476:
524:
536:
599:). Because they inhabit deep-waters and because of their low commercial value the effort put into data collection is low, as with many species under these circumstances. Although their appearances are fragmented they still are classified under large broader spaces due to the lack of research done. As a result, ranges of deep-water shark species are often considered continuous across broad expanses despite records of occurrence, in many cases, being spatially fragmented. This
75:
216:
512:
500:
488:
31:
50:
635:
469:. The dorsal coloration varies from greenish or bluish gray to reddish brown, with a scattering of small, darker spots and sometimes irregular splotches; the underside is uniformly pale. This species reaches 1.3–1.5 m (4.3–4.9 ft) in length and at least 16 kg (35 lb) in weight.
441:
with smooth or slightly fringed margins. The wide mouth is positioned terminally on the head. The jaws contain 10 upper and 9 lower tooth rows on each side, with toothless gaps at the middle. Each tooth has a broad base and a single pointed cusp with smooth edges. There are five pairs of
626:, down to a depth of 90 m (300 ft). In winter and spring, it is found around the outer continental shelf at depths greater than 90 m (300 ft); individuals have been recorded as far as 140 km (87 mi) from land and 1,290 m (4,230 ft) deep.
289:-like appearance. There is a band of enlarged thorns running along the middle of its back. It is gray or brown in color, with scattered small dark spots. This species reaches 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) in length.
706:
return. The variety of prey taken is greatest in fall and least in winter, and smaller sharks have a more varied diet than larger ones. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, the most important prey species are
697:
are infrequently eaten. This species feeds both during the day and at night. It tends to select prey approximately 50–60% as long as its mouth is wide; this size is consistent with what is predicted from
819:
lasts roughly 12 months, and birthing occurs between
February and June at depths of 20–30 m (66–98 ft). The newborns measure 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in length. Males and females
475:
780:
622:
seasonally. In the summer, it moves towards the shore to depths of less than 35 m (115 ft), and many can be found in water only meters deep. During fall it can be found
763:). The relative importance of each differs across seasons (for example, squid are more important in winter), perhaps due to seasonal variation in their availability. A known
815:. Females reproduce no more than once every two years, perhaps longer. Litter size varies from four to 25 pups, and does not appear related to the size of the female. The
772:
449:
The pectoral fins are broad and angular with narrow rear tips; the front of the pectoral fin is separate from the head, forming a triangular lobe. The two
465:
have rounded bases and three horizontal ridges. There is a distinctive band of larger thorns running along the midline of the back, from the nape to the
823:
at around 93 and 86 cm (37 and 34 in) long respectively; the fact that females mature at a smaller size than males is unusual among sharks.
1160:
Baremore, I.E.; Murie, D.J.; Carlson, J.K. (2008). "Prey selection by the
Atlantic angel shark Squatina dumeril in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico".
716:
1912:
1104:
748:
355:. Lesueur based his account on an adult male 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long caught off the eastern United States, and named the species in honor of
1757:
433:. The skin folds along the sides of the head have smooth margins, without lobes. The large eyes are placed on top of the head and have prominent
852:
740:
1809:
1902:
811:
occurs in the spring; adult males have spines on the outer margins of their pectoral fins, which may help in gripping the female during
945:
Stelbrink, B.; von
Rintelen, T.; Cliff, G.; Kriwet, J. (2010). "Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus
1731:
1323:
1922:
1770:
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formed. The rise of the
Isthmus likely split the ancestral angel shark population, leading to their becoming separate species.
1835:
1016:
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316:. The sand devil is not aggressive, but may attempt to bite if harassed or captured. Though not valued economically, it is
312:. Females have a multi-year reproductive cycle and give birth to 4–25 pups in spring or early summer, following a 12-month
277:
waters in summer and fall, and deep offshore waters in winter and spring. The sand devil's flattened body and enlarged
1063:
1046:
356:
1874:
1814:
1292:
1927:
1917:
481:
The sand devil is a ray-like shark with a color pattern of many small dark spots on a gray-brown background.
1316:
831:
Though not normally aggressive towards humans, the sand devil can inflict serious wounds if provoked. Its
1679:
1684:
1064:"Distribution of angel sharks (Squatinidae) in United States waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean"
523:
839:
workers when caught, and even out of the water it is capable of lunging upwards to bite. This shark is
1879:
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1039:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
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are rarely eaten, perhaps because they are more active and thus likely to escape attacks.
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Lesueur, C.A. (1818). "Description of several new species of North
American fishes".
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Pearse, A.S. (1950). "A new species of parasitic copepod from the angel shark".
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1041:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 145–146.
