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amount of extra stationkeeping fuel was needed for pitch control, the efficiencies from using the magnetic coils for roll-yaw adjustment compensated for fuel usage that would have been used in those axes, so there was an insignificant overall effect on fuel use throughout the life of the satellite. The Anik E2 satellite continued to provide full service for 14 years; two years longer than its design life of 12 years.
3427:
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receive additional Dish programming at 110 and 129 satellite locations for reception of Dish's entire
Western Arc constellation of satellites providing both SD and HD content. Dish does not produce any 118 only LNBF's for its systems, only the combo 118/119 by itself or as part of a single unit that also receives other Dish satellites.
788:
On
Thursday, January 20, 1994, Anik E1 and Anik E2 suffered problems due to solar activity. Anik E1 failed first at 17:50 UTC, knocking out satellite-delivered television signals in Canada. After a few hours, Telesat managed to restore normal functions on Anik E1 at 00:15 UTC, on 21 January 1994. At
1102:
would be leasing the entire capacity of Anik F3 for its entire estimated life of approximately 15 years. Today, Anik F3 is used by Dish to beam its "international" foreign language channel offerings. A slightly larger reflector provided by Dish to its customers is required to receive the weaker (as
1022:
On
October 6, 2011, starting around 06:30 EST a "technical" anomaly caused the satellite to point away from the Earth causing an outage in Internet, telephone and bank machine connectivity throughout much of Canada's northern areas. The outage also affected flights in the region. Some hospitals in
812:
Telesat ultimately restored Anik E2 by constructing special earth stations at each end of the country to monitor the satellite's position, and designed specialised software to use a combination of its control jets and magnetic torquing coils to finely position the satellite. Even though a small
1107:
as their primary satellites) Ku FSS band reliably. Also, Dish uses a specially designed "combo" LNB that houses both elements necessary to receive Dish services from both 118 and 119 taking the space of only a single LNB. The combo LNB is also available part of a single LNBF unit that can also
1054:
Anik F2 has lost two of its four thrusters. As a result, continued operation uses significantly more fuel. Telesat has announced that it is acquiring an in-orbit satellite to replace Anik F2. An FCC filing by
Telesat has since revealed that the company is buying
1027:
reported an outage in their communications systems as a result of the satellite outage. The anomaly was caused when the satellite did not respond well to a software update. As it failed, it turned away from the Earth and positioned itself towards the
1143:. The satellite will be positioned at 107.3° West longitude where it will be co-located with Telesat's Anik F1 satellite, doubling both the C-band and Ku-band transponders serving South America from the 107.3° West orbital location.
1184:
992:-series satellite, designed to support and enhance current North American voice, data, and broadcast services with its C-Band and Ku-band technologies. It is the fifteenth satellite to be launched by Telesat Canada.
1553:"Canadian Satellite Malfunction Leaves Thousands Without Communications | Anik F2 Satellite Communications & Satellite GPS | Satellite Failures & Satellite Technology | Space.com"
1681:
1651:
626:
The Anik C satellite series tripled the power output of the Anik A series. Anik C also allowed a significant increase in telecommunications capacity over Anik A. Each Anik C satellite had sixteen
3710:
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51:, voice and data in Canada and other parts of the world, from 1972 through 2013. Some of the later satellites in the series remain operational in orbit, while others have been retired to a
1843:
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where economic growth has driven high demand for satellite services. It is also the first commercial satellite with a substantial X-band payload for government communications over the
663:
1036:, to start considering satellites as critical infrastructure systems and to invest in research to develop innovations that will help protect Canadian satellites from failures.
778:
Anik E1 and Anik E2 were launched in the early 1990s to replace Anik D1 and Anik D2. Unlike the cylinder-shaped spin-stabilised satellites of the D-series, these were cubical,
523:
The Anik A satellites were the world's first national domestic satellites. (Prior to Anik A1's launch, all geosynchronous communications satellites were transcontinental, i.e.
988:
At 5,900 kilograms (13,000 lb), it is more than ten times the size of Anik A2 and is one of the largest, most powerful communications satellites ever built. Anik F2 is a
816:
On March 26, 1996, another catastrophic failure occurred. A critical diode on Anik E1's solar panel shorted out, causing a permanent loss of half the satellite's power.
1599:
1562:
1538:
1778:
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1625:
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The
Canadian Telesat-F (Anik C2) communications satellite in June 1983 is deployed by the shuttle Challenger to begin its way to its earth-orbital destination.
