102:
1426:
269:
1265:
1761:
126:
1768:
1754:
865:
629:
1353:
3018:
1442:
1309:
4010:
3992:
985:
2011:, which reach as far forward as the sides of the head, with a generally flattened body. The undulatory pectoral fin motion diagnostic to this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the body, and the gill slits on the underside. They have flattened, crushing teeth, and are generally carnivorous. Most species give birth to live young, although some lay eggs inside a protective capsule or
947:
659:
1014:
686:
1395:
1058:
733:
896:
713:
4022:
1247:
1240:
1233:
834:
598:
2057:
than most batoids. The pectoral fins are attached above the gills as in all batoids, giving the fishes a broad-headed appearance. They have long, flat snouts with a row of tooth-like projections on either side. The snouts are up to 1.8 metres (6 ft) long, and 30 centimetres (1 ft)
2498:
Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W.; Herman, Katelyn B.; Liu, Kwang-Ming; Marshall, Andrea D.; Pollom, Riley A.; Romanov, Evgeny V.;
373:
are located on top of the head. Batoids have a ventrally located mouth and can considerably protrude their upper jaw (palatoquadrate cartilage) away from the cranium to capture prey. The jaws have euhyostylic type suspension, which relies completely on the hyomandibular cartilages for support.
2058:
wide, and are used for slashing and impaling small fishes and to probe in the mud for embedded animals. Sawfishes can enter freshwater rivers and lakes. Some species reach a total length of 6 metres (20 ft). All species of sawfish are endangered or critically endangered.
1698:
has increased the global extinction risk of these species to the point where three-quarters are now threatened with extinction. This is notably the case in the
Mediterranean Sea - most impacted by unregulated fishing - where a recent international survey of the
804:, representing almost all recognized families and all of the traditional four major lineages. This is a far more numerous and diverse set of sample taxa than in any previous study, producing findings reflected in the cladogram below.
386:. Internal fertilization is advantageous to batoids as it conserves sperm, does not expose eggs to consumption by predators, and ensures that all the energy involved in reproduction is retained and not lost to the environment. All
1694:, the number of oceanic sharks and rays has declined globally by 71% over the preceding 50 years, jeopardising "the health of entire ocean ecosystems as well as food security for some of the world's poorest countries".
564:. However, the exact phylogeny of the major batoid lineages, internally and with respect to one another, has been subject to diverse treatments. The following cladogram is based on a comprehensive
420:
Most species live on the sea floor, in a variety of geographical regions – mainly in coastal waters, although some live in deep waters to at least 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Most batoids have a
408:
Capture-induced premature birth and abortion (collectively called capture-induced parturition) occurs frequently in sharks and rays when fished. Capture-induced parturition is rarely considered in
2324:
Douady, C.J.; Dosay, M.; Shivji, M.S.; Stanhope, M.J. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence refuting the hypothesis of
Batoidea (rays and skates) as derived sharks".
2686:
1199:; they show features of the Rajiformes but have snouts resembling those of sawfishes. However, evidence indicates they are probably the sister group to sawfishes.
374:
Bottom-dwelling batoids breathe by taking water in through the spiracles, rather than through the mouth as most fish do, and passing it outward through the gills.
1171:). In addition, while traditional phylogenies often find electric rays to be the basalmost batoids, followed by the Rhinopristiformes, this analysis finds a
307:. Rays are the largest group of cartilaginous fishes, with well over 600 species in 26 families. Rays are distinguished by their flattened bodies, enlarged
1179:
at the base of
Batoidea, with weak support for skates being the actual most basal lineage, followed by a clade uniting the electric rays and thornbacks.
2499:
Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Yin, Jamie S.; Kindsvater, Holly K.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays".
2184:
365:, while most sharks have a spindle-shaped body. Many species of batoid have developed their pectoral fins into broad flat wing-like appendages. The
4202:
101:
2279:) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns"
4130:
2589:
3722:
2919:
424:, preferring tropical and subtropical marine environments, although there are temperate and cold-water species. Only a few species, like
1135:
This study strongly confirmed the traditionally accepted internal monophyly of skates, stingrays, and electric rays. It also recovered
357:
on the underside, whereas a shark's are on the sides of the head. Most batoids have a flat, disk-like body, with the exception of the
3464:
2728:
4117:
2465:
Faria, Vicente V.; McDavitt, Matthew T.; Charvet, Patricia; Wiley, Tonya R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2013).
2375:
2446:
2418:
4122:
2693:
3291:
2597:
1143:
to the stingrays, as older morphological analyses had suggested. However, it found the
Rhinopristiformes, including the
2359:
McEachran, J.D.; Aschliman, N. (2004). "Phylogeny of batoidea". In
Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.).
