:
2725:
2670:
2379:
2340:
2225:
1900:
Walsh, Jonathan H.; Ebert, David A.; Compagno, Leonard J. V. (7 February 2011). "
1878:
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720:
571:
399:
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2816:
2578:
2474:
1715:
1259:
1214:
Stevens, J. & Last, P.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
2345:
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2188:
2183:
2088:
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark Conservation Strategy, June 2017
1754:
1703:
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1325:
1186:
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884:
664:
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363:
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213:
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1886:
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1306:
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893:
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347:
304:
246:
73:
1503:
2260:
2237:
2208:
2198:
1973:
1839:
1780:
1582:
1488:"A Telemetric Study of the Behavior of Free-Swimming Pacific Angel Sharks,
1407:
1267:
373:
292:
136:
2997:
2904:
2772:
2679:
2547:
2441:
2193:
2147:
629:
604:
544:
226:
48:
1451:
2539:
2231:
1793:
470:
448:
440:
436:
362:. They are the only living members of the family Squatinidae and order
144:
93:
58:
1945:
1812:
1540:
574:
and are often caught in gillnets, due to their shallow habitat range.
3002:
2971:
2777:
2746:
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2521:
2312:
2070:
173:
115:
98:
2764:
2403:
1621:
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2751:
2664:
2526:
2426:
2203:
1557:
Northeast Pacific Shark Biology, Research, and Conservation, Part B
1290:
444:
377:
193:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
2513:
566:
Once considered abundant in the Atlantic Ocean, the angel shark (
474:
387:
381:
103:
78:
2043:
1420:
1241:
411:
Many species are now classified as critically endangered by the
643:
612:
608:
183:
1930:
1728:
3075:
2963:
2738:
2625:
2123:
1533:
Sharks: An Inquiry into Biology, Behavior, Fisheries, and Use
236:
380:. They occur worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. Most
1559:. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 78. pp. 9–44.
1553:
466:
432:
1700:
2092:
26:"Angel Sharks" redirects here. For the French movie, see
1660:
654:
Currently, the 26 recognized species in this genus are:
1496:
Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences
2051:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
1475:
Florida Museum of Natural History. Pacific Angelshark.
1237:
1235:
19:
This article is about the genus. For the species, see
1213:
1232:
1899:
1704:"Mediterranean Angel Sharks: Regional Action Plan"
1414:
898:Weigmann, Vaz, Akhilesh, Leeney & Naylor 2023
3108:
447:and unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the
1853:Klug, Stefanie; Kriwet, Jürgen (January 2013).
1647:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39332A117498371.en
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1486:Standora, Edward A.; Nelson, Donald R. (1977).
439:are large and held horizontally. There are two
1485:
413:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2108:
1609:German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation
1218:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 64–65.
522:preys on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods.
435:slits are on its back. Both the pectoral and
1517:
3137:Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril
2115:
2101:
1852:
1595:
1589:
135:
114:
1924:
1893:
1829:
1811:
1770:
1679:
1645:
1467:
1450:
1373:
418:
1530:
335:
1378:) collected from southern California".
1280:
376:that give them a strong resemblance to
3122:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
3109:
1994:
1966:
1192:List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
2408:
2407:
2096:
1598:"Background Document for Angel shark
1248:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1209:
1207:
3081:03A3DB49-C04C-B823-82E7-C63EFE0D7E7F
2631:762EBC12-1B5F-A258-34C0-9EAEB3E2FB2E
638:are very similar to those of living
2386:
2184:Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)
1859:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1633:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
607:, is working with authorities from
538:
488:
13:
2081:
1354:
1204:
356:are sharks belonging to the genus
14:
3148:
2179:Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
1274:
634:Preserved full body specimens of
2385:
2374:
2373:
2199:Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
1357:"Sandy Plains: No Place To Hide"
1164:
1148:
1132:
1116:
1100:
160:
46:
2037:
2013:
1988:
1960:
1846:
1787:
1722:
1694:
1654:
1615:
1547:
1479:
1400:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.019
561:
424:20,000 pounds (9,100 kg).
2238:Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)
2204:Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)
1967:Ritter, Moira (11 July 2023).
1668:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1367:
1348:
1339:
1314:Turk. J. Fish.& Aquat. Sci
1298:
346:Angelsharks, off the coast of
1:
2356:Grey nurse shark conservation
2194:Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)
2021:"Squatina varii summary page"
1443:10.1016/j.fishres.2018.05.018
1197:
505:and the Brazilian guitarfish
2214:Squatiniformes (Angelsharks)
1879:10.1080/14772019.2012.674066
623:The earliest members of the
618:
556:Wildlife and Countryside Act
525:
28:Marie from the Bay of Angels
7:
3132:Oxfordian first appearances
2351:U.S. Shark Conservation Act
1716:10.13140/RG.2.2.29739.18728
1260:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.029
1180:
10:
3153:
2122:
2049:, in the Canary Islands".