1848:
1673:
1647:
2671:
801:. Anik E2 was not restored to service for five months; users had to relocate services to Anik E1 and reposition satellite dishes; for some users, such as
1039:
On
October 2, 2016, at approximately 17:00 EDT, another malfunction with Anik F2 resulted in a loss of Northwestel's long distance and cellular service,
958:
The solar panels of Anik F1 degraded more rapidly than expected, and a replacement Anik F1R was launched in 2005, with Anik F1 switching to serving only
169:
3629:
3463:
349:
1067:
According to SatNews
Publishers, Anik F3 is a 4,634 kilograms (10,216 lb) broadcasting and telecommunications satellite which will provide
785:
Anik E2 experienced an anomaly during deployment of its C-band antenna, which was successfully deployed after several corrective maneuvers.
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from SES. Once the FCC has issued its permit, Telesat can take over AMC-11 and move it to 111.1° West. It will be renamed Anik F4.
1032:
in order to keep critical systems running. This was Anik F2's first outage. The event caused the
Canadian military's research arm,
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1033:
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2029:
1948:
3812:
3368:
3358:
3338:
3140:
1512:
1426:
Immen, Wallace (September 10, 1982). "Platform to give Anik a boost after ride on space shuttle". Globe and Mail. p. E8.
1336:
1528:
583:
2505:
1674:"Nunatsiaq News 2016-10-03: NEWS: Telesat satellite screw-up knocks out internet, LD phone service across northern Canada"
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904:
567:
563:
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1752:
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1621:
878:
528:
3014:
2562:
2364:
3915:
3879:
3125:
3746:
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3120:
980:
transponders. The GPS /WAAS Payload was disabled on May 15, 2022, in concert with the activation of Galaxy XV.
858:. At the moment of its launch it was the most powerful communications satellite ever built. It has an advanced
1214:
3145:
1092:
969:
538:, and thus had the capacity for 12 colour television channels. Three channels were allocated for CBC, two to
3858:
3807:
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3420:
3181:
3078:
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2416:
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Dimensions: 40.4 m (132.5 feet) long and 9.0 m (29.5 feet) wide with the solar panels and antennas deployed
829:
55:. The naming of the satellite was determined by a national contest, and was won by Julie-Frances Czapla of
3884:
3410:
2917:
2357:
2305:
779:
1866:
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the ability to reach the
Canadian North for the first time. Each of the satellites was equipped with 12
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3130:
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1941:
729:
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effect that helps keep the satellite pointed correctly towards Earth. The exact problem lay with the
551:
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Anik D1 and Anik D2 series C-Band satellites were launched in 1982 and 1984. They were based on the
3741:
3400:
2642:
2577:
2530:
2490:
840:
837:
248:
40:
1266:"Canadian satellite set in orbit position". Globe and Mail. Reuters. December 20, 1978. p. 2.
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3239:
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3068:
3019:
2942:
2842:
2520:
2406:
2401:
1415:
Clifford, Edward (May 31, 1980). "Rockets may lift
Telesat's Aniks". Globe and Mail. p. B16.
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1996:
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01:00 UTC, both the primary and redundant Anik E2 momentum wheels failed, thus eliminating the
685:
281:
1801:"SSL-Built Multi-Mission Satellite for Telesat Begins Post-Launch Maneuvers According to Plan"
809:, it meant days of flying technicians from one community to another to reposition the dishes.
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2039:
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1127:(DTH) television service in Canada, as well as broadband, voice, data, and video services in
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638:
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159:
136:
56:
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554:. Two channels were to put on reserve and the remaining two were unallocated (future use).
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8:
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1508:
1465:
Space systems failures: disasters and rescues of satellites, rockets and space probes
1315:
1123:
Anik G1 is a multi-mission satellite with three different payloads that will provide
1076:
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642:
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It was launched on December 15, 1978, and was the successor to the Anik A series and
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920:: 4710 kg (10,384 lb) at launch and 3015 kg (6647 lb) in orbit
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2742:
2510:
2485:
2473:
2216:
1870:
1726:
1438:
1361:
1340:
1083:, and broadcast TV in northern and other remote areas of Canada. It was built by
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technology, low-cost two-way satellite delivery will be available for wireless
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37:
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2211:
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2166:
2146:
2126:
2085:
1975:
1756:
1596:"Des dizaines de milliers de Canadiens touchés par la panne d'un satellite"
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886:
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571:
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802:
706:
547:
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1622:"Satellites need protection as 'critical infrastructure', military says"
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3024:
2722:
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2587:
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989:
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113:
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1574:
Canadian Satellite Malfunction Leaves Thousands Without Communications
1462:
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2100:
1844:
CBC Digital Archives - Launching the Digital Age: Canadian Satellites
1557:
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713:
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60:
33:
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2095:
1980:
1957:
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1533:
1280:
Lam, H.-L.; Boteler, D. H.; Burlton, B.; Evans, J. (October 2012).
