1151:
2312:
3956:
2758:
1956:
2295:
2737:
1925:
1485:
2829:
2687:
1312:
2274:
2888:
1892:
2789:
2052:
2849:
2451:
131:
2707:
3428:
1613:
3347:
1699:
3544:
1988:
1783:
2511:
3124:
3716:
3250:
1741:
15687:
2531:
2431:
3051:
1661:
1853:
12661:
2481:
1020:
2909:
12649:
2020:
847:
1819:
2401:
99:
3842:
1558:
larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. Using patterns within the
3397:, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the
3089:
to all other animals. Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are. Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla; their cells are differentiated, but
1557:
The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla, along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water, and marine), and free-living or parasitic ways of life. Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much
3575:
was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.
3691:
divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and
Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges. The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom
2266:
decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals. Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North
America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in
3570:
from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul).
9672:
Srivastava, Mansi; Begovic, Emina; Chapman, Jarrod; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Hellsten, Uffe; Kawashima, Takeshi; Kuo, Alan; Mitros, Therese; Salamov, Asaf; Carpenter, Meredith L.; Signorovitch, Ana Y.; Moreno, Maria A.; Kamm, Kai; Grimwood, Jane; Schmutz, Jeremy (1 August 2008).
3197:
and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some
2311:
8089:
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South
Australia".
946:. During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as
2227:
Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the
Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the
10666:
Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (2014).
1061:
into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first
3093:
The comb jellies and
Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus. Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete
7366:
Hookabe, Natsumi; Kajihara, Hiroshi; Chernyshev, Alexei V.; Jimi, Naoto; Hasegawa, Naohiro; Kohtsuka, Hisanori; Okanishi, Masanori; Tani, Kenichiro; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Tsuchida, Shinji; Ueshima, Rei (2022).
6580:"Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"
3792:
have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats. Dyestuffs including
2374:
Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.
2995:
for the
Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade
16513:
10835:"Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology"
8842:
Dellaporta, Stephen; Holland, Peter; Schierwater, Bernd; Jakob, Wolfgang; Sagasser, Sven; Kuhn, Kerstin (April 2004). "The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of
Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary".
6887:
Hebert, Paul D.N.; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Zakharov, Evgeny V.; Telfer, Angela C.; Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie; Milton, Megan A.; Pedersen, Stephanie; Jannetta, Paul; deWaard, Jeremy R. (1 August 2016).
2206:. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously. That view is supported by the discovery of
440:. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex
7806:
Maloof, A. C.; Porter, S. M.; Moore, J. L.; Dudas, F. O.; Bowring, S. A.; Higgins, J. A.; Fike, D. A.; Eddy, M. P. (2010). "The earliest
Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change".
2662:
Giribet and
Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).
3438:
The
Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo. The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum
9147:
Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (19 March 2021).
10874:
Kim, Chang Bae; Moon, Seung Yeo; Gelder, Stuart R.; Kim, Won (September 1996). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods Evidenced from Molecules and Morphology".
7369:"Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Nipponnemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera: Cratenemertidae) and Descriptions of 10 New Species, With Notes on Small Body Size in a Newly Discovered Clade"
1453:
adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms. Animals are however not particularly
2273:
7080:
16506:
12288:
12242:
11470:
11522:
Pearnchob, N.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier, R. (2003). "Pharmaceutical applications of shellac: moisture-protective and taste-masking coatings and extended-release matrix tablets".
8340:
Breyer, J. A. (1995). "Possible new evidence for the origin of metazoans prior to 1 Ga: Sediment-filled tubes from the Mesoproterozoic Allamoore Formation, Trans-Pecos Texas".
10408:
Simakov, Oleg; Kawashima, Takeshi; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Jenkins, Jerry; Koyanagi, Ryo; Mitros, Therese; Hisata, Kanako; Bredeson, Jessen; Shoguchi, Eiichi (26 November 2015).
11731:
12327:
2647:
signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for
3105:
The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae. Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.
5811:
3090:
in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals. They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out small particles of food.
9769:
Brusca, Richard C. (2016). "Introduction to the Bilateria and the Phylum Xenacoelomorpha | Triploblasty and Bilateral Symmetry Provide New Avenues for Animal Radiation".
3166:
or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.
2294:
16499:
12044:
6335:
4873:
4143:
alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (
11834:
10205:
Hejnol, A.; Martindale, M.Q. (2009). "The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore – open questions about questionable openings". In Telford, M.J.; Littlewood, D.J. (eds.).
1296:, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process, but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers. Other animals may have very specific
9414:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (9 October 2017).
6448:
12015:
7179:
Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies".
12066:
11914:
8279:
4787:
3205:
Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the
8806:
11026:
8614:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018).
2252:
worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist
10099:
8913:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Eernisse, Douglas J (2001). "Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences".
3277:
develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily. Most protostomes have
12535:
6383:
Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs".
3085:
Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a
9025:
4563:
3668:("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and
632:, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as
11204:
3181:
that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a
8994:
2150:
establishes their nature. Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by
15197:
6701:
4819:
16017:
15202:
9793:
3629:(a chaotic mess) and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his
10027:
9204:
Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017).
8482:
8128:; Bose, Pradip K.; Pfluger, Friedrich (2 October 1998). "Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from india".
3614:
3606:
11757:
8567:
Laumer, Christopher E.; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G.; Pearse, Vicki B.; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018).
7970:
6601:
15060:
12630:
12207:
6361:
5587:
4951:
3621:, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by
3598:
4653:
3602:
3594:
11705:
6814:
6502:"Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting an Indian major carp and a cat fish in wetlands of Punjab, India"
4500:
Boly, Melanie; Seth, Anil K.; Wilke, Melanie; Ingmundson, Paul; Baars, Bernard; Laureys, Steven; Edelman, David; Tsuchiya, Naotsugu (2013).
2612:. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora, both of which lack
7781:
6272:
4593:
3635:, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely
1150:
11783:
7676:
Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (20 September 2018).
4670:
4376:
Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Callow, Richard H. T.; Brasier, Martin D. (November 2014). "Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze".
3788:, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world. Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal
1516:), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long. The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were
1457:; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental
17069:
12445:
9914:
Philippe, H.; Brinkmann, H.; Copley, R.R.; Moroz, L. L.; Nakano, H.; Poustka, A.J.; Wallberg, A.; Peterson, K. J.; Telford, M.J. (2011).
9820:"Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris"
4681:
3610:
3234:
12278:
9650:
555:, but its identity as an animal is heavily contested. Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as
12234:
11466:
4170:
4070:
11940:
10988:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
10807:
10052:
Cannon, Johanna T.; Vellutini, Bruno C.; Smith III, Julian.; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (3 February 2016).
9349:
Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023).
9255:
Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023).
3273:) undergo spiral cleavage. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the
2617:
17263:
11727:
7491:
Love, Gordon; et al. (5 February 2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period".
6247:
12497:
12311:
11679:
11000:
3189:. They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary
17289:
15723:
12073:
11830:
11500:
9851:
4623:
4470:
3131:
body plan. With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the
1562:
hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.
11266:
10222:
5799:
4866:"Scientists discovered the first animal that doesn't need oxygen to live. It's changing the definition of what an animal can be"
4734:
11887:
7853:
814:'having breath or soul'. The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia. In colloquial usage, the term
16636:
12040:
11993:
11649:
6327:
4865:
17409:
12476:
12418:
12391:
12360:
12217:
12184:
12142:
11867:
11814:
11626:
11599:
11574:
11243:
11144:
11087:
11057:
10966:
10936:
10580:
10549:
10520:
10489:
10392:
10367:
10336:
10311:
10282:
10253:
10216:
10189:
9787:
9748:
9630:
9605:
9580:
9555:
9524:
9480:
9330:
9121:
8316:
8073:
7657:
7416:
7262:
7228:
7149:
7122:
7003:
6836:
Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Worm, Boris (23 August 2011). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.).
6794:
6760:
6653:
6310:
6197:
6019:
5994:
5961:
5936:
5703:
5674:
5647:
5618:
5566:
5490:
5412:
5370:
5324:
5299:
5262:
5231:
5193:
5155:
5128:
5093:
5062:
5013:
4982:
4713:
4432:
2212:, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from
17294:
12162:. Souvenir Press. pp. 2–8, 30–35, 60–64, 88–94, 118–124, 148–153, 178–184, 208–213, 238–244, 270–278, 306–312, 338–344.
11444:
11389:
11324:
9977:
Perseke, M.; Hankeln, T.; Weich, B.; Fritzsch, G.; Stadler, P.F.; Israelsson, O.; Bernhard, D.; Schlegel, M. (August 2007).
4046:
17414:
8886:
Finnerty, John (June 2001). "Cnidarians Reveal Intermediate Stages in the Evolution of Hox Clusters and Axial Complexity".
7534:
Shen, Bing; Dong, Lin; Xiao, Shuhai; Kowalewski, Michał (2008). "The Avalon Explosion: Evolution of Ediacara Morphospace".
3566:, based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then
3221:. However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to
2267:
Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.
1354:
indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize
11411:
7899:
6437:
5019:
110:
17002:
14008:
7293:
12022:
6478:
3281:, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by
12722:
12077:
11910:
8260:
4756:
4228:
de Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip; Gauthier, Jacques, eds. (2020). "Metazoa E. Haeckel 1874 , converted clade name".
1347:
17059:
11385:
11167:
4249:
2154:, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.
8817:
8714:"Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha"
4791:
17358:
17064:
15298:
14042:
12759:
11022:
4092:
3288:
The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include
2113:
estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a
1350:, eat the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher
10767:"Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia"
8237:
2140:. It had long been doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals, but the discovery of the animal lipid
17255:
14037:
12754:
12665:
11967:
10996:
9824:
3750:
make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.
3534:
2639:. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the
2258:, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution. Around the same time, the layered mats of
230:
12539:
8363:
3265:
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial
1001:
chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).
17242:
16987:
10876:
9015:
5695:
1014:
386:
4553:
114:
17376:
16975:
14121:
14111:
14094:
12838:
12828:
12811:
11590:
Munro, John H. (2003). "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins, David (ed.).
11196:
8545:
8171:
Matz, Mikhail V.; Frank, Tamara M.; Marshall, N. Justin; Widder, Edith A.; Johnsen, Sönke (9 December 2008).
3538:
3955:
472:
105:
104:
17419:
11230:
Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources
8967:
4705:
4058:
1113:
962:) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Animal cells uniquely possess the
8422:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
8007:
Dunn, F. S.; Kenchington, C. G.; Parry, L. A.; Clark, J. W.; Kendall, R. S.; Wilby, P. R. (25 July 2022).
6697:
4135:
to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000
3118:
17404:
17185:
15716:
15389:
15383:
11171:
8275:
5727:
2301:
2208:
102:
8968:"A catalogue of Bilaterian-specific genes – their function and expression profiles in early development"
6037:"Molecular Timetrees Reveal a Cambrian Colonization of Land and a New Scenario for Ecdysozoan Evolution"
2105:(24-ipc) has been found in rocks from roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and
116:
115:
111:
11358:
10541:
9819:
9770:
9113:
6748:
5185:
4998:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
3162:. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a
3143:
The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the
9978:
5833:
Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C. (November 1986). "Host-Feeding Strategies in Hymenopteran Parasitoids".
3813:
including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.
2757:
106:
17327:
16491:
15860:
12675:
12441:
11753:
10477:
7982:
6738:
6579:
5254:
5248:
5223:
5217:
1955:
1262:
130:
109:
103:
38:
9998:
8927:
6405:
6357:
5583:
4947:
3877:. A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and
113:
17046:
16992:
12653:
8665:"The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition"
6784:
6268:
3731:
3622:
3547:
1924:
1270:
923:
12379:
Keep Watching the Skies!: American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, The 21st Century Edition
11136:
9206:"Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals"
4645:
4001:
3672:(echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms). This division into four was followed by the embryologist
2736:
112:
17081:
15945:
15575:
14126:
14001:
12843:
12566:
11701:
9740:
7850:"New Timeline for Appearances of Skeletal Animals in Fossil Record Developed by UCSB Researchers"
6810:
5639:
5473:
Bernstein, H.; Hopf, F. A.; Michod, R. E. (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".
5430:
4506:
4424:
3913:. There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as
3818:
2318:
1508:
and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the
1010:
633:
108:
31:
17:
17363:
17340:
9547:
9541:
7774:
6264:
5362:
5356:
4585:
3169:
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring
17125:
15709:
12715:
12694:
12688:
12383:
11779:
10359:
10353:
9993:
8922:
6400:
5054:
4667:
3631:
3563:
3386:
3385:, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into
3366:
2981:
2102:
1278:
1242:
1158:
1086:, also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.
862:
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are
595:
445:
107:
12437:
12408:
12350:
11616:
11235:
10926:
7649:
7643:
7139:
6752:
6742:
6643:
6187:
5291:
5145:
4699:
4678:
3593:. In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of
2686:
17335:
16173:
15823:
14089:
12806:
12377:
12174:
10956:
10669:"Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia"
10481:
10471:
9979:"The mitochondrial DNA of Xenoturbella bocki: genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis"
9734:
9646:
9107:
9053:
8469:
7252:
7218:
7112:
5179:
5120:
5110:
4273:
Nielsen, Claus (2008). "Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae?".
2656:
2640:
2151:
1509:
1484:
1289:
1282:
1094:
891:
882:, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally. With very few exceptions, animals
651:
613:
406:
17350:
11857:
11227:
11128:
11077:
8966:
Kraemer-Eis, Andrea; Ferretti, Luca; Schiffer, Philipp; Heger, Peter; Wiehe, Thomas (2016).
7678:"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals"
6987:
5978:
5279:
5042:
2828:
17211:
17172:
17091:
15838:
15291:
11936:
10885:
10721:
10609:
10423:
10303:
10134:
10067:
9933:
9686:
9427:
9362:
9160:
9062:
8725:
8491:
8478:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
8351:
8184:
8137:
8099:
8020:
7978:
7815:
7689:
7598:
7543:
7500:
7445:
7167:; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.
6392:
6229:
6149:
6099:
6048:
5986:
5877:
5754:
5523:
5116:
4034:
3182:
2648:
1589:
1301:
1109:
1102:
1098:
935:
911:
572:
17304:
12615:
McCone, Kim R. (1987). "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen". In Meid, W. (ed.).
11309:
11292:
10811:
10512:
10506:
4173:
for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan.
3991:
from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the
3493:. The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes
1416:
Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as
8:
16666:
15502:
15437:
14904:
14688:
11129:
10053:
8936:
8663:
Ros-Rocher, Núria; Pérez-Posada, Alberto; Leger, Michelle M.; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2021).
8420:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008).
7880:"The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?"
7875:
6140:
5050:
4118:
3974:
3933:
3673:
3661:
2609:
1311:
1023:
883:
699:
425:
398:
17317:
15701:
11107:
10889:
10725:
10613:
10427:
10138:
10071:
9937:
9690:
9431:
9383:
9366:
9294:"A screen for gene paralogies delineating evolutionary branching order of early Metazoa"
9277:
9164:
9066:
9049:"Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty"
8729:
8495:
8355:
8188:
8141:
8103:
8024:
7927:
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
7819:
7742:
7693:
7602:
7547:
7504:
7449:
6396:
6233:
6214:
6153:
6103:
6052:
5881:
5758:
5527:
958:. In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and
17163:
16960:
16882:
16168:
15850:
14914:
14106:
14084:
14072:
14047:
13994:
13271:
12823:
12801:
12789:
12764:
12624:
12597:
12493:
12131:
12115:
11675:
11547:
10986:
10952:
10742:
10709:
10627:
10444:
10409:
10091:
10019:
9954:
9915:
9779:
9712:
9448:
9416:"Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals"
9396:
9181:
9148:
9083:
9048:
9020:
8986:
8948:
8868:
8748:
8713:
8689:
8664:
8640:
8615:
8591:
8569:"Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias"
8568:
8514:
8477:
8446:
8421:
8383:
8210:
8041:
8008:
7947:
7922:
7831:
7751:
7726:
7619:
7586:
7567:
7468:
7433:
7341:
7196:
7049:
6967:
6954:
6937:
6913:
6888:
6864:
6837:
6526:
6501:
6418:
6161:
5909:
5893:
5850:
5846:
5780:
5455:
5400:
4923:
4896:
4841:
4814:
4530:
4501:
4401:
4306:
4255:
4184:
4023:
3730:
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of
3710:
3530:
3459:
2952:
2627:
common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
2355:, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the
2323:
2162:
1579:
1559:
1479:
1398:
1339:
1274:
997:, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal
735:
625:
603:
579:
common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
560:
275:
125:
8379:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution"
5482:
4615:
4502:"Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions"
4478:
4356:
3652:
17198:
16938:
16854:
16756:
16526:
15960:
15248:
15174:
15155:
14865:
14448:
14116:
14079:
14067:
14057:
13693:
13613:
12963:
12833:
12796:
12784:
12774:
12708:
12472:
12414:
12387:
12356:
12323:
12213:
12180:
12138:
11863:
11810:
11622:
11595:
11570:
11539:
11259:
11239:
11228:
11140:
11083:
11053:
10962:
10932:
10922:
10901:
10856:
10788:
10747:
10690:
10645:
10640:
10597:
10576:
10545:
10516:
10485:
10449:
10388:
10363:
10332:
10307:
10278:
10249:
10212:
10206:
10185:
10162:
10157:
10122:
10095:
10083:
10011:
9959:
9896:
9843:
9783:
9744:
9704:
9626:
9601:
9576:
9551:
9520:
9476:
9453:
9400:
9388:
9326:
9237:
9186:
9117:
9088:
8940:
8860:
8777:
8753:
8694:
8645:
8596:
8519:
8451:
8402:
8342:
8322:
8312:
8202:
8153:
8069:
8046:
7952:
7891:
7756:
7725:
Zimorski, Verena; Mentel, Marek; Tielens, Aloysius G. M.; Martin, William F. (2019).
7707:
7671:
7669:
7653:
7624:
7571:
7559:
7516:
7473:
7412:
7368:
7345:
7319:
7258:
7224:
7145:
7118:
7068:
6999:
6959:
6918:
6869:
6790:
6756:
6649:
6531:
6306:
6300:
6193:
6165:
6135:
6117:
6066:
6015:
5990:
5957:
5932:
5901:
5784:
5772:
5699:
5670:
5643:
5614:
5562:
5539:
5535:
5496:
5486:
5447:
5408:
5366:
5320:
5295:
5280:
5258:
5227:
5189:
5151:
5124:
5089:
5085:
5058:
5043:
5009:
4978:
4928:
4846:
4730:
4709:
4535:
4428:
4393:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4259:
4245:
4082:
4050:
4038:
3866:
3266:
2364:
2229:
1538:
1475:
1379:
1371:
1327:
1315:
1297:
1174:
986:
564:
334:
12601:
11883:
11551:
10023:
8990:
8872:
7849:
7200:
6976:
Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates.
6971:
6422:
5913:
5868:
Meylan, Anne (22 January 1988). "Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass".
5854:
4405:
3996:
2887:
1112:, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through
17399:
16236:
16115:
16007:
15950:
15890:
15885:
15813:
15798:
15490:
15379:
15349:
15220:
15166:
14920:
14366:
14031:
12748:
12589:
12319:
12111:
11989:
11653:
11531:
11304:
10893:
10846:
10778:
10737:
10729:
10680:
10635:
10617:
10439:
10431:
10414:
10182:
The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history
10152:
10142:
10075:
10058:
10003:
9949:
9941:
9924:
9886:
9833:
9716:
9694:
9443:
9435:
9378:
9370:
9301:
9293:
9272:
9264:
9227:
9217:
9176:
9168:
9149:"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria"
9078:
9070:
8978:
8952:
8932:
8895:
8852:
8786:
8743:
8733:
8684:
8676:
8635:
8627:
8586:
8576:
8509:
8499:
8441:
8433:
8392:
8359:
8214:
8192:
8145:
8107:
8036:
8028:
7942:
7934:
7835:
7823:
7746:
7738:
7697:
7614:
7606:
7585:
Chen, Zhe; Chen, Xiang; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (1 June 2018).
7551:
7508:
7463:
7453:
7380:
7331:
7188:
7156:
7039:
6995:
6949:
6908:
6900:
6859:
6849:
6591:
6521:
6513:
6410:
6237:
6157:
6107:
6090:
6056:
5885:
5842:
5762:
5531:
5478:
5439:
4918:
4908:
4836:
4828:
4525:
4515:
4456:
4385:
4338:
4310:
4282:
4237:
4190:
4097:
3921:
3870:
3735:
3374:
3305:
2503:
2356:
2341:
2254:
2213:
1891:
1402:
1367:
955:
343:
14852:
12263:
Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003),
7666:
7407:
Hickman, Cleveland P.; Keen, Susan L.; Larson, Allan; Eisenhour, David J. (2018).
6938:"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"
5559:
Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Volume 11, Progress in Asexual Reproduction
5459:
5079:
3830:
since their discovery in the 18th century. Some medicines such as the cancer drug
810:
17177:
16798:
16409:
16314:
16276:
16231:
16163:
15920:
15880:
15865:
15758:
15690:
15565:
15520:
15414:
15409:
15399:
15284:
15093:
14268:
13974:
13880:
13731:
13634:
13491:
13024:
12679:
11438:
11381:
11332:
10566:
10467:
9891:
9874:
8304:
8125:
6854:
6414:
5979:
5889:
5428:
Charlesworth, D.; Willis, J. H. (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
5287:
5005:
4685:
4674:
4361:
3945:
3890:
3810:
3589:
3431:
3214:
3095:
2992:
2784:
2285:
2233:
2110:
1733:
1525:
1293:
1131:
751:
719:
608:
568:
523:
17190:
10710:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
8426:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
8149:
7587:"Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages"
7336:
3952:, and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.
