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successfully. Exploiting the psychology of the female, a positive feedback loop is enacted and the tail becomes bigger and brighter. Eventually, the evolution will level off because the survival costs to the male do not allow for the trait to be elaborated any further. Two theories exist to explain runaway selection. The first is the good genes hypothesis. This theory states that an elaborate display is an honest signal of fitness and truly is a better mate. The second is the handicap hypothesis. This explains that the peacock's tail is a handicap, requiring energy to keep and makes it more visible to predators. Thus, the signal is costly to maintain, and remains an honest indicator of the signaler's condition. Another assumption is that the signal is more costly for low quality males to produce than for higher quality males to produce. This is simply because the higher quality males have more energy reserves available to allocate to costly signaling.
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receiver; they prevent the sender from wasting time and energy fleeing, and they prevent the receiver from investing in a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. Such signals can advertise prey's ability to escape, and reflect phenotypic condition (quality advertisement), or can advertise that the prey has detected the predator (perception advertisement). Pursuit-deterrent signals have been reported for a wide variety of taxa, including fish (Godin and Davis, 1995), lizards (Cooper etc. al., 2004), ungulates (Caro, 1995), rabbits (Holley 1993), primates (Zuberbuhler et al. 1997), rodents (Shelley and
Blumstein 2005, Clark, 2005), and birds (Alvarez, 1993, Murphy, 2006, 2007). A familiar example of quality advertisement pursuit-deterrent signal is
1386:. Skillful interpretation of animal communications may be critical to the welfare of animals that are being cared for or trained by humans. Winjngaarden suggests IIC as a way to communicate with animals. IIC is useful because it allows the flexibility of people and animals to essentially understand. For example, behavior indicating pain need to be recognized. Indeed, the survival of both the animal and its human caretaker may be at stake if, for example, a human fails to recognize a signal for imminent attack. It is also important to take into account that non-human animal species may interpret the signals of humans differently than humans themselves. For instance, a pointing command refers to a location rather than an object in dogs.
879:: the pitvipers. Despite the detection of IR radiation, the pits' IR mechanism is dissimilar to photoreceptors; while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the facial pits of snakes is a temperature sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism involving warming of the pit organ, rather than chemical reaction to light. This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature.
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192:, rapid changes in skin colour are used while hunting and in courtship rituals. Cuttlefish may display two entirely different signals simultaneously from opposite sides of their body. When a male cuttlefish courts a female in the presence of other males, he displays a male pattern facing the female and a female pattern facing away, to deceive other males. Some colour signals occur in cycles. For example, when a female olive baboon begins to ovulate, her anogenital area swells and turns a bright red/pink. This signals to males that she is ready to mate.
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707:. Differences in the waveform and frequency of changes in the field convey information on species, sex, and identity. These electric signals can be generated in response to hormones, circadian rhythms, and interactions with other fish. They can also serve to mediate social hierarchy amongst species that have a social order. Some predators, such as sharks and rays, are able to eavesdrop on these electrogenic fish through passive electroreception.
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responses. Communications between non-human species and humans have patterns and trends. Both parties use common communication signals and receive information about species cultures and coexistence. Animals are looked at as teachers and guiders of communication with spirits of nature. Humans listen and share with animals through communication of compassion this is an understanding that animal's think differently than humans.
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levels, and it usually has a short range and short persistence, which may reduce the danger of detection by predators. The use of seismic communication is found in many taxa, including frogs, kangaroo rats, mole rats, bees, nematode worms, and others. Tetrapods usually make seismic waves by drumming on the ground with a body part, a signal that is sensed by the
941:. Echolocation involves emitting sounds and interpreting the vibrations that return from objects. In bats, echolocation also serves the purpose of mapping their environment. They are capable of recognizing a space they have been in before without any visible light because they can memorize patterns in the feedback they get from echolocation.
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another's gaze geometrically around a visual barrier, e.g., by repositioning themselves to follow a gaze cue when faced with a barrier blocking their view". A broad range of animals have been proven to exhibit the latter, however, only apes, dogs, wolves, and corvids (ravens) have been able to follow another's gaze into distant space.
1492:. By comparing related species within groups, they showed that movements and body parts that in the primitive forms had no communicative function could be "captured" in a context where communication would be functional for one or both partners, and could evolve into a more elaborate, specialised form. For example,
582:, (sometimes describing the threat) at which point the pack retreats to their burrows. The intensity of the threat is usually determined by how long the sentry whistles. The sentry continues to whistle the alarm until the entirety of the pack has gone to safety, at which point the sentry returns to the burrow.
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range than humans can hear, have an important role in facilitating mother–calf contact. In the
Sarasota Dolphin Research Program's library of recordings were 19 female common bottlenose dolphins producing signature whistles both with and without the presence of their calf. In all 19 cases, the mother
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One theory to explain the evolution of traits like a peacock's tail is 'runaway selection'. This requires two traits—a trait that exists, like the bright tail, and a preexisting bias in the female to select for that trait. Females prefer the more elaborate tails, and thus those males are able to mate
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Seismic communication is the exchange of information using self-generated vibrational signals transmitted via a substrate such as the soil, water, spider webs, plant stems, or a blade of grass. This form of communication has several advantages, for example it can be sent regardless of light and noise
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also serves social integration. Huddling promotes heat exchange, together with the transfer of olfactory or tactile information. Some organisms live in constant contact in a colony, for example colonial corals. When individuals are linked tightly in this way an entire colony can react on the aversive
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Many animals communicate through vocalization. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including mating rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources, and social learning. In a number of species, males perform calls during mating rituals as a form of competition against other males and
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Animal communicators and researchers filter animals voices and communication modes. People communicate with animals in different ways. People use their eyes to communicate whereas dogs communicate with their nose by smelling. People experience challenges trying to understand animals perspectives and
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Alarm calls communicate the threat of a predator. This allows all members of a social group (and sometimes other species) to respond accordingly. This may include running for cover, becoming immobile, or gathering into a group to reduce the risk of attack. Alarm signals are not always vocalizations.
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Mammals often initiate mating by grooming, stroking or rubbing against each other. This provides the opportunity to apply chemical signals and to assess those excreted by the potential mate. Touch may also announce the intention of the male to mount the female, as when a male kangaroo grabs the tail
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There are many different types of signals that animals use to differentiate their position of direction, location, and distance. Practitioners study the issues of animal position by geometric viewings. Environmental and social influences are indicators of geometric viewings. Animals rely on signals
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Social animals use gaze-following as a form of communication through monitoring head and eye orientation in other mammals. Studies have been conducted on apes, monkeys, dogs, birds, wolves, and tortoises, and have focused on two different tasks: "follow another's gaze into distant space" and "follow
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by tapping the red spot on the lower mandible of the parent herring gull's bill. This signal stimulates the parent to regurgitate food and completes the feeding signal. The distinctive morphological feature accentuated in this communication is the parent's red-spotted bill, while the tapping towards
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There becomes possibility for error within communication between animals when certain circumstances apply. These circumstances could include distance between the two communicating subjects, as well as the complexity of the signal that is being communicated to the "listener" of the situation. It may
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maximizes signal efficacy, i.e. the degree to which an emitted signal is correctly identified by a receiver despite propagation distortion and noise. There are some species, such as the pacific herring, which have evolved to intercept these messages from their predators. They are able to use it as
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is a type of communication in which the sender and receiver are the same individual. The sender emits a signal that is altered by the environment and eventually is received by the same individual. The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics. Because the
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is one of the least understood forms due in part to the sheer abundance of chemicals in our environment and the difficulty of detecting and measuring all the chemicals in a sample. The ability to detect chemicals in the environment serves many functions, a crucial one being the detection of food, a
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gives a distinct alarm call for each of its four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary appropriately according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the "eagle" alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the
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Dogs have shown an ability to understand human communication. In object choice tasks, dogs utilize human communicative gestures such as pointing and direction of gaze in order to locate hidden food and toys. However, in contrast to humans pointing has a different meaning for dogs as it refers to a
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in the presence of a predator. At least 11 hypotheses for stotting have been proposed. A leading theory today is that it alerts predators that the element of surprise has been lost. Predators like cheetahs rely on surprise attacks, proven by the fact that chases are rarely successful when antelope
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Some ant species recruit fellow workers to new food finds by first tapping them with their antennae and forelegs, then leading them to the food source while keeping physical contact. "Patrollers" leave the nest to check for danger nearby and return to recruit "foragers" by making physical contact.
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Touch is widely used for social integration, a use that is typified by the social grooming of one animal by another. Social grooming has several functions; it removes parasites and debris from the groomed animal, it reaffirms the social bond or hierarchical relationship between the animals, and it
628:) living in the oceans during the early days of life on Earth. As this function evolved, organisms began to differentiate between chemical compounds emanating from resources, conspecifics (same species; i.e., mates and kin), and heterospecifics (different species; i.e., competitors and predators).
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at the AnimalSign Center has been using an approach similar to functional communication training with domesticated animals, such as dogs since 2004 and horses since 2000, with encouraging results and benefits to the animals and people. Functional communication training for animals, Senechal calls
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species may do well to avoid habitat with a detectable concentration of chemical cues associated with a predator species such as a northern pike. Minnows with the ability to perceive the presence of predators before they are close enough to be seen and then respond with adaptive behavior (such as
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produces several complex foot-drumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The foot-drumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys vibrations through the ground that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the
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Another example of prey to predator communication is the pursuit-deterrent signal. Pursuit-deterrent signals occur when prey indicates to a predator that pursuit would be unprofitable because the signaler is prepared to escape. Pursuit-deterrent signals provide a benefit to both the signaler and
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If a prey animal moves, makes a noise or vibrations, or emits a smell in such a way that a predator can detect it, it is communicating with its predator. This is consistent with the definition of "communication" given above. This type of communication is known as interceptive eavesdropping if a
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called electrolocating and echolocating; they use sensory senses in order to navigate and find prey. Signals are used as a form of commutation through the environment. Active signals or other types of signals influence receivers behavior and signals move quicker in distance to reach receivers.
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The fact that signature whistle shape carries identity information independent from voice features presents the possibility to use these whistles as referential signals, either addressing individuals or referring to them, similar to the use of names in humans. Given the cognitive abilities of
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in animal communication are facial gestures. Blue and Yellow Macaws were studied to understand how they reacted to interactions with a familiar animal caretaker. Studies show that Blue and Yellow Macaws demonstrated a significant amount of blushing frequently during mutual interactions with a
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Ethologists and sociobiologists have characteristically analysed animal communication in terms of more or less automatic responses to stimuli, without raising the question of whether the animals concerned understand the meaning of the signals they emit and receive. That is a key question in
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Another controversial issue is the extent to which human behaviours resemble animal communication, or whether all such communication has disappeared as a result of our linguistic capacity. Some of our bodily features—eyebrows, beards and moustaches, deep adult male voices, perhaps female
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Animals produce signals to attract the attention of a possible mate or to solidify pair bonds. These signals frequently involve the display of body parts or postures. For example, a gazelle will assume characteristic poses to initiate mating. Mating signals can also include the use of
871:), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family
1617:), and the monkeys that hear the calls respond appropriately—but that this ability develops over time, and also takes into account the experience of the individual emitting the call. Metacommunication, discussed above, also seems to require a more sophisticated cognitive process.