1206:
1132:
1088:
952:
877:, a Canadian communications company. The primary customers are the
844:
489:
433:
410:
387:
364:
515:
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3292:
3277:
2495:
2191:
2181:
1878:
NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
1863:
1705:"Telesat buys in-orbit satellite to help cover Anik F2 shortfall"
1117:
1104:
1084:
996:
977:
943:
627:
591:
587:
21:
2010:
3715:
3705:
3322:
3282:
2604:
2186:
2080:
2060:
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1024:
855:
767:
610:
used Anik B to transmit copy to printing plants across Canada.
316:
293:
260:
227:
194:
98:
1585:
SERVICES RESTORED ON TELESAT'S ANIK F2 SATELLITE AFTER ANOMALY
3649:
3604:
3307:
3244:
2552:
1400:
Carruthers, Jeff (November 10, 1972). "Anik Draws Admirers".
1282:"Anik-E1 and E2 satellite failures of January 1994 revisited"
782:
satellites using momentum wheels for attitude stabilisation.
3853:
3843:
3639:
3249:
1926:
1771:"Telesat Successfully Launches Anik G1 Satellite - Telesat"
917:
828:
Animation of Anik-F1R trajectory around Earth showing the
1029:
700:
494:
471:
448:
425:
402:
382:
377:
359:
354:
326:
321:
298:
270:
265:
237:
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204:
199:
179:
174:
154:
149:
131:
126:
108:
103:
1648:"Interruption of Service on Telesat's Anik F2 Satellite"
527:
and others.) The Anik A fleet of three satellites gave
1727:"Application to the FCC to transfer AMC-11 to Telesat"
1279:
1103:
compared to the stronger Ku DBS band used by Dish and
1150:
1504:
The 23rd Cycle: Learning to Live with a Stormy Star
1389:. Canadian Press. November 10, 1972. pp. 1, 4.
1098:However, previous to launch, it was announced that
1095:, who also launched Anik F1R, Nimiq 1 and Nimiq 2.
1091:rocket. It was successfully placed into orbit by
3907:
649:, Star Channel, AIM Pay-TV since February 1983.
1463:David Michael Harland and Ralph Lorenz (2005).
843:that was launched on November 21, 2000, by an
633:Anik C3 was used to distribute Canada's first
604:also used Anik B as a relay for its services.
570:, or CTS) experimental satellite. Most of the
3457:
2365:
1942:
1500:
1439:"Anik C 1, 2, 3 / Nahuel I1, I2 / Brasil 1T"
3380:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1529:"Satellite problems ground Nunavut flights"
3464:
3450:
3416:
2372:
2358:
1949:
1935:
1399:
1275:
1273:
519:Inspection of an Anik A in the early 1970s
3471:
2294:Fox Broadcasting Co. v. Dish Network, LLC
1507:. Columbia University Press. p. 65.
1305:
1199:
862:and its communication "footprint" covers
1414:
823:
617:
514:
20:
3818:Defence Research and Development Canada
1702:
1270:
1116:The launch of Anik G1 was announced by
1034:Defence Research and Development Canada
757:Canadian Home Shopping Club (East feed)
738:Canadian Home Shopping Club (West feed)
3908:
2379:
2030:Emergency Response Information Network
1019:in the most remote regions of Canada.
891:Canadian Satellite Communications Inc.
3813:Communications Research Centre Canada
3445:
2353:
1930:
1425:
3426:
2333:
1781:from the original on 12 January 2018
1684:from the original on 11 January 2018
1650:. Globe News Wire. October 2, 2016.
1541:from the original on 6 October 2011.
1247:from the original on 19 January 2024
1217:from the original on 19 January 2024
860:xenon ion thruster propulsion system
652:Anik C3 transponder lineup (1983):
584:CBC Parliamentary Television Network
552:Canadian Overseas Telecommunications
3921:Communications satellites of Canada
3768:MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates
1654:from the original on 3 October 2016
1628:from the original on 5 October 2016
1602:from the original on 5 October 2016
568:Communications Technology Satellite
13:
1047:Internet, and some TV signals for
819:
797:having to do with the stabilizing
25:Launch of Anik B1 in December 1978
14:
3947:
1822:
1598:. Radio-Canada. October 6, 2011.