428:, live in the open sea, and only a few live in freshwater, while some batoids can live in brackish bays and estuaries.
2632:
McEachran, J.D.; Dunn, K.A.; Miyake, T. (1996). "Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)".
1921:
3321:
2655:
1151:, comprising two distinct clades. Referred to as "Guitarfishes 1" and "Guitarfishes 2", the former contains only the
2130:
Motta, P.J.; Wilga, C.D. (2001). "Advances in the study of feeding behaviors, mechanisms, and mechanics of sharks".
4169:
4135:
1700:
2975:
2912:
2080:
Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012).
2219:
Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (January 2018).
1719:
are somewhat between sharks and rays, displaying characteristics of both (though they are classified as rays).
2692:. Fisheries (Report). Recreational fishing. Perth, Australia: Government of Western Australia. Archived from
2192:
436:
Most batoids have developed heavy, rounded teeth for crushing the shells of bottom-dwelling species such as
4026:
3060:
2721:
2081:
2960:
2032:. They are used to immobilize prey and for defense. The current is strong enough to stun humans, and the
3712:
3439:
3409:
3296:
2905:
2220:
398:, meaning that they give birth to young which develop in a womb but without involvement of a placenta.
2112:
4207:
4174:
3985:
3978:
3945:
3687:
3359:
3040:
1712:
1425:
421:
125:
2467:"Species delineation and global population structure of critically endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)"
2310:
3995:
3754:
2376:"The systematic position of the Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Pristiorajea)"
2025:
412:
despite being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).
3973:
3955:
3517:
3266:
3017:
2714:
1683:
4161:
333:
Batoids are flat-bodied, and, like sharks, are cartilaginous fish, meaning they have a boneless
4044:
3935:
3759:
3744:
3567:
3286:
3175:
1792:
383:
370:
382:
Batoids reproduce in a number of ways. As is characteristic of elasmobranchs, batoids undergo
4156:
4082:
3965:
3950:
3459:
3276:
4148:
558:, these comprise the four traditionally accepted major batoid lineages, as in Nelson's 2006
4091:
3960:
3256:
2508:
2221:"Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs"
565:
409:
2681:
Chondrichtyes: Selachii) with more than 15 000 listed papers and many download links.
268:
8:
3749:
3692:
3492:
3379:
3168:
2590:"Shark, ray populations have declined by 'alarming' 70 per cent since 1970s, study finds"
2191:. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Archived from
560:
2561:
2512:
1885:
varies from thick tail as extension of body to a whip that can sting to almost no tail.
3331:
2617:
Guide of
Mediterranean Skates and Rays. Oct. 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand.
2542:
2437:
Bullock, Theodore Holmes; Hopkins, Carl D.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (2005).
2240:
2147:
2012:
1972:
1434:
538:
Molecular evidence refutes the hypothesis that skates and rays are derived sharks. The
402:
401:
The eggs of oviparous skates are laid in leathery egg cases that are commonly known as
245:
120:
2337:
2082:"Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)"
4143:
3677:
3582:
3487:
3399:
3394:
3341:
3148:
2955:
2945:
2826:
2651:
2546:
2534:
2483:
2466:
2442:
2414:
2341:
1778:
1495:
1385:
1190:
1186:
797:
681:
555:
328:
273:
231:
2382:
2244:
2165:
Wilga, C.A.D. (2008). "Evolutionary divergence in the feeding mechanism of fishes".
2151:
3419:
3364:
3326:
3281:
3239:
3163:
2950:
2706:
2641:
2618:
2524:
2516:
2478:
2333:
2290:
2232:
2139:
2093:
2029:
1690:
1647:
1567:
1538:
1152:
979:
480:, with the oldest unambiguous fossils of cartilaginous fish dating from the middle
205:
109:
4096:
3636:
3616:
3444:
3431:
3414:
3369:
3251:
3190:
3114:
3109:
3045:
3032:
3002:
2864:
2645:
2236:
2053:
The sawfishes are shark-like in form, having tails used for swimming and smaller
1944:
1890:
1597:
1574:
1457:
1343:
1264:
1255:
941:
728:
654:
547:
469:
236:
221:
2097:
792:
However, a 2011 study significantly reevaluated the phylogeny of batoids, using
4067:
3912:
3885:
3777:
3769:
3702:
3672:
3611:
3593:
3547:
3537:
3141:
3094:
2816:
2796:
2779:
2738:
2520:
2295:
2270:
2033:
1724:
1626:
1581:
1503:
1195:
1156:
846:
811:
610:
575:
473:
362:
350:
304:
292:
177:
167:
2143:
1760:
4197:
4191:
4014:
3917:
3831:
3651:
3626:
3621:
3577:
3572:
3527:
3522:
3502:
3374:
3153:
3072:
2769:
2187:. Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species.