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growth protruding from its forehead which it dangles in front of its jaws. Smaller fish attempt to take the lure, placing themselves in a better position for the angler fish to catch them. Another example of deceptive communication is observed in the genus of jumping spiders
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were unable to demonstrate "geometric gaze following". Researchers do not yet have a clear picture of the cognitive basis of gaze following, but developmental evidence indicates that "simple" gaze following and "geometric" gaze following probably rely on different cognitive
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are coloured in the same way as wasps, and although they are unable to sting, the strong avoidance of wasps by predators gives the hoverfly some protection. There are also behavioural changes that act in a similar way to warning colouration. For example, canines such as
1103:, that is, to interpret animal actions in human terms, but this can be quite misleading; for example, an ape's "smile" is often a sign of aggression. Also, the same gesture may have different meanings depending on context within which it occurs. For example, a domestic
1850:). One factor in this is that much human language growth is based upon conceptual ideas and hypothetical structures, both being far greater capabilities in humans than animals. This appears far less common in animal communication systems, although current research into
1026:) will show greater signs of aggression from farther distances between males than between females when defending a territory or mate. It is believed that males have evolved to remain distant from each other due to higher reproductive consequences as opposed to females.
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Typically, predators attempt to reduce communication to prey as this will generally reduce the effectiveness of their hunting. However, some forms of predator to prey communication occur in ways that change the behavior of the prey and make their capture easier, i.e.
496:. The structure of swim bladders and the attached sonic muscles varies greatly across bony fish families, resulting in a wide variety of sounds. Striking body parts together can also produce auditory signals. A well-known example of this is the tail tip vibration of
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even when otherwise stripped of the characteristics of the whistle; making bottlenose dolphins the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. The paper concludes that:
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in particular arguing that it cannot exist in the long term. Sociobiologists have also been concerned with the evolution of apparently excessive signaling structures such as the peacock's tail; it is widely thought that these can only emerge as a result of
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of the receiver. The sacculus is an organ in the inner ear containing a membranous sac that is used for balance, but can also detect seismic waves in animals that use this form of communication. Vibrations may be combined with other sorts of communication.
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direction or location. It has also been shown that dogs exhibit a left gaze bias when looking at human faces, indicating that they are capable of reading human emotions. Dogs do not make use of direction of gaze or exhibit left gaze bias with other dogs.
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Animal communication plays a vital role in determining the winner of contest over a resource. Many species have distinct signals that signal aggression or willingness to attack or signals to convey retreat during competitions over food, territories, or
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or alarm movements made by only a few individuals. In several herbivorous insect nymphs and larvae, aggregations where there is prolonged contact play a major role in group coordination. These aggregations may take the form of a procession or a rosette.
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predicts that for a signal to be maintained in the population, both the sender and receiver should usually receive some benefit from the interaction. Signal production by senders and the perception and subsequent response of receivers are thought to
3665:"Principles of Animal Communication. Second Edition. By Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp. Sunderland (Massachusetts): Sinauer Associates. $ 99.95. xiv + 697 p.; ill. + C-1–C-6 (credits) + I-1–I-47 (index). ISBN: 978-0-87893-045-6. 2011"
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or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual selection. This led to the realization that communication might not always be "honest" (indeed, there are some obvious examples where it is not, as in
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is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. Information may be sent intentionally, as in a
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The importance of communication is evident from the highly elaborate morphology, behaviour and physiology that some animals have evolved to facilitate this. These include some of the most striking structures in the animal kingdom, such as the
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of sexually reproducing animals. Altruism towards an unrelated group is not widely accepted in the scientific community, but rather can be seen as reciprocal altruism, expecting the same behaviour from others, a benefit of living in a group.
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Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls by Daneil T. Blumstein & Kenneth B. Armitage
Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas. Published by Animal Behavior,
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that are capable of harming potential predators are often brightly coloured, and this modifies the behavior of the predator, who either instinctively or as the result of experience will avoid attacking such an animal. Some forms of
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In general, animal utterances are responses to external stimuli, and do not refer to matters removed in time and space. Matters of relevance at a distance, such as distant food sources, tend to be indicated to other individuals by
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can target its strike to the vulnerable body parts of a prey animal. It was previously thought that the pit organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that they may also be used to control body temperature.
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As described above, many animal gestures, postures, and sounds, convey meaning to nearby animals. These signals are often easier to describe than to interpret. It is tempting, especially with domesticated animals and apes, to
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dolphin inflected the signature whistle when their calf was present, by reaching a higher frequency, or using a wider frequency range. Similarly, humans use higher fundamental frequencies and a wider pitch range to inflect
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which have most of their body coloured to blend with their surroundings, except for a brightly coloured belly. When confronted with a potential threat, they show their belly, indicating that they are poisonous in some way.
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studied facial expression in mice in response to increments of increasing pain. He found that mice exhibited five recognizable facial expressions: orbital tightening, nose and cheek bulge, and changes in ear and whisker
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Sayigh, Laela S.; El Haddad, Nicole; Tyack, Peter L.; Janik, Vincent M.; Wells, Randall S.; Jensen, Frants H. (4 July 2023). "Bottlenose dolphin mothers modify signature whistles in the presence of their own calves".
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Humans also often seek to mimic animals' communicative signals in order to interact with them. For example, cats have a mild affiliative response of slowly closing their eyes; humans often mimic this signal towards a
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Gracheva, Elena O.; Ingolia, Nicholas T.; Kelly, Yvonne M.; Cordero-Morales, Julio F.; Hollopeter, Gunther; Chesler, Alexander T.; Sánchez, Elda E.; Perez, John C.; Weissman, Jonathan S.; Julius, David (April 2010).
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are common forms of olfactory communication in mammals. An example of scent rubbing by an animal can be seen from bears, bears do this as a way to mark territory or let others know they are there and to stay away.
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1729:, specifically functional communication training. This form of training previously has been used in schools and clinics with humans with special needs, such as children with autism, to help them develop language.
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Colour change can be separated into changes that occur during growth and development, and those triggered by mood, social context, or abiotic factors such as temperature. The latter are seen in many taxa. Some
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Much animal communication is intraspecific, that is, it occurs between members of the same species. As for interspecific communication, that between predator and prey is of particular interest.
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57:. Signals often involve multiple mechanisms, e.g., both visual and auditory, and for a signal to be understood, the coordinated behavior of both sender and receiver requires careful study.
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go a step further than detecting a predator's cue: when an individual is damaged by a predator, it releases a chemical cue to its conspecifics. As has also been observed in other species,
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The sounds animals make are important because they communicate the animals' state. Some animals species have been taught simple versions of human languages. Animals can use, for example,
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stot. Predators do not waste energy on a chase that will likely be unsuccessful (optimal foraging behavior). Quality advertisement can be communicated by modes other than visual. The
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cat to establish a tolerant relationship. Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication.
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The second problem has been more controversial. The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of
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use their well-known rattle to warn potential predators of their venomous bite. Sometimes, a behavioural change and warning colouration will be combined, as in certain species of
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Echeverri, Sebastian A; Miller, Audrey E; Chen, Jason; McQueen, Eden W; Plakke, Melissa; Spicer, Michelle; Hoke, Kim L; Stoddard, Mary
Caswell; Morehouse, Nathan I (2021-05-21).
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bottlenose dolphins, their vocal learning and copying skills, and their fission–fusion social structure, this possibility is an intriguing one that demands further investigation.
4073:"Social interactions between live and artificial weakly electric fish: Electrocommunication and locomotor behavior of Mormyrus rume proboscirostris towards a mobile dummy fish"
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relationship with bioluminescent bacteria. Animals exhibit bioluminescent light to lure in prey, attract a mate, or protect themselves from potential predators. (See also:
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Many animals make "food calls" to attract a mate, offspring, or other members of a social group to a food source. Perhaps the most elaborate food-related signal is the
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to become wider established within a population would become positively selected for, even if their effect on individuals or the species as a whole was detrimental;
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identifying the selective pressure that makes it adaptive for animals to develop structures that facilitate communication, emit communications, and respond to them.
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Yamamoto, Maria Emilia; Araujo, Arrilton; Arruda, Maria de Fatima; Lima, Ana
Karinne Moreira; Siqueira, Jose de Oliveira; Hattori, Wallisen Tadashi (2014-11-01).
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not always be clear to the "listener" where the location of the communication is coming from, as the "singer" can sometimes deceive them and create more error.
3844:"Acid Rain Is Totally So Last Century, Right? Not Exactly: A Canadian scientist explains how acid rain is still making its mark – IISD Experimental Lakes Area"
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889:) have specialized IR sensors in their nose-leaf. Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. The IR sense enables Desmodus to localize
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In a fight, touch may be used to challenge an opponent and to coordinate movements during the fight. It may also be used by the loser to indicate submission.
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are perhaps the most sophisticated attempt yet to establish human/animal communication, though their relation to natural animal communication is uncertain.
918:, where the organism emits an electrical pulse through its electric organ and senses the projected geometrical property of the object. This is found in the
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1393:, has been developing, studying, and using the learned visible, expressive language in dogs and horses. By teaching these animals a gestural (human made)
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A python (top) and rattlesnake illustrating the positions of the pit organs. Red arrows indicate the pit organs whereas black arrows indicate the nostril.
3803:"Fathead minnows learn to recognize predator odor when exposed to concentrations of artificial alarm pheromone below their behavioral-response threshold"
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33:. Information may be transferred to an "audience" of several receivers. Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study in disciplines including
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3124:"A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection"
3703:"Prairie dog alarm calls encode labels about predator colors. By: N. Slobodchiko V · Andrea Paseka · Jennifer L. Verdolin. Published 31 December 2008
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often have symmetrical displays that they make to each other. Famous examples are the mutual presentation of reeds by great crested grebes studied by
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4132:"Investigation of Collective Behaviour and Electrocommunication in the Weakly Electric Fish, Mormyrus rume, through a biomimetic Robotic Dummy Fish"
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2030:"The Animals Are Talking. What Does It Mean? - Language was long understood as a human-only affair. New research suggests that isn't so. + comment"
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argued that behaviours that benefited a whole group of animals might emerge as a result of selection pressures acting solely on the individual. A
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Donati, Elisa; Worm, Martin; Mintchev, Stefano; van der Wiel, Marleen; Benelli, Giovanni; von der Emde, Gerhard; Stefanini, Cesare (2016-12-01).
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Two 'Red Deer roaring, most likely to establish dominance during a rut. However, males also use loud roaring to keep track of harems of females.