1755:10.1038/s41598-020-69525-7
1565:10.1016/bs.amb.2017.09.003
1326:10.4194/1303-2712-v19_3_10
948:(Small-crested angelshark)
649:
577:Angel sharks found in the
512:
25:
18:
2879:
2654:
2416:
2369:
2336:Sharks in popular culture
2328:
2251:
2171:
2153:Egg case (Chondrichthyes)
2130:
1918:10.11646/zootaxa.2759.1.2
1380:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1072:Squatina tergocellatoides
549:Santa Barbara, California
322:
315:
298:
291:
157:Scientific classification
155:
143:
134:
122:
113:
37:
2361:Save Our Seas Foundation
1284:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1090:Vaz & Carvalho, 2018
767:(Philippines angelshark)
431:are dorsal and the five
2293:Shark attack prevention
1294:. January 2016 version.
1016:(smoothback angelshark)
918:(Indonesian angelshark)
745:(Australian angelshark)
2001:Species New to Science
1681:10.1093/icesjms/fsz222
1640:: e.T39332A117498371.
1216:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1092:(Brazilian angelshark)
1081:(ocellated angelshark)
1021:Squatina pseudocellata
875:(disparate angelshark)
716:(Argentine angelshark)
419:Appearance and biology
350:
3063:Paleobiology Database
2851:Paleobiology Database
2613:Paleobiology Database
1995:Pskhun (2023-07-12).
1058:Squatina tergocellata
889:(Japanese angelshark)
688:Squatina albipunctata
473:and various types of
345:
124:Australian angelshark
1535:. pp. 147–160.
1490:Squatina californica
1376:Squatina californica
1286:"Family Squatinidae"
1125:Squatina californica
1034:(western angelshark)
984:(clouded angelshark)
970:(Mexican angelshark)
858:Squatina heteroptera
853:(angular angelshark)
807:(David's angelshark)
781:(Pacific angelshark)
772:Squatina californica
731:(Chilean angelshark)
727:Philippi {Krumweide}
701:(eastern angelshark)
683:(African angelshark)
669:(sawback angelshark)
507:Pseudobatos horkelii
453:Japanese angel shark
2063:2017ACMFE..27.1133M
1871:2013JSPal..11...91K
1747:2020NatSR..1012582L
1596:Fowler, S. (2010).
1502:(3). Archived from
1473:Bester, C. (2010):
1392:2015MarPB..97..518L
1361:Elasmo-research.org
1067:(ornate angelshark)
1002:(hidden angelshark)
900:(Lea’s angel shark)
844:Squatina guggenheim
839:(Taiwan angelshark)
535:prevent detection.
499:Squatina guggenheim
398:species, which are
3127:Ovoviviparous fish
2220:Cladoselachiformes
1902:Squatina caillieti
1735:Scientific Reports
1431:Fisheries Research
1355:Martin, R. Aidan.
1109:Squatina australis
803:Hernández-Beracasa
750:Squatina caillieti
736:Squatina australis
706:Squatina argentina
351:
328:De la Pylaie, 1835
128:Squatina australis
3104:
3103:
3050:Open Tree of Life
2838:Open Tree of Life
2600:Open Tree of Life
2410:Taxon identifiers
2401:
2400:
2298:Shark cage diving
2163:Threatened sharks
2138:Outline of sharks
2047:Squatina squatina
1946:10.1643/CI-15-292
1813:10.3390/d15030386
1626:Squatina squatina
1600:Squatina squatina
1574:978-0-12-812394-2
1225:978-0-12-547665-2
1173:Squatina squatina
1157:Squatina japonica
1091:
1080:
1066:
1052:
1039:Squatina squatina
1033:
1015:
1001:
983:
975:Squatina nebulosa
969:
953:Squatina mexicana
947:
917:
899:
888:
880:Squatina japonica
874:
852:
838:
820:
806:
780:
766:
744:
730:
715:
700:
682:
674:Squatina africana
668:
660:Squatina aculeata
579:Mediterranean Sea
568:Squatina squatina
405:Squatina squatina
343:
334:
333:
300:Squatina squatina
287:
21:Squatina squatina
3144:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3042:NBNSYS0000187296
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2817:NHMSYS0021053518
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2579:NHMSYS0021053519
2569:
2568:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2075:
2074:
2071:10.1002/aqc.2769
2057:(6): 1133–1144.
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1386:(1–2): 518–522.