1952:
1822:
1668:
1654:
1640:
1510:
1176:
1155:, while the latter contains the remainder of Rhinopristiformes (the families
1052:
925:
859:
623:
507:
502:
395:
257:
59:
1767:
1753:
864:
628:
3907:
3731:
3646:
3606:
3507:
3449:
3389:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3217:
3207:
3136:
3119:
3026:
2987:
2980:
2849:
2821:
2801:
2538:
2345:
2054:
2037:
2008:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1860:
1815:
1784:
1633:
1531:
1486:
1429:
1358:
1352:
1168:
1148:
1140:
551:
543:
527:
405:
and which often wash up empty on beaches in areas where skates are common.
387:
354:
308:
4104:
4076:
3890:
3878:
3804:
3562:
3557:
3532:
3512:
3454:
3349:
3244:
3222:
3212:
3185:
3055:
3007:
2878:
2831:
2811:
2113:"Batoids: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Electric Rays, Skates, and Sting Rays"
1740:
1695:
1661:
1605:
1545:
1441:
1036:
824:
793:
588:
489:
190:
34:
2529:
1308:
984:
3940:
3739:
3707:
3641:
3631:
3552:
3542:
3227:
3195:
3180:
3126:
3099:
3082:
2859:
2763:
2000:
1992:
1964:
1896:
1877:
1716:
1619:
1612:
1559:
1472:
1445:
1314:
1299:
890:
708:
477:
449:
358:
342:
288:
226:
79:
44:
4109:
468:
Batoids belong to the ancient lineage of cartilaginous fishes. Fossil
3697:
3682:
3667:
3497:
3158:
3104:
3089:
3067:
3050:
2997:
2806:
2004:
1960:
1956:
1926:
1846:
1517:
1270:
1160:
1144:
1008:
539:
425:
391:
312:
137:
84:
4038:
946:
658:
4061:
3841:
3787:
3782:
3601:
3469:
3131:
3077:
2992:
2886:
2757:
2751:
2672:
2566:
2041:
1979:
members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the
1948:
1819:
1703:
concluded that only 38 species of rays and skates still subsisted.
1524:
1479:
1465:
1183:
1172:
1164:
1013:
828:
685:
592:
497:
493:
481:
457:
366:
334:
157:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
3873:
3868:
3846:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3354:
3306:
3200:
2970:
2965:
2854:
2313:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. U.C. Berkeley.
1903:
1811:
1588:
1394:
1057:
895:
732:
712:
523:
511:
445:
338:
316:
89:
64:
496:, with the best-understood neoselachian fossils dating from the
3792:
2268:
1136:
833:
597:
437:
147:
1246:
1239:
1232:
3895:
3824:
3234:
2788:
2677:– database of bibliography of living/fossil sharks and rays (
2007:. They are distinguished by the presence of greatly enlarged
1880:
whose primary function is to provide main forward propulsion
1735:
801:
519:
515:
485:
441:
346:
300:
472:(tooth-like scales in the skin) resembling those of today's
3797:
3384:
2937:
2928:
2562:"Extinction: 'Time is running out' to save sharks and rays"
2248:
2218:
453:
337:
made of a tough, elastic cartilage. Most batoids have five
3836:
3404:
2497:
2464:
2323:
2079:
2897:
2436:
1706:
2736:
2650:(4th, illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2631:
1715:. Many rays are adapted for feeding on the bottom.
2460:
2458:
2363:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 79–114.
2358:
568:assessment of batoid phylogeny published in 2004:
2640:
4189:
1909:swim by flapping their pectoral fins like wings
2581:
2455:
2413:(fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82.
456:, depending on the species. Manta rays feed on
1553:* the placement of these families is uncertain
2913:
2722:
554:has long been generally accepted. Along with
2408:
1711:All sharks and rays are cartilaginous fish,
2553:
1963:. They were formerly included in the order
2920:
2906:
2729:
2715:
2587:
2432:
2430:
2269:Stumpf, Sebastian; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019).
2129:
2040:used these fish to treat ailments such as
2028:in their pectoral fin discs that generate
353:have six. Batoid gill slits lie under the
100:
3465:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
2865:Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
2528:
2482:
2471:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2404:
2402:
2294:
1922:List of cartilaginous fish#clade Batoidea
1867:
1854:
1840:
1783:
1440:
1424:
267:
4203:Extant Early Triassic first appearances
2797:Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
2427:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2177:
4190:
2559:
2399:
2119:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
2110:
2075:
2073:
299:. They and their close relatives, the
4043:
4042:
2901:
2710:
2588:Richardson, Holly (27 January 2021).