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Electrocommunication is a rare form of communication in animals. It is seen primarily in aquatic animals, though some land mammals, notably the
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1466:. Other evidence for the importance of communication in animals is the prioritisation of physiological features to this function. For example,
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1954:
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1593:. There are some signalling systems that seem to demand a more advanced understanding. A much discussed example is the use of alarm calls by
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to understand if language was somehow evolved by gestures. He found that both apes and humans only use intentional gestures to communicate.
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5002:"Olfactory signaling of aggressive intent in male-male contests of cave crickets (Tropglophilus neglectus; Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)"
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is still an ongoing process with many new discoveries. In 2009 it was reported that affixation may play a role in the call meanings of
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Communication by the production of light occurs commonly in vertebrates and invertebrates in the oceans, particularly at depths (e.g.,
4839:"A novel evolutionary technique based on electrolocation principle of elephant nose fish and shark: fish electrolocation optimization"
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du P. Bothma, J.; Richet, E.A.N. le (1995). "Evidence of the use of rubbing, scent-marking andscratching-posts by
Kalahari leopards".
2295:"On the Stimulus Situation Releasing the Begging Response in the Newly Hatched Herring Gull Chick (Larus Argentatus Argentatus Pont.)"
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process that leads to the rapid exaggeration of a characteristic that confers an advantage in a competitive mate-selection situation.
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cues on the groomed individual, perhaps adding additional ones. This behaviour has been observed in social insects, birds and mammals.
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of distinctive body parts or bodily movements. Animals will reveal or accentuate a body part to relay certain information. The parent
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displays its bright yellow bill on the ground next over its chick when it has returned to the nest with food. The chicks exhibit a
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5377:"Interviewing Animals Through Animal Communicators: Potentials of Intuitive Interspecies Communication for Multispecies Methods"
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Various ways in which humans interpret the behavior of animals, or give commands to them, are consistent with the definition of
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1397:-like language, the animals have been found to use the new signs on their own to get what they need. The recent experiments on
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There are many functions of animal communication. However, some have been studied in more detail than others. This includes:
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4387:"Huddling Conserves Energy, Decreases Core Body Temperature, but Increases Activity in Brandt's Voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)"
1828:. It is therefore unclear to what extent utterances are automatic responses and to what extent deliberate intent plays a part.
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appears to have brain structures entirely devoted to its production. All these adaptations require evolutionary explanation.
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Vanderelst, Dieter; Steckel, Jan; Boen, Andre; Peremans, Herbert; Holderied, Marc W (2016-08-02). Eichenbaum, Howard (ed.).
4602:"The imaging properties and sensitivity of the facial pits of pitvipers as determined by optical and heat-transfer analysis"
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V. M. Janik, L. S. Sayigh, and R. S. Wells: "Signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins",
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There are however, some actions of prey species are clearly directed to actual or potential predators. A good example is
867:. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril (
66:
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may adopt an aggressive posture, such as growling with their teeth bared, to indicate they will fight if necessary, and
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Price, Tabitha; Wadewitz, Philip; Cheney, Dorothy; Seyfarth, Robert; Hammerschmidt, Kurt; Fischer, Julia (2015-08-19).
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Mikula, P.; Valcu, M.; Brumm, H.; Bulla, M.; Forstmeier, W.; Petrusková, T.; Kempenaers, B. & Albrecht, T. (2021).
48:
When the information from the sender changes the behavior of a receiver, the information is referred to as a "signal".
5996:"Categorical Perception and Conceptual Judgments by Nonhuman Primates: The Paleological Monkey and the Analogical Ape"
5068:
2729:
1413:
Dogs can be taught to communicate with humans by giving signals humans understand, like ringing a doorbell to come in.
7792:
6420:
5547:
3993:
Chemical signalling in brown bears, ursus arctos : an assessment of scent marking strategies and social function
3939:
7282:
6482:
6352:
3599:"Sound-generating and -detecting motor system in catfish: Design of swimbladder muscles in doradids and pimelodids"
1563:). The possibility of evolutionarily stable dishonest communication has been the subject of much controversy, with
1089:
which signals that a subsequent aggressive signal is part of a play fight rather than a serious aggressive episode.
894:
743:
of a female. During mating, touch stimuli are important for pair positioning, coordination and genital stimulation.
241:
6171:
5351:
1786:, the interest of animal communication systems lies in their similarities to and differences from human language:
236:
possess bioluminescent abilities. Some bioluminescent animals produce the light themselves, whereas others have a
6728:
5801:
5111:
3352:
1525:
1009:
5487:
6903:
6812:
6403:
6364:
6311:
3520:
1949:
1825:
1677:
for humans are cueing the child to pay attention, long-term bonding, and promoting the development of lifelong
1377:
188:) that can change the apparent colour, opacity, and reflectiveness of their skin. In addition to their use for
3713:
1710:
does include some more or less involuntary responses that have a similar origin to the communication we have.
1064:
are released by many social insects to lead the other members of the society to the food source. For example,
914:
an early warning sign and respond defensively. There are two types of autocommunication. The first is active
8091:
7645:
6224:
2694:
1702:
on greeting are universal human communicative signals that can be related to corresponding signals in other
1670:
7237:
6933:
6206:
5751:
2072:
1726:
5183:
Cäsar, Cristiane; Byrne, Richard W.; Hoppitt, William; Young, Robert J.; Zuberbühler, Klaus (2012-08-01).
2132:"Animal Languages in the Middle Ages: Representations of Interspecies Communication ed. by Alison Langdon"
7984:
7809:
7387:
7360:
7015:
6475:
3320:
1598:
1068:
leave a pheromone trail on the ground that can be followed by other ants to lead them to the food source.
112:
1664:
their signature whistle when their dependent calf is present. Signature whistles, which are in a higher
558:. Prairie dogs are able to communicate an animal's speed, shape, size, species, and for humans specific
426:
7549:
7350:
7216:
6965:
5096:"Sexual Dimorphisms in Aggressive Signal Structure and Use by a Polygynous Lizard, Anolis carolinensis"
3019:
2700:
1905:
1602:
1383:
1304:
1189:
7108:
5828:
4308:"The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms"
2401:"Facial display and blushing: Means of visual communication in blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara Ararauna)?"
1477:
identifying a route by which an animal that lacked the relevant feature or behaviour could acquire it;
417:
and others, prairie dog calls communicate the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.
7601:
6960:
6331:
6306:
5790:
Gleason, Jean Berko., and Nan
Bernstein Ratner. "The Development of Language", 8th ed. Pearson, 2013.
5184:
4657:
Pough, F.; Andrews, Robin; Cadle, John; Crump, Martha; Savitzky, Alan; Wells, Kentwood (2003-01-01).
4469:
4307:
4252:
3865:
3466:"Group-specific dialects and geographical variation in coda repertoire in South Pacific sperm whales"
1855:
1653:
1077:
Crushed ants will release an alarm pheromone to attract more ants and send them into an attack state.
578:
while the rest of the pack finds food. Once a threat has been identified the sentry sounds a whistle
5968:
1056:
songbirds. Young ravens will signal to older ravens when they encounter new or untested food.
7964:
7474:
7230:
6913:
6766:
6296:
4131:
1800:). It means that complex linguistic expressions can be broken down in meaningful elements (such as
596:
6213:
contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from all over the world.
5706:
1742:, tapping, and vocalisation. The process for animals includes simplified and modified techniques.
41:. Many aspects of animal behavior, such as symbolic name use, emotional expression, learning, and
8001:
7877:
7305:
6888:
6750:
6369:
401:
7404:
6096:"Social Interaction with an "Unidentified Moving Object" Elicits A-Not_B Error in Domestic Dogs"
1107:'s tail wag and posture may be used in different ways to convey many meanings as illustrated in
422:
8096:
7692:
7431:
7047:
7010:
7000:
6945:
6893:
6838:
6733:
6514:
6451:
6398:
4444:
2794:
1969:
1924:
1735:
1734:"Animal Sign Language". This includes teaching communication through gestures (like simplified
1394:
1294:), a pronounced combination of stiff-legged running while simultaneously jumping shown by some
620:
591:
42:
5150:
4194:
1085:
Signals that will modify the meaning of subsequent signals. One example is the 'play face' in
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7484:
6326:
6276:
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4233:
4016:
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showed that these animals emit different alarm calls in the presence of different predators (
1451:
1029:
786:
5425:
3256:"Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity"
1835:, animal communication systems are usually not able to express conceptual generalizations. (
7494:
7459:
7436:
7394:
7318:
7153:
6918:
6878:
6425:
6286:
6107:
5755:
5501:"Spotted Cattle and Deer: Spirit Guides and Symbols of Endurance and Healing in "Ceremony""
5486:
Danesh, E.F (1993) Loss of the human capacity for interspecies communication scholarworks
5013:
4756:
4691:
4361:
4143:
4084:
3964:
3877:
3267:
3135:
2997:
2596:
2412:
2345:
2294:
2088:
1934:
1929:
1894:
1682:
1454:'s bill. Highly elaborate behaviours have evolved for communication such as the dancing of
1340:
1333:
1299:
718:
680:
7163:
5867:
2843:"How Signaling Geometry Shapes the Efficacy and Evolution of Animal Communication Systems"
2004:
116:
the ground makes the red spot visible to the chick, demonstrating a distinctive movement.
8:
7903:
7640:
7591:
7539:
7244:
7025:
6687:
6682:
6606:
6446:
4222:"Studies on the basic factors in animal fighting: VI. Inter-species coexistence in birds"
3380:
1792:
1626:
1505:
1447:
1321:
1060:
will send food calls to inform other monkeys of a food source to avoid punishment.
930:
811:
641:
70:
6111:
5759:
5017:
4760:
4695:
4492:
4155:
4147:
4088:
3968:
3881:
3866:"Evidence of the use of rubbing, scent-marking andscratching-posts by Kalahari leopards"
3271:
3139:
3035:
2600:
2416:
2349:
1808:), which in turn are composed of smallest phonetic elements that affect meaning, called
1199:
8101:
7996:
7913:
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7614:
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7499:
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7158:
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6408:
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6143:
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6095:
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5651:
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5520:
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5279:
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5001:
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4720:
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4421:
4386:
4343:
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4175:
4107:
4072:
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3255:
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2503:
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2213:
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2159:
2051:
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1959:
1939:
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1080:
910:
882:
844:
703:. These fish use an electric organ to generate an electric field, which is detected by
418:
393:
137:
5913:
Guo, Kun; Meints, Kerstin; Hall, Charlotte; Hall, Sophie; Mills, Daniel (2009-05-01).
5868:"What or where? The meaning of referential human pointing for dogs (Canis familiaris)"
5426:"What or where? The meaning of referential human pointing for dogs (Canis familiaris)"
3976:
3931:
3889:
2816:
2650:
Cloney, R.A.; Florey, E. (1968). "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs".