3517:. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share
17250:
17237:
17203:
16847:
16812:
16805:
16784:
16763:
16740:
16620:
16469:
16414:
16404:
16246:
16060:
16012:
15925:
15900:
15895:
15875:
15870:
15773:
15763:
15189:
15179:
15143:
15118:
14807:
14598:
14499:
14421:
14230:
14062:
13639:
13617:
13435:
13347:
13325:
13288:
12779:
12203:
11415:
10733:
9374:
9268:
9074:
8656:
8032:
4999:
4062:
3937:
3878:
3823:
3724:
3657:
3455:
3439:
2997:
2848:
2788:
2450:
2118:
2106:
1584:
1391:
1343:
967:
739:
695:
691:
671:
552:
11492:
10851:
10834:
10007:
9439:
9222:
9205:
8856:
8197:
8172:
7385:
7286:
7192:
6596:
6517:
6242:
6084:
Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil H.; Jenkins, Farish A. Jr. (6 April 2006).
6061:
6036:
5767:
5742:
5340:
Hamilton, William James; Boyd, James Dixon; Mossman, Harland Winfield (1945).
2706:
2623:
Hox genes are found in the Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Bilateria. 6,331 groups of
1034:
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction. They produce
804:
17393:
17086:
17014:
16907:
16875:
16861:
16840:
16826:
16777:
16770:
16689:
16562:
16193:
16178:
16140:
16065:
16001:
15987:
15935:
15930:
15844:
15833:
15828:
15808:
15803:
15778:
15374:
15225:
15024:
15016:
14846:
14767:
14707:
14618:
14592:
14321:
13784:
13688:
13187:
11103:
10982:
10808:"Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa | Of molluscs, worms, and lophophores..."
9501:
8473:
8326:
7164:
6474:
6183:
4558:
4520:
4342:
4294:
4144:
4132:
4054:
4042:
4027:
4018:
4006:
3914:
3753:
3738:
and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species. Marine fish of many species are
3688:
3677:
3617:. Since then, the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the
3580:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3427:
3210:
3170:
3159:
3132:
2991:
An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade
2811:
2426:
2327:
2259:
2249:
2166:
1917:
1433:
1421:
1351:
1335:
1170:
1121:
963:
919:
867:
723:
667:
617:
599:
323:
226:
12593:
10783:
10766:
10685:
10668:
10598:"Evolution of the bilaterian body plan: What have we learned from annelids?"
10147:
9838:
8616:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
8504:
7879:
7702:
7677:
7555:
7458:
5664:
3901:
all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely
17103:
17036:
16900:
16868:
16833:
16819:
16791:
16717:
16696:
16389:
16384:
16359:
16334:
16324:
16251:
16120:
15994:
15955:
15940:
15915:
15910:
15855:
15788:
15598:
15584:
15258:
15085:
15065:
15005:
14909:
14882:
14829:
14787:
14754:
14529:
14307:
14246:
13986:
13890:
13885:
13773:
13629:
13515:
13401:
13304:
13283:
13153:
13104:
13060:
13041:
12283:
11543:
10860:
10792:
10751:
10694:
10649:
10622:
10453:
10274:
10087:
10015:
9963:
9900:
9708:
9457:
9392:
9241:
9190:
9172:
9092:
8944:
8899:
8864:
8757:
8738:
8698:
8649:
8600:
8523:
8455:
8437:
8406:
8206:
8050:
7956:
7938:
7895:
7760:
7711:
7628:
7610:
7563:
7520:
7477:
7160:
7108:
6963:
6922:
6904:
6873:
6535:
6382:
6169:
6121:
6086:"A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan"
6070:
5905:
5776:
5543:
5451:
4932:
4913:
4850:
4832:
4764:
4539:
4397:
4302:
4066:
3988:
3858:
3806:
3743:
3681:
3584:
3543:
3398:
3329:
3297:
3258:
3244:
3222:
3155:
3099:
3086:
3035:
3015:
2824:
2382:
2263:
2241:
2202:
2194:
2051:
1633:
1612:
1355:
1063:
1046:
994:
971:
943:
663:
515:
507:
417:
11535:
10905:
10166:
9847:
8229:
8157:
6182:
5500:
5045:
Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications
4241:
2510:
1987:
1782:
17276:
17157:
16965:
16710:
16444:
16419:
16364:
16339:
16261:
16256:
16221:
16211:
15905:
15818:
15557:
15432:
15149:
15075:
14927:
14891:
14871:
14819:
14793:
14683:
14631:
14604:
14586:
14559:
14326:
14195:
14184:
13851:
13822:
13808:
13798:
13383:
13199:
13112:
12894:
10572:
9011:
7159:... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies,
3854:
3831:
3715:
3518:
3447:
3402:
3390:
3301:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3206:
3186:
3174:
3136:
3075:
3031:
3011:
2870:
2719:
2652:
2636:
2446:
2280:
2178:
2146:
2141:
2114:
1740:
1454:
1285:
1234:
1214:
1202:
1186:
947:
879:
746:
for sports, trophies or profits. Non-human animals are also an important
727:
711:
707:
556:
382:
178:
70:
63:
11440:
Major colourants and dyestuffs, mainly produced in horticultural systems
10833:
Giribet, G.; Distel, D.L.; Polz, M.; Sterrer, W.; Wheeler, W.C. (2000).
10435:
10079:
9945:
9699:
9674:
8680:
8581:
7727:"Energy metabolism in anaerobic eukaryotes and Earth's late oxygenation"
7512:
6112:
6085:
5315:
Ville, Claude Alvin; Walker, Warren Franklin; Barnes, Robert D. (1984).
3346:
1533:
which may have reached 39 meters. Several animals are microscopic; some
890:(able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their
17148:
17096:
17043:
16630:
16543:
16477:
16439:
16369:
16349:
16344:
16329:
16299:
16271:
16226:
16216:
16188:
16183:
16125:
16100:
15793:
15768:
15649:
15530:
15230:
15054:
15045:
15030:
14898:
14835:
14694:
14655:
14650:
14536:
14453:
14348:
14260:
13948:
13933:
13928:
13909:
13904:
13832:
13779:
13749:
13741:
13683:
13557:
13549:
13532:
13312:
13224:
13177:
13117:
13079:
13053:
12899:
12884:
10897:
10180:
Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).
9232:
7053:
5897:
5387:
The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 10
4157:
3961:
3757:
3490:
3478:
3410:
3406:
3394:
3362:
3293:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3123:
3079:
3039:
3007:
2928:
2702:
2632:
2597:
2476:
2430:
2395:
2221:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2121:
origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil record.
2098:
2092:
2044:
1605:
1542:
1517:
1497:
1489:
1458:
1445:, about 375 million years ago. Animals occupy virtually all of earth's
1429:
1425:
1417:
1366:
and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain
1305:
1090:
1071:
863:
775:
655:
584:
530:
511:
483:
479:
437:
327:
256:
53:
16521:
12700:
11963:
11382:"Rabbit project development strategies in subsistence farming systems"
10631:
9351:"Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals"
9257:"Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals"
8791:
8773:"Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects"
8772:
8662:
8631:
8397:
8378:
7434:"Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis"
7114:
Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources
6893:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4389:
4329:
Rothmaler, Werner (1951). "Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen".
3050:
2480:
17312:
17224:
16703:
16682:
16584:
16394:
16374:
16266:
16145:
16080:
16070:
16055:
16050:
16031:
15783:
15608:
15570:
15525:
15515:
15455:
15276:
15129:
15070:
14778:
14743:
14701:
14678:
14660:
14547:
14483:
14358:
14235:
14178:
14165:
14017:
13914:
13861:
13856:
13827:
13816:
13765:
13760:
13712:
13624:
13411:
13406:
13368:
13217:
13209:
13138:
13090:
13011:
12998:
12979:
12974:
12933:
12133:
Hunting and Fishing for Sport: Commerce, Controversy, Popular Culture
11052:. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes. pp. 94–96.
8002:
8000:
7827:
5514:
Pusey, Anne; Wolf, Marisa (1996). "Inbreeding avoidance in animals".
4233:
3941:
3886:
3862:
3798:
3769:
3761:
3747:
3669:
3644:
3636:
3572:
3506:
3443:
3382:
3354:
3341:
3218:
3199:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3114:
3071:
3023:
3003:
2908:
2883:
2801:
2771:
2493:
2360:
2352:
2217:
2186:
2136:
2125:
1698:
1520:
1437:
1395:
1383:
1258:
1254:
1230:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1027:
1019:
998:
975:
875:
763:
715:
637:
591:
534:
487:
475:
464:
441:
245:
211:
142:
17119:
9540:
Langstroth, Lovell; Langstroth, Libby (2000). Newberry, Todd (ed.).
8111:
8009:"A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK"
7251:
Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (2015).
7044:
7027:
5443:
2530:
1660:
17229:
17142:
17076:
17021:
16608:
16592:
16557:
16449:
16429:
16424:
16399:
16379:
16354:
16319:
16309:
16304:
16135:
16110:
16090:
15750:
15659:
15603:
15535:
15470:
15356:
15344:
15316:
15136:
15098:
14999:
14976:
14523:
14518:
14510:
14440:
14315:
14190:
14173:
14151:
14101:
13938:
13922:
13845:
13837:
13792:
13755:
13736:
13725:
13707:
13701:
13562:
13503:
13479:
13376:
13257:
13146:
13030:
12921:
12912:
12818:
12660:
12038:
10765:
Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (May 2005).
9306:
8982:
5719:
4087:
3894:
3874:
3693:
3618:
3482:
3451:
3422:
3313:
3289:
3270:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3027:
3019:
2967:
2903:
2844:
2752:
2732:
2682:
2644:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2237:
2198:
2012:
1980:
1884:
1852:
1845:
1811:
1775:
1691:
1653:
1597:
1442:
1410:
1250:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1198:
1154:
1127:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1050:
982:
939:
915:
907:
887:
855:
783:
779:
767:
755:
747:
731:
629:
519:
503:
495:
457:
449:
402:
394:
330:
266:
261:
251:
155:
12521:
Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan
11807:
Gun Dog Breeds, A Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs
8566:
8537:
7997:
4977:(2nd, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48.
4026:, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film, such as in
3381:, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the
1169:
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their
934:
All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic
17371:
17281:
17268:
17108:
17026:
17007:
16567:
16552:
16454:
16434:
16130:
16105:
16095:
16085:
16041:
15978:
15654:
15642:
15580:
15510:
15485:
15445:
15424:
15394:
15252:
14987:
14824:
14670:
14577:
14566:
14430:
14336:
14292:
14200:
13898:
13874:
13866:
13803:
13717:
13537:
13524:
13457:
13448:
13393:
13318:
12349:
Gregersdotter, Katarina; Höglund, Johan; Hållén, Nicklas (2016).
11197:"Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics. Counting chickens"
10665:
10123:"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"
8841:
7852:. The Regents of the University of California. 10 November 2010.
7675:
6811:"How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million, new estimate says"
5690:
Allen, Larry Glen; Pondella, Daniel J.; Horn, Michael H. (2006).
3992:
3965:
3846:
3827:
3802:
3794:
3773:
3765:
3739:
3640:
3510:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3378:
3358:
3350:
3317:
3054:
Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).
2463:
2413:
2170:
2130:
1948:
1875:
1724:
1534:
1446:
1406:
1375:
1363:
1323:
1190:
1117:
1058:
1042:
1035:
675:
499:
491:
453:
433:
421:
390:
198:
188:
77:
10505:
Prewitt, Nancy L.; Underwood, Larry S.; Surver, William (2003).
10051:
8965:
6886:
5557:
Adiyodi, K. G.; Hughes, Roger N.; Adiyodi, Rita G. (July 2002).
1504:) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190
17054:
16997:
16982:
16932:
16662:
16294:
16155:
15637:
15339:
15334:
15308:
14845:
14642:
14274:
14216:
13943:
13677:
12877:
12735:
12684:
12648:
11163:
10407:
8252:
6035:
Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Daley, Allison C.; Pisani, Davide (2013).
4331:
Feddes Repertorium, Journal of Botanical Taxonomy and Geobotany
4140:
4136:
4122:
does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.
3969:
3910:
3898:
3777:
3325:
3213:. It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the
3178:
3163:
2245:
2158:
2019:
1624:
1568:
1387:
1135:
1097:
within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful
1054:
1038:
990:
959:
903:
895:
851:
846:
548:
543:
538:
429:
168:
84:
9671:
2079:
Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728
17031:
16658:
16602:
16597:
16203:
16075:
15667:
15625:
15618:
15613:
15450:
15404:
15366:
15324:
15212:
11521:
9875:"Resolving Animal Phylogeny: A Sledgehammer for a Tough Nut?"
8712:
Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 December 2020).
7923:"Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'"
7365:
6889:"Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects"
6698:"There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird"
6189:
Diversity of Life: The Illustrated Guide to the Five Kingdoms
5342:
Human embryology: (prenatal development of form and function)
3920:
A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted
3882:
3835:
3789:
3781:
3514:
3502:
3494:
3413:. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.
3194:
3190:
3177:
and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular
3147:
2326:, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the
2288:(c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.
2236:. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early
1505:
1450:
1359:
1331:
1281:
between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/
1246:
1139:
899:
787:
759:
647:
641:
468:
410:
11756:. Animal Cell Technology Industrial Platform. 10 June 2013.
11354:
9913:
6642:
Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (2008).
4897:"Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche"
4439:'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.
3058:
Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the
2165:, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the
1420:, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the
850:
Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early
16970:
16574:
16522:
16241:
15733:
15545:
15480:
15475:
15465:
15460:
15329:
14469:
9976:
9348:
9254:
8419:
8364:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0269:PNEFTO>2.3.CO;2
7724:
3949:
3720:
3498:
3389:, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the
3321:
3309:
3158:, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues
3102:, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.
2624:
2400:
1818:
1266:
951:
871:
743:
683:
659:
576:
522:, the latter of which contains the vertebrates. The simple
373:
370:
364:
17216:
12348:
12102:
Plous, S. (1993). "The Role of Animals in Human Society".
10473:
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution
7406:
6641:
6328:"The longest animal alive may be one you never thought of"
4815:"Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles"
818:
is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals. The term
537:. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the
448:
with each other and their environments, forming intricate
15731:
12342:
10993:
The System of Nature through the Three Kingdoms of Nature
9866:
9413:
9203:
9146:
9016:"The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA"
8814:
Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Embryology
8068:(7th ed.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. p. 526.
8006:
7780:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022.
7141:
Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function
4227:
3906:
3902:
3841:
3785:
771:
762:
since the earliest times, and are frequently featured in
703:
687:
679:
413:, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.
355:
349:
10832:
10184:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 717.
9415:
9350:
9256:
8173:"Giant Deep-Sea Protist Produces Bilaterian-like Traces"
6034:
5692:
Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters
5477:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370.
3373:
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared
808:
of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin
13667:
11728:"EU statistics show decline in animal research numbers"
11109:
Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen
10764:
8170:
7250:
7106:
6838:"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"
6835:
4997:
4499:
3554:, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.
3217:, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade
2367:
indicate approximately how many millions of years ago (
1288:. Almost all multicellular predators are animals. Some
12671:
12494:"Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal"
11467:"Guidance for Industry: Cochineal Extract and Carmine"
10504:
8088:
7805:
7533:
7400:
7069:"A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases"
6994:. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A.
6786:
Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity
6083:
4444:
4375:
3505:, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as
2322:
is one of the many animal species that emerged in the
1552:
529:
Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late
463:
Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom
12697:– multimedia database of endangered/protected species
10179:
7963:
5147:
Biology: Concepts and Applications without Physiology
3696:, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.
1617:
1101:
traits. Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for
352:
346:
12536:"Lion Depiction across Ancient and Modern Religions"
11050:
Histoire du Développement de la Biologie, Volume III
9916:"Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to
9675:"The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans"
9539:
8468:
8124:
5556:
3639:, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms,
2197:, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the
1541:
within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20
367:
12580:Wunn, Ina (January 2000). "Beginning of Religion".
12179:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 31–33 and passim.
10246:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3
9047:Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018).
7287:"Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness"
6305:. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives.
6192:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 115–116.
5662:
5472:
5339:
4813:Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (January 2003).
4037:and mammals feature in mythology and religion. The
3257:, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in
3135:. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable
2216:, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest
1896:
1857:
1787:
1745:
1703:
1665:
1529:, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and
981:With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and
361:
358:
12352:Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism
12130:
10054:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
9543:A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay
9473:Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life
7884:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
7320:"An updated classification of the phylum Nemertea"
7102:
7100:
7098:
5427:
3269:during cell division, while many protostomes (the
2109:algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on
2056:
2024:
1992:
1960:
1929:
1265:where the predator feeds on another organism, its
620:divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular
12369:
11720:
11071:
11069:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6028:
5689:
5666:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities
5611:Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment
5399:
5389:. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1918. p. 281.
5314:
4820:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
3253:The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many
2248:period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of
17391:
16018:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
11862:. University of New Hampshire Press. p. 9.
11594:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–215.
11569:. Princeton University Press. pp. 230–231.
10873:
10708:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (April 2017).
10204:
9344:
9342:
9292:Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (17 July 2019).
9105:
8912:
8613:
8297:
7584:
7292:. JMBA Global Marine Environment. pp. 4–5.
6789:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111.
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6376:
6138:(21 November 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land".
5741:Simpson, Alastair G.B; Roger, Andrew J. (2004).
4221:
3228:
2124:The first body fossils of animals appear in the
2097:Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the
1549:) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.
456:, and the study of animal behaviour is known as
15165:
11114:Anthropogeny or the Development story of Humans
10602:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10595:
10410:"Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins"
9728:
9726:
9625:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 84–85.
8959:
8835:
8483:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7311:
7220:Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes
7095:
6186:; Schwartz, Karlene V.; Dolan, Michael (1999).
5977:Garrett, Reginald; Grisham, Charles M. (2010).
5112:Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition
3550:led the creation of a modern classification of
1015:Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals
1004:
101:
37:"Animalia" redirects here. For other uses, see
12209:Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things
11284:
11066:
10931:. Harvard University Press. pp. 130–134.
10661:
10659:
10208:Animal Evolution – Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
9764:
9762:
9760:
9736:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
9291:
9142:
9140:
8118:
5976:
5608:
5177:
3940:are based on animals. In China and Japan, the
1093:during sexual reproduction generally leads to
1026:is nearly universal in animals, such as these
452:. The scientific study of animals is known as
401:, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the
16507:
15717:
15292:
14002:
12716:
12561:Read, Kay Almere; Gonzalez, Jason J. (2000).
12554:
12267:, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003.
11876:
11191:
11189:
11116:] (in German). W. Engelmann. p. 202.
11082:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8.
10917:
10915:
10535:
9907:
9475:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 67.
9339:
9320:
9099:
8906:
8764:
8063:
7920:
7874:
7432:Gold, David; et al. (22 February 2016).
7144:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282.
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6662:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
5861:
4266:
3857:to help chase down and retrieve animals, and
526:have an uncertain position within Bilateria.
14016:
12560:
12410:Son of the 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen
12375:
10826:
10707:
10565:Miller, Stephen A.; Harley, John P. (2006).
10564:
10382:
10045:
9970:
9723:
8711:
8538:"Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration"
8230:"Single-celled giant upends early evolution"
8221:
7718:
7359:
7137:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
5740:
5663:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996).
5584:"Concepts of Biology: How Animals Reproduce"
5421:
4894:
4857:
4812:
3524:
3119:Symmetry (biology) § Bilateral symmetry
2117:origin, while analyses of sponges recover a
1370:and fuel other biological processes such as
1181:(further divided into subcategories such as
17070:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
14881:
13103:
12400:
12232:
12166:
11325:"Shellfish climbs up the popularity ladder"
11260:"World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture"
11158:
11156:
10656:
10211:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–40.
10198:
9757:
9137:
9046:
9004:
8705:
8266:. In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P. H. (eds.).
8082:
6302:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
6009:
5926:
5466:
4722:
4324:
4322:
4320:
3861:to catch birds and mammals, while tethered
3809:have been made from the bodies of insects.
3235:Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
3202:have extremely simplified body structures.
636:, which are effective at demonstrating the
16514:
16500:
15724:
15710:
15299:
15285:
14009:
13995:
13077:
12723:
12709:
12629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11379:
11297:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
11186:
10958:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
10912:
10589:
9598:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
9573:The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 16
9546:. University of California Press. p.
8376:
8261:"Origins and early evolution of predation"
8064:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005).
7317:
7257:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
7212:
7210:
7107:Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.;
7028:"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs"
6783:Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009).
6782:
6769:
6716:
6616:
6206:
6014:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 376.
5832:
5724:Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals
5609:Marchetti, Mauro; Rivas, Victoria (2001).
4975:Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology
4554:"The use of non-human animals in research"
4171:File:Annelid redone w white background.svg
3742:for food. A smaller number of species are
3442:, and smaller groups of phyla such as the
1492:is the largest animal that has ever lived.
1134:, where fertile eggs are produced without
1070:with a digestive chamber and two separate
14259:
13270:
12198:
12196:
12039:The Humane Society of the United States.
11849:
11608:
11592:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
11583:
11308:
11075:
10975:
10961:. Bloomsbury. pp. 111–119, 270–271.
10850:
10782:
10741:
10684:
10639:
10621:
10508:BioInquiry: making connections in biology
10443:
10383:Tobin, Allan J.; Dusheck, Jennie (2005).