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The sand devil has a flattened, moderately narrow body with greatly enlarged
266:
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59:
54:
1301:
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are similar in size and shape, and are positioned far back on the body. The
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1125:"Seasonal and size-related differences in diet of the Atlantic angel shark
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Baremore, I. E. (2010). "Reproductive aspects of the
Atlantic angel shark
1082:
583:. The southern extent of its range is uncertain due to confusion with the
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1744:
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30:
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targeting other species. It is edible but seldom brought to market. The
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349:. Previously, it had been regarded as the same species as the European
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are a major secondary food source, particularly for smaller sharks.
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The
Atlantic croaker is an important food source for the sand devil.
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563:, where it is fairly common. It also occurs in the northern
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Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
1118:
1116:
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567:, and there are additional unconfirmed records from
292:
The diet of the sand devil consists mainly of small
1123:Baremore, I.E.; Murie, D.J.; Carlson, J.K. (2010).
1153:
1111:
603:shark is found over sandy or muddy bottoms on the
669:. However, some types of demersal fishes such as
1894:
1036:
1218:
905:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T197087A22515424.en
938:
853:International Union for Conservation of Nature
835:refers to its habit of snapping vigorously at
345:described the sand devil in an 1818 volume of
1331:
1317:
1011:. Oxford University Press. pp. 167–169.
925:
1178:
1103:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
1006:
879:
551:The sand devil is found in the northwestern
369:, has concluded that the sand devil and the
1214:
1212:
1210:
787:Like other angel sharks, the sand devil is
646:that spends much time buried in the bottom
546:
308:, with the unborn young nourished by their
1324:
1310:
1032:
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1293:Biological Profiles: Atlantic angel shark
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783:Sand devil embryo with external yolk sac.
333:
1207:
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1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
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618:, the sand devil has been documented to
437:behind. The nostrils bear thin, pointed
253:Squatinidae, native to the northwestern
1913:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
1394:
1025:
855:(IUCN) presently rates this species as
1895:
919:
629:
1623:
1622:
1305:
1172:
985:
951:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
826:
799:. Mature females have one functional
385:with other angel sharks found in the
702:to yield the most efficient rate of
1903:IUCN Red List least concern species
1129:in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico"
891:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1284:(Atlantic Angel Shark, Sand Devil)
803:, on the left, and two functional
446:located on the sides of the head.
14:
1939:
1262:
457:is absent. The lower lobe of the
381:. The two of them in turn form a
1245:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02608.x
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522:
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498:
486:
474:
73:
1062:Driggers, Williams B.. (2018).
265:, and possibly in parts of the
1923:Fish of the Dominican Republic
1055:
650:. Its diet consists mainly of
461:is larger than the upper. The
420:
1:
862:
357:André Marie Constant Duméril
257:. It occurs off the eastern
7:
1181:The Journal of Parasitology
1009:The Sharks of North America
971:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.029
413:, around the time that the
10:
1944:
1162:Bulletin of Marine Science
273:shark is found in shallow
1631:
1385:
1341:
1037:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
767:of the sand devil is the
393:estimation has timed the
343:Charles Alexandre Lesueur
300:, which are captured via
222:
213:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
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547:Distribution and habitat
223:Range of the sand devil
1557:Smoothback angelshark (
1521:Indonesian angelshark (
1451:Australian angelshark (
1225:Journal of Fish Biology
1085:(inactive 2024-07-15).
713:Micropogonias undulatus
700:optimal foraging theory
1928:Fish described in 1818
1600:Ocellated angelshark (
1575:Squatina pseudocellata
1503:Disparate angelshark (
1433:Argentine angelshark (
934:(2): 222–235, 359–368.
898:: e.T197087A22515424.
784:
639:
334:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1918:Fish of the Caribbean
1862:Paleobiology Database
1512:Japanese angelshark (
1426:Squatina albipunctata
1083:10.7755/FB.116.3-4.11
1007:Castro, J.H. (2011).
880:Baremore, I. (2019).
782:
757:longfin inshore squid
642:The sand devil is an
637:
1573:Western angelshark (
1539:Clouded angelshark (
1530:Mexican angelshark (
1494:Angular angelshark (
1467:Pacific angelshark (
1442:Chilean angelshark (
1424:Eastern angelshark (
1415:African angelshark (
1406:Sawback angelshark (
849:commercial fisheries
791:with the developing
729:Leiostomus xanthurus
585:disparate angelshark
235:Atlantic angel shark
1602:S. tergocellatoides
1591:Ornate angelshark (
1548:Hidden angelshark (
1485:Taiwan angelshark (
1237:2010JFBio..76.1682B
963:2010MolPE..54..395S
841:caught incidentally
773:Eudactylina spinula
761:Doryteuthis pealeii
721:Stenotomus caprinus
630:Biology and ecology
371:Pacific angel shark
365:analysis, based on
318:caught incidentally
40:Conservation status
827:Human interactions
785:
640:
593:Mexican angelshark
304:. This species is
261:, in the northern
1890:
1889:
1849:Open Tree of Life
1625:Taxon identifiers
1616:
1615:
1612:
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1018:978-0-19-539294-4
605:continental shelf
415:Isthmus of Panama
367:mitochondrial DNA
352:Squatina squatina
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1633:Squatina dumeril
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1282:Squatina dumeril
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1231:(7): 1682–1695.