1674:
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7263:
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6938:
6831:
6802:
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6393:
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6135:
6074:
6043:
6017:
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5934:
5895:
5887:
5848:
5807:
5659:
5643:
5638:
5621:
5584:
5543:
5456:
5448:
5410:
5398:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5271:
5263:
5230:
Sasaki, Takao; Hölldobler, Bert; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Pratt, Stephen C. (2014-09-15).
5204:
5156:
5115:
5074:
5041:
4982:
4964:
4927:
4915:
4907:
4870:
4858:
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3236:
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2547:
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2314:
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2218:
2200:
2163:
2151:
2100:
2092:
1920:
1673:(CDS). This has rarely been discovered in other species. The researchers stated that
1630:
1573:
1540:
1501:
1467:
1432:
1365:
1005:
905:
860:
523:
500:
as a warning signal. Other examples include bill clacking in birds, wing clapping in
414:
365:
131:
104:
91:
49:
26:
6147:
5671:
5475:
Dogs can sign, too. A breakthrough method of teaching your dog to communicate to you
5216:
4792:
4658:
4643:
4347:
4323:
4179:
3787:
3756:"Localized defecation by pike: a response to labelling by cyprinid alarm pheromone?"
3640:
3497:
2679:
1797:
7929:
7382:
7223:
7168:
7035:
6868:
6807:
6271:
6125:
6115:
6007:
5972:
5954:
5926:
5879:
5840:
5771:
5763:
5633:
5607:
5576:
5512:
5440:
5388:
5313:
5283:
5253:
5243:
5196:
5152:
Behaviour problems in small animals : practical advice for the veterinary team
5135:
5107:
5031:
5021:
4972:
4954:
4897:
4850:
4819:
4764:
4715:
4699:
4613:
4566:
4527:
4416:
4398:
4385:
Sukhchuluun, Gansukh; Zhang, Xue-Ying; Chi, Qing-Sheng; Wang, De-Hua (2018-05-18).
4319:
4264:
4151:
4102:
4092:
3972:
3927:
3885:
3814:
3767:
3676:
3610:
3569:
3559:
3524:
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3291:
3275:
3226:
3210:
3143:
3094:
3078:
3031:
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2903:
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2659:
2622:
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2537:
2479:
2430:
2420:
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2353:
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2190:
2143:
2084:
1964:
1767:
1590:
1569:
1100:
704:
600:
38:
5200:
8053:
8027:
7712:
7609:
7579:
7365:
7178:
7118:
7103:
7088:
7073:
7042:
6995:
6792:
6652:
6266:
6261:
6210:
6175:
6120:
5602:
5231:
5053:
5026:
4601:
4268:
4237:
4097:
2609:
2452:
2425:
1777:
1695:
1551:
1512:
1398:
1352:
1348:
1057:
1049:
915:
893:
animals such as cattle and horses within a range of about 10 to 15 cm. This
806:
722:
700:
668:
637:
389:
271:
203:
29:, or unintentionally, as in the transfer of scent from the predator to prey with
5565:"The Comparative Ethology of Grassfinches (erythrurae) and Mannikins (amadinae)"
4470:"Vibrational Communication and the Ecology of Group-Living, Herbivorous Insects"
3826:
3513:
Call
Traditions and Dialects of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in British Columbia
1694:
breasts—strongly resemble adaptations to producing signals. Ethologists such as
863:
of the structure is similar between lineages, but it differs in gross structure
554:, with prairie dogs having one of the most complex communication systems in the
7934:
7630:
7143:
7098:
7093:
6975:
6883:
6624:
6553:
6336:
6012:
5995:
5712:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1974:
1885:
1851:
1706:. Given how recently spoken language has emerged, it is very likely that human
1678:
1493:
1108:
859:, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons. The
827:
to derive thermal images from the radiant heat emitted by predators or prey at
373:
253:
197:
193:
185:
5930:
5393:
4902:
4885:
4854:
4221:
4001:
3173:"Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli"
2195:
1846:
Human languages combine elements to produce new messages (a property known as
1763:
1364:
spiders" because of the way they wave their front legs in the air to simulate
8085:
8022:
7974:
7867:
7862:
7841:
7832:
7797:
7727:
7702:
7687:
7534:
7341:
7148:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7057:
6990:
6898:
6047:
6035:
6021:
5938:
5891:
5852:
5647:
5588:
5488:
https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8491&context=etd
5452:
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4911:
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4711:
4627:
4578:
4412:
4403:
4331:
4276:
4163:
3913:"Scent-marking by male mammals: cheat-proof signals to competitors and mates"
3897:
3802:
3779:
3688:
3624:
3489:
3332:
3287:
3222:
3090:
3043:
2974:
2917:
2868:
2774:
Deep Sea Squid May
Communicate Through Glowing Pigmentation, Researchers Find
2618:
2551:
2542:
2491:
2367:
2318:
2263:
2204:
2155:
2096:
1979:
1915:
1899:
1817:
1730:
1725:
A new approach in the 21st century in the field of animal communication uses
1707:
1699:
1594:
1539:
The apparently excessive eye-spot signalling by the male peacock tail may be
1485:
1390:
993:
922:
919:
696:
659:
655:
615:, an example of interspecific communication using body posture and olfaction.
539:
448:
are well known for this, but many others use stridulation as well, including
425:
based on social learning. Mammalian acoustic culture was first discovered in
405:
377:
328:
284:
142:
117:
6191:
5914:
5767:
5301:
4838:
4445:"Coral Reef Protection: What Are Coral Reefs? | Habitat Protection | US EPA"
2399:
Bertin, Aline; Beraud, Arielle; Lansade, Léa; et al. (22 August 2018).
2358:
2310:
432:
Not all animals use vocalization as a means of auditory communication. Many
7872:
7857:
7824:
7469:
7173:
7123:
7083:
7052:
7005:
6723:
6591:
6381:
6281:
6139:
5946:
5899:
5663:
5460:
5333:
5275:
5045:
4986:
4919:
4729:
4635:
4430:
4339:
4284:
4171:
4116:
3632:
3583:
3305:
3214:
3157:
3108:
3082:
2982:
2925:
2876:
2636:
2569:
2526:"Following Gaze: Gaze-Following Behavior as a Window into Social Cognition"
2499:
2444:
2385:
2271:
2222:
2104:
1984:
1910:
1879:
1665:
1564:
1521:
1455:
1325:
1041:
890:
762:
648:
physically disrupt these chemical cues, which has various implications for
547:
489:
437:
410:
108:
7274:
5844:
5258:
4784:
4745:"Warm and cold receptors in the nose of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundas"
3481:
3240:
2965:
2948:
2859:
2842:
2671:
2147:
1052:. One well-known example of begging of offspring in a clutch or litter is
1012:
in mammals can indicate a female's breeding status or attract other mates.
8048:
8006:
7836:
7584:
7554:
7419:
7113:
7078:
6692:
6316:
5829:"Communication of Food Location Between Human and Dog (Canis Familiaris)"
3051:
2467:
1783:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1272:
1206:
1071:
1018:
Signals used to claim or defend a territory, food, or a mate. Polygynous
985:
897:
may be used in detecting regions of maximal blood flow on targeted prey.
836:
828:
497:
445:
217:
209:
6094:
Gergely, Anna; Compton, Anna; Newberry, Ruth; Miklósi, Ádám (Apr 2016).
5655:
4959:
4703:
4362:"Ants' body odor, physical contact get worker ants working, study finds"
3801:
Brown, Grant; Adrian, James; Patton, Todd; Chivers, Douglas (Dec 2001).
3564:
3465:
567:
7969:
7939:
7717:
7524:
6568:
6558:
6216:
5776:
5524:
5500:
5248:
5127:
5095:
4768:
4618:
4586:
4554:
4539:
3771:
3528:
2995:
2908:
2891:
2890:
Jones, Te K.; Allen, Kathryne M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (December 9, 2021).
2663:
2254:
2237:
1661:
1547:
1489:
1459:
1115:
published in 1872. Some of Darwin's illustrations are reproduced here.
1061:
938:
926:
876:
868:
449:
436:
rub specialized body parts together to produce sound. This is known as
385:
340:
189:
181:
173:
125:
6168:
5866:
Tauzin, Tibor; Csík, Andor; Kis, Anna; Topál, József (November 2015).
4808:"Pacific herring respond to stimulated odontocete echolocation sounds"
3991:
3279:
3148:
3123:
3071:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3020:"Auditory Communication in Lower Animals: Role of Auditory Physiology"
2131:
1500:
that a beak-wiping response occurred in a range of species, serving a
1484:
Significant contributions to the first of these problems were made by
1316:
511:
413:
also use complex calls that signal predator differences. According to
276:
200:
and thus capable of communicating visually in dark ocean environments.
7979:
7767:
7707:
7635:
7504:
7441:
7414:
7399:
6644:
6467:
5883:
5444:
4807:
4744:
4071:
Worm, Martin; Kirschbaum, Frank; von der Emde, Gerhard (2017-09-13).
3755:
3754:
Brown, Grant E.; Chivers, Douglas P.; Smith, R. Jan F. (1995-02-01).
3121:
2998:""Bird Voices" and "Vocal Development" from Birds of Stanford essays"
2947:
Reichert, Michael S; Enriquez, Maya S; Carlson, Nora V (2021-03-21).
2892:"Communication with self, friends and foes in active-sensing animals"
2238:"Communication with self, friends and foes in active-sensing animals"
1698:
have argued that facial gestures such as smiling, grimacing, and the
1535:
1516:
1463:
1053:
1045:
1034:
Some animals who are fearful of stimuli will attack anyone near them.
989:
981:
872:
848:
751:
729:
Touch is a key factor in many social interactions. Examples include:
571:
543:
535:
516:
493:
485:
481:
473:
433:
288:
280:
237:
74:
30:
5516:
5302:"Pursuit-deterrent signals: communication between prey and predator"
5094:
Jenssen, Thomas A.; Orrell, Kimberly S.; Lovern, Matthew B. (2000).
4823:
4570:
4531:
3818:
3664:
3615:
3598:
2583:
Range, Friederike; Virányi, Zsófia (2011-02-23). Wylie, Doug (ed.).
2483:
292:
7804:
7570:
7479:
7409:
7345:
7336:
6985:
6980:
6955:
6854:
6291:
5232:"A context-dependent alarm signal in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus"
4676:
3680:
1836:
1832:
1801:
1555:
1504:
function, but that in some species this had been elaborated into a
1409:
1295:
1286:
1276:
1259:
1001:
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686:
649:
625:
526:
species are known to whistle to communicate threats, and sometimes
505:
457:
441:
381:
369:
229:
157:
54:
34:
8058:
7377:
7020:
6657:
6616:
6519:
6413:
5540:
When Animals Speak: Techniques for Bonding with Animal Companions
2949:"New Dimensions for Animal Communication Networks:Space and Time"
2585:"Development of Gaze Following Abilities in Wolves (Canis Lupus)"
2236:
Jones, Te K.; Allen, Kathryne M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (2021-11-09).