1371:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1168:
1152:
1141:Squatina dumeril
1136:
1120:
1104:
1089:
1077:J. S. T. F. Chen
1075:
1061:
1042:
1024:
1010:
1007:Squatina oculata
992:
989:Squatina occulta
978:
956:
926:
908:
905:Squatina legnota
897:
883:
861:
847:
829:
826:Squatina formosa
815:
812:Squatina dumeril
789:
775:
753:
739:
724:
709:
691:
677:
663:
596:S. squatina
584:S. aculeata
539:Commercial value
489:Species analysis
460:S. squatina
400:ambush predators
344:
284:A. M. C. Duméril
282:
165:
164:
149:Squatina dumeril
139:
118:
108:
45:
41:Temporal range:
35:
34:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2365:
2341:Shark sanctuary
2324:
2281:South Australia
2253:
2247:
2226:Hybodontiformes
2167:
2126:
2121:
2084:
2082:Further reading
2079:
2078:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1929:
1925:
1898:
1894:
1851:
1847:
1792:
1788:
1727:
1723:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1659:
1655:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1575:
1552:
1548:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1279:
1275:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1105:
966:Huidobro-Campos
923:Squatina mapama
871:Huidobro-Campos
721:Squatina armata
652:
621:
590:S. oculata
572:bottom trawling
564:
541:
528:
515:
503:S. occulta
491:
421:
336:
311:
302:
281:
159:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
43:
42:
39:
31:
24:
17:
16:Genus of sharks
12:
11:
5:
3150:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2925:Squatiniformes
2916:
2911:Squatiniformes
2901:
2885:
2883:
2881:Squatiniformes
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2676:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2462:Squatiniformes
2453:
2438:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:Shark Alliance
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2243:List of sharks
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Hexanchiformes
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:Threat display
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2036:
2012:
1987:
1959:
1940:(2): 577–585.
1923:
1892:
1845:
1786:
1721:
1693:
1653:
1614:
1588:
1573:
1546:
1516:
1478:
1466:
1413:
1366:
1347:
1338:
1320:(3): 267–270.
1297:
1282:Froese, Rainer
1273:
1254:(2): 395–404.
1231:
1224:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1187:List of sharks
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1086:Squatina varii
1082:
1068:
1054:
1035:
1017:
1003:
998:K. G. da Silva
985:
971:
962:Espinoza-Pérez
958:Castro-Aguirre
949:
919:
901:
890:
876:
867:Espinoza-Pérez
863:Castro-Aguirre
854:
840:
822:
808:
786:Squatina david
782:
768:
746:
732:
717:
702:
684:
670:
651:
648:
646:) of England.
625:Squatiniformes
620:
617:
563:
560:
540:
537:
527:
524:
514:
511:
490:
487:
420:
417:
364:Squatiniformes
332:
331:
330:
329:
320:
319:
313:
312:
303:
296:
295:
289:
288:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
257:Squatiniformes
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
217:
216:
214:Elasmobranchii
211:
207:
206:
204:Chondrichthyes
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
153:
152:
141:
140:
132:
131:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3149:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2320:Shark tourism
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:Shark culling
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:United States
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Shark anatomy
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:(1): 91–110.
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:on 2020-07-28
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
990:
986:
981:
977:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
906:
902:
896:
895:
894:Squatina leae
891:
886:
882:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
855:
850:
846:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
827:
823:
818:
814:
813:
809:
804:
800:
799:Anguila-Gómez
796:
795:Tavera Vargas
792:
788:
787:
783:
778:
774:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
747:
742:
738:
737:
733:
728:
723:
722:
718:
713:
708:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
689:
685:
680:
676:
675:
671:
666:
662:
661:
657:
656:
655:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
575:
573:
569:
559:
557:
552:
550:
546:
536:
532:
523:
521:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
482:
480:
479:ovoviviparous
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
416:
414:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
392:
390:
389:
383:
379:
375:
374:pectoral fins
371:
367:
365:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:Fuerteventura
327:
324:
323:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
294:
290:
285:
280:
279:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:Squalomorphii
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:Selachimorpha
235:
233:Subdivision:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:Aptian–Recent
36:
33:
29:
22:
2880:
2655:
2417:
2390:
2378:
2276:South Africa
2261:Shark attack
2213:
2209:Squaliformes
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:Miami Herald
1972:
1962:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1912:(1): 49–59.
1909:
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1708:ResearchGate
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1674:(1): 12–29.
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1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
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1452:11449/166239
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1053:(angelshark)
1037:
1019:
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951:
921:
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824:
821:(sand devil)
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354:Angel sharks
353:
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299:
293:Type species
277:
276:
243:Superorder:
220:
148:
127:
32:
3117:Squatinidae
2998:iNaturalist
2905:Wikispecies
2773:iNaturalist
2700:Squatinidae
2686:Squatinidae
2680:Wikispecies
2656:Squatinidae
2548:iNaturalist
2442:Wikispecies
2392:WikiProject
2254:interaction
2148:Shark tooth
1437:: 193–197.