1221:Squatina dumeril
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1071:Fishery Bulletin
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709:Atlantic croaker
614:Off the eastern
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314:gestation period
239:Squatina dumeril
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199:Squatina dumeril
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1193:10.2307/3273282
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1133:Aquatic Biology
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733:Gulf butterfish
717:longspine porgy
657:fishes such as
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27:
22:
19:
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1583:
1582:Angelshark (
1574:
1566:
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1540:
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1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1476:Sand devil (
1475:
1468:
1461:S. caillieti
1460:
1453:S. australis
1452:
1443:
1435:S. argentina
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1395:
1375:Subdivision
1281:
1272:, Sand devil
1269:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1155:
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1038:
1008:
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909:. Retrieved
895:
889:
883:
847:operated by
830:
786:
771:
760:
752:
744:
741:red goatfish
736:
728:
725:spot croaker
720:
712:
667:butterfishes
641:
613:
596:
588:
561:Florida Keys
550:
448:
424:
406:
402:
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363:Phylogenetic
361:
350:
346:
337:
325:bottom trawl
291:
238:
234:
230:
228:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
1908:Squatinidae
1797:NatureServe
1745:iNaturalist
1584:S. squatina
1567:S. punctata
1541:S. nebulosa
1532:S. mexicana
1514:S. japonica
1417:S. africana
1408:S. aculeata
1387:Squatinidae
911:18 November
833:common name
597:S. mexicana
541:Lower teeth
451:dorsal fins
431:pelvic fins
421:Description
296:fishes and
283:pelvic fins
157:Squatinidae
24:Sand devil
1897:Categories
1559:S. oculata
1550:S. occulta
1523:S. legnota
1487:S. formosa
1478:S. dumeril
1359:Vertebrata
1357:Subphylum
1334:angelshark
863:References
813:copulation
789:viviparous
663:goatfishes
459:caudal fin
444:gill slits
399:S. dumeril
395:divergence
340:naturalist
322:commercial
306:viviparous
285:give it a
247:angelshark
231:sand devil
123:Subclass:
1444:S. armata
1369:Subclass
581:Venezuela
577:Nicaragua
493:Underside
435:spiracles
328:fisheries
310:yolk sacs
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1802:2.103874
1763:10836012
1719:FishBase
1711:46560324
1669:BioLib:
1642:Wikidata
1397:Squatina
1377:Selachii
1353:Chordata
1347:Animalia
1345:Kingdom
1276:FishBase
1253:20557624
1091:54807345
979:19647086
947:Squatina
805:uteruses
765:parasite
695:bivalves
659:croakers
652:demersal
648:sediment
455:anal fin
427:pectoral
387:Americas
279:pectoral
168:Squatina
153:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1737:2417800
1648:Q756873
1351:Phylum
1336:species
1332:Extant
1233:Bibcode
1201:3273282
959:Bibcode
837:fishery
793:embryos
769:copepod
755:), and
655:teleost
624:inshore
620:migrate
573:Jamaica
559:to the
439:barbels
338:French
294:teleost
275:inshore
269:. This
243:species
241:) is a
206:Lesueur
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1880:158525
1867:246593
1854:902505
1841:158525
1828:794521
1815:303946
1789:197087
1776:160787
1750:113052
1672:138815
1363:Class
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809:Mating
704:energy
693:, and
691:skates
683:shrimp
665:, and
591:) and
579:, and
377:) are
251:family
208:, 1818
1875:WoRMS
1758:IRMNG
1698:6ZFHF
1685:92275
1197:JSTOR
1087:S2CID
1067:(PDF)
801:ovary
679:Crabs
675:Squid
671:jacks
609:slope
555:from
383:clade
298:squid
1836:OBIS
1810:NCBI
1784:IUCN
1771:ITIS
1732:GBIF
1680:BOLD
1249:PMID
1105:link
1043:ISBN
1013:ISBN
975:PMID
949:)".
913:2021
896:2019
797:yolk
607:and
569:Cuba
517:Jaws
505:Jaws
429:and
409:6.1
401:and
281:and
229:The
1724:731
1706:EoL
1693:CoL
1657:ADW
1295:at
1286:at
1274:at
1241:doi
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