1436:
1187:from the original on 3 March 2016
879:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
3425:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3394:
3015:Free-space optical communication
2332:
2321:
2320:
2009:
1337:"1300 Series Satellite Platform"
1153:
3880:Churchill Rocket Research Range
1864:Anik F3 Channel List at Sathint
1793:
1763:
1755:. SatNews Daily. Archived from
1745:
1666:
1640:
1624:. CBC News. November 29, 2015.
1614:
1588:
1577:
1565:from the original on 2014-03-08
1545:
1521:
1494:
1479:
1456:
1430:
1419:
1408:
664:Assiniboia Downs Racing Network
1703:Rainbow, Jason (Nov 8, 2022).
1393:
1378:
1354:
1329:
1259:
1229:
1169:
1:
1146:
1093:International Launch Services
70:
16:Series of Canadian satellites
3808:Canadian Geospace Monitoring
3737:John H. Chapman Space Centre
3401:Telecommunication portal
3182:Telecommunications equipment
2201:Wireless and internet brands
1956:
1829:Telesat's list of satellites
1404:. Canadian Press. p. 4.
1385:"Anik-1 Launch Successful".
1241:www.labradorvirtualmuseum.ca
1237:"Inuttut-English Dictionary"
830:Geostationary transfer orbit
7:
3885:International Space Station
2918:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2306:TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp.
1753:"Anik F3 Launch Successful"
972:payload in addition to the
932:Expected lifetime: 15 years
895:Bell Canada Enterprise Inc.
10:
3952:
3926:High throughput satellites
2622:Telecommunications history
1111:
1062:
983:
964:. Anik F1R also carries a
658:Atlantic Satellite Network
3867:
3831:
3823:National Research Council
3800:
3755:
3729:
3683:
3582:
3517:
3486:
3479:
3389:
3331:
3268:
3230:Public Switched Telephone
3190:
3154:
3111:
3052:
3042:telecommunication circuit
3003:Fiber-optic communication
2986:
2748:Francis Blake (telephone)
2695:
2543:Optical telecommunication
2387:
2315:
2278:Criticism of Dish Network
2265:
2240:
2207:
2200:
2109:
2073:
2048:
2025:
2018:
2007:
1989:
1971:
1964:
1486:"Anik E ... Phone Home".
1467:. Springer. p. 296.
1069:direct-to-home television
773:
761:
613:
578:— East and West feeds of
557:
510:
41:communications satellites
3742:David Florida Laboratory
3141:Orbital angular-momentum
2578:Satellite communications
2417:Communications satellite
1049:Shaw Direct Satellite TV
905:Boeing Satellite Systems
900:Operator: Telesat Canada
841:communications satellite
3020:Molecular communication
2843:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2672:Undersea telegraph line
2407:Cable protection system
909:Hughes Aircraft Company
852:Centre Spatial Guyanais
602:CNCP Telecommunications
544:CNCP Telecommunications
146:Hughes Aircraft HS-333
123:Hughes Aircraft HS-333
3916:Broadcasting in Canada
3832:International partners
3747:Saskatoon CSA Building
3684:Other space technology
3665:RADARSAT Constellation
3162:Communication protocol
2948:Charles Sumner Tainter
2763:Walter Houser Brattain
2708:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2516:Information revolution
1678:www.nunatsiaqonline.ca
1501:Sten Odenwald (2002).
1071:in the United States,
836:Anik F1 is a Canadian
833:
623:
520:
317:Hughes Aircraft HS-376
294:Hughes Aircraft HS-376
261:Hughes Aircraft HS-376
228:Hughes Aircraft HS-376
195:Hughes Aircraft HS-376
99:Hughes Aircraft HS-333
26:
3473:Canadian Space Agency
3136:Polarization-division
2868:Narinder Singh Kapany
2833:Erna Schneider Hoover
2753:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2733:Alexander Graham Bell
2464:online video platform
849:European Space Agency
827:
621:
518:
57:Saint-Léonard, Québec
24:
3801:Related institutions
2978:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2938:Almon Brown Strowger
2908:Charles Grafton Page
2563:Prepaid mobile phone
2491:Electrical telegraph
1307:10.1029/2012SW000811
873:It was launched for
3504:Jenni Sidey-Gibbons
3499:David Saint-Jacques
3480:Canadian astronauts
2928:Johann Philipp Reis
2687:Wireless revolution
2649:The Telephone Cases
2506:Hydraulic telegraph
2273:All American Direct
1537:. October 7, 2011.