10156:
10146:
10120:
9997:
9953:
9890:
9837:
9698:
9447:
9382:
9305:
9276:
9231:
9221:
9180:
9082:
9040:
8926:
8790:
8747:
8737:
8688:
8639:
8590:
8580:
8513:
8503:
8445:
8396:
8370:
8303:
8196:
8164:
8040:
7946:
7750:
7701:
7618:
7467:
7457:
7384:
7335:
7043:
7012:
6953:
6929:
6912:
6863:
6853:
6595:
6542:
6525:
6499:
6404:
6241:
6111:
6060:
6010:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2007).
5766:
5734:
5513:
4922:
4912:
4840:
4691:
4529:
4519:
4418:
4328:
2305:, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)
1082:. In most cases, a third germ layer, the
616:expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874,
583:that lived about 650 Mya during the
533:period and diversified in the subsequent
14164:
13137:
13061:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
13009:
12533:
12309:
11859:The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History
11524:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
11497:The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912–1954)
11412:"Ancient fabrics, high-tech geotextiles"
11290:
11153:
11126:
10999: ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii).
10981:
10248:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.
9811:
9575:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 523.
8885:
8816:. 1 May 2012. p. 38. Archived from
8472:; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.;
8258:
7138:Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017).
6829:
6257:
6176:
5277:
5246:
5108:
4939:
4317:
3954:
3840:
3772:molluscs are hunted or farmed for food.
3714:
3542:
3426:
3345:
3285:, through invagination of the endoderm.
3248:
3122:
3049:
3000:, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.
2244:such as tracks and burrows found in the
1483:
1390:consume organic matter produced through
1310:
1257:. In carnivorous or omnivorous species,
1149:
1018:
845:
478:. The vast majority belong to two large
17051:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
15749:
14149:
12967:
12862:
12730:
12617:Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz
12471:. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. p. 8.
12466:
12432:
12430:
12074:United States Department of Agriculture
11225:
11102:
10466:
9872:
9817:
9732:
9321:Bhamrah, H. S.; Juneja, Kavita (2003).
8770:
8377:Budd, Graham E.; Jensen, Sören (2017).
7411:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
7216:
7207:
6435:
6294:
6292:
6290:
5797:
5656:
5354:
5178:Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (1983).
5150:. Cengage Learning. pp. 362, 365.
5040:
4972:
4895:Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010).
4779:
4749:
4272:
4230:Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode
4073:are the subjects of myths and worship.
3680:in 1857, and the comparative anatomist
3361:and is expanding its wings. Like other
1441:started to move on to land in the late
1049:and the larger, non-motile gametes are
985:—animal bodies are differentiated into
596:into those with blood and those without
486:, which includes organisms such as the
14:
17392:
15977:
15306:
15267:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
13055:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
13025:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
12614:
12491:
12469:Scarabs, A Reflection of Ancient Egypt
12406:
12310:Paterson, Jennifer (29 October 2013).
12270:
12239:Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert
12193:
12172:
12128:
11908:
11804:
11564:
11047:
10326:
10297:
9768:
9620:
9595:
9514:
9495:
9470:
9010:
9000:from the original on 26 February 2018.
8771:Giribet, Gonzalo (27 September 2016).
8339:
8311:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 176–177.
8227:
7808:Geological Society of America Bulletin
7641:
7254:Parasite Diversity and Diversification
6737:
6645:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
6325:
6212:
5867:
5814:from the original on 30 September 2017
5800:"Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism"
5344:. Williams & Wilkins. p. 330.
5219:Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1
5215:
5077:
4888:
4863:
4737:from the original on 20 September 2007
2169:. Extant phyla in these rocks include
2157:Many animal phyla first appear in the
2086:
1292:use multiple methods; for example, in
17124:
17123:
16495:
15705:
15280:
13990:
12996:
12704:
12518:
12500:from the original on 22 November 2016
12276:
12202:
12101:
11939:. Keeping Insects. 18 February 2011.
11917:from the original on 12 February 2011
11754:"Vaccines and animal cell technology"
11652:. Animal Health Trust. Archived from
11589:
11310:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035
10951:
10921:
10805:
10243:
9600:. Rastogi Publications. p. 184.
9570:
9106:Giribet, G.; Edgecombe, G.D. (2020).
7902:from the original on 14 November 2023
7856:from the original on 3 September 2014
7284:
7178:
7083:from the original on 21 February 2022
7025:
6985:
6935:
6695:
6577:
6472:
6222:International Journal of Astrobiology
6215:"The thermal limits to life on Earth"
6134:
5951:
5669:(Third ed.). Blackwell Science.
5507:
5319:. Saunders College Pub. p. 467.
5143:
5022:from the original on 23 December 2016
4954:from the original on 21 November 2007
4697:
4421:The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
3873:have been used to poison the tips of
3838:or other molecules of animal origin.
3328:. The deuterostomes also include the
3300:. The chordates are dominated by the
3150:, which have a bilaterally symmetric
2585:
2346:
926:into specialised tissues and organs.
17377:0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231
17328:f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0
17256:dada6f44-b7b5-4c0a-9f32-980f54b02c36
13326:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
12579:
12427:
12279:"The top 10 animal portraits in art"
11855:
11614:
11003:from the original on 10 October 2008
10596:Shankland, M.; Seaver, E.C. (2000).
10351:
10268:
10225:from the original on 28 October 2018
9519:. Mittal Publications. p. 106.
8937:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003003170.x
8285:from the original on 30 October 2019
8228:Reilly, Michael (20 November 2008).
7490:
7431:
7318:Chernyshev, A. V. (September 2021).
6454:from the original on 19 October 2021
6438:"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology"
6364:from the original on 31 January 2018
6298:
6287:
6275:from the original on 6 November 2018
5956:. Rastogi Publications. p. 26.
5929:Understanding Science: Upper Primary
5718:
5633:
5613:. Taylor & Francis. p. 84.
4876:from the original on 10 January 2022
4864:Andrew, Scottie (26 February 2020).
4728:
4701:Biology: Investigating Life on Earth
922:that is unique to animals, allowing
822:is derived from Ancient Greek μετα (
17003:Integrative and conjugative element
12376:Warren, Bill; Thomas, Bill (2009).
12245:from the original on 11 August 2016
12233:De Jaucourt, Louis (January 2011).
12157:
11964:"So, you think you want a reptile?"
11890:from the original on 10 August 2011
11734:from the original on 6 October 2017
11272:from the original on 28 August 2015
10331:. Infobase Publishing. p. 64.
9517:Continuity And Evolution Of Animals
7743:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.030
6704:from the original on 10 August 2018
6578:Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (30 August 2013).
6253:from the original on 24 April 2019.
5743:"The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes"
4785:
3826:. Animals have been used to create
3699:
1553:Numbers and habitats of major phyla
1545:, and one of the smallest species (
428:, of which around 1.05 million are
24:
13360:
13166:
12923:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
12534:Grainger, Richard (24 June 2012).
12492:Biswas, Soutik (15 October 2015).
12265:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
12160:The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes
12116:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00906.x
12016:"Animals in Healthcare Facilities"
11961:
11355:"Breeds of Cattle at Cattle Today"
11293:"The State of the World's Insects"
11291:Eggleton, Paul (17 October 2020).
11131:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
10271:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals
10033:from the original on 24 April 2019
9799:from the original on 24 April 2019
9653:from the original on 25 March 2018
9325:. Anmol Publications. p. 58.
8620:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
8272:The Paleontological Society Papers
8240:from the original on 29 March 2013
7117:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90.
6955:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
6604:from the original on 24 April 2019
6338:from the original on 19 March 2018
6162:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100
5847:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1986.tb00660.x
5581:
4475:English Oxford Living Dictionaries
3454:. All of these are grouped as the
1277:imposed on one another lead to an
1045:; the smaller, motile gametes are
1011:Sexual reproduction § Animals
854:(1) develop into a hollow ball or
841:
826:) 'after' (in biology, the prefix
97:
25:
17431:
17060:Diversity-generating retroelement
12641:
12448:from the original on 14 June 2016
12330:from the original on 14 June 2016
12047:from the original on 7 April 2012
11760:from the original on 13 July 2016
11503:from the original on 30 July 2022
11473:from the original on 13 July 2016
11447:from the original on 6 March 2018
11386:Food and Agriculture Organization
11361:from the original on 15 July 2011
11207:from the original on 15 July 2016
11168:Food and Agriculture Organization
11029:from the original on 28 July 2013
10387:. Cengage Learning. p. 497.
10121:Valentine, James W. (July 1997).
10102:from the original on 30 July 2022
9854:from the original on 17 June 2020
8548:from the original on 7 March 2018
7921:Conway Morris, S (29 June 2006).
7787:from the original on 2 April 2022
7731:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
7299:from the original on 2 March 2018
6744:Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites
6481:from the original on 1 March 2018
5590:from the original on 6 March 2018
5475:Molecular Genetics of Development
5358:Development of vertebrate anatomy
4945:
4656:from the original on 30 July 2022
4596:from the original on 12 June 2018
4586:"Nonhuman definition and meaning"
4566:from the original on 12 June 2018
3995:. Major animal paintings include
3822:serve a major role in science as
3704:
3173:, the development of a head with
1175:how they consume organic material
17065:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
16637:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
15686:
15685:
13967:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
12659:
12647:
12608:
12573:
12527:
12512:
12485:
12460:
12303:
12291:from the original on 18 May 2016
12277:Jones, Jonathan (27 June 2014).
12257:
12226:
12151:
12122:
12095:
12059:
12032:
12008:
11996:from the original on 7 July 2016
11982:
11970:from the original on 3 July 2016
11955:
11943:from the original on 7 July 2016
11929:
11902:
11837:from the original on 29 May 2016
11823:
11798:
11786:from the original on 4 June 2016
11782:. National Institute of Health.
11772:
11746:
11708:from the original on 1 July 2016
11694:
11682:from the original on 8 June 2016
11668:
11642:
11558:
11515:
11485:
11459:
11430:
11414:. Natural Fibres. Archived from
11404:
11373:
11347:
11317:
11252:
11219:
11174:from the original on 19 May 2009
11120:
11096:
11041:
11015:
10945:
10867:
10799:
10758:
10701:
10558:
10529:
10498:
10460:
10401:
10376:
10345:
10320:
10291:
10262:
10237:
10173:
10114:
9665:
9639:
9614:
9589:
9564:
9533:
9508:
9489:
9464:
9407:
9314:
9285:
9248:
9197:
8879:
8799:
8675:(2). The Royal Society: 200359.
8607:
8560:
8530:
8462:
8413:
8333:
8057:
7914:
7868:
7842:
7799:
7066:
6936:Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018).
6817:from the original on 1 July 2018
5407:. WCB McGraw-Hill. p. 156.
4626:from the original on 6 July 2022
4453:The American Heritage Dictionary
4287:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00231.x
4197:
4176:
4163:
4093:Lists of organisms by population
3927:
3469:The Lophotrochozoa includes the
3458:, which has a sister group, the
3045:
3022:. A competing hypothesis is the
2907:
2886:
2847:
2827:
2787:
2756:
2735:
2705:
2685:
2529:
2509:
2479:
2449:
2429:
2399:
2310:
2293:
2272:
2050:
2018:
1986:
1954:
1923:
1890:
1851:
1817:
1781:
1739:
1697:
1659:
1611:
575:485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of
381:). With few exceptions, animals
342:
129:
61:
17302:Lygaeoidea Species File (new):
12041:"U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics"
11621:. CRC Press. pp. 248–250.
11392:from the original on 6 May 2016
11380:Lukefahr, S. D.; Cheeke, P. R.
10771:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10673:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10358:. Infobase Publishing. p.
9873:Telford, Maximilian J. (2008).
9825:Journal of Experimental Biology
9028:from the original on 4 May 2018
8845:Development Genes and Evolution
7767:
7645:Evolution!: facts and fallacies
7635:
7578:
7527:
7484:
7425:
7278:
7244:
7172:
7131:
7060:
6979:
6880:
6803:
6493:
6466:
6429:
6350:
6319:
6128:
6077:
6003:
5970:
5945:
5920:
5826:
5791:
5712:
5683:
5627:
5602:
5575:
5550:
5393:
5379:
5348:
5333:
5308:
5271:
5240:
5209:
5171:
5137:
5102:
5071:
5034:
4991:
4966:
4806:
4638:
4608:
4578:
4546:
4150:
4125:
4111:
3849:retrieving a duck during a hunt
3664:to group the animals into four
3535:History of zoology through 1859
2220:, catching small prey with its
2128:, represented by forms such as
993:, which enable locomotion, and
602:created the first hierarchical
16988:Defective interfering particle
14746:
14742:
14502:
14498:
13154:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
12619:. Innsbruck. pp. 101–154.
12324:10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0044
12176:A History of Western Astrology
12067:"U.S. Rabbit Industry profile"
11730:. Speaking of Research. 2013.
11618:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
11331:. January 2002. Archived from
11135:(2nd ed.). Gale. p.
11048:De Wit, Hendrik C. D. (1994).
10877:Journal of Molecular Evolution
9420:Nature Ecology & Evolution
8268:The fossil record of predation
8013:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7981:. 10 June 2011. Archived from
6326:Davies, Ella (20 April 2016).
5931:. Blake Education. p. 9.
5798:Stevens, Alison N. P. (2010).
5696:University of California Press
4493:
4463:
4412:
4369:
4362:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4349:
3816:Animals such as the fruit fly
3026:clade, which would consist of
2628:
654:many other animal species for
580:
563:, which began around 539
13:
1:
16976:Clonally transmissible cancer
12997:
11884:"AmphibiaWeb – Dendrobatidae"
11493:"How Shellac Is Manufactured"
10928:The Lying Stones of Marrakech
10810:UCMP Berkeley. Archived from
9109:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
7223:. CRC Press. pp. 13–14.
7181:Biodiversity and Conservation
6506:Journal of Parasitic Diseases
5483:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7
5278:Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009).
5001:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4706:Jones & Bartlett Learning
4214:
4010:
3978:
3539:History of zoology since 1859
3229:Protostomes and deuterostomes
1263:consumer–resource interaction
830:stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ (
606:for animals in 1758 with his
17410:Cryogenian first appearances
13766:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
11076:Valentine, James W. (2004).
10536:Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998).
9892:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.016
9733:Minelli, Alessandro (2009).
9496:Jessop, Nancy Meyer (1970).
6855:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
6500:Kaur, H.; Singh, R. (2011).
6477:. Tree of Life Web Project.
6473:Fiala, Ivan (10 July 2008).
6415:10.1080/08912960410001715132
5985:. Cengage Learning. p.
5954:Genetics Classical To Modern
5890:10.1126/science.239.4838.393
5536:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8
5403:; Stoffolano, J. G. (1998).
3401:or horsehair worms, and the
3335:
3108:
2608:, have body plans that lack
2592:The most basal animals, the
2335:
1464:
1108:Some animals are capable of
1091:mating with a close relative
1005:Reproduction and development
929:
894:, but some animals, such as
834:) 'animals', plural of ζῷον
793:
7:
17415:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
16529:, and comparable structures
13823:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
13563:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
13378:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
13289:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
13178:Loricifera (corset animals)
12523:. Brill Archive. p. 9.
12312:"Animals in Film and Media"
11164:"Fisheries and Aquaculture"
10538:Parasites in social insects
9818:Quillin, K. J. (May 1998).
9323:An Introduction to Porifera
8807:"Evolution and Development"
8542:Fossil Calibration Database
8276:The Paleontological Society
8150:10.1126/science.282.5386.80
7642:Schopf, J. William (1999).
7373:Frontiers in Marine Science
7337:10.15298/invertzool.18.3.01
6942:Annual Review of Entomology
5927:Clutterbuck, Peter (2000).
5728:University of Chicago Press
5184:. Translated by J. Lettau.
4275:Evolution & Development
4076:
3416:
3225:than to other bilaterians.
2359:, with which they form the
2302:Auroralumina attenboroughii
2209:Auroralumina attenboroughii
1823:
876:produce their own nutrients
551:period at the start of the
547:has been dated back to the
10:
17436:
13713:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
13459:Annelida (segmented worms)
13284:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
13200:Onychophora (velvet worms)
12413:. ECW Press. p. 200.
11127:Hutchins, Michael (2003).
10734:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
10542:Princeton University Press
9647:"Introduction to Placozoa"
9621:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
9498:Biosphere; a study of life
9375:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6
9269:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6
9114:Princeton University Press
9075:10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5
8033:10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x
7775:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
7648:. Academic Press. p.
7026:Nicol, David (June 1969).
6749:Princeton University Press
6360:. Guinness World Records.
5804:Nature Education Knowledge
5730:. pp. 1–6 and passim.
5222:. Academic Press. p.
5186:Cambridge University Press
4590:Collins English Dictionary
4423:(2nd ed.). New York:
3708:
3528:
3420:
3339:
3238:
3232:
3112:
2616:, which are important for
2339:
2090:
1473:
1145:
1008:
924:cells to be differentiated
802:comes from the Latin noun
36:
29:
17132:
16951:
16925:
16892:
16748:
16734:
16727:
16674:
16657:
16650:
16618:
16583:
16541:
16534:
16467:
16285:
16202:
16154:
16039:
16030:
15973:
15745:
15741:
15736:phyla/divisions by domain
15681:
15594:
15553:
15544:
15501:
15423:
15365:
15315:
15243:
15211:
15188:
15115:
15084:
15044:
15015:
14995:
14986:
14974:
14970:
14815:
14806:
14777:
14762:
14753:
14740:
14736:
14669:
14641:
14626:
14617:
14576:
14555:
14546:
14509:
14496:
14492:
14479:
14466:
14462:
14439:
14419:
14415:
14411:
14357:
14344:
14335:
14302:
14289:
14255:
14244:
14226:
14213:
14160:
14145:
14141:
14025:
13963:
13761:Asterozoans inc. starfish
13663:
13656:
13607:
13558:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
13548:
13539:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
13523:
13514:
13499:
13490:
13475:
13468:
13444:
13433:
13392:
13384:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
13367:
13356:
13345:
13297:
13279:
13266:
13255:
13208:
13195:
13186:
13173:
13162:
13130:
13113:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
13099:
13088:
13073:
13049:
13040:
13020:
13005:
12992:
12957:
12932:
12908:
12893:
12885:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
12873:
12858:
12742:
12355:. Springer. p. 147.
11856:King, Richard J. (2013).
11565:Barber, E. J. W. (1991).
11437:"Cochineal and Carmine".
11226:Helfman, Gene S. (2007).
11025:. Reverso Dictionnnaire.
10852:10.1080/10635159950127385
10478:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
10355:Encyclopedia of evolution
10352:Rice, Stanley A. (2007).
10300:Biology Coloring Workbook
10008:10.1007/s12064-007-0007-7
9471:Sumich, James L. (2008).
9440:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3
9223:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008
8915:Evolution and Development
8857:10.1007/s00427-004-0390-8
8198:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028
7386:10.3389/fmars.2022.906383
7091:– via ResearchGate.
6648:. Springer. p. 628.
6597:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3
6518:10.1007/s12639-011-0061-4
6243:10.1017/S1473550413000438
6062:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.026
5768:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038
5634:Levy, Charles K. (1973).
5405:The science of entomology
5078:Becker, Wayne M. (1991).
4698:Avila, Vernon L. (1995).
4419:Cresswell, Julia (2010).
4047:cow is sacred in Hinduism
3993:cave paintings at Lascaux
3525:History of classification
3357:has emerged from its dry
3279:schizocoelous development
3014:, has been proposed as a
3006:, a clade which contains
2901:
2881:
2874:
2842:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2782:
2775:
2750:
2730:
2723:
2700:
2680:
2673:
2655:proteins involved in the
2527:
2507:
2497:
2474:
2467:
2444:
2424:
2417:
2393:
2386:
2224:as modern cnidarians do.
2077:
1273:to avoid being fed upon.
1271:anti-predator adaptations
1177:. Such groupings include
1165:), feed on other animals.
1103:avoiding close inbreeding
604:biological classification
467:, a highly proliferative
281:
274:
242:
237:
126:Scientific classification
124:
96:
48:
39:Animalia (disambiguation)
16993:Endogenous viral element
14472:
14468:
13319:Rotifera (wheel animals)
13118:Priapulida (penis worms)
12519:van Gulik, Robert Hans.
12467:Ben-Tor, Daphna (1989).
12407:Crouse, Richard (2008).
12129:Hummel, Richard (1994).
12104:Journal of Social Issues
11913:. Animal Diversity Web.
11805:Fergus, Charles (2002).
11702:"Animal Experimentation"
11678:. Animal Research.info.
11615:Pond, Wilson G. (2004).
11234:. Island Press. p.
10806:Speer, Brian R. (2000).
10244:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
9571:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
6269:British Antarctic Survey
5355:Philips, Joy B. (1975).
5041:Sangwal, Keshra (2007).
4973:Minkoff, Eli C. (2008).
4521:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625
4343:10.1002/fedr.19510540208
4104:
3625:, who called the Vermes
3623:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
3548:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
1449:and microhabitats, with
1378:animals living close to
1245:between animals of each
436:, and around 65,000 are
383:consume organic material
27:Kingdom of living things
15946:Thermodesulfobacteriota
13533:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
13505:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
13226:Tardigrada (waterbears)
13219:Arthropoda (arthropods)
12594:10.1163/156852700511612
12567:Oxford University Press
12538:. Alert. Archived from
12384:McFarland & Company
12173:Tester, S. Jim (1987).
11833:. The Falconry Centre.
10298:Alcamo, Edward (1998).
