103:
2379:
2368:
1455:"The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale"
1535:
The Global boundary
Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale
1748:
953:
1013:
980:
786:
1112:
928:
1001:
961:
748:
1037:
1587:
1029:
1009:
1005:
1061:
1741:
1626:
1553:
The Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Deşli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania
656:
606:
1598:
573:
1545:
Grădinaru, E.; Orchard, M.J.; Nicora, A.; Gallet, Y.; Besse, J.; Krystyn, L.; Sobolev, E.S.; Atudorei, N.-V. & Ivanova, D.
2395:
1437:
463:
1734:
1227:
942:
The base of the
Anisian Stage (also the base of the Middle Triassic series) is sometimes laid at the first appearance of
2449:
1592:
1353:
811:
1619:
591:
1330:"Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants"
1757:
1092:
645:
1574:
481:
102:
1329:
2444:
2439:
1612:
879:
and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The
Anisian Age succeeds the
2030:
2025:
924:
904:
499:
1289:
McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".
718:
1374:
1099:
872:
1373:
Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004).
1250:"Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery"
1000:
Especially in
Central Europe the Anisian Stage is sometimes subdivided into four substages:
1386:
1341:
1261:
1214:
861:
690:
1471:
8:
2361:
1375:"Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction"
1208:
1198:
1153:
1390:
1345:
1265:
1222:* Tentatively assigned to the Anisian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod
1410:
1179:
1159:
1147:
1125:
853:
2159:
2123:
1454:
1433:
1402:
1306:
1192:
932:
1414:
2434:
2253:
2128:
2097:
1894:
1466:
1394:
1349:
1298:
1269:
1139:
1106:
985:
752:
1204:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2222:
2118:
2056:
1951:
1920:
1889:
1653:
1601:
at the website of Norges
Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.
1223:
1143:
1086:
1069:
988:
869:
320:
30:
2378:
1372:
974:
The top of the
Anisian (the base of the Ladinian) is at the first appearance of
2372:
2191:
2061:
1956:
1925:
1648:
1302:
1082:
884:
876:
341:
309:
1726:
2428:
2410:
2397:
2092:
2082:
2051:
2014:
1946:
1915:
1658:
1274:
1249:
1045:
993:
826:
813:
680:
352:
331:
61:
1595:
at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
1398:
952:
in the stratigraphic record. Other stratigraphers prefer to use the base of
2383:
2314:
2164:
2087:
1406:
1325:
1310:
1118:
956:
MT1n. There is no accepted global reference profile for the base, but one (
920:
865:
552:
1453:
Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005).
2309:
2178:
2154:
1999:
1794:
1186:
1053:
908:
108:
36:
2304:
2264:
2207:
2107:
2004:
1878:
1778:
1173:
733:
424:
81:
46:
2367:
1323:
2319:
2269:
2243:
2202:
2149:
1994:
1970:
1851:
1841:
1830:
1673:
1428:
Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic".
948:
880:
726:
361:
300:
248:
86:
2279:
2274:
2238:
2138:
2071:
2040:
1935:
1904:
1865:
1815:
1789:
1765:
1710:
1689:
1635:
975:
943:
888:
797:
782:
722:
415:
388:
291:
279:
259:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1604:
2293:
2233:
1983:
1820:
1804:
1700:
1163:
1129:
1020:
968:
965:
900:
765:
761:
756:
397:
269:
91:
66:
2329:
2212:
1846:
1705:
1668:
1288:
1248:
Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020).
1167:
1133:
936:
406:
370:
916:
805:
769:
1354:
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2
957:
801:
1247:
1452:
123:
1527:Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.
2426:
1756:
1427:
1742:
1620:
605:Subdivision of the Triassic according to the
1563:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
1317:
894:
1282:
899:The stage and its name were established by
612:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1749:
1735:
1627:
1613:
1182:(Holbrook and Anton Chico members) (SW US)
960:) was proposed at a flank of the mountain
1470:
1273:
1366:
743:Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
2427:
1076:
602:
1730:
1608:
1228:Triassic land vertebrate faunachrons
713:Lower boundary definition candidates
581:
563:
541:
525:
507:
489:
471:
453:
2348:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1634:
1509:The GSSP was proposed by Grădinaru
1430:A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016
13:
2352:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1019:The Anisian contains six ammonite
574:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
14:
2461:
2356:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1581:
1291:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
464:Permian-Triassic extinction event
2377:
2366:
482:Smithian–Spathian boundary event
111:in Europe is mainly Anisian aged
101:
34:
1472:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001
1503:
1486:
1446:
1432:. Elsevier. pp. 133–149.
1421:
1241:
556:corals & calcified sponges
452:
1:
1795:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1234:
911:in 1895. The name comes from
518:Full recovery of woody trees
7:
1758:Geological history of Earth
1102:(subzone C)* (South Africa)
997:appears at the same level.