1473:2005ssf..book.....H
1443:Gunter's Space Page
1402:Winnipeg Free Press
1387:Winnipeg Free Press
1298:2012SpWea..1010003L
1120:on April 16, 2013.
929:power: 17.5 kW
730:Legislature Channel
3782:Magellan Aerospace
3772:MDA Space Missions
3691:Black Brant rocket
3126:Frequency-division
3103:Telephone exchange
2973:Charles Wheatstone
2903:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2878:Innocenzo Manzetti
2813:Reginald Fessenden
2548:Optical telegraphy
2381:Telecommunications
1869:2013-08-09 at the
1680:. 3 October 2016.
1561:. 7 October 2011.
1366:space.skyrocket.de
1161:Spaceflight portal
1087:and launched on a
1077:telecommunications
1073:broadband Internet
1015:applications, and
1009:distance education
834:
770:of Hughes design.
707:Premier Choix/TVEC
624:
607:The Globe and Mail
521:
355:September 26, 1991
303:December 16, 1991
27:
3903:
3902:
3875:Bell Satellite TV
3786:Bristol Aerospace
3578:
3577:
3550:Bjarni Tryggvason
3439:
3438:
3177:Store and forward
3172:Data transmission
3086:Network switching
3037:Transmission line
2883:Guglielmo Marconi
2848:Internet pioneers
2713:Mohamed M. Atalla
2682:Whistled language
2347:
2346:
2261:
2260:
2253:Republic Wireless
2069:
2068:
2005:
2004:
1777:. 16 April 2013.
1514:978-0-231-50593-2
1490:: 12. March 1994.
1437:Krebs, Gunter D.
743:Knowledge Network
508:
507:
503:Proton M / Briz-M
480:Proton M / Briz-M
457:Proton M / Briz-M
449:September 9, 2005
403:November 21, 2000
383:November 23, 2005
266:November 11, 1982
175:December 15, 1978
155:November 21, 1984
67:means "brother".
3943:
3936:Satellite series
3484:
3483:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3270:Notable networks
3260:Wireless network
3200:Cellular network
3192:Types of network
3167:Computer network
3054:Network topology
2968:Thomas A. Watson
2823:Oliver Heaviside
2808:Philo Farnsworth
2783:Daniel Davis Jr.
2758:Charles Bourseul
2718:John Logie Baird
2427:Data compression
2422:Computer network
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2205:
2204:
2056:The Weather Cast
2023:
2022:
2013:
1969:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1803:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1362:"Anik A 1, 2, 3"
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1339:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1156:
995:With its use of
847:rocket from the
574:were devoted to
496:
473:
450:
427:
404:
384:
379:
361:
360:January 18, 2005
356:
335:
328:
327:January 31, 1995
323:
322:November 8, 1984
300:
279:
272:
267:
246:
239:
234:
213:
206:
201:
181:
180:December 1, 1986
176:
170:RCA Astro Satcom
156:
151:
133:
128:
110:
105:
104:November 9, 1972
75:
74:
36:are a series of
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3863:
3827:
3796:
3751:
3725:
3679:
3574:
3555:Dafydd Williams
3513:
3475:
3470:
3440:
3435:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3327:
3264:
3186:
3150:
3107:
3056:
3048:
2989:
2982:
2888:Robert Metcalfe
2743:Tim Berners-Lee
2691:
2511:Information Age
2383:
2378:
2348:
2343:
2311:
2257:
2236:
2217:EchoStar Mobile
2196:
2105:
2065:
2044:
2014:
2001:
1985:
1960:
1955:
1871:Wayback Machine
1825:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1775:www.telesat.com
1769:
1768:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1114:
1065:
1001:Internet access
986:
864:Central America
822:
820:Anik F1 and F1R
807:northern Canada
776:
764:
690:16 - La Sette 1
681:14 - La Sette 2
616:
560:
513:
331:
299:August 26, 1982
275:
242:
238:January 7, 1998
209:
132:October 6, 1982
90:Launch vehicle
73:
53:graveyard orbit
17:
12:
11:
5:
3949:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3776:Spar Aerospace
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Chris Hadfield
3537:
3535:Steven MacLean
3532:
3530:Roberta Bondar
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Space-division
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Camille Tissot
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Claude Shannon
2930:
2925:
2923:Tivadar Puskás
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Antonio Meucci
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Charles K. Kao
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Harold Hopkins
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Emile Berliner
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Videotelephony
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2573:Radiotelephone
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Internet video
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:Boost Infinite
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1824:
1823:External links
1821:
1818:
1817:
1792:
1762:
1759:on 2012-02-05.