1840:
1809:
1703:
1606:
1439:
1255:
1210:
864:
856:
824:
793:
690:
575:
551:
501:
225:
213:
177:
98:
6203:
6197:
5185:"Evidence for semantic communication in titi monkey alarm calls"
2116:
2114:
8032:
7777:
7732:
7697:
7574:
7489:
7451:
6581:
6540:
5620:
Chandler, Christopher H.; Ofria, Charles; Dworkin, Ian (2013).
1681:, with parallels in these bottlenose dolphins in an example of
1324:
angles for small fish by deceptively dangling a bioluminescent
1268:
1119:
Examples of tail position indicating different emotions in dogs
1019:
1004:
on their nest sites, and the spectacular courtship displays by
973:
852:
772:
632:
612:
607:
559:
555:
531:
469:
453:
397:
233:
121:
4253:"Male and female breeding strategies in a cooperative primate"
4129:
1812:. Animal signals, however, do not exhibit this dual structure.
693:, sense electric fields that might be used for communication.
488:. Another means of auditory communication is the vibration of
6923:
6634:
6548:
6301:
6093:
5424:
Tauzin, Tibor; Csík, Andor; Kis, Anna; Topál, József (2015).
4940:
3555:
2111:
1614:
1610:
1560:
1497:
997:
579:
527:
361:
221:
5915:"Left gaze bias in humans, rhesus monkeys and domestic dogs"
5112:
10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0140:SDIASS]2.0.CO;2
1554:
established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently
832:
7030:
6823:
5827:
Hare, Brian; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael (1998-01-01).
5229:
3535:
3253:
2179:"Why Are No Animal Communication Systems Simple Languages?"
1821:
1805:
1529:
1443:
1264:
1250:
1086:
1065:
934:
664:
566:. This method of communication is usually done by having a
477:
461:
161:
149:
4070:
2840:
699:
provide an example of electrocommunication, together with
6180:
5740:
5701:
5699:
5697:
4555:"The Strike Behavior of a Congenitally Blind Rattlesnake"
3544:"Stereotyped whistles in southern resident killer whales"
3402:"Prairie dogs' language decoded by scientists | CBC News"
2398:
1715:
1546:
In the case of communication, an important discussion by
1515:
which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the
1242:
predator intercepts a message intended for conspecifics.
1104:
563:
465:
355:
Humpback whale singing at Southern Ocean feeding grounds.
212:). Two well-known forms of land bioluminescence occur in
90:
For information on the perception of visual signals, see
7788:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
6185:
4837:
Haldar, Vivekananda; Chakraborty, Niladri (2017-07-01).
4250:
3800:
1351:
which waits for its prey to come to it. It has a fleshy
1226:
Sentry prairie dog alerts other prairie dogs to a threat
929:(elephantfish). The second type of autocommunication is
4663:(Third ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. p. 726.
4384:
3203:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2946:
1824:
activity before a hunt, or the information conveyed in
819:
A number of different snakes have the ability to sense
645:
103:
Most animals understand communication through a visual
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5694:
5182:
4656:
3377:"YIPS, BARKS AND CHIRPS: THE LANGUAGE OF PRAIRIE DOGS"
2996:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin & Darryl Wheye.
2071:
Seyfarth, Robert M.; Cheney, Dorothy L. (2003-02-01).
624:
function that first arose in single-celled organisms (
6457:
Category:Individual apes involved in language studies
3863:
2692:
1142:"Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions"
1093:
384:. Other instances of vocal communication include the
5619:
5348:"Map of Life | Vibrational communication in animals"
4742:
4600:
Bakken, George S.; Krochmal, Aaron R. (2007-08-15).
3864:
du P. Bothma, J.; le Richet, E. A. N. (1995-04-01).
2332:
Pollick, Amy S.; Waal, Frans B. M. de (2007-05-08).
1875:
843:
The facial pits enabling thermoregulation underwent
5727:
5370:
5368:
5093:
4743:Kürten, L.; Schmidt, U.; Schäfer, K. (1984-06-01).
3541:
1473:There are two aspects to the required explanation:
5865:
5423:
4812:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
4553:Kardong, Kenneth V.; Mackessy, Stephen P. (1991).
3954:
1462:, and the gathering and arranging of materials by
835:. The accuracy of this sense is such that a blind
636:hiding) are more likely to survive and reproduce.
619:Despite being the oldest method of communication,
257:Two killer whales navigating around a seal (prey).
5912:
5826:
5295:
5293:
4836:
4680:"Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes"
3753:
3517:Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007
3463:
3065:Slabbekoorn, Hans; Smith, Thomas B (2002-04-29).
2073:"Signalers and Receivers in Animal Communication"
2038:. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023
1450:, but also include even the modest red spot on a
1113:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
8083:
5365:
3064:
2468:"Animal models of pain: progress and challenges"
2292:
2056:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1154:"Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind"
996:, the triumph displays shown by many species of
6200:different animal sounds to listen and download.
5744:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5689:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5569:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
4552:
4193:Breed, Michael D.; Moore, Janice (2015-05-16).
3425:January 2006, Bjorn Carey 03 (3 January 2006).
2338:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1790:Human languages are characterized for having a
988:unique to a species. Animals that form lasting
519:whistles when alarmed to warn other groundhogs.
5994:Thompson, Roger K. R.; Oden, David L. (2000).
5622:"Runaway Sexual Selection Leads to Good Genes"
5290:
4599:
4493:"Vibration and Animal Communication: A Review"
4314:. Touch, Temperature, Pain/Itch and Pleasure.
3911:Gosling, L. Morris; Roberts, S. Craig (2001).
3910:
2889:
2750:
2235:
2070:
1404:
1360:). These spiders are commonly referred to as "
1183:
875:, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily
287:in contact, while the longer and more complex
7290:
7195:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
6839:
6483:
6232:
6169:Zoosemiotics: animal communication on the web
6070:Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology
6036:"Rudiments of Language Discovered in Monkeys"
5155:. Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. p. 127.
5066:
4806:Wilson, Ben; Dill, Lawrence M. (March 2002).
4015:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2010-10-01).
3464:Weilgart, Linda; Whitehead, H. (1997-05-01).
3017:
1955:International Society for Biosemiotic Studies
1945:Forms of activity and interpersonal relations
1343:by the predator. A well-known example is the
16:Transfer of information from animal to animal
6719:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
5993:
5969:"Do animals have language? - Michele Bishop"
5683:
5681:
4516:"Seismic Communication in Anuran Amphibians"
3989:
3424:
3199:"Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats"
2649:
2582:
2293:Tinbergen, N.; Perdeck, A. C. (1951-01-01).
1796:(in the characterization of French linguist
750:gives the groomer an opportunity to examine
7304:
5374:
4999:
4018:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
4014:
3449:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3170:
2643:
2331:
2021:
823:(IR) thermal radiation, which allows these
7297:
7283:
7200:International Society for Applied Ethology
6846:
6832:
6490:
6476:
6239:
6225:
5498:
5148:
5000:Stritih, Natasa; Kosi, Alenka (Nov 2017).
4805:
4192:
3504:
1862:
1764:Do animals have language? - Michele Bishop
7815:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
6129:
6119:
6011:
5775:
5678:
5637:
5477:, 2009, Random House/Crown/TenSpeed Press
5392:
5257:
5247:
5035:
5025:
4976:
4958:
4901:
4719:
4617:
4420:
4402:
4106:
4096:
3614:
3573:
3563:
3321:"Can Prairie Dogs Talk? (Published 2017)"
3295:
3230:
3147:
3098:
2964:
2907:
2858:
2626:
2608:
2559:
2541:
2434:
2424:
2375:
2357:
2253:
2212:
2194:
909:sender and receiver are the same animal,
717:For more on the mechanism for touch, see
504:courtship displays, and chest beating in
283:can serve as alarms or keep members of a
7683:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
6246:
4503:: 1135–1142 – via Oxford Academic.
4480:: 1215–1221 – via Oxford Academic.
4312:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
3353:"New Language Discovered: Prairiedogese"
3196:
2723:
2523:
1629:can recognize identity information from
1534:
1528:proposes that behaviours that enabled a
1408:
1315:
960:
810:
606:
595:
510:
347:
275:
252:
7750:
6192:Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
5803:Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior
5784:
4943:"Place recognition using batlike sonar"
4467:
2176:
1258:fall in the same category: for example
360:to signal to females. Examples include
8084:
6497:
5562:
5299:
4513:
4305:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3596:
3115:
2744:
2693:Hanlon, R.T.; Messenger, J.B. (1996).
2519:
2517:
2129:
2089:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145121
1652:The same researchers later found that
7749:
7671:
7545:High-context and low-context cultures
7316:
7278:
6827:
6471:
6220:
5961:
5799:
5537:
5142:
4883:
4672:
4670:
3838:
3836:
2817:"Bioluminescence | Smithsonian Ocean"
2784:
2530:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
2465:
2334:"Ape gestures and language evolution"
1740:Picture Exchange Communication System
1620:
1130:"Small dog watching a cat on a table"
7894:Computer processing of body language
7672:
6066:
4490:
3510:
3318:
2027:
1583:
900:
45:, are being understood in new ways.
7909:List of facial expression databases
7899:Emotion recognition in conversation
5375:Wijngaarden, Vanessa (2023-02-08).
4497:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4474:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4219:
3760:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3647:
3470:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3427:"Whales Found to Speak in Dialects"
3180:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3067:"Bird song, ecology and speciation"
3036:10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.000425
2953:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2847:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2726:"Two-faced fish tricks competitors"
2524:Shepherd, Stephen V. (2010-03-19).
2514:
1389:Since the late 90s, one scientist,
1311:
1236:
404:to distinguish between groups. The
141:caretaker. In another experiment,
60:
13:
6186:International Bioacoustics Council
5707:"Motherese in bottlenose dolphins"
5581:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00695.x
4667:
4468:Cocroft, Reginald (October 2001).
3833:
1688:
1094:Interpretation of animal behaviour
421:have been found to have different
301:
14:
8123:
7793:Childhood disintegrative disorder
6204:The British Library Sound Archive
6194:research on animal vocalizations.
6164:Animal Communicator – Documentary
6157:
5872:Journal of Comparative Psychology
5433:Journal of Comparative Psychology
5306:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
5149:Bowen, Jon; Heath, Sarah (2005).
5067:Clutton-Brock, Tim (2016-05-31).
4226:The Journal of Genetic Psychology
3920:Advances in the Study of Behavior
3663:Searcy, William A. (March 2013).
3511:Ford, John Kenneth Baker (1984).
3018:Schwartzkopff, J (January 1977).
2028:Shah, Sonia (20 September 2023).
667:scent-mark frequently during the
7259:
7258:
6181:The Animal Communication Project
6087:
6060:
6028:
5800:Smith, Eric Alden (2017-09-29).
5639:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01750.x
4136:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
2466:Mogil, Jeffrey S. (April 2009).