2361:Biology of sharks and their relatives
2326:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2164:
2086:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2860:Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
2207:
4021:
3292:Electroreception and electrogenesis
2817:Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
2598:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2271:"A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (
2070:
1971:studies have shown that they are a
1707:Differences between sharks and rays
1175:between skates, electric rays, and
13:
2373:
2111:Martin, R. Aidan (February 2010).
1147:and various "guitarfishes", to be
394:(egg laying) while other rays are
16:Superorder of cartilaginous fishes
14:
4219:
2827:Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
2665:
2560:Briggs, Helen (28 January 2021).
533:
476:date at least as far back as the
4020:
4009:
4008:
3991:
3990:
3016:
2822:Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
2484:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x
1838:usually at the side of the head
1830:usually demersal bottom feeders
1766:
1759:
1752:
1701:Mediterranean Science Commission
1393:
1351:
1307:
1263:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1056:
1012:
983:
945:
894:
863:
832:
731:
711:
684:
657:
627:
596:
488:within this diverse family, the
311:that are fused to the head, and
124:
32:
2976:Environmental impact of fishing
2850:Torpediniformes (electric rays)
2625:
2611:
2491:
2367:
2352:
2311:"Chondrichthyes: Fossil Record"
2132:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2047:
2018:
1986:
1938:
1677:
377:
341:slot-like body openings called
2807:Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
2317:
2303:
2262:
2158:
2123:
2104:
1906:have a caudal fin like sharks
1400:Shovelnose rays and relatives
500:. The oldest confirmed ray is
1:
2832:Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
2812:Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
2802:Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
2338:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00333-0
2064:
1688:According to a 2021 study in
3061:intramembranous ossification
2634:Interrelationships of Fishes
2237:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010
1932:
1787:compressed (flattened) disc
1713:contrasting with bony fishes
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
463:
7:
2189:Canadian Shark Research Lab
2098:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012
1915:
1895:swim by moving their tail (
1841:usually on top of the head
10:
4224:
3440:Fin and flipper locomotion
3410:Sequential hermaphroditism
3297:Jamming avoidance response
3014:
2887:Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
2521:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9
2441:. Springer. pp. 5–7.
2296:10.1007/s12542-019-00451-4
1681:
431:
415:
326:
322:
4051:
4004:
3928:
3861:
3768:
3730:
3721:
3660:
3591:
3478:
3430:
3340:
3265:
3025:
2935:
2877:
2840:
2787:
2778:
2746:
2092:(1). Elsevier BV: 28–42.
1765:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1050:
1034:
1027:
1005:
998:
976:
969:
939:
923:
916:
909:
888:
881:
857:
850:
822:
815:
726:
706:
699:
679:
672:
652:
645:
621:
614:
586:
579:
422:cosmopolitan distribution
369:is absent. The eyes and
315:that are placed on their
251:
244:
218:
213:
121:Scientific classification
119:
114:Pteroplatytrygon violacea
108:
99:
23:
2927:
2855:Pristiformes (sawfishes)
1814:surface feeders, though
1007:"Guitarfishes 2" (incl.
518:is represented today by
3956:Glossary of ichthyology
3518:Diel vertical migration
2225:Biological Conservation
2167:Acta Geologica Polonica
2144:10.1023/A:1007649900712
2024:The electric rays have
1827:demersal / pelagic mix
1684:List of threatened rays
1650:(Neotropical stingrays)
303:, compose the subclass
3322:Surface wave detection
3287:Hydrodynamic reception
2961:Diseases and parasites
2185:"Reproduction overall"
1452:
1438:
384:internal fertilization
281:
30:Early Jurassic–Present
4157:Paleobiology Database
3460:Undulatory locomotion
3277:Ampullae of Lorenzini
2409:Nelson, J.S. (2006).
1855:ventral (underneath)
1444:
1428:
271:
3688:Genetically modified
1975:, and that its more-
1899:) from side to side
1615:(whiptail stingrays)
1608:(pelagic eagle rays)
1506:(giant guitarfishes)
410:fisheries management
295:, commonly known as
293:cartilaginous fishes
3493:Aquatic respiration
3380:Life history theory
2685:"Rays Fact Sheet".
2647:Fishes of the World
2513:2021Natur.589..567P
2411:Fishes of the World
1797:not always present
1781:compressed spindle
1728:
1629:(sixgill stingrays)
561:Fishes of the World
345:that lead from the
3332:Weberian apparatus
2739:cartilaginous fish
2673:"Shark references"
2195:on 16 January 2015
1973:monophyletic group
1967:, but more-recent
1722:
1643:(giant stingarees)
1453:
1439:
1435:Heliobatis radians
978:"Guitarfishes 1" (
390:and some rays are
282:
278:Aetobatus narinari
4185:
4184:
4144:Open Tree of Life
4045:Taxon identifiers
4036:
4035:
3946:Fish common names
3857:
3856:
3488:Aquatic predation
3312:Capacity for pain
3041:Age determination
2895:
2894:
2873:
2872:
2789:Selachii (sharks)
2642:Nelson, Joseph S.