1744:
1718:
1695:
1665:
1639:
1613:
1587:
1576:
1544:
1520:
1513:
1493:
1478:
1455:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1392:
1377:
1353:
1328:
1269:
1258:
1228:
1198:
1177:"CBC Archives"
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1148:
1145:
1125:direct-to-home
1113:
1110:
1064:
1061:
985:
982:
956:
955:
949:Launch vehicle
946:
933:
930:
924:
921:
915:
903:Manufacturer:
901:
875:Telesat Canada
838:geosynchronous
821:
818:
799:momentum wheel
775:
772:
763:
760:
759:
758:
751:
745:
739:
732:
722:
716:
710:
703:
697:
695:Access Alberta
691:
688:
682:
679:
673:
666:
660:
635:pay television
630:transponders.
615:
612:
594:Hamilton, and
576:CBC Television
559:
556:
512:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
495:April 16, 2013
492:
487:
483:
482:
477:
474:
472:April 10, 2007
469:
467:Eurostar E3000
464:
460:
459:
454:
451:
446:
444:Eurostar E3000
441:
437:
436:
431:
428:
423:
418:
414:
413:
408:
405:
400:
395:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
374:GE Astro 5000
372:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
343:
342:
329:
324:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
301:
296:
291:
287:
286:
273:
268:
263:
258:
254:
253:
240:
235:
230:
225:
221:
220:
207:
202:
200:April 12, 1985
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
127:April 20, 1973
124:
121:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:Satellite type
79:
72:
69:
45:Telesat Canada
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3948:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Lunar Gateway
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Michael McKay
3563:
3561:
3560:Julie Payette
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Robert Thirsk
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3509:Joshua Kutryk
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Jeremy Hansen
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3146:Code-division
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Time-division
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:and switching
3055:
3051:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:optical fiber
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Coaxial cable
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Radia Perlman
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Lee de Forest
2801:
2799:
2798:Thomas Edison
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Donald Davies
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Claude Chappe
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
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2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
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2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Smoke signals
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:Semiconductor
2593:
2589:
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2455:
2454:Digital media
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2308:
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2284:
2283:Charlie Ergen
2281:
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2264:
2254:
2251:
2249:
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2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2193:
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2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:EchoStar VIII
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
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2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1947:
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1938:
1933:
1932:
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1922:
1919:
1916:
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1910:
1907:
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1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Anik D series
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1807:on 2013-04-30
1806:
1802:
1796:
1780:
1776:
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1754:
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1732:
1728:
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1505:
1497:
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1444:
1440:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1343:on 2010-02-10
1342:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Space Weather
1283:
1276:
1274:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:Pacific Ocean
1134:
1130:
1129:South America
1126:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