10148:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001
9839:10.1242/jeb.201.12.1871
9741:Oxford University Press
8505:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
7703:10.1126/science.aat7228
7556:10.1126/science.1150279
7459:10.1073/pnas.1512614113
7217:Pandian, T. J. (2020).
7193:10.1023/A:1008994925673
6992:Crustacea: Malacostraca
6986:Poore, Hugh F. (2002).
6436:Curtice, Brian (2020).
6213:Clarke, Andrew (2014).
5640:Appleton-Century-Crofts
5431:Nature Reviews Genetics
5247:Schwartz, Jill (2010).
4731:"Animal Cell Structure"
4507:Frontiers in Psychology
4425:Oxford University Press
4100:, observed on 4 October
4049:. Among other mammals,
3915:individuals with rights
3819:Drosophila melanogaster
3676:in 1828, the zoologist
2319:Anomalocaris canadensis
1469:
710:animal, have been used
634:molecular phylogenetics
628:with Animalia) and the
32:Animal (disambiguation)
13708:Anthozoans inc. corals
13407:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
12691:'s database of animals
12689:University of Michigan
12563:Mesoamerican Mythology
12158:Lau, Theodora (2005).
12021:. 2012. Archived from
11079:On the Origin of Phyla
10623:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4434
10511:. John Wiley. p.
10269:Hyde, Kenneth (2004).
9515:Sharma, N. S. (2005).
9173:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741
8739:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162
8470:Parfrey, Laura Wegener
8438:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
7939:10.1098/rstb.2006.1846
7611:10.1126/sciadv.aao6691
7163:; 4 genera, 9spp. and
6905:10.1098/rstb.2015.0333
5561:. Wiley. p. 116.
5253:. Peterson's. p.
5216:Knobil, Ernst (1998).
5109:Magloire, Kim (2004).
4914:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32
4833:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188
3987:Animals have been the
3984:
3889:, and birds including
3850:
3727:
3632:Philosophie Zoologique
3587:classification in his
3555:
3435:
3370:
3262:
3140:
3055:
2657:control of development
2371:) the lineages split.
2103:24-Isopropylcholestane
1493:
1319:
1279:evolutionary arms race
1166:
1163:Ficedula superciliaris
1159:ultramarine flycatcher
1089:Repeated instances of
1031:
859:
809:
803:
640:relationships between
119:
17336:Paleobiology Database
16174:Neocallimastigomycota
13838:Hexapods inc. insects
13148:Nematoda (roundworms)
12316:Oxford Bibliographies
11831:"History of Falconry"
11780:"Medicines by Design"
11536:10.1081/ddc-120024188
10784:10.1093/molbev/msi111
10714:Nature Communications
10686:10.1093/molbev/msu143
10329:The First Vertebrates
10327:Holmes, Thom (2008).
9596:Kotpal, R.L. (2012).
9061:(1730 (2018)): 1730.
9054:Nature Communications
8309:Trace fossil analysis
8259:Bengtson, S. (2002).
7073:Herpetological Review
6299:Wood, Gerald (1983).
5952:Gupta, P. K. (1900).
5188:Archive. p. 54.
5144:Starr, Cecie (2007).
5081:The world of the cell
4948:"Concepts of Biology"
4729:Davidson, Michael W.
4242:10.1201/9780429446276
3958:
3944:has been seen as the
3844:
3734:livestock species in
3718:
3546:
3529:Further information:
3462:, which includes the
3434:in a sea snail embryo
3430:
3367:divided into segments
3349:
3283:enterocoelic pouching
3252:
3233:Further information:
3126:
3053:
2649:transcription factors
2633:650 million years ago
2618:body plan development
2363:. The dates on the
2340:Further information:
2152:anaerobic respiration
2091:Further information:
1510:African bush elephant
1502:Balaenoptera musculus
1487:
1474:Further information:
1338:(collectively called
1322:Most animals rely on
1314:
1302:hawksbill sea turtles
1197:(subcategorized into
1153:
1095:inbreeding depression
1053:. These fuse to form
1022:
920:embryonic development
849:
754:, having appeared in
614:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
473:bilaterally symmetric
471:whose members have a
407:embryonic development
118:
17251:Fauna Europaea (new)
17092:Transposable element
17082:Spiegelman's Monster
15839:Coprothermobacterota
15566:Evolutionary history
13031:Chordata (chordates)
12685:Animal Diversity Web
12678:12 June 2011 at the
12672:Tree of Life Project
12656:at Wikimedia Commons
12542:on 23 September 2016
11567:Prehistoric Textiles
11499:. 18 December 1937.
11357:. Cattle-today.com.
10304:The Princeton Review
9782:. pp. 345–372.
9623:Invertebrate Zoology
9216:(24): 3864–3870.e4.
8900:10.1093/icb/41.3.608
8278:. pp. 289–317.
7979:Royal Ontario Museum
7876:Conway-Morris, Simon
7814:(11–12): 1731–1774.
7324:Invertebrate Zoology
6696:Hogenboom, Melissa.
5586:. OpenStax College.
5181:Fossil Invertebrates
5117:The Princeton Review
4684:30 July 2022 at the
4673:30 July 2022 at the
3934:signs of the Western
3308:), which consist of
3261:it becomes the anus.
3183:hydrostatic skeleton
3160:form distinct organs
3154:. The Bilateria are
1269:, who often evolves
1110:asexual reproduction
1057:, which develop via
936:extracellular matrix
870:. Unlike plants and
573:Ordovician radiation
510:, which include the
30:For other uses, see
17420:Biology terminology
15503:Natural environment
15144:Gunflint microbiota
14905:Klebsormidiophyceae
14689:Hyphochytriomycetes
13481:Mollusca (molluscs)
12966:of the animal root
12569:. pp. 132–134.
11909:Heying, H. (2003).
11809:. The Lyons Press.
11656:on 12 December 2017
11650:"Genetics Research"
10953:Leroi, Armand Marie
10890:1996JMolE..43..207K
10726:2017NatCo...8....9F
10614:2000PNAS...97.4434S
10436:10.1038/nature16150
10428:2015Natur.527..459S
10139:1997PNAS...94.8001V
10080:10.1038/nature16520
10072:2016Natur.530...89C
9946:10.1038/nature09676
9938:2011Natur.470..255P
9700:10.1038/nature07191
9691:2008Natur.454..955S
9432:2017NatEE...1.1737W
9367:2023Natur.618..110S
9165:2021SciA....7.2741K
9067:2018NatCo...9.1730P
8730:2020SciA....6.5162K
8681:10.1098/rsob.200359
8582:10.7554/eLife.36278
8575:. 2018, 7: e36278.
8496:2011PNAS..10813624P
8490:(33): 13624–13629.
8432:(1496): 1435–1443.
8356:1995Geo....23..269B
8189:2008CBio...18.1849M
8142:1998Sci...282...80S
8104:2010NatGe...3..653M
8025:2022NatEE...6.1095D
7985:on 16 February 2018
7820:2010GSAB..122.1731M
7694:2018Sci...361.1246B
7688:(6408): 1246–1249.
7603:2018SciA....4.6691C
7548:2008Sci...319...81S
7513:10.1038/nature07673
7505:2009Natur.457..718L
7450:2016PNAS..113.2684G
6397:2004HBio...16...71M
6234:2014IJAsB..13..141C
6154:2005SciAm.293f.100C
6141:Scientific American
6113:10.1038/nature04639
6104:2006Natur.440..757D
6053:2013CBio...23..392R
5882:1988Sci...239..393M
5759:2004CBio...14.R693S
5636:Elements of Biology
5528:1996TEcoE..11..201P
5401:Romoser, William S.
5282:Population genetics
5250:Master the GED 2011
5051:John Wiley and Sons
4786:Bergman, Jennifer.
4767:on 28 February 2018
4131:The application of
4119:Henneguya zschokkei
3975:Alexander Coosemans
3881:, reptiles such as
3824:experimental models
3746:. Humans and their
3744:farmed commercially
3740:caught commercially
3674:Karl Ernst von Baer
3670:zoophytes (radiata)
3662:comparative anatomy
3627:une espèce de chaos
3568:arranged on a scale
3446:which includes the
3078:, and corals), and
2281:Dickinsonia costata
2087:Evolutionary origin
1399:inorganic compounds
1318:mussels and shrimps
1275:Selective pressures
1024:Sexual reproduction
884:respire aerobically
17405:Kingdoms (biology)
16961:Bio-like structure
16883:Tolecusatellitidae
16169:Blastocladiomycota
14915:Coleochaetophyceae
14295:
14291:
14219:
14215:
13694:Calcareous sponges
12879:Porifera (sponges)
12083:on 20 October 2013
11676:"Drug Development"
11335:on 5 November 2012
10995:] (in Latin) (
10923:Gould, Stephen Jay
10898:10.1007/PL00006079
9879:Developmental Cell
9780:Sinauer Associates
9021:The New York Times
8888:American Zoologist
8476:(16 August 2011).
8384:Biological Reviews
7971:"The Tree of Life"
7285:Fontaneto, Diego.
7032:Systematic Zoology
6899:(1702): 20150333.
6813:. 24 August 2011.
6385:Historical Biology
6136:Clack, Jennifer A.
5835:Biological Reviews
4378:Biological Reviews
4365:. Merriam-Webster.
4203:The French prefix
4185:History of Animals
4033:Animals including
3985:
3867:used to catch fish
3851:
3728:
3711:Animals in culture
3583:created the first
3556:
3531:Taxonomy (biology)
3436:
3387:repeating segments
3371:
3263:
3141:
3137:peristaltic motion
3056:
2610:bilateral symmetry
2586:Internal phylogeny
2347:External phylogeny
2324:Cambrian explosion
2163:Cambrian explosion
2161:record during the
1576:Described species
1539:obligate parasites
1521:sauropod dinosaurs
1514:Loxodonta africana
1494:
1480:Smallest organisms
1380:hydrothermal vents
1320:
1298:feeding behaviours
1167:
1032:
886:. All animals are
860:
561:Cambrian explosion
432:, over 85,000 are
399:reproduce sexually
335:biological kingdom
120:
17387:
17386:
17126:Taxon identifiers
17117:
17116:
16947:
16946:
16921:
16920:
16917:
16916:
16855:Portogloboviridae
16757:Alphasatellitidae
16651:Non-cellular life
16646:
16645:
16527:non-cellular life
16489:
16488:
16485:
16484:
16463:
16462:
16026:
16025:
15969:
15968:
15961:Verrucomicrobiota
15699:
15698:
15677:
15676:
15350:chemical elements
15274:
15273:
15239:
15238:
15175:Spironematellidae
15156:Meteora sporadica
15111:
15110:
15107:
15106:
15040:
15039:
14966:
14965:
14962:
14961:
14958:
14957:
14954:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14946:
14945:
14942:
14941:
14938:
14937:
14866:Prasinodermophyta
14802:
14801:
14732:
14731:
14728:
14727:
14724:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14716:
14715:
14613:
14612:
14449:Centroplasthelida
14407:
14406:
14403:
14402:
14399:
14398:
14395:
14394:
14391:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14285:
14284:
14209:
14208:
13984:
13983:
13959:
13958:
13652:
13651:
13648:
13647:
13603:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13595:
13594:
13591:
13590:
13587:
13586:
13583:
13582:
13579:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13571:
13570:
13429:
13428:
13425:
13424:
13341:
13340:
13337:
13336:
13251:
13250:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13239:
13238:
13235:
13234:
13126:
13125:
13069:
13068:
12988:
12987:
12953:
12952:
12949:
12948:
12695:Wildscreen Arkive
12652:Media related to
12478:978-965-278-083-6
12420:978-1-55490-330-6
12393:978-1-4766-2505-8
12362:978-1-137-49639-3
12219:978-0-486-21901-1
12186:978-0-85115-446-6
12144:978-0-87972-646-1
12137:. Popular Press.
11962:Kaplan, Melissa.
11869:978-1-61168-225-0
11816:978-1-58574-618-7
11628:978-0-8247-5496-9
11601:978-0-521-34107-3
11576:978-0-691-00224-8
11245:978-1-59726-760-1
11146:978-0-7876-5777-2
11089:978-0-226-84548-7
11059:978-2-88074-264-5
10968:978-1-4088-3622-4
10938:978-0-674-06167-5
10814:on 16 August 2000
10582:978-0-07-063682-8
10551:978-0-691-05924-2
10522:978-0-471-20228-8
10491:978-0-618-61916-0
10422:(7579): 459–465.
10394:978-0-534-40653-0
10385:Asking about life
10369:978-0-8160-5515-9
10338:978-0-8160-5958-4
10313:978-0-679-77884-4
10284:978-0-7575-0997-1
10255:978-0-85229-961-6
10218:978-0-19-957030-0
10191:978-0-521-83762-0
10133:(15): 8001–8005.
9932:(7333): 255–258.
9832:(12): 1871–1883.
9789:978-1-60535-375-3
9750:978-0-19-856620-5
9685:(7207): 955–960.
9649:. UCMP Berkeley.
9632:978-0-03-056747-6
9607:978-81-7133-903-7
9582:978-0-85229-961-6
9557:978-0-520-22149-9
9526:978-81-8293-018-6
9482:978-0-7637-5730-4
9426:(11): 1737–1746.
9361:(7963): 110–117.
9332:978-81-261-0675-2
9123:978-0-6911-7025-1
8792:10.1111/zsc.12215
8778:Zoologica Scripta
8632:10.1111/jeu.12691
8398:10.1111/brv.12239
8318:978-3-540-47226-1
8092:Nature Geoscience
8075:978-0-8053-7171-0
7975:The Burgess Shale
7933:(1470): 1069–83.
7659:978-0-12-628860-5
7499:(7230): 718–721.
7444:(10): 2684–2689.
7418:978-1-260-08427-6
7264:978-1-107-03765-6
7230:978-1-000-05490-3
7187:(12): 1663–1681.
7151:978-0-19-878555-2
7124:978-0-309-52075-1
7109:Wilson, Edward O.
7005:978-0-643-06901-5
6796:978-1-60344-269-5
6762:978-0-691-12085-0
6655:978-1-4020-8259-7
6312:978-0-85112-235-9
6199:978-0-7637-0862-7
6098:(7085): 757–763.
6021:978-0-07-722124-9
5996:978-0-495-10935-8
5963:978-81-7133-896-2
5938:978-1-86509-170-9
5876:(4838): 393–395.
5705:978-0-520-24653-9
5676:978-0-86542-845-4
5649:978-0-390-55627-1
5620:978-90-5809-344-8
5568:978-0-471-48968-9
5516:Trends Ecol. Evol
5492:978-0-12-017624-3
5414:978-0-697-22848-2
5372:978-0-8016-3927-2
5361:. Mosby. p.
5326:978-0-03-062451-3
5301:978-1-4051-3277-0
5264:978-0-7689-2885-3
5233:978-0-12-227020-8
5195:978-0-521-27028-1
5157:978-0-495-38150-1
5130:978-0-375-76393-9
5095:978-0-8053-0870-9
5086:Benjamin Cummings
5064:978-0-470-06153-4
5015:978-0-8153-3218-3
4984:978-0-7641-3920-8
4794:on 29 August 2007
4757:"Palaeos:Metazoa"
4715:978-0-86720-942-6
4708:. pp. 767–.
4434:978-0-19-954793-7
4390:10.1111/brv.12090
4083:Animal coloration
3959:Artistic vision:
3871:Poison dart frogs
3853:People have used
3133:basis of the head
2988:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2921:
2920:
2860:
2859:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2504:Choanoflagellatea
2365:phylogenetic tree
2357:choanoflagellates
2230:Trezona Formation
2084:
2083:
1476:Largest organisms
1348:primary consumers
1346:. Herbivores, as
1316:Hydrothermal vent
565:million years ago
416:Over 1.5 million
409:. Animals form a
317:
316:
233:
16:(Redirected from
17427:
17380:
17379:
17367:
17366:
17354:
17353:
17344:
17343:
17331:
17330:
17321:
17320:
17308:
17307:
17298:
17297:
17285:
17284:
17272:
17271:
17259:
17258:
17246:
17245:
17233:
17232:
17220:
17219:
17207:
17206:
17194:
17193:
17181:
17180:
17168:
17167:
17166:
17153:
17152:
17151:
17121:
17120:
16732:
16731:
16672:
16671:
16655:
16654:
16539:
16538:
16516:
16509:
16502:
16493:
16492:
16237:Anthocerotophyta
16116:Hemimastigophora
16037:
16036:
16008:Nitrososphaerota
15975:
15974:
15951:Thermomicrobiota
15891:Kiritimatiellota
15886:Ignavibacteriota
15851:Deferribacterota
15814:Campylobacterota
15799:Bdellovibrionota
15747:
15746:
15743:
15742:
15726:
15719:
15712:
15703:
15702:
15689:
15688:
15561:
15551:
15550:
15491:tropical cyclone
15441:
15301:
15294:
15287:
15278:
15277:
15221:Collodictyonidae
15167:Hemimastigophora
15163:
15162:
15122:
14993:
14992:
14984:
14983:
14980:
14972:
14971:
14921:Zygnematophyceae
14879:
14878:
14859:
14843:
14842:
14813:
14812:
14760:
14759:
14751:
14750:
14747:
14738:
14737:
14624:
14623:
14553:
14552:
14507:
14506:
14503:
14494:
14493:
14477:
14476:
14473:
14464:
14463:
14437:
14436:
14424:
14417:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14367:Choanoflagellata
14342:
14341:
14300:
14299:
14296:
14257:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14249:
14224:
14223:
14220:
14162:
14161:
14158:
14157:
14154:
14147:
14146:
14143:
14142:
14054:
14034:
14011:
14004:
13997:
13988:
13987:
13665:
13664:
13621:
13521:
13520:
13497:
13496:
13473:
13472:
13442:
13441:
13438:
13365:
13364:
13358:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13350:
13277:
13276:
13268:
13267:
13264:
13263:
13260:
13193:
13192:
13171:
13170:
13164:
13163:
13135:
13134:
13101:
13100:
13097:
13096:
13093:
13086:
13085:
13082:
13075:
13074:
13047:
13046:
13018:
13017:
13014:
13007:
13006:
12994:
12993:
12971:
12906:
12905:
12871:
12870:
12867:
12860:
12859:
12771:
12751:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12702:
12701:
12664:Data related to
12663:
12651:
12635:
12634:
12628:
12620:
12612:
12606:
12605:
12577:
12571:
12570:
12558:
12552:
12551:
12549:
12547:
12531:
12525:
12524:
12516:
12510:
12509:
12507:
12505:
12489:
12483:
12482:
12464:
12458:
12457:
12455:
12453:
12434:
12425:
12424:
12404:
12398:
12397:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12346:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12307:
12301:
12300:
12298:
12296:
12274:
12268:
12261:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12200:
12191:
12190:
12170:
12164:
12163:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12136:
12126:
12120:
12119:
12099:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12088:
12082:
12076:. Archived from
12071:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12036:
12030:
12029:
12028:on 4 March 2016.
12027:
12020:
12012:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11959:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11933:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11922:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11880:
11874:
11873:
11853:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11842:
11827:
11821:
11820:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11793:
11791:
11776:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11724:
11718:
11717:
11715:
11713:
11698:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11687:
11672:
11666:
11665:
11663:
11661:
11646:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11519:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11508:
11489:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11463:
11457:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11408:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11329:Seafood Business
11321:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11288:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11277:
11271:
11264:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11233:
11223:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11212:
11203:. 27 July 2011.
11193:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11179:
11160:
11151:
11150:
11134:
11124:
11118:
11117:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11073:
11064:
11063:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11034:
11019:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11008:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10919:
10910:
10909:
10871:
10865:
10864:
10854:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10786:
10777:(5): 1246–1253.
10762:
10756:
10755:
10745:
10705:
10699:
10698:
10688:
10679:(7): 1833–1849.
10663:
10654:
10653:
10643:
10625:
10608:(9): 4434–4437.
10593:
10587:
10586:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10533:
10527:
10526:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10468:Dawkins, Richard
10464:
10458:
10457:
10447:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10349:
10343:
10342:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10266:
10260:
10259:
10241:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10150:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10032:
10001:
9983:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9957:
9911:
9905:
9904:
9894:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9841:
9815:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9798:
9777:
9766:
9755:
9754:
9730:
9721:
9720:
9702:
9669:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9593:
9587:
9586:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9451:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9386:
9346:
9337:
9336:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9289:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9235:
9225:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9184:
9159:(12): eabe2741.
9153:Science Advances
9144:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9086:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8972:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8930:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8822:
8811:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8751:
8741:
8724:(10): eabc5162.
8718:Science Advances
8709:
8703:
8702:
8692:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8643:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8594:
8584:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8507:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8449:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8400:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8305:Seilacher, Adolf
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8284:
8265:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8200:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8126:Seilacher, Adolf
8122:
8116:
8115:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8044:
8019:(8): 1095–1104.
8004:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7890:(7–8): 505–515.
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7828:10.1130/B30346.1
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7786:
7779:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7754:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7705:
7673:
7664:
7663:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7622:
7591:Science Advances
7582:
7576:
7575:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7471:
7461:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7409:Animal Diversity
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7388:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7339:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7298:
7291:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7214:
7205:
7204:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7157:Trichomycteridae
7135:
7129:
7128:
7104:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7023:
7010:
7009:
6998:. pp. 1–7.
6996:CSIRO Publishing
6983:
6977:
6975:
6957:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6867:
6857:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6780:
6767:
6766:
6735:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6693:
6660:
6659:
6639:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6575:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6442:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6408:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6358:"Largest mammal"
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6245:
6219:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5984:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5770:
5753:(17): R693–696.