1878:
1758:
1421:
1219:
1209:surveying potential dangers and
1198:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
339:Problems playing this file? See
317:
242:List of bioluminescent organisms
6729:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
6073:. University of Chicago Press.
5987:
5906:
5859:
5820:
5793:
5613:
5595:
5556:
5531:
5492:
5480:
5467:
5417:
5340:
5236:Journal of Experimental Biology
5223:
5176:
5087:
5060:
4993:
4934:
4877:
4830:
4799:
4736:
4650:
4606:Journal of Experimental Biology
4593:
4546:
4507:
4484:
4461:
4437:
4378:
4354:
4324:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.001
4306:Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010-02-01).
4299:
4244:
4213:
4186:
4123:
4064:
4053:from the original on 2012-05-29
4035:
4021:. University of Chicago Press.
4008:
3983:
3948:
3904:
3857:
3794:
3747:
3731:
3695:
3669:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3590:
3457:
3418:
3394:
3369:
3345:
3312:
3247:
3190:
3164:
3058:
3011:
2989:
2940:
2896:Journal of Experimental Biology
2883:
2834:
2809:
2778:
2767:
2717:
2686:
2576:
2459:
2392:
2242:Journal of Experimental Biology
1526:gene-centered view of evolution
1371:
761:Another example of this is the
562:and if the human is carrying a
184:, have specialized skin cells (
7317:
6904:Bee learning and communication
6067:Real, Leslie A. (1994-12-15).
5691:, vol. 103 no 21, May 23, 2006
5605:under the subject of his book
3542:Souhaut M; Shields MW (2021).
3521:University of British Columbia
2785:Mason, Julia (July 18, 2018).
2325:
2286:
2229:
2170:
2123:
2120:Maynard-Smith and Harper, 2003
2064:
1997:
1745:
771:Prolonged physical contact or
400:, and the use of frequency in
1:
5201:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.010
4156:10.1088/1748-3190/11/6/066009
3977:10.1016/s0140-1963(95)80023-9
3932:10.1016/S0065-3454(01)80007-3
3890:10.1016/S0140-1963(95)80023-9
2728:. Science Now. Archived from
2136:Studies in the Age of Chaucer
1991:
953:Communication during contests
6853:
6188:research on animal language.
6121:10.1371/journal.pone.0151600
5752:National Academy of Sciences
5542:. Atria Books/Beyond Words.
5318:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90040-5
5027:10.1371/journal.pone.0187512
4884:Jones, Gareth (2005-07-12).
4542:– via Oxford Academic.
4514:Narins, Peter (April 1990).
4491:Hill, Peggy (October 2001).
4269:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.06.009
4098:10.1371/journal.pone.0184622
3957:Journal of Arid Environments
3870:Journal of Arid Environments
3379:. 2016-10-27. Archived from
3197:Boughman, J W (1998-02-07).
2652:Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat
2610:10.1371/journal.pone.0016888
2426:10.1371/journal.pone.0201762
2177:Beecher, Michael D. (2021).
1727:applied behavioural analysis
1426:
944:
585:
248:
204:Bioluminescent communication
136:Another important signal of
37:, sociology, neurology, and
7:
7810:Nonverbal learning disorder
7388:Speech-independent gestures
7361:Facial Action Coding System
5300:Hasson, O. (October 1991).
3807:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3319:Jabr, Ferris (2017-05-12).
3171:Zuberbühler, Klaus (2001).
3024:Annual Review of Psychology
2472:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2077:Annual Review of Psychology
1871:
1843:may be notable exceptions).
1496:showed in a study of grass
1405:Animal and human encounters
1308:snake's predatory pursuit.
1184:Interspecific communication
674:
546:is used by animals such as
265:
10:
8128:
8112:Interspecies communication
7550:Interpersonal relationship
7351:Body-to-body communication
6813:Human–animal communication
6312:Human–animal communication
6013:10.1207/s15516709cog2403_2
5833:Evolution of Communication
5499:Blumenthal, Susan (1990).
3597:Ladich, Friedrich (2001).
2701:Cambridge University Press
1950:Human–animal communication
1775:
1770:, 4:54, September 10, 2015
1625:It has been reported that
1442:'s tail, the antlers of a
1430:
1384:interspecies communication
1378:Human–animal communication
1375:
1331:
1305:banner-tailed kangaroo rat
1190:Interspecies communication
1187:
1178:"Dog caressing his master"
804:
800:
784:
780:
763:waggle dance of honey bees
678:
589:
269:
89:
8041:
8015:
7955:
7948:
7922:
7886:
7850:
7823:
7760:
7756:
7745:
7678:
7667:
7623:
7600:
7563:
7515:
7450:
7329:
7325:
7312:
7254:
7208:
7187:
7066:
6961:Evolutionary neuroscience
6861:
6785:
6742:
6711:
6670:
6643:
6615:
6567:
6539:
6528:
6505:
6439:
6345:
6332:Self-anointing in animals
6307:FOXP2 and human evolution
6254:
5931:10.1007/s10071-008-0199-3
5505:American Indian Quarterly
5394:10.1163/15685306-bja10122
5073:. John Wiley & Sons.
4903:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.051
4855:10.1007/s00500-016-2033-1
4259:. Neotropical Behaviour.
4220:Kuo, Zing (Jan 1, 1960).
2196:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.602635
1757:
1752:
1654:common bottlenose dolphin
1458:, the pattern changes of
85:
7965:Behavioral communication
6914:Behavioral endocrinology
6297:Evolutionary linguistics
5563:Morris, Desmond (1958).
5538:Smith, Penelope (2009).
4404:10.3389/fphys.2018.00563
2724:Williams, Sarah (2012).
2543:10.3389/fnint.2010.00005
2130:Warren, Michael (2018).
1166:"Half-bred shepherd dog"
710:
402:greater spear-nosed bats
220:. Other insects, insect
80:
7405:Interpersonal synchrony
7306:Nonverbal communication
7109:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
6889:Animal sexual behaviour
6751:Koko: A Talking Gorilla
5768:10.1073/pnas.2300262120
5601:discussed at length by
4391:Frontiers in Physiology
2751:Motluk, Alison (2001).
2359:10.1073/pnas.0702624104
2311:10.1163/156853951X00197
2183:Frontiers in Psychology
2009:Encyclopedia Britannica
1863:Errors in communication
1826:honeybee dance language
1696:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
534:species, including the
427:southern resident orcas
8002:Monastic sign lexicons
7693:Emotional intelligence
7048:Tool use by non-humans
7001:Philosophical ethology
6946:Comparative psychology
6894:Animal welfare science
6734:The Gorilla Foundation
6515:American Sign Language
6452:Category:Talking birds
4559:Journal of Herpetology
4043:"Electrocommunication"
3215:10.1098/rspb.1998.0286
3083:10.1098/rstb.2001.1056
2005:"Animal communication"
1970:Sir Philip Sidney game
1925:Nasty neighbour effect
1902:(human–animal studies)
1856:Campbell's mona monkey
1736:American sign language
1650:
1543:
1414:
1395:American Sign Language
1329:
969:
816:
697:Weakly electric fishes
631:For instance, a small
621:chemical communication
616:
611:A lamb investigates a
604:
592:Olfactic communication
570:stand on two feet and
530:. Species such as the
520:
356:
306:
296:
258:
7992:Impression management
6327:Seismic communication
6277:Anecdotal cognitivism
5845:10.1075/eoc.2.1.06har
5381:Society & Animals
4257:Behavioural Processes
4240:– via ProQuest.
3829:– via ProQuest.
3603:The Anatomical Record
3482:10.1007/s002650050343
2787:"Glowing in the Deep"
2148:10.1353/sac.2018.0028
1831:In contrast to human
1820:instead, for example
1671:child–directed speech
1636:
1572:, which can create a
1538:
1452:European herring gull
1446:and the frill of the
1431:Further information:
1412:
1332:Further information:
1328:in front of its jaws.
1319:
1030:Redirected aggression
1015:Ownership/territorial
967:
814:
787:Seismic communication
610:
599:
538:(woodchuck), and the
514:
354:
305:
279:
256:
73:to communicate about
8092:Animal communication
8007:Verbal communication
7960:Animal communication
7878:Targeted advertising
7395:Haptic communication
7154:William Homan Thorpe
6919:Behavioural genetics
6879:Animal consciousness
6874:Animal communication
6798:Animal communication
6287:Deception in animals
6248:Animal communication
5715:. September 25, 2023
2696:Cephalopod Behaviour
1935:Degeneracy (biology)
1930:Deception in animals
1895:Animal consciousness
1683:convergent evolution
1334:Deception in animals
1037:Food-related signals
719:Somatosensory system
681:Electrocommunication
515:An alert motionless
293:courtship and mating
291:are associated with
232:and even species of
22:Animal communication
8016:Non-verbal language
7904:Gesture recognition
7751:Further information
7641:Emotion recognition
7592:Silent service code
6909:Behavioural ecology
6688:Maurice K. Temerlin
6683:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
6112:2016PLoSO..1151600G
5975:. 10 September 2015
5760:2023PNAS..12000262S
5018:2017PLoSO..1287512S
4960:10.7554/eLife.14188
4761:1984NW.....71..327K
4749:Naturwissenschaften
4704:10.1038/nature08943
4696:2010Natur.464.1006G
4690:(7291): 1006–1011.
4148:2016BiBi...11f6009D
4089:2017PLoSO..1284622W
3969:1995JArEn..29..511D
3882:1995JArEn..29..511D
3565:10.7717/peerj.12085
3272:2015NatSR...513220P
3140:2021EcolL..24..477M
2966:10.1093/icb/icab013
2860:10.1093/icb/icab090
2791:The Dish on Science
2601:2011PLoSO...616888R
2417:2018PLoSO..1301762B
2350:2007PNAS..104.8184P
1793:double articulation
1627:bottlenose dolphins
1448:frill-necked lizard
1322:humpback anglerfish
1024:Anolis carolinensis
895:infrared perception
883:Common vampire bats
419:Whale vocalizations
8042:Art and literature
7997:Meta-communication
7985:Passive-aggressive
7914:Sentiment analysis
7615:Non-verbal leakage
7238:Behavioral Ecology
7159:Nikolaas Tinbergen
6951:Emotion in animals
6929:Cognitive ethology
6759:The Mind of an Ape
6678:Francine Patterson
6499:Great ape language
6409:Great ape language
6358:Whale vocalization
6322:Origin of language
6209:2010-07-22 at the
6174:2005-10-25 at the
5249:10.1242/jeb.106849
4769:10.1007/BF00396621
4619:10.1242/jeb.006965
4199:. Academic Press.
3990:Clapham, Melanie.