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1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:connections,
1002:
998:
993:
991:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
961:
960:South America
954:
950:
947:
945:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
868:North America
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
831:
826:
817:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
783:
781:
771:
769:
756:
752:
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746:
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733:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
715:
711:
708:
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702:
698:
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692:
689:
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678:
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631:
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585:
581:
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569:
565:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
517:
504:
501:
499:Still in use
498:
493:
491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
476:Still in use
475:
470:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
453:Still in use
452:
447:
445:
442:
439:
438:
435:
432:
430:Still in use
429:
426:July 17, 2004
424:
422:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:Still in use
406:
401:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
381:
378:April 4, 1991
376:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
358:
353:
351:
350:GE Astro 5000
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
334:
333:Space Shuttle
330:
325:
320:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
297:
295:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
278:
277:Space Shuttle
274:
271:June 18, 1997
269:
264:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:Space Shuttle
241:
236:
233:June 18, 1983
231:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
212:
211:Space Shuttle
208:
203:
198:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
178:
173:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
153:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
130:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:July 15, 1982
107:
102:
100:
97:
94:
93:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:launched for
42:
39:
38:geostationary
35:
32:
23:
19:
3650:Nimiq series
3599:
3525:Marc Garneau
3113:Multiplexing
2988:Transmission
2953:Nikola Tesla
2943:Henry Sutton
2898:Samuel Morse
2828:Robert Hooke
2793:Amos Dolbear
2728:John Bardeen
2647:
2627:Telautograph
2531:Mobile phone
2486:Edholm's law
2469:social media
2402:Broadcasting
2331:
2319:
2304:
2292:
2212:Boost Mobile
2172:Echostar XIV
2167:EchoStar XII
2147:EchoStar VII
2127:EchoStar III
1976:Dish Network
1921:footprint(s)
1912:footprint(s)
1903:footprint(s)
1894:footprint(s)
1885:footprint(s)
1876:1972 Anik A1
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1757:the original
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1707:. Space News
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1590:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1532:
1523:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1464:
1458:
1448:February 11,
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1421:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1331:
1321:February 11,
1319:. Retrieved
1289:
1285:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1122:
1115:
1097:
1085:EADS Astrium
1066:
1053:
1043:and some of
1038:
1021:
994:
987:
957:
936:Transponders
911:) bus model
887:CHUM Limited
872:
835:
815:
811:
787:
784:
777:
765:
749:First Choice
720:Superchannel
677:Radio-Québec
651:
643:Superchannel
639:First Choice
637:networks --
632:
625:
605:
600:
572:transponders
561:
536:transponders
522:
338:
282:
249:
216:
64:
30:
28:
18:
3895:Shaw Direct
3756:Contractors
3600:Anik series
3313:NPL network
3025:Radio waves
2963:Alfred Vail
2873:Hedy Lamarr
2858:Dawon Kahng
2818:Elisha Gray
2778:Yogen Dalal
2703:Nasir Ahmed
2637:Teleprinter
2501:Heliographs
2300:Joe Clayton
2288:Dish, Texas
2232:Ting Mobile
2177:EchoStar XV
2162:EchoStar XI
2142:EchoStar VI
2132:EchoStar IV
2122:EchoStar II
2035:Sling Media
1997:Blockbuster
1965:TV services
1923:at SatBeams
1914:at SatBeams
1905:at SatBeams
1896:at SatBeams
1887:at SatBeams
1488:Broadcaster
1251:11 February
1221:10 February
1081:Bell Canada
1013:remote work
883:Shaw Direct
866:as well as
803:Northwestel
670:Super Écran
548:Bell Canada
205:May 5, 2003
150:May 7, 1975
3910:Categories
3730:Facilities
3711:FGS/NIRISS