5738:
5732:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5285:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5004:(4th ed.).
4995:
4989:
4988:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4916:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4790:. Archived from
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4763:. Archived from
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4695:
4689:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4477:. Archived from
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:Houghton Mifflin
4455:(4th ed.).
4448:
4442:
4441:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4337:(2–3): 256–266.
4326:
4315:
4314:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4236:. p. 1352.
4232:(1st ed.).
4225:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4191:Parts of Animals
4180:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4098:World Animal Day
4028:giant bug movies
4015:
4012:
3983:
3980:
3879:praying mantises
3736:animal husbandry
3700:In human culture
3193:which swim with
3082:(comb jellies).
3070:(which includes
2912:
2911:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2851:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2761:
2760:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2533:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2453:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2342:Lists of animals
2314:
2297:
2276:
2255:Gromia sphaerica
2214:Charnwood Forest
2054:
2022:
1990:
1958:
1927:
1894:
1855:
1821:
1785:
1743:
1701:
1663:
1615:
1565:
1564:
1547:Myxobolus shekel
1434:lobe-finned fish
1403:hydrogen sulfide
1368:basal metabolism
1294:parasitoid wasps
1078:and an internal
989:. These include
594:divided animals
567:(Mya), and most
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
225:
134:
133:
100:
91:
87:
80:
73:
66:
60:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
17435:
17434:
17430:
17429:
17428:
17426:
17425:
17424:
17390:
17389:
17388:
17383:
17375:
17370:
17362:
17357:
17349:
17347:
17339:
17334:
17326:
17324:
17316:
17311:
17303:
17301:
17293:
17288:
17280:
17275:
17267:
17262:
17254:
17249:
17241:
17236:
17228:
17223:
17215:
17210:
17202:
17197:
17189:
17184:
17176:
17171:
17162:
17161:
17156:
17147:
17146:
17141:
17128:
17118:
17113:
16953:
16943:
16913:
16888:
16799:Finnlakeviridae
16744:
16723:
16665:
16661:
16642:
16614:
16579:
16530:
16520:
16490:
16481:
16459:
16410:Gnathostomulida
16315:Xenacoelomorpha
16281:
16277:Flowering plant
16232:Marchantiophyta
16198:
16164:Chytridiomycota
16150:
16022:
15965:
15921:Planctomycetota
15881:Gemmatimonadota
15866:Elusimicrobiota
15759:Acidobacteriota
15737:
15730:
15700:
15695:
15673:
15590:
15559:
15540:
15497:
15439:
15419:
15410:Gaia hypothesis
15400:Plate tectonics
15361:
15311:
15305:
15275:
15270:
15235:
15207:
15198:Ancyromonadidae
15184:
15161:
15116:
15103:
15094:Malawimonadidae
15080:
15036:
15011:
14975:
14934:
14877:
14850:
14849:
14841:
14798:
14773:
14741:
14712:
14665:
14637:
14609:
14572:
14542:
14497:
14488:
14467:
14458:
14435:
14420:
14379:
14353:
14331:
14290:
14281:
14245:
14240:
14214:
14205:
14150:
14137:
14136:
14052:
14030:
14021:
14015:
13985:
13980:
13955:
13881:Phylactolaemata
13669:
13659:
13658:
13644:
13635:Xenambulacraria
13611:
13567:
13544:
13510:
13492:Kryptotrochozoa
13486:
13464:
13434:
13421:
13412:Monoblastozoa (
13388:
13346:
13333:
13305:Micrognathozoa
13293:
13256:
13231:
13204:
13182:
13158:
13122:
13089:
13078:
13065:
13036:
13010:
13001:
12984:
12961:
12945:
12928:
12897:
12889:
12863:
12854:
12853:
12769:
12747:
12738:
12729:
12680:Wayback Machine
12644:
12639:
12638:
12622:
12621:
12613:
12609:
12578:
12574:
12559:
12555:
12545:
12543:
12532:
12528:
12517:
12513:
12503:
12501:
12490:
12486:
12479:
12465:
12461:
12451:
12449:
12436:
12435:
12428:
12421:
12405:
12401:
12394:
12374:
12370:
12363:
12347:
12343:
12333:
12331:
12308:
12304:
12294:
12292:
12275:
12271:
12262:
12258:
12248:
12246:
12231:
12227:
12220:
12204:Hearn, Lafcadio
12201:
12194:
12187:
12171:
12167:
12156:
12152:
12145:
12127:
12123:
12100:
12096:
12086:
12084:
12080:
12069:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12050:
12048:
12037:
12033:
12025:
12018:
12014:
12013:
12009:
11999:
11997:
11988:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11971:
11966:. Anapsid.org.
11960:
11956:
11946:
11944:
11935:
11934:
11930:
11920:
11918:
11911:"Dendrobatidae"
11907:
11903:
11893:
11891:
11886:. AmphibiaWeb.
11882:
11881:
11877:
11870:
11854:
11850:
11840:
11838:
11829:
11828:
11824:
11817:
11803:
11799:
11789:
11787:
11778:
11777:
11773:
11763:
11761:
11752:
11751:
11747:
11737:
11735:
11726:
11725:
11721:
11711:
11709:
11700:
11699:
11695:
11685:
11683:
11674:
11673:
11669:
11659:
11657:
11648:
11647:
11643:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11613:
11609:
11602:
11588:
11584:
11577:
11563:
11559:
11520:
11516:
11506:
11504:
11491:
11490:
11486:
11476:
11474:
11465:
11464:
11460:
11450:
11448:
11436:
11435:
11431:
11421:
11419:
11418:on 20 July 2016
11410:
11409:
11405:
11395:
11393:
11378:
11374:
11364:
11362:
11353:
11352:
11348:
11338:
11336:
11323:
11322:
11318:
11289:
11285:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11262:
11258:
11257:
11253:
11246:
11224:
11220:
11210:
11208:
11195:
11194:
11187:
11177:
11175:
11162:
11161:
11154:
11147:
11125:
11121:
11101:
11097:
11090:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11046:
11042:
11032:
11030:
11021:
11020:
11016:
11006:
11004:
10980:
10976:
10969:
10950:
10946:
10939:
10920:
10913:
10872:
10868:
10831:
10827:
10817:
10815:
10804:
10800:
10763:
10759:
10706:
10702:
10664:
10657:
10594:
10590:
10583:
10575:. p. 173.
10563:
10559:
10552:
10534:
10530:
10523:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10465:
10461:
10406:
10402:
10395:
10381:
10377:
10370:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10325:
10321:
10314:
10306:. p. 220.
10296:
10292:
10285:
10277:. p. 345.
10267:
10263:
10256:
10242:
10238:
10228:
10226:
10219:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10178:
10174:
10119:
10115:
10105:
10103:
10066:(7588): 89–93.
10050:
10046:
10036:
10034:
10030:
9999:10.1.1.177.8060
9981:
9975:
9971:
9912:
9908:
9871:
9867:
9857:
9855:
9816:
9812:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9790:
9775:
9767:
9758:
9751:
9731:
9724:
9670:
9666:
9656:
9654:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9633:
9619:
9615:
9608:
9594:
9590:
9583:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9538:
9534:
9527:
9513:
9509:
9494:
9490:
9483:
9469:
9465:
9412:
9408:
9347:
9340:
9333:
9319:
9315:
9290:
9286:
9253:
9249:
9210:Current Biology
9202:
9198:
9145:
9138:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9104:
9100:
9045:
9041:
9031:
9029:
9009:
9005:
8997:
8970:
8964:
8960:
8928:10.1.1.121.1228
8911:
8907:
8884:
8880:
8840:
8836:
8826:
8824:
8823:on 2 March 2014
8820:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8769:
8765:
8710:
8706:
8661:
8657:
8612:
8608:
8565:
8561:
8551:
8549:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8467:
8463:
8418:
8414:
8375:
8371:
8338:
8334:
8319:
8302:
8298:
8288:
8286:
8282:
8274:. Vol. 8.
8263:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8226:
8222:
8183:(23): 1849–54.
8177:Current Biology
8169:
8165:
8136:(5386): 80–83.
8123:
8119:
8112:10.1038/ngeo934
8087:
8083:
8076:
8062:
8058:
8005:
7998:
7988:
7986:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7873:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7804:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7723:
7719:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7640:
7636:
7597:(6): eaao6691.
7583:
7579:
7542:(5859): 81–84.
7532:
7528:
7489:
7485:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7405:
7401:
7391:
7389:
7364:
7360:
7350:
7348:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7249:
7245:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7215:
7208:
7177:
7173:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7105:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7065:
7061:
7045:10.2307/2412618
7024:
7013:
7006:
6984:
6980:
6934:
6930:
6885:
6881:
6848:(8): e1001127.
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6781:
6770:
6763:
6736:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6694:
6663:
6656:
6640:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6576:
6543:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6406:10.1.1.694.1650
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6250:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6181:
6177:
6133:
6129:
6082:
6078:
6041:Current Biology
6033:
6029:
6022:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5925:
5921:
5866:
5862:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5796:
5792:
5747:Current Biology
5739:
5735:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:. p. 428.
5688:
5684:
5677:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:. p. 108.
5632:
5628:
5621:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5555:
5551:
5512:
5508:
5493:
5471:
5467:
5444:10.1038/nrg2664
5438:(11): 783–796.
5426:
5422:
5415:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5353:
5349:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5317:General zoology
5313:
5309:
5302:
5288:Wiley-Blackwell
5276:
5272:
5265:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5006:Garland Science
4996:
4992:
4985:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4940:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4862:
4858:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4696:
4692:
4686:Wayback Machine
4675:Wayback Machine
4668:meta- (sense 1)
4659:
4657:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4620:Merriam-Webster
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4481:on 26 July 2018
4469:
4468:
4464:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4417:
4413:
4384:(4): 972–1004.
4374:
4370:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4327:
4318:
4271:
4267:
4252:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4079:
4016:horse portrait
4013:
3989:subjects of art
3981:
3946:personification
3938:Chinese zodiacs
3930:
3811:Working animals
3713:
3707:
3702:
3653:Le Règne Animal
3590:Systema Naturae
3564:divided animals
3541:
3527:
3432:Spiral cleavage
3425:
3419:
3344:
3338:
3332:(acorn worms).
3247:
3239:Main articles:
3237:
3231:
3215:Xenacoelomorpha
3200:parasitic worms
3121:
3113:Main articles:
3111:
3062:(sea sponges),
3048:
2993:Xenambulacraria
2989:
2975:
2961:
2946:
2937:
2922:
2906:
2861:
2785:Xenacoelomorpha
2755:
2629:common ancestor
2588:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2554:
2544:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2315:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2286:Ediacaran biota
2277:
2234:South Australia
2111:molecular clock
2095:
2089:
2080:
2062:(moist plants)
2061:
1873:
1801:
1766:
1759:
1734:Platyhelminthes
1722:
1714:
1678:
1667:
1647:Yes >45,000
1635:
1631:
1622:
1555:
1526:Argentinosaurus
1482:
1472:
1467:
1157:, such as this
1148:
1132:parthenogenesis
1017:
1007:
968:tight junctions
932:
910:, later become
844:
842:Characteristics
796:
752:human evolution
740:aquatic animals
692:working animals
609:Systema Naturae
581:common ancestor
541:-like organism
524:Xenacoelomorpha
345:
341:
309:
303:
297:
291:
290:Choanoblastaea
285:
224:
128:
117:
98:
92:
90:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
58:
57:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17433:
17423:
17422:
17417:
17412:
17407:
17402:
17385:
17384:
17382:
17381:
17368:
17355:
17345:
17332:
17322:
17309:
17299:
17286:
17273:
17260:
17247:
17238:Fauna Europaea
17234:
17221:
17208:
17195:
17182:
17169:
17154:
17138:
17136:
17130:
17129:
17115:
17114:
17112:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17100:
17099:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17073:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17049:
17041:
17040:
17039:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16979:
16978:
16973:
16963:
16957:
16955:
16949:
16948:
16945:
16944:
16942:
16941:
16936:
16929:
16927:
16923:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16915:
16914:
16912:
16911:
16904:
16896:
16894:
16890:
16889:
16887:
16886:
16879:
16872:
16865:
16858:
16851:
16848:Polydnaviridae
16844:
16837:
16830:
16823:
16816:
16813:Globuloviridae
16809:
16806:Fuselloviridae
16802:
16795:
16788:
16785:Bicaudaviridae
16781:
16774:
16767:
16764:Ampullaviridae
16760:
16752:
16750:
16746:
16745:
16741:Naldaviricetes
16738:
16736:
16729:
16725:
16724:
16722:
16721:
16714:
16707:
16700:
16693:
16686:
16678:
16676:
16669:
16652:
16648:
16647:
16644:
16643:
16641:
16640:
16634:
16626:
16624:
16621:Incertae sedis
16616:
16615:
16613:
16612:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16589:
16587:
16581:
16580:
16578:
16577:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16555:
16549:
16547:
16536:
16532:
16531:
16519:
16518:
16511:
16504:
16496:
16487:
16486:
16483:
16482:
16475:
16473:
16470:Incertae sedis
16465:
16464:
16461:
16460:
16458:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16415:Micrognathozoa
16412:
16407:
16405:Acanthocephala
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16291:
16289:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16247:Lycopodiophyta
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16208:
16206:
16200:
16199:
16197:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16166:
16160:
16158:
16152:
16151:
16149:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16061:Ancyromonadida
16058:
16053:
16047:
16045:
16034:
16028:
16027:
16024:
16023:
16021:
16020:
16015:
16013:Thermoproteota
16010:
16005:
15998:
15991:
15983:
15981:
15971:
15970:
15967:
15966:
15964:
15963:
15958:
15953:
15948:
15943:
15938:
15933:
15928:
15926:Pseudomonadota
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15901:Mycoplasmatota
15898:
15896:Lentisphaerota
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15876:Fusobacteriota
15873:
15871:Fibrobacterota
15868:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15774:Armatimonadota
15771:
15766:
15764:Actinomycetota
15761:
15755:
15753:
15739:
15738:
15729:
15728:
15721:
15714:
15706:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15693:
15682:
15679:
15678:
15675:
15674:
15672:
15671:
15664:
15663:
15662:
15657:
15647:
15646:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15634:
15633:
15623:
15622:
15621:
15606:
15601:
15595:
15592:
15591:
15589:
15588:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15554:
15548:
15542:
15541:
15539:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15507:
15505:
15499:
15498:
15496:
15495:
15494:
15493:
15488:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15435:
15429:
15427:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15377:
15371:
15369:
15363:
15362:
15360:
15359:
15354:
15353:
15352:
15347:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15321:
15319:
15313:
15312:
15304:
15303:
15296:
15289:
15281:
15272:
15271:
15269:
15268:
15262:
15255:
15251:excluded from
15244:
15241:
15240:
15237:
15236:
15234:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15217:
15215:
15209:
15208:
15206:
15205:
15203:Planomonadidae
15200:
15194:
15192:
15190:Ancyromonadida
15186:
15185:
15183:
15182:
15180:Paramastigidae
15177:
15171:
15169:
15160:
15159:
15152:
15146:
15140:
15132:
15125:
15123:
15119:Incertae sedis
15113:
15112:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15104:
15102:
15101:
15096:
15090:
15088:
15082:
15081:
15079:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15050:
15048:
15042:
15041:
15038:
15037:
15035:
15034:
15027:
15021:
15019:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15009:
15002:
14996:
14990:
14981:
14968:
14967:
14964:
14963:
14960:
14959:
14956:
14955:
14952:
14951:
14948:
14947:
14944:
14943:
14940:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14933:
14932:
14924:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14895:
14887:
14885:
14876:
14875:
14868:
14862:
14860:
14840:
14839:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14816:
14810:
14808:Archaeplastida
14804:
14803:
14800:
14799:
14797:
14796:
14791:
14783:
14781:
14775:
14774:
14772:
14771:
14763:
14757:
14748:
14734:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14726:
14725:
14722:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14714:
14713:
14711:
14710:
14705:
14698:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14675:
14673:
14667:
14666:
14664:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14647:
14645:
14639:
14638:
14636:
14635:
14627:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14611:
14610:
14608:
14607:
14602:
14599:Dinoflagellata
14595:
14593:Chrompodellida
14590:
14582:
14580:
14574:
14573:
14571:
14570:
14563:
14556:
14550:
14544:
14543:
14541:
14540:
14533:
14526:
14521:
14515:
14513:
14504:
14490:
14489:
14487:
14486:
14480:
14474:
14460:
14459:
14457:
14456:
14451:
14445:
14443:
14434:
14433:
14427:
14425:
14422:Diaphoretickes
14409:
14408:
14405:
14404:
14401:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14393:
14392:
14389:
14388:
14385:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14378:
14377:
14369:
14363:
14361:
14355:
14354:
14352:
14351:
14345:
14339:
14333:
14332:
14330:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14311:
14303:
14297:
14287:
14286:
14283:
14282:
14280:
14279:
14271:
14265:
14263:
14250:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14238:
14233:
14227:
14221:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14204:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14181:
14176:
14170:
14168:
14155:
14139:
14138:
14135:
14134:
14133:
14132:
14131:
14130:
14127:Mesomycetozoea
14124:
14119:
14109:
14099:
14098:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14076:
14075:
14063:Diaphoretickes
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14027:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14020:classification
14014:
14013:
14006:
13999:
13991:
13982:
13981:
13979:
13978:
13971:
13964:
13961:
13960:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13919:
13918:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13895:
13894:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13871:
13870:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13846:Platyhelminths
13842:
13841:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13789:
13788:
13787:
13782:
13770:
13769:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13722:
13721:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13698:
13697:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13673:
13671:
13661:
13660:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13650:
13649:
13646:
13645:
13643:
13642:
13640:Centroneuralia
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13608:
13605:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13597:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13589:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13581:
13580:
13577:
13576:
13573:
13572:
13569:
13568:
13566:
13565:
13560:
13554:
13552:
13546:
13545:
13543:
13542:
13535:
13529:
13527:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13508:
13500:
13494:
13488:
13487:
13485:
13484:
13476:
13470:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13462:
13455:
13445:
13439:
13436:Lophotrochozoa
13431:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13419:
13409:
13404:
13398:
13396:
13390:
13389:
13387:
13386:
13381:
13373:
13371:
13362:
13351:
13348:Platytrochozoa
13343:
13342:
13339:
13338:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13329:
13322:
13310:
13307:(Limnognathia)
13301:
13299:
13295:
13294:
13292:
13291:
13286:
13280:
13274:
13261:
13253:
13252:
13249:
13248:
13245:
13244:
13241:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13229:
13222:
13214:
13212:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13202:
13196:
13190:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13174:
13168:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13156:
13151:
13143:
13141:
13132:
13128:
13127:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13115:
13109:
13107:
13094:
13083:
13071:
13070:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13058:
13050:
13044:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13034:
13027:
13021:
13015:
13003:
13002:
12990:
12989:
12986:
12985:
12983:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12958:
12955:
12954:
12951:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12944:
12943:
12939:
12937:
12936:(Triploblasts)
12930:
12929:
12927:
12926:
12919:
12917:and relatives)
12909:
12903:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12887:
12882:
12874:
12868:
12856:
12855:
12852:
12851:
12850:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12844:Mesomycetozoea
12841:
12836:
12826:
12816:
12815:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12793:
12792:
12780:Diaphoretickes
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12744:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12728:
12727:
12720:
12713:
12705:
12699:
12698:
12692:
12682:
12669:
12668:at Wikispecies
12657:
12643:
12642:External links
12640:
12637:
12636:
12607:
12588:(4): 417–452.
12572:
12553:
12526:
12511:
12484:
12477:
12459:
12442:Trees for Life
12426:
12419:
12399:
12392:
12386:. p. 32.
12368:
12361:
12341:
12302:
12269:
12256:
12225:
12218:
12192:
12185:
12165:
12150:
12143:
12121:
12094:
12058:
12031:
12007:
11981:
11954:
11928:
11901:
11875:
11868:
11848:
11822:
11815:
11797:
11771:
11745:
11719:
11693:
11667:
11641:
11627:
11607:
11600:
11582:
11575:
11557:
11530:(8): 925–938.
11514:
11484:
11458:
11429:
11403:
11372:
11346:
11316:
11283:
11251:
11244:
11218:
11185:
11152:
11145:
11119:
11104:Haeckel, Ernst
11095:
11088:
11065:
11058:
11040:
11014:
10983:Linnaeus, Carl
10974:
10967:
10944:
10937:
10911:
10884:(3): 207–215.
10866:
10845:(3): 539–562.
10825:
10798:
10757:
10700:
10655:
10588:
10581:
10557:
10550:
10544:. p. 75.
10528:
10521:
10497:
10490:
10459:
10400:
10393:
10375:
10368:
10344:
10337:
10319:
10312:
10290:
10283:
10261:
10254:
10236:
10217:
10197:
10190:
10172:
10113:
10044:
9969:
9906:
9885:(4): 457–459.
9865:
9810:
9788:
9756:
9749:
9743:. p. 53.
9722:
9664:
9638:
9631:
9613:
9606:
9588:
9581:
9563:
9556:
9532:
9525:
9507:
9504:. p. 428.
9488:
9481:
9463:
9406:
9338:
9331:
9313:
9307:10.1101/704551
9284:
9247:
9196:
9136:
9122:
9116:. p. 21.
9098:
9039:
9014:(4 May 2018).
9003:
8983:10.1101/041806
8958:
8921:(3): 170–205.
8905:
8894:(3): 608–620.
8878:
8851:(4): 170–175.
8834:
8798:
8763:
8704:
8655:
8606:
8559:
8529:
8474:Katz, Laura A.