2636:. Academic Press.
2507:(7843): 567–571.
2448:978-0-387-23192-1
2420:978-0-471-25031-9
1913:
1912:
1671:(round stingrays)
1577:(softnose skates)
1554:
1496:Rhinopristiformes
1423:
1422:
1387:Rhinopristiformes
1187:Sclerorhynchoidea
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
958:
957:
798:mitochondrial DNA
789:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
762:
761:
753:
752:
744:
743:
682:Rhinopristiformes
556:Rhinopristiformes
492:, emerged by the
329:Batoid locomotion
274:Spotted eagle ray
266:
265:
232:Rhinopristiformes
209:
4215:
4208:Fish superorders
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4125:
4113:
4112:
4100:
4099:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4040:
4039:
4024:
4023:
4012:
4011:
3994:
3993:
3728:
3727:
3020:
2951:Ethnoichthyology
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2785:
2784:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2676:
2661:
2637:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2532:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2439:Electroreception
2434:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2381:. Archived from
2380:
2374:Kriwet, Jürgen.
2371:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2216:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2077:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2030:electric current
2022:
2016:
1990:
1984:
1942:
1902:Guitar fish and
1770:
1763:
1756:
1729:
1721:
1648:Potamotrygonidae
1622:(butterfly rays)
1568:Anacanthobatidae
1552:
1539:Trygonorrhinidae
1432:fossil stingray
1397:
1388:
1355:
1346:
1311:
1302:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1202:
1201:
1153:Trygonorrhinidae
1060:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1001:
1000:
987:
980:Trygonorrhinidae
972:
971:
949:
944:(Electric rays)
919:
918:
912:
911:
898:
884:
883:
867:
853:
852:
836:
818:
817:
808:
807:
735:
715:
702:
701:
688:
675:
674:
661:
648:
647:
631:
617:
616:
600:
582:
581:
572:
571:
403:mermaid's purses
204:
129:
128:
110:Pelagic stingray
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4000:
3924:
3853:
3764:
3717:
3656:
3587:
3480:
3474:
3426:
3370:Ichthyoplankton
3336:
3268:
3261:
3257:Digital Library
3252:Teleost leptins
3191:Shark cartilage
3115:pharyngeal slit
3110:pharyngeal arch
3046:Anguilliformity
3031:
3029:
3021:
3012:
2931:
2926:
2896:
2891:
2869:
2842:Batoidea (rays)
2836:
2774:
2742:
2735:
2704:
2699:on 13 May 2013.
2696:
2689:
2687:Rays fact sheet
2684:
2671:
2668:
2658:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2496:
2492:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2217:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2138:(1–3): 131–56.
2128:
2124:
2117:Elasmo research
2109:
2105:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2026:electric organs
2023:
2019:
2013:mermaid's purse
1991:
1987:
1945:Myliobatiformes
1943:
1939:
1935:
1918:
1802:always present
1732:Characteristic
1709:
1686:
1680:
1598:Myliobatiformes
1575:Arhynchobatidae
1458:Torpediniformes
1446:Giant devil ray
1386:
1345:Torpediniformes
1344:
1300:
1257:Myliobatiformes
1256:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
959:
942:Torpediniformes
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
729:Myliobatiformes
655:Torpediniformes
536:
474:chondrichthyans
466:
434:
418:
380:
331:
325:
280:
237:Torpediniformes
222:Myliobatiformes
203:
123:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4166:
4153:
4140:
4127:
4114:
4101:
4088:
4073:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4018:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3774:
3772:
3770:Wild fisheries
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Hallucinogenic
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Schooling fish
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Filter feeders
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Bottom feeders
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Leydig's organ
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:pharyngeal jaw
3139:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:branchial arch
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2780:Elasmobranchii
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2682:
2667:
2666:External links
2664:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2638:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2580:
2552:
2490:
2454:
2447:
2426:
2419:
2398:
2366:
2351:
2332:(2): 215–221.
2316:
2302:
2289:(4): 637–658.