1030:W. T. White
914:W. T. White
755:J. H. Walsh
697:W. T. White
636:Pseudorhina
630:Pseudorhina
605:Shark Trust
545:gillnetting
477:. They are
471:crustaceans
441:dorsal fins
437:pelvic fins
267:Squatinidae
227:Neoselachii
38:Angel shark
3111:Categories
2308:Drum lines
2232:Symmoriida
2030:2022-09-04
2006:2023-10-13
1980:13 October
1806:(3): 386.
1687:2023-04-13
1541:1957/23696
1510:2019-04-12
1198:References
835:W. H. Ting
831:S. C. Shen
449:caudal fin
210:Subclass:
145:Sand devil
2896:Q15207720
2671:Q15207726
2313:Shark net
2266:Australia
1887:1477-2019
1822:1424-2818
1800:Diversity
1763:2045-2322
1063:McCulloch
1012:Bonaparte
944:Robertson
665:G. Cuvier
619:Evolution
526:Behaviour
429:spiracles
326:Squalraia
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
2890:Wikidata
2665:Wikidata
2514:46560320
2475:Squatina
2448:Squatina
2427:Wikidata
2418:Squatina
2380:Category
2172:Taxonomy
2025:FishBase
1954:89592022
1840:36950327
1781:32724124
1583:29056145
1461:90620208
1408:25986655
1331:16 March
1291:FishBase
1268:19647086
1244:Squatina
1181:See also
1045:Linnaeus
763:Compagno
640:Squatina
520:Squatina
495:Squatina
475:mollusks
445:anal fin
396:Squatina
370:Squatina
359:Squatina
317:Synonyms
305:Linnaeus
278:Squatina
263:Family:
194:Chordata
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
2540:9069902
2433:Q756731
2329:Related
2271:Réunion
2059:Bibcode
1906:Zootaxa
1867:Bibcode
1831:7614348
1772:7387474
1743:Bibcode
1388:Bibcode
940:Pizarro
885:Bleeker
817:Lesueur
791:Acero P
729:, 1887)
714:, 1930)
650:Species
513:Habitat
388:Lophius
382:species
273:Genus:
253:Order:
200:Class:
3055:234336
3029:563990
2977:1SQUTO
2869:105717
2843:909557
2804:160783
2791:114215
2752:1SQUTF
2644:105783
2605:909559
2566:160784
2527:1SQUTG
2131:Topics
2124:Sharks
1952:
1934:Copeia
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1838:
1828:
1820:
1779:
1769:
1761:
1581:
1571:
1459:
1406:
1266:
1222:
1079:, 1963
1065:, 1914
1032:, 2008
1028:&
1014:, 1840
1000:, 1991
996:&
994:Vooren
982:, 1906
968:, 2007
964:&
946:, 2021
942:, and
936:Tavera
916:, 2008
912:&
887:, 1858
873:, 2007
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851:, 1936
849:Marini
837:, 1972
833:&
819:, 1818
805:, 2016
801:&
779:, 1859
765:, 2011
761:&
743:, 1906
712:Marini
699:, 2008
695:&
681:, 1908
667:, 1829
644:Aptian
613:Turkey
609:Greece
593:, and
286:, 1806
3094:10213
3089:WoRMS
3076:Plazi
3068:34569
3016:10659
3011:IRMNG
3003:85544
2864:WoRMS
2856:63023
2830:55140
2786:IRMNG
2778:86077
2639:WoRMS
2626:Plazi
2618:34570
2592:55141
2553:92191
2252:Human
1950:S2CID
1605:(PDF)
1457:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
980:Regan
932:Ebert
777:Ayres
759:Ebert
741:Regan
679:Regan
443:, no
221:Clade
3024:ITIS
2985:GBIF
2972:EPPO
2964:8896
2933:BOLD
2825:NCBI
2799:ITIS
2765:2185
2760:GBIF
2747:EPPO
2739:8897
2708:BOLD
2587:NCBI
2561:ITIS
2535:GBIF
2522:EPPO
2501:7LRS
2488:3004
2483:BOLD
1982:2023
1910:2759
1883:ISSN
1836:PMID
1818:ISSN
1777:PMID
1759:ISSN
1638:2019
1579:PMID
1569:ISBN
1404:PMID
1333:2022
1264:PMID
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1220:ISBN
1049:1758
1026:Last
928:Long
910:Last
693:Last
611:and
603:and
601:IUCN
467:fish
433:gill
378:rays
309:1758
49:PreꞒ
3037:NBN
2990:882
2959:EoL
2951:45D
2946:CoL
2938:223
2920:AFD
2812:NBN
2734:EoL
2726:GLF
2721:CoL
2713:957
2695:AFD
2574:NBN
2509:EoL
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2470:AFD
2457:ADW
2067:doi
1942:doi
1938:104
1914:doi
1875:doi
1826:PMC
1808:doi
1767:PMC
1751:doi
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