8461:
8412:
8391:(1): 446–473.
8369:
8350:(3): 269–272.
8332:
8317:
8296:
8251:
8220:
8163:
8117:
8098:(9): 653–659.
8081:
8074:
8056:
7996:
7962:
7913:
7867:
7841:
7798:
7766:
7717:
7665:
7658:
7634:
7577:
7526:
7483:
7424:
7417:
7399:
7358:
7330:(3): 188–196.
7310:
7277:
7263:
7243:
7229:
7206:
7171:
7150:
7130:
7123:
7094:
7059:
7038:(2): 251–254.
7011:
7004:
6988:"Introduction"
6978:
6928:
6879:
6828:
6802:
6795:
6768:
6761:
6739:Poulin, Robert
6715:
6661:
6654:
6615:
6541:
6512:(2): 169–176.
6492:
6465:
6428:
6391:(2–4): 71–83.
6375:
6349:
6318:
6311:
6286:
6265:"Land animals"
6256:
6228:(2): 141–154.
6205:
6198:
6184:Margulis, Lynn
6175:
6127:
6076:
6027:
6020:
6012:Marine Biology
6002:
5995:
5969:
5962:
5944:
5937:
5919:
5860:
5841:(4): 395–434.
5825:
5790:
5733:
5711:
5704:
5682:
5675:
5655:
5648:
5626:
5619:
5601:
5582:Schatz, Phil.
5574:
5567:
5549:
5522:(5): 201–206.
5506:
5491:
5465:
5420:
5413:
5392:
5378:
5371:
5347:
5332:
5325:
5307:
5300:
5270:
5263:
5239:
5232:
5208:
5194:
5170:
5156:
5136:
5129:
5101:
5094:
5070:
5063:
5033:
5014:
4990:
4983:
4965:
4938:
4887:
4856:
4827:(1429): 5–17.
4805:
4788:"Heterotrophs"
4778:
4748:
4721:
4714:
4690:
4637:
4607:
4577:
4545:
4492:
4462:
4443:
4433:
4411:
4368:
4348:
4316:
4281:(2): 241–257.
4265:
4250:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:is pejorative.
4196:
4175:
4162:
4156:Not including
4149:
4124:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4041:was sacred in
4002:The Rhinoceros
3997:Albrecht Dürer
3948:of a person's
3929:
3926:
3917:of their own.
3875:blowpipe darts
3725:slaughterhouse
3709:Main article:
3706:
3705:Practical uses
3703:
3701:
3698:
3666:embranchements
3658:Georges Cuvier
3643:, polyps, and
3526:
3523:
3456:Platytrochozoa
3440:Lophotrochozoa
3421:Main article:
3418:
3415:
3365:, its body is
3340:Main article:
3337:
3334:
3304:(animals with
3230:
3227:
3110:
3107:
3047:
3044:
2998:Centroneuralia
2986:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:hox genes
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:1300 mya
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:1100 mya
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2348:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2260:microorganisms
2144:in fossils of
2119:Neoproterozoic
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1765:Yes >40,000
1763:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1685:Yes >5,600
1683:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1630:Yes >40,000
1628:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1554:
1551:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1392:chemosynthesis
1352:trophic levels
1344:photosynthesis
1336:phytoplanktons
1171:trophic levels
1147:
1144:
1074:, an external
1006:
1003:
964:cell junctions
931:
928:
918:is a stage in
878:, animals are
843:
840:
795:
792:
734:; while other
696:transportation
668:dairy products
590:Historically,
557:marine species
553:Neoproterozoic
387:breathe oxygen
315:
314:
313:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
279:
278:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
240:
239:
235:
234:
219:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
122:
121:
94:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17432:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17397:
17395:
17378:
17373:
17369:
17365:
17360:
17356:
17352:
17346:
17342:
17337:
17333:
17329:
17323:
17319:
17314:
17310:
17306:
17300:
17296:
17291:
17287:
17283:
17278:
17274:
17270:
17265:
17261:
17257:
17252:
17248:
17244:
17239:
17235:
17231:
17226:
17222:
17218:
17213:
17209:
17205:
17200:
17196:
17192:
17187:
17183:
17179:
17174:
17170:
17165:
17159:
17155:
17150:
17144:
17140:
17139:
17137:
17135:
17131:
17127:
17122:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17098:
17095:
17094:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17087:Tandem repeat
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17052:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17042:
17038:
17035:
17034:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17017:
17016:
17015:Nanobacterium
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16968:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16958:
16956:
16950:
16940:
16937:
16934:
16931:
16930:
16928:
16924:
16910:
16909:
16908:Rhizidiovirus
16905:
16903:
16902:
16898:
16897:
16895:
16891:
16885:
16884:
16880:
16878:
16877:
16876:Thaspiviridae
16873:
16871:
16870:
16866:
16864:
16863:
16862:Pospiviroidae
16859:
16857:
16856:
16852:
16850:
16849:
16845:
16843:
16842:
16841:Plasmaviridae
16838:
16836:
16835:
16831:
16829:
16828:
16827:Halspiviridae
16824:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16815:
16814:
16810:
16808:
16807:
16803:
16801:
16800:
16796:
16794:
16793:
16789:
16787:
16786:
16782:
16780:
16779:
16778:Avsunviroidae
16775:
16773:
16772:
16771:Anelloviridae
16768:
16766:
16765:
16761:
16759:
16758:
16754:
16753:
16751:
16747:
16743:
16742:
16737:
16733:
16730:
16726:
16720:
16719:
16715:
16713:
16712:
16708:
16706:
16705:
16701:
16699:
16698:
16694:
16692:
16691:
16690:Duplodnaviria
16687:
16685:
16684:
16680:
16679:
16677:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16664:
16660:
16656:
16653:
16649:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16632:
16628:
16627:
16625:
16623:
16622:
16617:
16610:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16590:
16588:
16586:
16582:
16576:
16573:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16563:Mitochondrion
16561:
16560:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16540:
16537:
16535:Cellular life
16533:
16528:
16524:
16517:
16512:
16510:
16505:
16503:
16498:
16497:
16494:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16472:
16471:
16466:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16290:
16288:
16284:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16207:
16205:
16201:
16195:
16194:Basidiomycota
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16179:Glomeromycota
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16161:
16159:
16157:
16153:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16141:Stramenopiles
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16066:Apusomonadida
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16029:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16003:
16002:Nanoarchaeota
15999:
15996:
15992:
15989:
15988:Euryarchaeota
15985:
15984:
15982:
15980:
15976:
15972:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15936:Spirochaetota
15934:
15932:
15931:Rhodothermota
15929:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15861:Dictyoglomota
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15846:
15845:Cyanobacteria
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15834:Chrysiogenota
15832:
15830:
15829:Chloroflexota
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15809:Calditrichota
15807:
15805:
15804:Caldisericota
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15779:Atribacterota
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15740:
15735:
15727:
15722:
15720:
15715:
15713:
15708:
15707:
15704:
15692:
15684:
15683:
15680:
15670:
15669:
15665:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15651:
15648:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15632:
15629:
15628:
15627:
15624:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15596:
15593:
15586:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15560:(abiogenesis)
15556:
15555:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15543:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15508:
15506:
15504:
15500:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15483:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15430:
15428:
15426:
15422:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15385:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15375:Earth science
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15358:
15355:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15342:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15322:
15320:
15318:
15314:
15310:
15302:
15297:
15295:
15290:
15288:
15283:
15282:
15279:
15266:
15263:
15260:
15256:
15254:
15250:
15247:¹traditional
15246:
15245:
15242:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15226:Mantamonadida
15224:
15222:
15219:
15218:
15216:
15214:
15210:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15195:
15193:
15191:
15187:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15172:
15170:
15168:
15164:
15158:
15157:
15153:
15151:
15147:
15145:
15141:
15139:
15138:
15133:
15131:
15127:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15120:
15114:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15091:
15089:
15087:
15083:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15056:
15052:
15051:
15049:
15047:
15043:
15033:
15032:
15028:
15026:
15025:Heterolobosea
15023:
15022:
15020:
15018:
15017:Discicristata
15014:
15008:
15007:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14997:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14985:
14982:
14978:
14973:
14969:
14930:
14929:
14925:
14923:
14922:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14900:
14896:
14894:
14893:
14889:
14888:
14886:
14884:
14880:
14874:
14873:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14863:
14861:
14857:
14856:
14848:
14847:Viridiplantae
14844:
14838:
14837:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14817:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14805:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14789:
14785:
14784:
14782:
14780:
14776:
14770:
14769:
14768:Microheliella
14765:
14764:
14761:
14758:
14756:
14752:
14749:
14745:
14739:
14735:
14709:
14708:Actinophryida
14706:
14704:
14703:
14699:
14697:
14696:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14674:
14672:
14668:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14648:
14646:
14644:
14640:
14634:
14633:
14629:
14628:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14619:Stramenopiles
14616:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14600:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14588:
14584:
14583:
14581:
14579:
14575:
14569:
14568:
14564:
14561:
14558:
14557:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14545:
14539:
14538:
14534:
14532:
14531:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14516:
14514:
14512:
14508:
14505:
14501:
14495:
14491:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14478:
14475:
14471:
14465:
14461:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14446:
14444:
14442:
14438:
14432:
14429:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14418:
14414:
14410:
14375:
14374:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14364:
14362:
14360:
14356:
14350:
14347:
14346:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14334:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14322:Ichthyosporea
14320:
14318:
14317:
14312:
14310:
14309:
14305:
14304:
14301:
14298:
14294:
14288:
14277:
14276:
14272:
14270:
14269:Rotosphaerida
14267:
14266:
14264:
14262:
14258:
14254:
14251:
14248:
14243:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14231:Apusomonadida
14229:
14228:
14225:
14222:
14218:
14212:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14186:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14163:
14159:
14156:
14153:
14148:
14144:
14140:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14114:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14104:
14103:
14100:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14090:Stramenopiles
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14053:(major groups
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14033:
14029:
14028:
14024:
14019:
14012:
14007:
14005:
14000:
13998:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13976:
13975:dubious phyla
13972:
13970:
13966:
13965:
13962:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13926:
13925:
13924:
13920:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13900:
13896:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13849:
13848:
13847:
13843:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13814:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13794:
13790:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13777:
13776:
13775:
13774:Hemichordates
13771:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13747:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13705:
13704:
13703:
13699:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13689:Glass sponges
13687:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13680:
13679:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13666:
13662:
13655:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13630:Deuterostomia
13628:
13626:
13623:
13619:
13616:of Bilateria
13615:
13610:
13609:
13606:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13553:
13551:
13547:
13541:
13540:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13526:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13513:
13507:
13506:
13502:
13501:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13478:
13477:
13474:
13471:
13467:
13461:
13460:
13456:
13454:
13452:
13449:Cycliophora (
13447:
13446:
13443:
13440:
13437:
13432:
13417:
13415:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13379:
13375:
13374:
13372:
13370:
13366:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13352:
13349:
13344:
13328:
13327:
13323:
13321:
13320:
13316:
13315:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13303:
13302:
13300:
13296:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13281:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13262:
13259:
13254:
13228:
13227:
13223:
13221:
13220:
13216:
13215:
13213:
13211:
13207:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13188:Panarthropoda
13185:
13179:
13176:
13175:
13172:
13169:
13165:
13161:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13149:
13145:
13144:
13142:
13140:
13136:
13133:
13129:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13106:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13092:
13087:
13084:
13081:
13076:
13072:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13056:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13039:
13033:
13032:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13022:
13019:
13016:
13013:
13008:
13004:
13000:
12995:
12991:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12960:
12959:
12956:
12941:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12931:
12925:
12924:
12920:
12918:
12916:
12911:
12910:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12896:
12892:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12880:
12876:
12875:
12872:
12869:
12866:
12861:
12857:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12821:
12820:
12817:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12807:Stramenopiles
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12791:
12788:
12787:
12786:
12783:
12782:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12770:(major groups
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12750:
12746:
12745:
12741:
12737:
12734:
12726:
12721:
12719:
12714:
12712:
12707:
12706:
12703:
12696:
12693:
12690:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12677:
12673:
12670:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12655:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12632:
12626:
12618:
12611:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12576:
12568:
12564:
12557:
12541:
12537:
12530:
12522:
12515:
12499:
12495:
12488:
12480:
12474:
12470:
12463:
12447:
12443:
12439:
12433:
12431:
12422:
12416:
12412:
12411:
12403:
12395:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12380:
12372:
12364:
12358:
12354:
12353:
12345:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12313:
12306:
12290:
12286:
12285:
12280:
12273:
12266:
12260:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12229:
12221:
12215:
12211:
12210:
12205:
12199:
12197:
12188:
12182:
12178:
12177:
12169:
12161:
12154:
12146:
12140:
12135:
12134:
12125:
12117:
12113:
12109:
12105:
12098:
12079:
12075:
12068:
12062:
12046:
12042:
12035:
12024:
12017:
12011:
11995:
11991:
11985:
11969:
11965:
11958:
11942:
11938:
11932:
11916:
11912:
11905:
11889:
11885:
11879:
11871:
11865:
11861:
11860:
11852:
11836:
11832:
11826:
11818:
11812:
11808:
11801:
11785:
11781:
11775:
11759:
11755:
11749:
11733:
11729:
11723:
11707:
11703:
11697:
11681:
11677:
11671:
11655:
11651:
11645:
11630:
11624:
11620:
11619:
11611:
11603:
11597:
11593:
11586:
11578:
11572:
11568:
11561:
11553:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11525:
11518:
11502:
11498:
11494:
11488:
11472:
11468:
11462:
11446:
11442:
11441:
11433:
11417:
11413:
11407:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11376:
11360:
11356:
11350:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11320:
11311:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11287:
11268:
11261:
11255:
11247:
11241:
11237:
11232:
11231:
11222:
11206:
11202:
11201:The Economist
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10998:
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10870:
10862:
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10836:
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10813:
10809:
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10776:
10772:
10768:
10761:
10753:
10749:
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10739:
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10727:
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10704:
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10637:
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10592:
10584:
10578:
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10570:
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10524:
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10514:
10510:
10509:
10501:
10493:
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10475:
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10469:
10463:
10455:
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10411:
10404:
10396:
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10371:
10365:
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10348:
10340:
10334:
10330:
10323:
10315:
10309:
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10301:
10294:
10286:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10265:
10257:
10251:
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10224:
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10210:
10209:
10201:
10193:
10187:
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10176:
10168:
10164:
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10132:
10128:
10124:
10117:
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10069:
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10055:
10048:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9986:Theory Biosci
9980:
9973:
9965:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9947:
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9939:
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9931:
9927:
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9898:
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9888:
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9880:
9876:
9869:
9853:
9849:
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9840:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9814:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9781:
9774:
9773:
9772:Invertebrates
9765:
9763:
9761:
9752:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9729:
9727:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9701:
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9692:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9668:
9652:
9648:
9642:
9634:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9609:
9603:
9599:
9592:
9584:
9578:
9574:
9567:
9559:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9536:
9528:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9503:
9502:Prentice-Hall
9499:
9492:
9484:
9478:
9474:
9467:
9459:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9343:
9334:
9328:
9324:
9317:
9308:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9288:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9243:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9141:
9125:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9102:
9094:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9043:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9013:
9007:
8996:
8992:
8988:
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8980:
8976:
8969:
8962:
8954:
8950:
8946:
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8934:
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8916:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8882:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8838:
8819:
8815:
8808:
8802:
8793:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8767:
8759:
8755:
8750:
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8727:
8723:
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8715:
8708:
8700:
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8682:
8678:
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8670:
8666:
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8651:
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8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
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8485:
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8475:
8471:
8465:
8457:
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8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8373:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8336:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8190:
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8182:
8178:
8174:
8167:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
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8131:
8127:
8121:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8085:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8060:
8052:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8003:
8001:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
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7877:
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7855:
7851:
7845:
7837:
7833:
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7825:
7821:
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7813:
7809:
7802:
7783:
7776:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7753:
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7713:
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7679:
7672:
7670:
7661:
7655:
7651:
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7646:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7573:
7569:
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7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7387:
7382:
7378:
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7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7266:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7247:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7213:
7211:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7166:
7165:Stegophilinae
7162:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7134:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7101:
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7078:
7074:
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7063:
7055:
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7046:
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6856:
6851:
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6816:
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6806:
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6773:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6703:
6700:. BBC Earth.
6699:
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6480:
6476:
6469:
6450:
6446:
6445:Vertpaleo.org
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6314:
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6216:
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6017:
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5992:
5988:
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5973:
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5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
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5891:
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5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5852:
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5840:
5836:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5764:
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5756:
5752:
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5737:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5553:
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5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
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5488:
5484:
5480:
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5461:
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5441:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5388:
5382:
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5368:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5212:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4946:Saupe, S. G.
4942:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4559:Royal Society
4555:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4251:9780429446276
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4206:
4205:une espèce de
4200:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4145:Cecidomyiidae
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:DNA barcoding
4128:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:ancient Egypt
4040:
4039:scarab beetle
4036:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:Whistlejacket
4008:
4007:George Stubbs
4004:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:Symbolic uses
3925:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:birds of prey
3856:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:are based on
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:Invertebrates
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3689:Ernst Haeckel
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:Louis Agassiz
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3581:Carl Linnaeus
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:classical era
3553:
3552:invertebrates
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:sea cucumbers
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:embryonic gut
3272:
3268:
3260:
3259:deuterostomes
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:deuterostomes
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:cephalisation
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:triploblastic
3153:
3149:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3046:Non-bilateria
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2982:multicellular
2979:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2812:Deuterostomia
2810:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2549:950 mya
2548:
2547:
2539:760 mya
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:Ichthyosporea
2422:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:(inc. fungi)
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2343:
2329:
2328:Burgess shale
2325:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:stromatolites
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:triploblastic
2247:
2243:
2242:Trace fossils
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:hemichordates
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:onychophorans
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Burgess shale
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:Echinodermata
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:Yes >1,350
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:4,000–25,000
1764:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:Yes 1,000,000
1620:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:heat tolerant
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Late Cambrian
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:carbohydrates
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:which mainly
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:form complex
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1138:, such as in
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:, such as in
1119:
1115:
1114:fragmentation
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:nerve tissues
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:gap junctions
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:glycoproteins
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:heterotrophic
877:
873:
869:
868:multicellular
865:
857:
853:
848:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:birds of prey
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Ernst Haeckel
615:
611:
610:
605:
601:
600:Carl Linnaeus
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
516:hemichordates
513:
509:
508:deuterostomes
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
324:multicellular
321:
307:
301:
296:Gastrobionta
295:
289:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
241:
238:Subdivisions
236:
232:
228:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
59:665–0 Ma
55:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
17133:
17104:Transpoviron
17037:Fungal prion
17013:
16906:
16901:Dinodnavirus
16899:
16881:
16874:
16869:Spiraviridae
16867:
16860:
16853:
16846:
16839:
16834:Ovaliviridae
16832:
16825:
16820:Guttaviridae
16818:
16811:
16804:
16797:
16792:Clavaviridae
16790:
16783:
16776:
16769:
16762:
16755:
16739:
16718:Varidnaviria
16716:
16709:
16702:
16697:Monodnaviria
16695:
16688:
16681:
16629:
16619:
16476:
16468:
16390:Orthonectida
16385:Gastrotricha
16360:Nematomorpha
16335:Chaetognatha
16325:Hemichordate
16286:
16252:Pteridophyta
16121:Malawimonada
15995:Korarchaeota
15956:Thermotogota
15941:Synergistota
15916:Nitrospirota
15911:Nitrospinota
15856:Deinococcota
15789:Bacteroidota
15666:
15630:
15599:Biodiversity
15585:astrobiology
15307:Elements of
15264:
15259:paraphyletic
15154:
15135:
15117:
15086:Malawimonada
15066:Anaeromonada
15061:Anaeramoebae
15053:
15029:
15006:Tsukubamonas
15004:
14926:
14919:
14910:Charophyceae
14897:
14890:
14883:Streptophyta
14870:
14854:
14834:
14830:Rhodelphidia
14788:Palpitomonas
14786:
14766:
14755:Pancryptista
14700:
14693:
14630:
14597:
14585:
14565:
14535:
14530:Foraminifera
14528:
14372:
14371:
14314:
14308:Tunicaraptor
14306:
14273:
14247:Opisthokonta
14183:
14112:Opisthokonta
13973:Potentially
13968:
13921:
13897:
13891:Gymnolaemata
13886:Stenolaemata
13875:Ectoproctans
13873:
13844:
13815:
13791:
13785:Pterobranchs
13772:
13748:
13724:
13700:
13676:
13670:within phyla
13668:Major groups
13538:
13525:Bryozoa s.l.