2277:Chondrichthyes
2261:
2206:
2176:
2157:
2122:
2103:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2034:ancient Greeks
2017:
1985:
1953:butterfly rays
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:bottom feeders
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1785:dorsoventrally
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1725:Elasmobranchid
1723:Comparison of
1708:
1705:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1657:(cownose rays)
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1627:Hexatrygonidae
1623:
1616:
1609:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1584:(pygmy skates)
1582:Gurgesiellidae
1578:
1571:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1534:(guitarfishes)
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1504:Glaucostegidae
1491:
1490:
1489:(torpedo rays)
1483:
1482:(sleeper rays)
1476:
1469:
1450:Mobula mobular
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:and relatives
1312:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:and relatives
1268:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1196:incertae sedis
1157:Glaucostegidae
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1004:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
975:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
887:
882:
880:
874:
873:
870:
869:
856:
851:
849:
847:Elasmobranchii
843:
842:
839:
838:
821:
816:
814:
812:Chondrichthyes
806:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
768:
765:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
738:
737:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
705:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
678:
673:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
651:
646:
644:
638:
637:
634:
633:
620:
615:
613:
611:Elasmobranchii
607:
606:
603:
602:
585:
580:
578:
576:Chondrichthyes
570:
535:
534:Classification
532:
465:
462:
433:
430:
417:
414:
379:
376:
351:Hexatrygonidae
324:
321:
305:Elasmobranchii
272:
264:
263:
262:
261:
255:
249:
248:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
211:
210:
198:
194:
193:
188:
181:
180:
178:Elasmobranchii
175:
171:
170:
168:Chondrichthyes
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4220:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4029:
4028:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3996:more lists...
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:Fish families
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Aquarium life
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3918:fleshy-finned
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:Cartilaginous
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Electric fish
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Mauthner cell
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Chromatophore
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2770:Gnathostomata
2767:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2657:9780471756446
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2388:on 2016-04-16
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2251:on 2019-02-23
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2056:
2055:pectoral fins
2050:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2009:pectoral fins
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:not distinct
1864:
1862:
1861:Pectoral fins
1859:
1858:
1852:on the sides
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:carpet sharks
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1669:Urotrygonidae
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:Rhinopteridae
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:Plesiobatidae
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1527:(wedgefishes)
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:Platyrhinidae
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1468:(coffin rays)
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1360:
1359:Electric rays
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:Myliobatoidei
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:(Sawfishes))
1010:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:
986:
981:
974:
973:
967:
966:
963:
962:
954:
953:
950:
948:
943:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:(Thornbacks)
927:
926:Platyrhinidae
921:
920:
914:
913:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
897:
892:
886:
885:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
866:
861:
860:Selachimorpha
855:
854:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
835:
830:
826:
820:
819:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
740:
739:
736:
734:
730:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
714:
710:
704:
703:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
687:
683:
677:
676:
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
660:
656:
650:
649:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
630:
625:
624:Selachimorpha
619:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
599:
594:
590:
584:
583:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
566:morphological
563:
562:
557:
553:
552:electric rays
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Pliensbachian
505:
504:
503:Antiquaobatis
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
413:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
396:ovoviviparous
393:
389:
385:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:pectoral fins
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:pectoral fins
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
279:
275:
270:
259:
258:Myliobatoidea
256:
254:Batoidimorpha
253:
252:
250:
247:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
217:
212:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
4052:
4025:
4013:
3913:spiny-finned
3900:
3862:Major groups
3583:Intelligence
3563:Scale eaters
3508:Cleaner fish
3390:Mouthbrooder
3342:Reproduction
3317:Schreckstoff
3302:Lateral line
3218:Swim bladder
3208:Spiral valve
3137:hyomandibula
3120:pseudobranch
3003:Hypoxia in -
2841:
2768:Infraphylum
2703:
2694:the original
2678:
2646:
2633:
2626:Bibliography
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2593:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2530:10871/124531
2504:
2500:
2493:
2474:
2470:
2438:
2410:
2390:. Retrieved
2383:the original
2369:
2360:
2354:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2305:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2228:
2224:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2188:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2106:
2089:
2085:
2049:
2020:
2001:guitarfishes
1988:
1969:phylogenetic
1940:
1717:Guitarfishes
1710:
1689:
1687:
1678:Conservation
1674:
1664:(stingarees)
1634:Myliobatidae
1595:
1594:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1541:(banjo rays)
1532:Rhinobatidae
1493:
1492:
1487:Torpedinidae
1475:(numbfishes)
1455:
1454:
1449:
1433:
1430:Early Eocene
1384:
1342:
1298:
1254:
1211:Common name
1194:
1181:
1169:Rhinobatidae
1149:paraphyletic
1134:
1055:(Stingrays)
1051:
1035:
1006:
977:
940:
924:
889:
877:
858:
823:
791:
727:
707:
680:
653:
641:
622:
587:
559:
537:
501:
467:
435:
419:
407:
400:
381:
378:Reproduction
359:guitarfishes
332:
296:
284:
283:
277:
200:
197:Superorder:
184:
113:
18:
4105:iNaturalist
4083:Rajomorphii
4077:Wikispecies
4027:WikiProject
3986:Prehistoric
3970:Threatened
3661:Other types
3558:Sardine run
3533:Forage fish
3513:Corallivory
3365:Development
3350:Bubble nest
3223:physoclisti
3213:Suckermouth
3186:Root effect
3008:Ichthyology
2879:Holocephali
2477:: 136–164.