3660:RADARSAT-2
3655:RADARSAT-1
3595:Alouette 2
3590:Alouette 1
3583:Satellites
3359:Antarctica
3318:Toasternet
3240:Television
2723:Paul Baran
2655:Television
2639:(teletype)
2632:Telegraphy
2610:transistor
2588:Phryctoria
2558:Photophone
2536:Smartphone
2526:Mass media
2222:Gen Mobile
2157:EchoStar X
2137:EchoStar V
2117:EchoStar I
2110:Satellites
2091:PocketDish
1840:'s website
1811:2013-05-01
1731:fcc.report
1569:2013-10-01
1371:2019-05-04
1347:2010-04-27
1147:References
1139:including
1017:e-commerce
1005:telehealth
990:Boeing 702
913:Boeing 702
907:(formerly
709:TV payante
672:TV payante
590:Edmonton,
550:, one for
525:Intelsat I
434:Ariane 5 G
421:Boeing 702
411:Ariane 44L
388:Ariane 44P
365:Ariane 44P
307:Delta 3920
250:Challenger
185:Delta 3914
160:Delta 2914
137:Delta 1914
114:Delta 1914
71:Satellites
49:television
34:satellites
3701:Canadarm2
3570:Ken Money
3343:Americas
3332:Locations
3303:Internet2
3064:Bandwidth
2768:Vint Cerf
2665:streaming
2643:Telephone
2583:Semaphore
2474:streaming
2101:SuperDish
1891:Anik F1R
1836:from the
1658:2 October
1632:2 October
1606:2 October
1558:Space.com
1316:119073685
1045:SSI Micro
795:circuitry
791:gyroscope
726:TVOntario
714:TVOntario
686:Knowledge
647:C-Channel
596:TVOntario
580:CBC North
546:, two to
440:Anik F1R
339:Discovery
217:Discovery
61:Inuktitut
3696:Canadarm
3675:Sapphire
3670:SCISAT-1
3610:CASSIOPE
3411:Category
3298:Internet
3288:CYCLADES
3205:Ethernet
3155:Concepts
3079:terminal
3030:wireless
2853:Bob Kahn
2696:Pioneers
2521:Internet
2412:Cable TV
2326:Category
2096:Slingbox
2074:Hardware
2040:G4 Media
1981:Sling TV
1958:EchoStar
1918:Anik G1
1909:Anik F3
1900:Anik F2
1882:Anik F1
1867:Archived
1834:The list
1779:Archived
1682:Archived
1652:Archived
1626:Archived
1600:Archived
1563:Archived
1539:Archived
1534:CBC News
1245:Archived
1215:Archived
1211:Uqausiit
1185:Archived
1135:and the
1133:Americas
1089:Proton-M
1041:Xplornet
953:Ariane 4
845:Ariane 4
490:SSL 1300
486:Anik G1
463:Anik F3
417:Anik F2
394:Anik F1
371:Anik E2
346:Anik E1
313:Anik D2
290:Anik D1
283:Columbia
257:Anik C3
224:Anik C2
191:Anik C1
166:Anik B1
143:Anik A3
120:Anik A2
95:Anik A1
84:Launched
3931:Telesat
3792:Telesat
3763:COM DEV
3645:NEOSSat
3518:Retired
3431:Commons
3421:Outline
3374:Oceania
3293:FidoNet
3278:ARPANET
3091:circuit
2660:digital
2389:History
2338:Commons
2266:Related
2241:Defunct
2192:Nimiq 5
2182:Anik F3
2049:Defunct
1990:Defunct
1859:Anik F2
1854:Anik F1
1785:2 April
1737:11 July
1711:11 July
1688:2 April
1469:Bibcode
1294:Bibcode
1191:2 April
1118:Telesat
1112:Anik G1
1105:DirecTV
1063:Anik F3
997:Ka band
984:Anik F2
978:Ku-band
944:Ku-band
628:Ku-band
588:CITV-TV
87:Retired
3721:OSIRIS
3716:MOPITT
3706:Dextre
3640:MSAT-1
3630:M3MSat
3625:ISIS 2
3620:ISIS 1
3615:Hermes
3487:Active
3369:Europe
3339:Africa
3323:Usenet
3283:BITNET
3220:Mobile
3096:packet
2605:MOSFET
2600:device
2397:Beacon
2227:Hughes
2187:Ciel-2
2086:Hopper
2081:DTVPal
2061:TechTV
1511:
1314:
1292:(10).
1207:"anik"
1181:cbc.ca
1141:Hawaii
1057:AMC-11
1025:Québec
974:C-band
940:C-band
893:, and
856:Kourou
780:3-axis
774:Anik E
768:HS-376
762:Anik D
614:Anik C
564:Hermes
558:Anik B
533:C-band
511:Anik A
398:HS 702
3868:Other
3605:BRITE
3352:South
3347:North
3308:JANET
3245:Telex
3235:Radio
3074:Nodes
3069:Links
2990:media
2568:Radio
2553:Pager
2481:Drums
2447:video
2442:image
2432:audio
2019:Media
1733:. FCC
1312:S2CID
938:: 84
753:32 -
747:30 -
741:27 -
734:25 -
724:24 -
718:23 -
712:20 -
705:19 -
699:18 -
693:17 -
684:15 -
675:10 -
668:06 -
662:03 -
656:02 -
566:(aka
336:
280:
247:
214:
59:. In
3859:SNSB
3854:JAXA
3849:ISRO
3844:NASA
3635:MOST
3364:Asia
3250:UUCP
3210:ISDN
1787:2018
1739:2023
1713:2023
1690:2018
1660:2016
1634:2016
1608:2016
1509:ISBN
1450:2023
1323:2023
1253:2024
1223:2024
1193:2018
1100:Dish
1079:for
1075:and
976:and
970:WAAS
942:and
918:Mass
889:and
755:CHSC
736:CHSC
592:CHCH
542:and
540:TCTS
78:Name
65:Anik
47:for
31:Anik
29:The
3839:ESA
3255:WAN
3225:NGN
3215:LAN
2496:Fax
2437:DCT
1838:CSA
1302:doi
1030:Sun
966:GPS
854:at
805:in
701:TFO
529:CBC
3912::
1773:.
1729:.
1676:.
1555:.
1531:.
1441:.
1364:.
1310:.
1300:.
1290:10
1288:.
1284:.
1272:^
1243:.
1239:.
1213:.
1209:.
1183:.
1179:.
1051:.
1011:,
1007:,
951::
927:DC
885:,
881:,
870:.
645:,
641:,
598:.
586:,
582:,
63:,
3788:)
3784:(
3778:)
3774:/
3770:(
3465:e
3458:t
3451:v
3382:)
3378:(
2373:e
2366:t
2359:v
1950:e
1943:t
1936:v
1814:.
1789:.
1741:.
1715:.
1692:.
1662:.
1636:.
1610:.
1572:.
1517:.
1475:.
1471::
1452:.
1374:.
1350:.
1325:.
1304::
1296::
1255:.
1225:.
1195:.
968:/
832:.
728:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