13516:Lophophorata
13504:
13480:
13458:
13450:
13413:
13402:Orthonectida
13377:
13324:
13317:
13306:
13225:
13218:
13147:
13105:Scalidophora
13054:
13042:Ambulacraria
13029:
12942:(see below↓)
12922:
12914:
12878:
12864:
12829:Opisthokonta
12732:
12616:
12610:
12585:
12581:
12575:
12562:
12556:
12544:. Retrieved
12540:the original
12529:
12520:
12514:
12502:. Retrieved
12487:
12468:
12462:
12450:. Retrieved
12409:
12402:
12378:
12371:
12351:
12344:
12332:. Retrieved
12315:
12305:
12293:. Retrieved
12284:The Guardian
12282:
12272:
12264:
12259:
12247:. Retrieved
12238:
12228:
12208:
12175:
12168:
12159:
12153:
12132:
12124:
12107:
12103:
12097:
12085:. Retrieved
12078:the original
12061:
12049:. Retrieved
12034:
12023:the original
12010:
11998:. Retrieved
11984:
11972:. Retrieved
11957:
11945:. Retrieved
11937:"Other bugs"
11931:
11919:. Retrieved
11904:
11892:. Retrieved
11878:
11858:
11851:
11839:. Retrieved
11825:
11806:
11800:
11788:. Retrieved
11774:
11762:. Retrieved
11748:
11736:. Retrieved
11722:
11710:. Retrieved
11696:
11684:. Retrieved
11670:
11658:. Retrieved
11654:the original
11644:
11632:. Retrieved
11617:
11610:
11591:
11585:
11566:
11560:
11527:
11523:
11517:
11505:. Retrieved
11496:
11487:
11475:. Retrieved
11461:
11449:. Retrieved
11439:
11432:
11420:. Retrieved
11416:the original
11406:
11394:. Retrieved
11375:
11363:. Retrieved
11349:
11337:. Retrieved
11333:the original
11328:
11319:
11303:(1): 61–82.
11300:
11296:
11286:
11274:. Retrieved
11254:
11229:
11221:
11209:. Retrieved
11200:
11176:. Retrieved
11130:
11122:
11113:
11108:
11098:
11078:
11049:
11043:
11031:. Retrieved
11017:
11007:22 September
11005:. Retrieved
10992:
10987:
10977:
10957:
10947:
10927:
10881:
10875:
10869:
10842:
10838:
10828:
10816:. Retrieved
10812:the original
10801:
10774:
10770:
10760:
10717:
10713:
10703:
10676:
10672:
10605:
10601:
10591:
10567:
10560:
10537:
10531:
10507:
10500:
10472:
10462:
10419:
10413:
10403:
10384:
10378:
10354:
10347:
10328:
10322:
10299:
10293:
10275:Kendall Hunt
10270:
10264:
10245:
10239:
10227:. Retrieved
10207:
10200:
10181:
10175:
10130:
10126:
10116:
10104:. Retrieved
10063:
10057:
10047:
10035:. Retrieved
9992:(1): 35–42.
9989:
9985:
9972:
9929:
9923:
9918:Xenoturbella
9917:
9909:
9882:
9878:
9868:
9856:. Retrieved
9829:
9823:
9813:
9801:. Retrieved
9771:
9735:
9682:
9678:
9667:
9655:. Retrieved
9641:
9622:
9616:
9597:
9591:
9572:
9566:
9542:
9535:
9516:
9510:
9497:
9491:
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9466:
9423:
9419:
9409:
9358:
9354:
9322:
9316:
9297:
9287:
9260:
9250:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9156:
9152:
9127:. Retrieved
9108:
9101:
9058:
9052:
9042:
9030:. Retrieved
9019:
9012:Zimmer, Carl
9006:
8974:
8961:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8825:. Retrieved
8818:the original
8813:
8801:
8782:
8776:
8766:
8721:
8717:
8707:
8672:
8669:Open Biology
8668:
8658:
8626:(1): 4–119.
8623:
8619:
8609:
8572:
8562:
8550:. Retrieved
8541:
8532:
8487:
8481:
8464:
8429:
8425:
8415:
8388:
8382:
8372:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8308:
8299:
8287:. Retrieved
8271:
8267:
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8233:
8223:
8180:
8176:
8166:
8133:
8129:
8120:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8065:
8059:
8016:
8012:
7987:. Retrieved
7983:the original
7974:
7965:
7930:
7926:
7916:
7906:28 September
7904:. Retrieved
7887:
7883:
7870:
7858:. Retrieved
7844:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7789:. Retrieved
7769:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7685:
7681:
7644:
7637:
7594:
7590:
7580:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7441:
7437:
7427:
7408:
7402:
7390:. Retrieved
7376:
7372:
7361:
7349:. Retrieved
7327:
7323:
7313:
7301:. Retrieved
7280:
7268:. Retrieved
7253:
7246:
7234:. Retrieved
7219:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7161:Vandelliinae
7155:
7140:
7133:
7113:
7085:. Retrieved
7076:
7072:
7062:
7035:
7031:
6991:
6981:
6948:(1): 31–45.
6945:
6941:
6931:
6896:
6892:
6882:
6845:
6842:PLOS Biology
6841:
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6805:
6785:
6743:
6706:. Retrieved
6644:
6606:. Retrieved
6587:
6583:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6468:
6456:. Retrieved
6444:
6431:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6366:. Retrieved
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6331:
6321:
6301:
6277:. Retrieved
6259:
6225:
6221:
6208:
6188:
6178:
6148:(6): 100–7.
6145:
6139:
6130:
6095:
6089:
6079:
6047:(5): 392–8.
6044:
6040:
6030:
6011:
6005:
5981:Biochemistry
5980:
5972:
5953:
5947:
5928:
5922:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5807:
5803:
5793:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5723:
5714:
5691:
5685:
5665:
5658:
5635:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5577:
5558:
5552:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5474:
5468:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5404:
5395:
5386:
5381:
5357:
5350:
5341:
5335:
5316:
5310:
5281:
5273:
5249:
5242:
5218:
5211:
5199:. Retrieved
5180:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5146:
5139:
5111:
5104:
5080:
5073:
5044:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5000:
4993:
4974:
4968:
4958:30 September
4956:. Retrieved
4941:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4869:
4859:
4824:
4818:
4808:
4798:30 September
4796:. Retrieved
4792:the original
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4765:the original
4760:
4751:
4741:20 September
4739:. Retrieved
4724:
4700:
4693:
4666:and further
4658:. Retrieved
4649:
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4619:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4589:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4557:
4548:
4511:
4505:
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4479:the original
4474:
4465:
4452:
4446:
4438:
4420:
4414:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4360:
4351:
4334:
4330:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4229:
4223:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4165:
4152:
4139:species for
4127:
4117:
4113:
4032:
4017:
4000:
3986:
3960:
3931:
3919:
3855:hunting dogs
3852:
3817:
3815:
3752:
3732:domesticated
3729:
3686:
3682:Richard Owen
3665:
3651:
3650:In his 1817
3649:
3630:
3626:
3588:
3585:hierarchical
3578:
3562:, Aristotle
3557:
3468:
3448:gastrotrichs
3437:
3399:Nematomorpha
3372:
3330:Hemichordata
3287:
3264:
3245:Deuterostome
3223:Ambulacraria
3204:
3175:sense organs
3168:
3142:
3104:
3100:diploblastic
3092:
3087:sister clade
3084:
3076:sea anemones
3057:
3036:sister group
3016:sister group
3002:
2990:
2980:
2966:
2955: embryo
2951:
2927:
2902:
2882:
2843:
2825:Ambulacraria
2823:
2783:
2751:
2731:
2701:
2681:
2669:
2661:
2622:
2591:
2589:
2528:
2523:
2508:
2475:
2445:
2425:
2394:
2383:Opisthokonta
2373:
2353:monophyletic
2351:Animals are
2350:
2317:
2300:
2279:
2253:
2226:
2207:
2203:Anomalocaris
2201:
2156:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2096:
2043:
2011:
1998:Yes >400
1979:
1947:
1916:
1883:
1844:
1810:
1774:
1767:
1761:3,000–6,500
1760:
1732:
1690:
1652:
1604:
1594:Free-living
1556:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1436:
1432:such as the
1415:
1386:on the dark
1330:produced by
1321:
1286:coevolutions
1253:within that
1243:Interactions
1235:detritivores
1215:nectarivores
1203:graminivores
1187:insectivores
1168:
1162:
1122:
1107:
1088:
1033:
980:
942:and elastic
938:composed of
933:
861:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
799:
797:
708:domesticated
706:, the first
646:
638:evolutionary
621:
607:
589:
542:
528:
462:
446:interactions
415:
395:able to move
337:
319:
318:
310:Barkley 1939
304:Barkley 1939
292:Nielsen 2008
286:Haeckel 1874
221:
205:
195:(unranked):
185:(unranked):
179:Opisthokonta
175:(unranked):
162:
149:
43:
17277:iNaturalist
17158:Wikispecies
17047:microsphere
16966:Cancer cell
16711:Ribozyviria
16445:Brachiopoda
16420:Cycliophora
16365:Onychophora
16340:Kinorhyncha
16262:Ginkgophyta
16257:Cycadophyta
16222:Chlorophyta
16212:Glaucophyta
15906:Myxococcota
15824:Chlorobiota
15819:Chlamydiota
15650:Prokaryotes
15438:Atmosphere
15433:Meteorology
15150:Chitinozoan
15076:Parabasalia
14928:Embryophyta
14892:Chlorokybus
14872:Chlorophyta
14820:Glaucophyta
14794:Cryptophyta
14684:Pirsoniales
14651:Bicosoecida
14632:Platysulcus
14605:Perkinsozoa
14587:Apicomplexa
14560:Colponemida
14327:Pluriformea
14196:Archamoebea
14185:Eumycetozoa
13949:Tusk shells
13934:Cephalopods
13905:Polychaetes
13852:Turbellaria
13833:Crustaceans
13809:Secernentea
13799:Chromadorea
13780:Acorn worms
13750:Echinoderms
13742:Vertebrates
13684:Demosponges
13618:is disputed
13080:Protostomia
12968:is disputed
12895:ParaHoxozoa
12249:16 December
12235:"Butterfly"
11990:"Pet Birds"
11634:22 February
11023:"Espèce de"
10818:28 February
10573:McGraw-Hill
10106:21 February
9233:10449/43929
7989:28 February
7860:1 September
7737:: 279–294.
7079:: 246–255.
6458:30 December
5818:12 February
4901:BMC Biology
4880:28 February
4771:25 February
4158:parasitoids
4014: 1762
3982: 1660
3832:trabectedin
3762:crustaceans
3758:cephalopods
3645:infusorians
3519:trochophore
3479:brachiopods
3403:Kinorhyncha
3391:Onychophora
3302:vertebrates
3294:sea urchins
3255:protostomes
3207:protostomes
3187:peristalsis
3185:to move by
3098:. They are
3032:ParaHoxozoa
3012:ParaHoxozoa
2931: mouth
2871:Protostomia
2720:ParaHoxozoa
2653:homeodomain
2637:Precambrian
2631:that lived
2447:Pluriformea
2222:nematocysts
2191:echinoderms
2183:tardigrades
2175:brachiopods
2147:Dickinsonia
2142:cholesterol
2115:Phanerozoic
2107:pelagophyte
1827:Yes (soil)
1805:Yes 14,000
1791:Yes (soil)
1710:Yes 13,000
1707:Yes 23,000
1704:>70,000
1674:Yes 60,000
1671:Yes 35,000
1641:Yes 94,000
1531:Supersaurus
1430:Vertebrates
1418:land plants
1306:eat sponges
1283:competitive
1072:germ layers
1064:invaginates
1047:spermatozoa
1028:dragonflies
750:element of
736:terrestrial
716:in security
658:(including
571:during the
559:during the
512:echinoderms
484:protostomes
438:vertebrates
308:Euanimalia
298:Rothm. 1948
248:(~30 phyla)
72:Proterozoic
56:– present,
17394:Categories
17097:Retroposon
17044:Proteinoid
16954:structures
16952:Comparable
16728:Unassigned
16631:Parakaryon
16544:Prokaryota
16478:Parakaryon
16440:Entoprocta
16375:Arthropoda
16370:Tardigrada
16350:Priapulida
16345:Loricifera
16330:Echinoderm
16300:Ctenophora
16272:Gnetophyta
16227:Charophyta
16217:Rhodophyta
16189:Ascomycota
16184:Zygomycota
16126:Metamonada
16101:Euglenozoa
16086:Ciliophora
15794:Balneolota
15769:Aquificota
15531:Wilderness
15384:geological
15231:Rigifilida
15130:Acritarchs
15055:Barthelona
15046:Metamonada
15031:Euglenozoa
14899:Mesostigma
14855:sensu lato
14836:Rhodophyta
14695:Ochrophyta
14656:Placidozoa
14567:Ciliophora
14537:Radiolaria
14454:Haptophyta
14349:Filasterea
14261:Holomycota
13929:Gastropods
13910:Clitellata
13817:Arthropods
13756:Sea lilies
13702:Cnidarians
13620:; see also
13550:Brachiozoa
13313:Syndermata
13272:Gnathifera
12970:; see also
12915:Trichoplax
12913:Placozoa (
12900:Planulozoa
12110:(1): 1–9.
11894:10 October
11738:24 January
11365:15 October
10480:. p.
9300:: 704551.
8244:5 December
7392:18 January
7351:18 January
6751:. p.
5810:(10): 36.
5290:. p.
5119:. p.
5053:. p.
4616:"Metazoan"
4451:"Animal".
4357:"animalia"
4215:References
4045:, and the
3962:Still Life
3887:chameleons
3865:have been
3863:cormorants
3756:including
3637:cirripedes
3507:earthworms
3491:entoprocts
3483:nemerteans
3460:Gnathifera
3411:Loricifera
3407:Priapulida
3395:Tardigrada
3383:Arthropoda
3363:arthropods
3314:amphibians
3241:Protostome
3129:bilaterian
3127:Idealised
3080:Ctenophora
3040:Ctenophora
3008:Ctenophora
2929:blastopore
2703:Ctenophora
2651:including
2598:Ctenophora
2477:Filasterea
2396:Holomycota
2187:arthropods
2099:Cryogenian
2093:Urmetazoan
2045:Tardigrada
2001:Yes 2,000
1969:Yes 60–80
1935:Yes 7,500
1866:Yes (few)
1833:Yes 1,750
1797:Yes 2,000
1794:Yes 4,000
1755:Yes 1,300
1713:Yes 18,000
1618:1,257,000
1606:Arthropoda
1590:Freshwater
1518:titanosaur
1498:blue whale
1490:blue whale
1459:Antarctica
1426:Ordovician
1384:cold seeps
1372:locomotion
1342:) through
1300:, such as
1231:scavengers
1227:fungivores
1211:granivores
1207:frugivores
1195:herbivores
1183:piscivores
1179:carnivores
1128:cnidarians
1126:and other
1066:to form a
1009:See also:
983:placozoans
976:desmosomes
892:life cycle
864:eukaryotic
838:'animal'.
776:literature
722:, as have
720:in warfare
712:in hunting
626:synonymous
585:Cryogenian
531:Cryogenian
506:; and the
488:arthropods
480:superphyla
424:have been
328:eukaryotic
257:Ctenophora
54:Cryogenian
17313:MilliBase
16704:Riboviria
16683:Adnaviria
16667:Satellite
16585:Eukaryota
16395:Dicyemida
16267:Pinophyta
16146:Telonemia
16081:Cryptista
16071:Breviatea
16056:Amoebozoa
16051:Alveolata
16032:Eukaryote
15784:Bacillota
15609:Eukaryota
15576:Hierarchy
15571:Biosphere
15536:Wildfires
15526:Radiation
15516:Ecosystem
15456:Moonlight
15390:Structure
15345:particles
15071:Fornicata
14977:Excavates
14779:Cryptista
14702:Oomycetes
14679:Developea
14661:Sagenista
14548:Alveolata
14484:Telonemia
14359:Choanozoa
14236:Breviatea
14179:Tubulinea
14166:Amoebozoa
14107:Amoebozoa
14085:Alveolata
14073:Cryptista
14048:Eukaryota
14018:Eukaryote
13915:Sipuncula
13862:Monogenea
13857:Trematoda
13828:Myriapods
13793:Nematodes
13737:Tunicates
13732:Lancelets
13726:Chordates
13718:Myxozoans
13625:Nephrozoa
13614:phylogeny
13414:Salinella
13369:Rouphozoa
13210:Tactopoda
13139:Nematoida
13091:Ecdysozoa
13012:Bilateria
12999:Bilateria
12980:Benthozoa
12975:Eumetazoa
12964:phylogeny
12934:Bilateria
12824:Amoebozoa
12802:Alveolata
12790:Cryptista
12765:Eukaryota
12625:cite book
12212:. Dover.
11276:13 August
10839:Syst Biol
10096:205247296
9994:CiteSeerX
9401:258765122
8923:CiteSeerX
8785:: 14–21.
8327:191467085
7572:206509488
7346:239872311
7087:2 October
7067:Uetz, P.
6475:"Myxozoa"
6401:CiteSeerX
6332:BBC Earth
5785:207051421
5720:Caro, Tim
5201:8 January
5026:29 August
4646:"Metazoa"
4295:1520-541X
4260:242704712
4234:CRC Press
3942:butterfly
3922:for sport
3895:parakeets
3799:cochineal
3770:gastropod
3748:livestock
3719:Sides of
3687:In 1874,
3684:in 1860.
3579:In 1758,
3573:Aristotle
3452:flatworms
3444:Rouphozoa
3355:dragonfly
3342:Ecdysozoa
3336:Ecdysozoa
3306:backbones
3219:Nephrozoa
3152:body plan
3145:Bilateria
3115:Bilateria
3109:Bilateria
3072:jellyfish
3024:Benthozoa
3004:Eumetazoa
2884:Ecdysozoa
2802:Nephrozoa
2772:Bilateria
2614:hox genes
2494:Choanozoa
2361:Choanozoa
2336:Phylogeny
2284:from the
2218:predators
2199:predatory
2137:Spriggina
2126:Ediacaran
1677:Yes 5,000
1598:Parasitic
1560:taxonomic
1465:Diversity
1438:Tiktaalik
1424:or Early
1396:oxidizing
1388:sea floor
1340:producers
1328:bioenergy
1290:consumers
1259:predation
1255:ecosystem
1251:food webs
1239:parasites
1223:omnivores
1221:, etc.),
1219:algivores
1199:folivores
1193:, etc.),
1155:Predators
1099:recessive
999:digestive
930:Structure
908:barnacles
798:The word
794:Etymology
764:mythology
756:cave arts
674:(such as
672:materials
592:Aristotle
535:Ediacaran
520:chordates
504:nematodes
496:flatworms
476:body plan
465:Bilateria
450:food webs
442:ecologies
426:described
405:, during
331:organisms
246:Bilateria
218:Kingdom:
212:Choanozoa
143:Eukaryota
17191:Animalia
17178:Animalia
17164:Animalia
17143:Wikidata
17134:Animalia
17077:Ribozyme
17022:Phagemid
16749:Families
16609:Protista
16593:Animalia
16558:Bacteria
16455:Annelida
16450:Mollusca
16430:Phoronid
16425:Nemertea
16400:Rotifera
16380:Flatworm
16355:Nematoda
16320:Chordate
16310:Cnidaria
16305:Placozoa
16136:Rhizaria
16111:Haptista
16091:Cercozoa
15751:Bacteria
15691:Category
15660:bacteria
15643:protista
15604:Organism
15471:Sunlight
15317:Universe
15253:protists
15249:kingdoms
15137:Grypania
15099:Imasidae
15000:Jakobida
14524:Endomyxa
14519:Cercozoa
14511:Rhizaria
14441:Haptista
14373:Animalia
14316:Bicellum
14191:Variosea
14174:Discosea
14152:Amorphea
14102:Amorphea
14080:Rhizaria
14068:Hacrobia
14058:Excavata
14043:Bacteria
13939:Bivalves
13923:Molluscs
13899:Annelids
13258:Spiralia
12865:Animalia
12819:Amorphea
12797:Rhizaria
12785:Hacrobia
12775:Excavata
12760:Bacteria
12676:Archived
12602:53595088
12498:Archived
12446:Archived
12328:Archived
12289:Archived
12243:Archived
12206:(1904).
12051:27 April
12045:Archived
11994:Archived
11992:. PDSA.
11968:Archived
11941:Archived
11915:Archived
11888:Archived
11841:22 April
11835:Archived
11784:Archived
11758:Archived
11732:Archived
11706:Archived
11680:Archived
11552:13150932
11544:14570313
11501:Archived
11471:Archived
11445:Archived
11390:Archived
11359:Archived
11267:Archived
11205:Archived
11172:Archived
11106:(1874).
11027:Archived
11001:Archived
10985:(1758).
10955:(2014).
10925:(2011).
10861:12116426
10793:15703236
10752:28377584
10720:(1): 9.
10695:24748651
10650:10781038
10470:(2005).
10454:26580012
10223:Archived
10100:Archived
10088:26842059
10028:Archived
10024:17065867
10016:18087755
9964:21307940
9901:18410719
9852:Archived
9794:Archived
9709:18719581
9657:10 March
9651:Archived
9458:28993654
9393:37198475
9384:10232365
9278:10232365
9242:29199080
9191:33741592
9093:29712911
9026:Archived
8995:Archived
8991:89080338
8945:11440251
8873:41288638
8865:14997392
8758:33310849
8699:33622103
8650:30257078
8601:30373720
8546:Archived
8524:21810989
8456:18192191
8407:26588818
8307:(2007).
8280:Archived
8238:Archived
8234:NBC News
8207:19026540
8051:35879540
7957:16754615
7900:Archived
7896:14756326
7878:(2003).
7854:Archived
7791:25 April
7782:Archived
7761:30935869
7712:30237355
7629:29881773
7564:18174439
7521:19194449
7478:26903629
7294:Archived
7201:38784755
7111:(1996).
7081:Archived
6972:23755007
6964:28938083
6923:27481785
6874:21886479
6815:Archived
6741:(2007).
6702:Archived
6602:Archived
6590:(1): 5.
6536:23024499
6479:Archived
6449:Archived
6423:56028251
6362:Archived
6336:Archived
6273:Archived
6248:Archived
6170:16323697
6122:16598249
6071:23375891
5914:22971831
5906:17836872
5855:84430254
5812:Archived
5777:15341755
5722:(2005).