2005:wedgefishes
1741:Guitar fish
1696:Overfishing
1662:Urolophidae
1636:(devilrays)
1606:Aetobatidae
1570:(legskates)
1548:* (panrays)
1546:Zanobatidae
1520:(sawfishes)
1513:* (fanrays)
1037:Zanobatidae
825:Holocephali
589:Holocephali
526:, rays and
506:, from the
490:Neoselachii
452:, and some
450:crustaceans
191:Neoselachii
4192:Categories
3642:Groundfish
3637:Freshwater
3632:Euryhaline
3617:Coral reef
3553:Salmon run
3543:Paedophagy
3445:Amphibious
3432:Locomotion
3240:pharyngeal
3228:physostome
3181:Photophore
3127:Glossohyal
3100:gill raker
3083:dorsal fin
3033:physiology
2764:Vertebrata
2762:Subphylum
2603:29 January
2573:29 January
2392:2016-04-04
2273:Vertebrata
2255:2018-12-09
2065:References
1993:Rajiformes
1965:Rajiformes
1961:manta rays
1957:eagle rays
1897:caudal fin
1891:Locomotion
1878:caudal fin
1682:See also:
1620:Gymnuridae
1613:Dasyatidae
1560:Rajiformes
1473:Narcinidae
1301:Rajiformes
1177:thornbacks
1039:(Panrays)
891:Rajiformes
709:Rajiformes
550:, and the
478:Ordovician
426:manta rays
349:, but the
343:gill slits
327:See also:
319:surfaces.
313:gill slits
289:superorder
227:Rajiformes
174:Subclass:
3891:chimaeras
3778:Predatory
3755:Salmonids
3713:Whitefish
3703:Poisonous
3678:Diversity
3612:Coldwater
3548:Predatory
3538:Migratory
3498:Bait ball
3481:behaviour
3400:Pregnancy
3395:Polyandry
3169:papillare
3164:Operculum
3159:Meristics
3105:gill slit
3068:Cleithrum
2998:Fish kill
2988:Fear of -
2981:- as food
2971:Fisheries
2956:Evolution
2946:Diversity
2547:231723355
2231:: 11–27.
2173:: 113–20.
2042:headaches
1949:stingrays
1933:Footnotes
1927:Rhenanida
1865:distinct
1849:openings
1793:Spiracles
1779:laterally
1518:Pristidae
1271:Stingrays
1161:Pristidae
1145:sawfishes
1009:Pristidae
893:(Skates)
862:(Sharks)
626:(Sharks)
548:stingrays
540:monophyly
470:denticles
464:Evolution
392:oviparous
371:spiracles
363:sawfishes
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
4097:Batoidea
4068:Q6495741
4062:Wikidata
4053:Batoidea
4015:Category
3966:Smallest
3879:lampreys
3842:flatfish
3832:Demersal
3788:mackerel
3783:billfish
3723:Commerce
3652:Tropical
3627:Demersal
3622:Deep-sea
3578:Venomous
3470:RoboTuna
3420:triggers
3415:Spawning
3375:Juvenile
3360:Egg case
2993:FishBase
2758:Chordata
2752:Animalia
2750:Kingdom
2644:(2006).
2594:ABC News
2567:BBC News
2539:33505035
2346:12565032
2245:90834034
2152:28305317
1995:include
1947:include
1916:See also
1820:demersal
1810:usually
1807:Habitat
1591:(skates)
1525:Rhinidae
1480:Narkidae
1466:Hypnidae
1223:Comment
1220:Species
1184:Mesozoic
1173:polytomy
1165:Rhinidae
878:Batoidea
829:Chimaera
800:from 37
642:Batoidea
593:Chimaera
498:Jurassic
494:Triassic
482:Devonian
458:plankton
367:anal fin
335:skeleton
285:Batoidea
246:Synonyms
206:Compagno
201:Batoidea
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
24:Batoidea
3961:Largest
3874:hagfish
3869:Jawless
3847:pollock
3820:sardine
3815:herring
3810:anchovy
3760:Tilapia
3750:Octopus
3745:Catfish
3732:Farming
3647:Pelagic
3607:Coastal
3594:habitat
3450:Walking
3355:Clasper
3307:Otolith
3269:systems
3267:Sensory
3201:ganoine
3176:Papilla
3027:Anatomy
2966:Fishing
2756:Phylum
2737:Extant
2509:Bibcode
1977:derived
1904:sawfish
1812:pelagic
1667:Family
1660:Family
1653:Family
1646:Family
1639:Family
1632:Family
1625:Family
1618:Family
1611:Family
1604:Family
1589:Rajidae
1587:Family
1580:Family
1573:Family
1566:Family
1544:Family
1537:Family
1530:Family
1523:Family
1516:Family
1509:Family
1502:Family
1485:Family
1478:Family
1471:Family
1464:Family
1217:Genera
1214:Family
1137:panrays
827:(incl.