3772:10.1007/BF00170715
3743:UCLA Life Sciences
3529:10.14288/1.0096602
3325:The New York Times
3260:Scientific Reports
2909:10.1242/jeb.242637
2664:10.1007/bf00347297
2255:10.1242/jeb.242637
2035:The New York Times
1960:Origin of language
1940:Emotion in animals
1658:Tursiops truncatus
1631:signature whistles
1621:Signature whistles
1544:
1415:
1330:
1290:(sometimes called
1249:: species such as
1247:warning coloration
1081:Meta-communication
1010:"Copulation calls"
970:
925:(knifefishes) and
911:selection pressure
845:parallel evolution
817:
746:Social integration
617:
605:
521:
366:hammer-headed bats
357:
307:
297:
259:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
7773:Asperger syndrome
7741:
7740:
7723:Social competence
7663:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7465:Emotional prosody
7371:Subtle expression
7356:Facial expression
7272:
7271:
7164:Jakob von Uexküll
6934:Comfort behaviour
6821:
6820:
6803:Primate cognition
6703:William M. Fields
6698:Tetsuro Matsuzawa
6666:
6665:
6508:to non-human apes
6465:
6464:
6080:978-0-226-70595-8
6000:Cognitive Science
5813:978-1-351-52132-1
5242:(18): 3229–3236.
5080:978-1-119-09532-3
4896:(13): R484–R488.
4849:(14): 3827–3848.
4612:(16): 2801–2810.
4366:news.stanford.edu
4206:978-0-12-801683-1
4028:978-0-226-51698-1
3813:(12): 2239–2245.
3280:10.1038/srep13220
3209:(1392): 227–233.
3149:10.1111/ele.13662
3077:(1420): 493–503.
2710:978-0-521-64583-6
2344:(19): 8184–8189.
1921:Dear enemy effect
1774:
1773:
1584:Cognitive aspects
1574:positive feedback
1541:runaway selection
1433:Signalling theory
1300:Thomson's gazelle
1006:birds of paradise
965:
906:Autocommunication
901:Autocommunication
887:Desmodus rotundus
861:electrophysiology
831:between 5 and 30
542:show this trait.
415:Con Slobodchikoff
352:
322:
132:Facial expression
92:Visual perception
50:Signalling theory
27:courtship display
8119:
7953:
7952:
7930:Ray Birdwhistell
7758:
7757:
7747:
7746:
7673:Broader concepts
7669:
7668:
7646:First impression
7327:
7326:
7314:
7313:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7276:
7275:
7262:
7261:
7224:Animal Cognition
7217:Animal Behaviour
7169:Wolfgang Wickler
6869:Animal cognition
6848:
6841:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6808:Animal cognition
6712:Research centers
6537:
6536:
6533:simple languages
6506:Languages taught
6492:
6485:
6478:
6469:
6468:
6272:Animal cognition
6241:
6234:
6227:
6218:
6217:
6152:
6151:
6133:
6123:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6015:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5919:Animal Cognition
5910:
5904:
5903:
5884:10.1037/a0039462
5863:
5857:
5856:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5738:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5703:
5692:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5641:
5617:
5611:
5608:The Selfish Gene
5599:
5593:
5592:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5445:10.1037/a0039462
5430:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5396:
5372:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5350:. Archived from
5344:
5338:
5337:
5297:
5288:
5287:
5261:
5251:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5189:Animal Behaviour
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5070:Mammal Societies
5064:
5058:
5057:
5039:
5029:
5012:(11): e0187512.
4997:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4962:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4905:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4621:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4406:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3751:
3745:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3712:. Archived from
3711:
3707:Springer-Verlag"
3699:
3693:
3692:
3660:
3645:
3644:
3618:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3567:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2968:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2911:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2793:. Archived from
2782:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:on March 8, 2013
2721:
2715:
2714:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2612:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2545:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2428:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2361:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1965:Origin of speech
1906:Biocommunication
1888:
1883:
1882:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1648:
1591:animal cognition
1570:sexual selection
1488:and other early
1312:Predator to prey
1237:Prey to predator
1223:
1202:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1101:anthropomorphize
966:
723:Mechanoreceptors
705:electroreceptors
601:Flehmen response
524:Burrowing animal
353:
324:
323:
304:
113:begging response
61:Animal languages
39:animal cognition
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8063:
8054:Mimoplastic art
8037:
8028:Tactile signing
8011:
7944:
7918:
7882:
7846:
7819:
7752:
7737:
7713:Social behavior
7674:
7655:
7619:
7610:Microexpression
7596:
7580:One-bit message
7559:
7511:
7446:
7366:Microexpression
7321:
7308:
7303:
7273:
7268:
7250:
7204:
7183:
7179:Solly Zuckerman
7119:Karl von Frisch
7104:Richard Dawkins
7089:John B. Calhoun
7074:Patrick Bateson
7062:
6996:Pain in animals
6857:
6852:
6822:
6817:
6793:Animal language
6781:
6738:
6707:
6662:
6639:
6611:
6563:
6532:
6530:
6524:
6507:
6501:
6496:
6466:
6461:
6435:
6353:Aquatic animals
6346:Animal-specific
6341:
6337:Talking animals
6267:Animal language
6262:Animal training
6250:
6245:
6211:Wayback Machine
6176:Wayback Machine
6160:
6155:
6106:(4): e0151600.
6092:
6088:
6081:
6065:
6061:
6052:
6050:
6034:
6033:
6029:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5911:
5907:
5864:
5860:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5754:: e2300262120.
5739:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5705:
5704:
5695:
5686:
5679:
5618:
5614:
5603:Richard Dawkins
5600:
5596:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5536:
5532:
5517:10.2307/1184963
5497:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5473:Sean Senechal:
5472:
5468:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5373:
5366:
5357:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5312:(10): 325–329.
5298:
5291:
5228:
5224:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5147:
5143:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5065:
5061:
4998:
4994:
4939:
4935:
4890:Current Biology
4882:
4878:
4835:
4831:
4824:10.1139/f02-029
4804:
4800:
4741:
4737:
4675:
4668:
4655:
4651:
4598:
4594:
4571:10.2307/1564650
4551:
4547:
4532:10.2307/1311263
4512:
4508:
4489:
4485:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4449:archive.epa.gov
4443:
4442:
4438:
4383:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4304:
4300:
4249:
4245:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4196:Animal Behavior
4191:
4187:
4128:
4124:
4083:(9): e0184622.
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4013:
4009:
3988:
3984:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3819:10.1139/z01-194
3799:
3795:
3752:
3748:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3661:
3648:
3616:10.1002/ar.1105
3595:
3591:
3548:Aquatic Biology
3540:
3536:
3523:. p. 284.
3509:
3505:
3462:
3458:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3431:livescience.com
3423:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3317:
3313:
3252:
3248:
3195:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3128:Ecology Letters
3120:
3116:
3063:
3059:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2945:
2941:
2888:
2884:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2823:. 30 April 2018
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:. p. 121.
2691:
2687:
2648:
2644:
2581:
2577:
2522:
2515:
2484:10.1038/nrn2606
2464:
2460:
2411:(8): e0201762.
2397:
2393:
2330:
2326:
2291:
2287:
2234:
2230:
2175:
2171:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1865:
1780:
1778:Animal language
1759:
1753:External videos
1748:
1691:
1689:Human behaviour
1649:
1643:
1623:
1599:Robert Seyfarth
1586:
1552:Richard Dawkins
1522:Sociobiologists
1513:group selection
1435:
1429:
1424:
1407:
1399:animal language
1380:
1374:
1349:ambush predator
1336:
1314:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1096:
1058:Rhesus macaques
1050:Karl von Frisch
961:
947:
916:electrolocation
903:
809:
807:Thermoreception
803:
789:
783:
713:
701:electrolocation
683:
677:
669:breeding season
650:animal behavior
644:and changes in
638:Atlantic salmon
594:
588:
550:to communicate
390:Campbell monkey
374:humpback whales
348:
346:
345:
337:
335:
334:
333:
332:
325:
318:
315:
308:
302:
274:
272:Animal language
268:
251:
95:
88:
83:
67:electrolocation
63:
43:sexual behavior
35:animal behavior
17:
12:
11:
5:
8125:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7935:Charles Darwin
7932:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7829:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7764:
7762:
7754:
7753:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7631:Affect display
7627:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7577:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7517:Social context
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7467:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7425:Pupil dilation
7422:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7353:
7348:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7323:
7322:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7231:Animal Welfare
7227:
7220:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:Desmond Morris
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7099:Marian Dawkins
7096:
7094:Charles Darwin
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6976:Human ethology
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6884:Animal culture
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:
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6859:
6858:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6828:
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6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6782:
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6779:
6771:
6763:
6755:
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6744:
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6731:
6726:
6721:
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6709:
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6706:
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6695:
6690:
6685:
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6655:
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6613:
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6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
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6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6534:
6529:Non-human apes
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6480:
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6406:
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6360:
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6339:
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6329:
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6159:
6158:External links
6156:
6154:
6153:
6086:
6079:
6059:
6027:
6006:(3): 363–396.
5986:
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5925:(3): 409–418.
5905:
5878:(4): 334–338.
5858:
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5632:(1): 110–119.
5612:
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5575:(3): 389–439.
5555:
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5439:(4): 334–338.
5416:
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5339:
5289:
5259:2286/R.I.28102
5222:
5195:(2): 405–411.
5175:
5162:978-0702027673
5161:
5141:
5106:(1): 140–149.
5086:
5079:
5059:
4992:
4933:
4886:"Echolocation"
4876:
4843:Soft Computing
4829:
4798:
4755:(6): 327–328.
4735:
4666:
4649:
4592:
4565:(2): 208–211.
4545:
4526:(4): 268–274.
4506:
4483:
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4377:
4353:
4318:(2): 260–268.
4298:
4243:
4212:
4205:
4185:
4122:
4063:
4049:. 2012-05-29.
4034:
4027:
4007:
3982:
3963:(4): 511–517.
3947:
3940:
3903:
3876:(4): 511–517.
3856:
3832:
3793:
3766:(2): 105–110.
3746:
3730:
3719:on 2 June 2021
3694:
3681:10.1086/669301
3646:
3609:(3): 297–306.
3589:
3534:
3503:
3476:(5): 277–285.
3456:
3417:
3393:
3368:
3344:
3311:
3246:
3189:
3163:
3134:(3): 477–486.
3114:
3057:
3010:
2988:
2959:(3): 814–824.
2939:
2882:
2853:(3): 787–813.
2833:
2808:
2797:on May 6, 2021
2777:
2766:
2743:
2716:
2709:
2685:
2658:(2): 250–280.
2642:
2575:
2513:
2478:(4): 283–294.
2458:
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2169:
2142:(1): 491–495.
2122:
2110:
2083:(1): 145–173.