5588:Archived
5544:21237809
5452:19834483
5020:Archived
4952:Archived
4933:20370917
4874:Archived
4851:12594915
4735:Archived
4682:Archived
4671:Archived
4654:Archived
4624:Archived
4594:Archived
4564:Archived
4540:24198791
4471:"animal"
4406:22630754
4398:24779547
4303:18315817
4169:Compare
4088:Ethology
4077:See also
3999:'s 1515
3891:canaries
3828:vaccines
3774:Chickens
3694:Protista
3641:radiates
3619:Chordata
3615:Mammalia
3607:Amphibia
3521:larvae.
3511:lugworms
3475:annelids
3471:molluscs
3464:rotifers
3450:and the
3423:Spiralia
3417:Spiralia
3318:reptiles
3290:starfish
3271:Spiralia
3267:cleavage
3209:and the
3068:Cnidaria
3064:Placozoa
3060:Porifera
3028:Porifera
3020:Porifera
2904:Spiralia
2845:Chordata
2753:Cnidaria
2733:Placozoa
2683:Porifera
2670:Animalia
2645:TGF-beta
2606:Placozoa
2602:Cnidaria
2594:Porifera
2524:Animalia
2171:molluscs
2101:period.
2013:Nemertea
1981:Rotifera
1905:200–300
1885:Porifera
1846:Cnidaria
1839:Yes 400
1812:Annelida
1776:Nematoda
1692:Chordata
1668:107,000
1654:Mollusca
1573:Example
1523:such as
1447:habitats
1443:Devonian
1411:bacteria
1401:such as
1364:proteins
1191:ovivores
1084:mesoderm
1080:endoderm
1076:ectoderm
1068:gastrula
956:spicules
940:collagen
916:blastula
874:, which
856:blastula
811:animalis
784:politics
780:heraldry
768:religion
748:cultural
700:services
630:Protozoa
612:, which
587:period.
500:annelids
492:molluscs
458:ethology
434:molluscs
403:blastula
393:and are
391:myocytes
338:Animalia
284:Metazoa
276:Synonyms
267:Porifera
262:Placozoa
252:Cnidaria
227:Linnaeus
222:Animalia
156:Amorphea
139:Domain:
17400:Animals
17372:ZooBank
17109:Xenobot
17027:Plasmid
17008:Jeewanu
16939:Obelisk
16735:Classes
16603:Plantae
16568:Plastid
16553:Archaea
16435:Bryozoa
16131:Provora
16106:Jakobea
16096:Discoba
16042:Protist
15979:Archaea
15732:Extant
15668:Viruses
15655:archaea
15631:animals
15583: (
15581:Biology
15558:Origin
15511:Ecology
15486:tornado
15446:Climate
15440:(Earth)
15425:Weather
15395:Geology
15382: (
15380:History
14988:Discoba
14853:Plants
14825:Picozoa
14671:Gyrista
14578:Myzozoa
14431:Provora
14337:Filozoa
14293:Holozoa
14201:Cutosea
14117:Animals
14038:Archaea
13944:Chitons
13867:Cestoda
13804:Enoplea
13678:Sponges
13451:Symbion
13394:Mesozoa
12834:Animals
12755:Archaea
12731:Extant
12654:Animals
12496:. BBC.
12452:23 June
12334:24 June
12295:24 June
12087:10 July
11704:. BBC.
11686:24 June
11660:24 June
11507:17 July
11469:. FDA.
11451:16 June
11443:. FAO.
11396:23 June
11265:. FAO.
11211:23 June
11033:1 March
10906:8703086
10886:Bibcode
10743:5431905
10722:Bibcode
10610:Bibcode
10568:Zoology
10445:4729200
10424:Bibcode
10229:1 March
10167:9223303
10135:Bibcode
10068:Bibcode
10037:4 March
9955:4025995
9934:Bibcode
9858:4 March
9848:9600869
9803:4 March
9717:4415492
9687:Bibcode
9449:5664179
9428:Bibcode
9363:Bibcode
9298:bioRxiv
9182:7978419
9161:Bibcode
9084:5928047
9063:Bibcode
8975:bioRxiv
8953:7829548
8827:4 March
8749:7732190
8726:Bibcode
8690:8061703
8641:6492006
8592:6277202
8552:3 March
8515:3158185
8492:Bibcode
8447:2614224
8352:Bibcode
8343:Geology
8289:3 March
8215:8819675
8185:Bibcode
8158:9756480
8138:Bibcode
8130:Science
8100:Bibcode
8066:Biology
8042:9349040
8021:Bibcode
7948:1578734
7836:6694681
7816:Bibcode
7752:6856725
7690:Bibcode
7682:Science
7620:5990303
7599:Bibcode
7544:Bibcode
7536:Science
7501:Bibcode
7469:4790988
7446:Bibcode
7303:2 March
7270:2 March
7054:2412618
6914:4971185
6865:3160336
6821:2 March
6708:2 March
6608:2 March
6584:Zootaxa
6527:3235390
6485:4 March
6393:Bibcode
6368:1 March
6342:1 March
6279:7 March
6230:Bibcode
6150:Bibcode
6100:Bibcode
6049:Bibcode
5898:1700236
5878:Bibcode
5870:Science
5755:Bibcode
5594:5 March
5524:Bibcode
5501:3324702
4924:2859860
4842:1693093
4761:Palaeos
4650:Collins
4531:3814086
4514:: 625.
4485:26 July
4459:. 2006.
4311:8531859
4182:In his
4035:insects
4024:Insects
3970:Oysters
3966:Lobster
3911:rabbits
3899:parrots
3847:gun dog
3803:shellac
3795:carmine
3766:bivalve
3599:Insecta
3558:In the
3515:leeches
3487:bryozoa
3379:ecdysis
3359:exuviae
3351:Ecdysis
3326:mammals
3179:muscles
2635:in the
2464:Filozoa
2414:Holozoa
2262:called
2238:sponges
2131:Charnia
1949:Bryozoa
1897:10,800
1876:Myxozoa
1858:16,000
1824:17,000
1802:11,000
1788:25,000
1746:29,500
1725:catfish
1679:12,000
1636:ostraca
1625:insects
1535:Myxozoa
1407:archaea
1376:benthic
1374:. Some
1324:biomass
1146:Ecology
1118:budding
1059:mitosis
1055:zygotes
1043:meiosis
1039:gametes
1036:haploid
991:muscles
987:tissues
966:called
912:sessile
904:mussels
896:sponges
820:metazoa
728:pigeons
690:and as
676:leather
670:), for
622:Metazoa
569:classes
454:zoology
430:insects
422:species
420:animal
389:, have
333:in the
320:Animals
302:Zooaea
199:Filozoa
189:Holozoa
79:Archean
49:Animals
18:Animals
17351:230572
17348:uBio:
17341:325038
17325:NZOR:
17305:936783
17295:202423
17230:1ANIMK
17055:Retron
16998:Fosmid
16983:Cosmid
16933:Nanobe
16893:Genera
16675:Realms
16663:Viroid
16295:Sponge
16287:Animal
15619:plants
15451:Clouds
15415:Future
15405:Oceans
15357:Change
15340:Matter
15335:Energy
15309:nature
15261:groups
14643:Bigyra
14217:Obazoa
14095:Plants
14032:Domain
13969:bolded
12812:Plants
12749:Domain
12733:animal
12666:Animal
12600:
12546:6 July
12504:9 July
12475:
12438:"Deer"
12417:
12390:
12359:
12216:
12183:
12141:
12000:8 July
11974:8 July
11947:8 July
11921:9 July
11866:
11813:
11790:9 July
11764:9 July
11712:8 July
11625:
11598:
11573:
11550:
11542:
11477:6 July
11422:8 July
11339:8 July
11242:
11178:8 July
11143:
11086:
11056:
10965:
10935:
10904:
10859:
10791:
10750:
10740:
10693:
10648:
10638:
10632:122407
10630:
10579:
10548:
10519:
10488:
10452:
10442:
10415:Nature
10391:
10366:
10335:
10310:
10281:
10252:
10215:
10188:
10165:
10155:
10094:
10086:
10059:Nature
10022:
10014:
9996:
9962:
9952:
9925:Nature
9899:
9846:
9786:
9747:
9715:
9707:
9679:Nature
9629:
9604:
9579:
9554:
9523:
9479:
9456:
9446:
9399:
9391:
9381:
9355:Nature
9329:
9275:
9261:Nature
9240:
9189:
9179:
9129:27 May
9120:
9091:
9081:
8989:
8951:
8943:
8925:
8871:
8863:
8756:
8746:
8697:
8687:
8648:
8638:
8599:
8589:
8522:
8512:
8454:
8444:
8405:
8325:
8315:
8213:
8205:
8156:
8072:
8049:
8039:
7955:
7945:
7894:
7834:
7759:
7749:
7710:
7656:
7627:
7617:
7570:
7562:
7519:
7493:Nature
7476:
7466:
7415:
7344:
7261:
7236:19 May
7227:
7199:
7148:
7121:
7052:
7002:
6970:
6962:
6921:
6911:
6872:
6862:
6793:
6759:
6652:
6534:
6524:
6421:
6403:
6309:
6196:
6168:
6120:
6091:Nature
6069:
6018:
5993:
5960:
5935:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5853:
5783:
5775:
5702:
5673:
5646:
5617:
5565:
5542:
5499:
5489:
5460:771357
5458:
5450:
5411:
5369:
5323:
5298:
5261:
5230:
5192:
5163:19 May
5154:
5127:
5092:
5061:
5012:
4981:
4931:
4921:
4907:: 32.
4849:
4839:
4712:
4660:6 July
4630:6 July
4600:7 June
4570:7 June
4538:
4528:
4431:
4404:
4396:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4258:
4248:
4141:Canada
4137:insect
4071:wolves
4069:, and
4055:horses
4005:, and
3909:, and
3897:, and
3883:snakes
3836:toxins
3807:kermes
3805:, and
3790:sinews
3778:cattle
3764:, and
3613:, and
3603:Pisces
3595:Vermes
3537:, and
3513:, and
3503:squids
3501:, and
3495:snails
3409:, and
3324:, and
3310:fishes
3296:, and
3191:larvae
3164:coelom
3096:organs
2604:, and
2246:Tonian
2159:fossil
2057:1,335
2025:1,350
1993:2,000
1961:6,000
1930:7,500
1721:Yes 40
1715:9,000
1666:85,000
1634:Malac-
1569:Phylum
1506:tonnes
1451:faunas
1360:lipids
1332:plants
1237:, and
1140:aphids
1136:mating
1013:, and
974:, and
954:, and
948:shells
914:. The
906:, and
900:corals
888:motile
852:embryo
816:animal
805:animal
800:animal
788:sports
786:, and
760:totems
744:hunted
724:horses
698:, and
686:), as
682:, and
666:, and
652:use of
648:Humans
549:Tonian
544:Otavia
539:sponge
482:: the
418:living
397:, can
169:Obazoa
17359:WoRMS
17032:Prion
16926:Other
16659:Virus
16598:Fungi
16204:Plant
16156:Fungi
16076:CRuMs
15638:fungi
15626:fauna
15614:flora
15521:Field
15476:Tides
15367:Earth
15325:Space
15213:CRuMs
14275:Fungi
14122:Fungi
13131:N+L+P
12839:Fungi
12736:phyla
12598:S2CID
12582:Numen
12081:(PDF)
12070:(PDF)
12026:(PDF)
12019:(PDF)
11548:S2CID
11270:(PDF)
11263:(PDF)
11112:[
10991:[
10641:34316
10628:JSTOR
10158:21545
10092:S2CID
10031:(PDF)
10020:S2CID
9982:(PDF)
9797:(PDF)
9776:(PDF)
9713:S2CID
9397:S2CID
9032:4 May
8998:(PDF)
8987:S2CID
8971:(PDF)
8949:S2CID
8869:S2CID
8821:(PDF)
8810:(PDF)
8573:eLife
8283:(PDF)
8264:(PDF)
8211:S2CID
7832:S2CID
7785:(PDF)
7778:(PDF)
7568:S2CID
7342:S2CID
7297:(PDF)
7290:(PDF)
7197:S2CID
7050:JSTOR
6968:S2CID
6452:(PDF)
6441:(PDF)
6419:S2CID
6251:(PDF)
6218:(PDF)
5910:S2CID
5894:JSTOR
5851:S2CID
5781:S2CID
5456:S2CID
4402:S2CID
4307:S2CID
4256:S2CID
4105:Notes
4067:bears
4059:lions
3964:with
3782:sheep
3723:in a
3660:used
3499:clams
3375:trait
3322:birds
3195:cilia
3148:clade
3034:as a
2953:symm.
2625:genes
1405:) by
1394:(via
1261:is a
1247:biome
1130:; or
1123:Hydra
960:fungi
952:bones
872:algae
836:zōion
828:meta-
650:make
624:(now
577:genes
469:clade
411:clade
206:Clade
163:Clade
150:Clade
17290:ITIS
17264:GBIF
17225:EPPO
17149:Q729
16971:HeLa
16575:LUCA
16523:Life
16242:Moss
15734:life
15546:Life
15481:Wind
15466:Snow
15461:Rain
15330:Time
15265:bold
14470:TSAR
13612:The
12962:The
12631:link
12548:2016
12506:2016
12473:ISBN
12454:2016
12415:ISBN
12388:ISBN
12357:ISBN
12336:2016
12297:2016
12251:2023
12214:ISBN
12181:ISBN
12139:ISBN
12089:2013
12053:2012
12002:2016
11976:2016
11949:2016
11923:2016
11896:2008
11864:ISBN
11843:2016
11811:ISBN
11792:2016
11766:2016
11740:2016
11714:2016
11688:2016
11662:2016
11636:2018
11623:ISBN
11596:ISBN
11571:ISBN
11540:PMID
11509:2015
11479:2016
11453:2015
11424:2016
11398:2016
11367:2013
11341:2016
11278:2015
11240:ISBN
11213:2016
11180:2016
11141:ISBN
11084:ISBN
11054:ISBN
11035:2018
11009:2008
10997:10th
10963:ISBN
10933:ISBN
10902:PMID
10857:PMID
10820:2018
10789:PMID
10748:PMID
10691:PMID
10646:PMID
10577:ISBN
10546:ISBN
10517:ISBN
10486:ISBN
10450:PMID
10389:ISBN
10364:ISBN
10333:ISBN
10308:ISBN
10279:ISBN
10250:ISBN
10231:2018
10213:ISBN
10186:ISBN
10163:PMID
10127:PNAS
10108:2022
10084:PMID
10039:2018
10012:PMID
9960:PMID
9897:PMID
9860:2018
9844:PMID
9805:2018
9784:ISBN
9745:ISBN
9705:PMID
9659:2018
9627:ISBN
9602:ISBN
9577:ISBN
9552:ISBN
9521:ISBN
9477:ISBN
9454:PMID
9389:PMID
9327:ISBN
9238:PMID
9187:PMID
9131:2023
9118:ISBN
9089:PMID
9034:2018
8941:PMID
8861:PMID
8829:2018
8754:PMID
8695:PMID
8646:PMID
8597:PMID
8554:2018
8520:PMID
8452:PMID
8403:PMID
8323:OCLC
8313:ISBN
8291:2018
8246:2008
8203:PMID
8154:PMID
8070:ISBN
8047:PMID
7991:2018
7953:PMID
7908:2024
7892:PMID
7862:2014
7793:2022
7757:PMID
7708:PMID
7654:ISBN
7625:PMID
7560:PMID
7517:PMID
7474:PMID
7438:PNAS
7413:ISBN
7394:2023
7353:2023
7305:2018
7272:2018
7259:ISBN
7238:2020
7225:ISBN
7146:ISBN
7119:ISBN
7089:2021
7000:ISBN
6960:PMID
6919:PMID
6870:PMID
6823:2018
6791:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6710:2018
6650:ISBN
6610:2018
6588:3703
6532:PMID
6487:2018
6460:2022
6370:2018
6344:2018
6307:ISBN
6281:2018
6194:ISBN
6166:PMID
6118:PMID
6067:PMID
6016:ISBN
5991:ISBN
5958:ISBN
5933:ISBN
5902:PMID
5820:2018
5773:PMID
5700:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5644:ISBN
5615:ISBN
5596:2018
5563:ISBN
5540:PMID
5497:PMID
5487:ISBN
5448:PMID
5409:ISBN
5367:ISBN
5321:ISBN
5296:ISBN
5259:ISBN
5228:ISBN
5203:2016
5190:ISBN
5165:2020
5152:ISBN
5125:ISBN
5090:ISBN
5059:ISBN
5028:2017
5010:ISBN
4979:ISBN
4960:2007
4929:PMID
4882:2020
4847:PMID
4800:2007
4773:2018
4743:2007
4710:ISBN
4679:-zoa
4677:and
4662:2022
4632:2022
4602:2018
4572:2018
4536:PMID
4487:2018
4429:ISBN
4394:PMID
4299:PMID
4291:ISSN
4246:ISBN
4188:and
4063:bats
4051:deer
3968:and
3950:soul
3936:and
3932:The
3907:cats
3903:dogs
3885:and
3786:pigs
3721:beef
3611:Aves
3489:and
3393:and
3353:: a
3243:and
3117:and
3030:and
3010:and
2643:and
2193:and
2134:and
2071:Yes
2068:Yes
2065:Yes
2036:Yes
2033:Yes
2030:Yes
2004:Yes
1972:Yes
1966:Yes
1940:Yes
1911:Yes
1908:Yes
1902:Yes
1869:Yes
1863:Yes
1836:Yes
1830:Yes
1752:Yes
1749:Yes
1718:Yes
1682:Yes
1644:Yes
1580:Land
1496:The
1488:The
1478:and
1470:Size
1409:and
1382:and
1334:and
1326:and
1267:prey
1173:and
866:and
858:(2).
832:zōia
824:meta
772:arts
758:and
742:are
738:and
730:and
718:and
704:Dogs
694:for
688:pets
684:wool
664:eggs
660:meat
656:food
642:taxa
518:and
502:and
444:and
322:are
231:1758
86:Had.
65:Pha.
17212:EoL
17199:CoL
17186:AFD
17173:ADW
16935:(?)
16639:(?)
14744:CAM
14500:SAR
13469:M+K
13361:R+M
13298:M+S
13167:L+P
12590:doi
12320:doi
12112:doi
11532:doi
11305:doi
10894:doi
10847:doi
10779:doi
10738:PMC
10730:doi
10681:doi
10636:PMC
10618:doi
10513:289
10482:381
10440:PMC
10432:doi
10420:527
10153:PMC
10143:doi
10076:doi
10064:530
10004:doi
9990:126
9950:PMC
9942:doi
9930:470
9887:doi
9834:doi
9830:201
9695:doi
9683:454
9548:244
9444:PMC
9436:doi
9379:PMC
9371:doi
9359:618
9302:doi
9273:PMC
9265:doi
9228:hdl
9218:doi
9177:PMC
9169:doi
9079:PMC
9071:doi
8979:doi
8933:doi
8896:doi
8853:doi
8849:214
8787:doi
8744:PMC
8734:doi
8685:PMC
8677:doi
8636:PMC
8628:doi
8587:PMC
8577:doi
8510:PMC
8500:doi
8488:108
8442:PMC
8434:doi
8430:363
8393:doi
8360:doi
8193:doi
8146:doi
8134:282
8108:doi
8037:PMC
8029:doi
7943:PMC
7935:doi
7931:361
7824:doi
7812:122
7747:PMC
7739:doi
7735:140
7698:doi
7686:361
7615:PMC
7607:doi
7552:doi
7540:319
7509:doi
7497:457
7464:PMC
7454:doi
7442:113
7381:doi
7332:doi
7189:doi
7040:doi
6950:doi
6909:PMC
6901:doi
6897:371
6860:PMC
6850:doi
6592:doi
6522:PMC
6514:doi
6411:doi
6238:doi
6158:doi
6146:293
6108:doi
6096:440
6057:doi
5987:535
5886:doi
5874:239
5843:doi
5763:doi
5532:doi
5479:doi
5440:doi
5363:176
5255:371
5224:315
5055:212
4919:PMC
4909:doi
4870:CNN
4837:PMC
4829:doi
4825:358
4526:PMC
4516:doi
4386:doi
4339:doi
4283:doi
4238:doi
4009:'s
3973:by
3801:),
3768:or
3377:of
3042:.
3038:of
3018:to
2641:Wnt
2369:mya
2240:.
2232:of
2060:Yes
1800:Yes
1758:Yes
1585:Sea
1051:ova
1041:by
680:fur
17396::
17374::
17361::
17338::
17315::
17292::
17279::
17266::
17253::
17240::
17227::
17214::
17201::
17188::
17175::
17160::
17145::
16525:,
12687:–
12674:.
12627:}}
12623:{{
12596:.
12586:47
12584:.
12565:.
12444:.
12440:.
12429:^
12382:.
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12318:.
12314:.
12287:.
12281:.
12241:.
12237:.
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12108:49
12106:.
12072:.
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11546:.
11538:.
11528:29
11526:.
11495:.
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11327:.
11301:45
11299:.
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11238:.
11236:11
11199:.
11188:^
11170:.
11166:.
11155:^
11139:.
11068:^
10914:^
10900:.
10892:.
10882:43
10880:.
10855:.
10843:49
10841:.
10837:.
10787:.
10775:22
10773:.
10769:.
10746:.
10736:.
10728:.
10716:.
10712:.
10689:.
10677:31
10675:.
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10616:.
10606:97
10604:.
10600:.
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10362:.
10360:75
10302:.
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9739:.
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8671:.
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8624:66
8622:.
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8571:.
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