794:nuclear
591:(incl.
542:of the
524:sawfish
512:Germany
446:oysters
432:Feeding
416:Habitat
339:ventral
323:Anatomy
317:ventral
214:Orders
164:Class:
4175:368409
4162:218955
4149:195928
4136:117893
4123:563992
4110:448201
3979:sharks
3896:sharks
3825:sprats
3805:Forage
3793:salmon
3673:Coarse
3455:Flying
3327:Vision
3282:Barbel
3196:Scales
3056:dermal
2936:About
2741:orders
2654:
2545:
2537:
2501:Nature
2445:
2417:
2344:
2243:
2199:27 May
2150:
2038:Romans
2003:, and
1997:skates
1981:skates
1959:, and
1876:large
1775:Shape
1736:Sharks
1691:Nature
1596:Order
1558:Order
1494:Order
1456:Order
1315:Skates
1228:Total
1208:Image
1205:Order
1167:, and
1141:sister
546:, the
544:skates
528:skates
520:sharks
514:. The
438:snails
388:skates
301:sharks
208:, 1973
4170:WoRMS
3941:Blind
3929:Lists
3708:Rough
3573:Sleep
3479:Other
3245:shark
3235:Teeth
2697:(PDF)
2690:(PDF)
2543:S2CID
2386:(PDF)
2379:(PDF)
2241:S2CID
2148:S2CID
1873:Tail
1835:Eyes
1745:Rays
1727:fish
1191:basal
516:clade
486:clade
442:clams
347:gills
287:is a
185:Clade
4198:Rays
4131:NCBI
4118:ITIS
3974:rays
3908:Bony
3901:rays
3798:tuna
3740:Carp
3698:Oily
3683:Game
3668:Bait
3602:Cave
3385:Milt
3090:Gill
3078:Fins
3051:Bone
2938:fish
2929:Fish
2652:ISBN
2605:2021
2575:2021
2535:PMID
2443:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2342:PMID
2283:PalZ
2201:2012
2036:and
1847:Gill
1818:are
1412:3-5
1409:5-7
1326:270
1282:223
1189:are
1182:The
802:taxa
796:and
484:. A
454:fish
361:and
297:rays
35:PreꞒ
4092:ADW
3837:cod
3592:By
3405:Roe
3132:Jaw
3030:and
2679:see
2525:hdl
2517:doi
2505:589
2479:doi
2475:167
2334:doi
2291:doi
2233:doi
2229:217
2140:doi
2094:doi
1369:69
1366:12
1335:26
1332:12
1323:36
1291:33
1288:16
1279:29
1276:10
1193:or
1139:as
510:of
291:of
4194::
4172::
4159::
4146::
4133::
4120::
4107::
4094::
4079::
4064::
2596:.
2592:.
2564:.
2541:.
2533:.
2523:.
2515:.
2503:.
2473:.
2469:.
2457:^
2429:^
2401:^
2340:.
2330:26
2328:.
2287:93
2285:.
2281:.
2275:,
2239:.
2227:.
2223:.
2209:^
2171:58
2169:.
2146:.
2136:60
2134:.
2115:.
2090:63
2088:.
2084:.
2072:^
1999:,
1955:,
1951:,
1448:,
1415:2
1406:2
1403:1
1377:9
1372:2
1363:4
1329:4
1320:5
1285:1
1163:,
1159:,
982:)
831:)
595:)
530:.
522:,
460:.
448:,
444:,
440:,
276:,
187::
112:,
85:Pg
2921:e
2914:t
2907:v
2730:e
2723:t
2716:v
2675:.
2660:.
2607:.
2577:.
2549:.
2527::
2519::
2511::
2487:.
2481::
2451:.
2423:.
2395:.
2348:.
2336::
2299:.
2293::
2258:.
2235::
2203:.
2154:.
2142::
2100:.
2096::
2044:.
2015:.
1983:.
260:?
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_Cabo_de_Palos,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2022-07-16,_DD_69.jpg)