2063:
2020:
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1982:
1977:
1975:Talking animal
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1932:
1927:
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1886:Animals portal
1873:
1870:
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1859:
1852:animal culture
1844:
1829:
1813:
1798:André Martinet
1776:Main article:
1772:
1771:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1690:
1687:
1679:vocal learning
1641:
1622:
1619:
1603:Dorothy Cheney
1595:vervet monkeys
1585:
1582:
1494:Desmond Morris
1482:
1481:
1478:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1406:
1403:
1376:Main article:
1373:
1370:
1353:bioluminescent
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1238:
1235:
1225:
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1197:
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1188:Main article:
1185:
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1158:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1109:Charles Darwin
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1013:
977:
959:
958:
954:
946:
943:
939:toothed whales
902:
899:
805:Main article:
802:
799:
785:Main article:
782:
779:
778:
777:
769:
766:
758:
755:
747:
744:
740:
737:
734:
727:
726:
712:
709:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
587:
584:
574:for potential
556:animal kingdom
378:elephant seals
336:
329:American crows
326:
316:
313:Crows flocking
311:
310:
309:
300:
299:
298:
270:Main article:
267:
264:
250:
247:
246:
245:
206:
201:
198:bioluminescent
194:Humboldt squid
186:chromatophores
176:, such as the
169:
166:
153:
147:
134:
129:
101:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:and location.
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8124:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8097:Communication
8095:
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8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
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8034:
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8029:
8026:
8024:
8023:Sign language
8021:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8005:
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8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7986:
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7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7868:Freudian slip
7866:
7864:
7863:Lie detection
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7842:Mirror neuron
7840:
7838:
7834:
7833:Limbic system
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7798:Rett syndrome
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7765:
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7759:
7755:
7748:
7744:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7728:Social skills
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7703:People skills
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Communication
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7670:
7666:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:Multi-faceted
7622:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
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7535:Display rules
7533:
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7522:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7506:
7505:Voice quality
7503:
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7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7342:Body language
7340:
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7328:
7324:
7320:
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7311:
7307:
7300:
7295:
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7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Thomas Sebeok
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7139:Konrad Lorenz
7137:
7135:
7134:Julian Huxley
7132:
7130:
7129:Heini Hediger
7127:
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7115:
7112:
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7087:
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7059:
7058:Zoomusicology
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6991:Neuroethology
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6899:Anthrozoology
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6885:
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6704:
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6691:
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6679:
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6608:
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6603:
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6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6382:Talking birds
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
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6348:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
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6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
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6303:
6300:
6298:
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6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6198:Animal Sounds
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
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6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
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6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6063:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6009:
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6001:
5997:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5809:
5806:. Routledge.
5805:
5804:
5796:
5787:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5737:
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5733:
5731:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5549:9781582702353
5545:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5476:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5387:(aop): 1–21.
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5369:
5354:on 2020-11-29
5353:
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5335:
5331:
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5323:
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5311:
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5303:
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4405:
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4341:
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4325:
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4309:
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4274:
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4266:
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4258:
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4231:
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4216:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4142:(6): 066009.
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
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4038:
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4020:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3970:
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3962:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3941:9780120045303
3937:
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3914:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3846:. 16 May 2018
3845:
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3467:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3383:on 2016-10-27
3382:
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3307:
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3208:
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3110:
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3076:
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3068:
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3037:
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3025:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2992:
2984:
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2958:
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2837:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2757:New Scientist
2754:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:(2): e16888.
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
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2527:
2520:
2518:
2509:
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2501:
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2328:
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2296:
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2277:
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2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Zoomusicology
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Body language
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:Anthrozoology
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:body language
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1731:Sean Senechal
1728:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1708:body language
1705:
1701:
1700:eyebrow flash
1697:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1644:V. M. Janik,
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:Konrad Lorenz
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1422:Other aspects
1419:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:Sean Senechal
1387:
1385:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1191:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Julian Huxley
991:
987:
983:
978:
975:
972:
971:
955:
952:
951:
950:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Gymnotiformes
921:
920:electric fish
917:
912:
907:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
808:
798:
795:
788:
774:
770:
767:
764:
759:
756:
753:
748:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
730:
725:
724:
720:
715:
714:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
692:
688:
682:
672:
670:
666:
661:
660:scent rubbing
657:
656:Scent marking
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:acidification
639:
634:
629:
627:
622:
614:
609:
602:
598:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:alpine marmot
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:swim bladders
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
406:vervet monkey
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
344:
342:
330:
314:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
263:
255:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:Colour change
167:
163:
159:
154:
151:
148:
144:
143:Jeffrey Mogil
139:
135:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
118:Frans de Waal
114:
110:
106:
102:
100:
97:
96:
93:
78:
76:
72:
68:
58:
56:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
8107:Zoosemiotics
7959:
7858:Cold reading
7851:Applications
7825:Neuroanatomy
7470:Paralanguage
7243:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7174:E. O. Wilson
7124:Jane Goodall
7084:Donald Broom
7053:Zoosemiotics
7006:Sociobiology
6873:
6797:
6773:
6765:
6757:
6749:
6724:Elgin Center
6592:Nim Chimpsky
6282:Bioacoustics
6247:
6103:
6099:
6089:
6069:
6062:
6051:. Retrieved
6039:
6030:
6003:
5999:
5989:
5979:11 September
5977:. Retrieved
5963:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5802:
5795:
5786:
5747:
5743:
5719:December 26,
5717:. Retrieved
5710:
5688:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5539:
5533:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5482:
5474:
5469:
5436:
5432:
5419:
5384:
5380:
5356:. Retrieved
5352:the original
5342:
5309:
5305:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5151:
5144:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5069:
5062:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4687:
4683:
4659:
4652:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4452:. Retrieved
4448:
4439:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4369:. Retrieved
4365:
4356:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4195:
4188:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4055:. Retrieved
4046:
4037:
4017:
4010:
3992:
3985:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3923:
3919:
3906:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3848:. Retrieved
3810:
3806:
3796:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3740:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3714:the original
3704:
3697:
3672:
3668:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:
3420:
3409:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:the original
3371:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3336:. Retrieved
3324:
3314:
3266:(1): 13220.
3263:
3259:
3249:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3030:(1): 61–84.
3027:
3023:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2991:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:ocean.si.edu
2820:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:the original
2790:
2780:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2753:"Big Bottom"
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2719:
2695:
2688:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2533:
2529:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2042:21 September
2040:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1985:Zoosemiotics
1911:Biosemiotics
1866:
1847:
1791:
1781:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1692:
1675:CDS benefits
1657:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1624:
1587:
1578:
1565:Amotz Zahavi
1545:
1510:
1483:
1472:
1436:
1416:
1388:
1381:
1372:Human/animal
1362:antmimicking
1337:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1273:rattlesnakes
1244:
1240:
1232:
1097:
1042:Waggle dance
1023:
986:mating calls
948:
931:echolocation
904:
891:homeothermic
886:
881:
842:
818:
790:
728:
716:
695:
684:
654:
630:
618:
548:prairie dogs
522:
498:rattlesnakes
446:grasshoppers
438:stridulation
431:
411:Prairie dogs
358:
338:
260:
109:herring gull
71:echolocation
64:
47:
21:
20:
18:
7837:Limbic lobe
7602:Unconscious
7585:Missed call
7555:Social norm
7530:Conventions
7420:Eye contact
7114:Dian Fossey
7079:Marc Bekoff
7067:Ethologists
6778:(2011 film)
6775:Project Nim
6770:(1997 book)
6767:Next of Kin
6762:(1983 book)
6754:(1978 film)
6693:Roger Fouts
6671:Researchers
6569:Chimpanzees
6317:Mating call
5777:10023/27844
4660:Herpetology
3926:: 169–217.
2801:October 31,
2305:(1): 1–39.
1784:linguistics
1746:Linguistics
1490:ethologists
1358:Myrmarachne
1345:angler fish
1207:prairie dog
1072:Alarm calls
1048:studied by
984:signals or
933:, found in
837:rattlesnake
829:wavelengths
474:butterflies
450:crustaceans
394:territorial
386:alarm calls
327:A flock of
210:angler fish
174:cephalopods
165:mechanisms.
8086:Categories
7970:Aggressive
7940:Paul Ekman
7923:Key people
7887:Technology
7873:Poker tell
7718:Social cue
7525:Chronemics
7475:Intonation
7319:Modalities
7016:Structures
7011:Stereotypy
6645:Orangutans
6559:Panbanisha
6370:Bumblebees
6053:2020-10-31
5358:2020-10-28
5054:1961423777
4953:: e14188.
4818:(3): 542.
4520:BioScience
4454:2020-10-26
4371:2020-10-26
4238:1297122533
4057:2020-10-26
4047:archive.fo
4002:1065010384
3850:2020-10-26
3558:: e12085.
3519:(Thesis).
3436:2020-10-25
3411:2020-10-25
3387:2020-10-25
3362:2020-10-25
3338:2020-10-25
3186:: 414–422.
2827:2020-10-25
2453:2091762411
2014:2020-10-31
1992:References
1848:creativity
1660:) mothers
1556:altruistic
1548:John Krebs
1464:bowerbirds
1460:cuttlefish
1277:amphibians
1260:hoverflies
1062:Pheromones
990:pair bonds
927:Mormyridae
877:Crotalinae
869:loreal pit
603:in a tiger
590:See also:
486:centipedes
482:millipedes
434:arthropods
341:media help
289:bird songs
281:Bird calls
230:arachnids,
218:glow worms
190:camouflage
182:cuttlefish
152:-following
31:kairomones
8102:Semiotics
7975:Assertive
7783:Fragile X
7768:Aprosodia
7761:Disorders
7708:Semiotics
7636:Deception
7442:Proxemics
7432:Olfaction
7415:Oculesics
7400:Imitation
7245:Behaviour
7188:Societies
7026:Honeycomb
6399:Elephants
6048:1059-1028
6022:1551-6709
5939:1435-9456
5892:1939-2087
5853:1387-5337
5648:0014-3820
5626:Evolution
5589:1469-7998
5453:1939-2087
5411:257674909
5403:1568-5306
5326:0169-5347
5268:0022-0949
5209:0003-3472
5120:0045-8511
4969:2050-084X
4928:235311777
4912:0960-9822
4871:207013387
4863:1433-7479
4777:1432-1904
4712:1476-4687
4628:0022-0949
4579:0022-1511
4413:1664-042X
4332:0149-7634
4293:205979349
4277:0376-6357
4263:: 27–33.
4164:1748-3190
3898:0140-1963
3827:220512135
3780:1432-0762
3689:0033-5770
3675:(1): 48.
3625:1097-0185
3490:1432-0762
3333:0362-4331
3288:2045-2322
3223:0962-8452
3091:0962-8436
3044:0066-4308
2975:1540-7063
2934:243940410
2918:0022-0949
2869:1540-7063
2736:March 16,
2619:1932-6203
2552:1662-5145
2508:205504814
2492:1471-003X
2368:0027-8424
2319:0005-7959
2299:Behaviour
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2205:1664-1078
2164:165256417
2156:1949-0755
2097:0066-4308
2052:cite news
1839:and some
1837:Cetaceans
1802:morphemes
1666:frequency
1517:evolution
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1427:Evolution
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1046:honeybees
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6862:Branches
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6255:Concepts
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6148:16369609
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1841:primates
1833:language
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768:Huddling
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