994:Neogondolella praehungarica
603:
243:
10:
2466:
2031:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2026:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1790:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1588:GeoWhen Database - Anisian
1575:Cambridge University Press
1571:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
1520:
1303:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003
1254:Frontiers in Earth Science
2343:
2328:
2315:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2292:
2252:
2221:
2190:
2177:
2165:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2137:
2106:
2070:
2039:
2013:
1982:
1969:
1934:
1903:
1877:
1864:
1829:
1803:
1777:
1764:
1642:
1500:(2005) give 248 to 241 Ma
981:Eoprotrachyceras curionii
895:Stratigraphic definitions
842:
793:
787:Eoprotrachyceras curionii
778:Upper boundary definition
777:
742:
712:
705:Lower boundary definition
704:
696:
686:
676:
671:
663:
651:
641:
636:
628:
623:
121:
116:
100:
26:
21:
2310:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2155:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2000:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1852:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1842:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1599:Lower Triassic timescale
1593:Lower Triassic timescale
1275:10.3389/feart.2020.00196
887:Epoch) and precedes the
126:
2305:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2270:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2265:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2208:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2098:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2005:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1816:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1492:According to Gradstein
1399:10.1126/science.1097023
1109:(Switzerland and Italy)
1054:Balatonites balatonicus
991:. The conodont species
905:Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen
500:Carnian pluvial episode
239:−200 —
229:−205 —
219:−210 —
209:−215 —
199:−220 —
189:−225 —
179:−230 —
169:−235 —
159:−240 —
149:−245 —
139:−250 —
129:−255 —
2450:Triassic geochronology
2275:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2244:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2203:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2150:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1995:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1821:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1328:; Morante, R. (1996).
2280:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2239:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2160:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1847:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1100:Burgersdorp Formation
16:Stage of the Triassic
2320:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2213:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2093:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2083:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1649:Lower/Early Triassic
1215:Yerrapalli Formation
958:GSSP or golden spike
949:Chiosella timorensis
727:Chiosella timorensis
708:Not formally defined
2411:45.0742°N 28.8022°E
2407: /
2375: •
2364: •
2362:Geologic time scale
2124:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2088:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2057:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1952:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1921:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1659:Upper/Late Triassic
1541:, pp. 233–244.
1391:2004Sci...305..506P
1346:1996GSAB..108..195R
1266:2020FrEaS...8..196W
1209:Upper Buntsandstein
1199:Omingonde Formation
1077:Selected formations
954:magnetic chronozone
843:Upper GSSP ratified
827:45.8193°N 10.4710°E
823: /
802:Lombardian pre-Alps
794:Upper boundary GSSP
697:Time span formality
2373:Geology portal
2234:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2129:Early (470–485 Ma)
2062:Early (393–419 Ma)
1957:Early (247–252 Ma)
1926:Early (174–201 Ma)
1895:Early (100–145 Ma)
1890:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1324:Retallack, G. J.;
1180:Moenkopi Formation
1160:Guanling Formation
1148:Fossil Hill Member
1126:Ermaying Formation
919:name of the river
854:geologic timescale
687:Stratigraphic unit
677:Chronological unit
664:Time scale(s) used
592:Manicouagan impact
2390:
2389:
2288:
2287:
2254:Paleoproterozoic
2173:
2172:
2119:Late (444–458 Ma)
2052:Late (359–383 Ma)
1965:
1964:
1947:Late (201–237 Ma)
1916:Late (145–164 Ma)
1860:
1859:
1781:(present–2.58 Ma)
1769:(present–66.0 Ma)
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1559:, pp. 54–71.
1439:978-0-444-63771-0
1231:
1193:Ntawere Formation
1185:Lower and Middle
1105:Lower and middle
984:and the ammonite
883:Age (part of the
850:
849:
637:Usage information
618:
617:
598:
597:
580:
579:
562:
561:
540:
539:
524:
523:
506:
505:
488:
487:
470:
469:
2457:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:45.0742; 28.8022
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2384:World portal
2382:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2333:
2297:
2257:
2226:
2223:Mesoproterozoic
2195:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2142:
2111:
2075:
2044:
2018:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1939:
1908:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1834:
1808:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1245:
1221:
1189:(central Europe)
1140:Favret Formation
1107:Besano Formation
838:
837:
835:
834:
833:
832:45.8193; 10.4710
828:
824:
821:
820:
819:
816:
753:Northern Dobruja
587:
582:
569:
564:
557:
547:
542:
531:
526:
519:
513:
508:
495:
490:
477:
472:
459:
454:
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
382:
373:
364:
355:
346:
336:
334:
325:
323:
314:
312:
303:
284:
282:
262:
251:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
124:
105:
96:
33:
19:
18:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2445:Geological ages
2440:Middle Triassic
2425:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2365:
2357:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2295:
2284:
2255:
2248:
2224:
2217:
2193:
2192:Neoproterozoic
2182:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2181:
2180:
2179:Proterozoic Eon
2169:
2140:
2133:
2109:
2102:
2073:
2066:
2042:
2035:
2016:
2009:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1937:
1930:
1906:
1899:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1832:
1825:
1806:
1799:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1694:
1678:
1654:Middle Triassic
1638:
1636:Triassic Period
1633:
1584:
1562:
1544:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1385:(5683): 506–9.
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1322:
1318:
1297:(10): 548–557.
1287:
1283:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1224:biostratigraphy
1144:Prida Formation
1113:Denwa Formation
1096:Assemblage Zone
1087:New South Wales
1079:
1070:Acrochordiceras
989:Trachyceratidae
923:. The original
897:
870:Middle Triassic
831:
829:
825:
822:
817:
814:
812:
810:
809:
808:
619:
614:
613:
611:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
555:
551:
545:
536:
529:
520:
517:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
466:
457:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
421:
420:
416:
412:
411:
407:
403:
402:
398:
394:
393:
389:
385:
384:
380:
376:
375:
371:
367:
366:
362:
358:
357:
353:
349:
348:
344:
342:
338:
337:
332:
330:
327:
326:
321:
319:
316:
315:
310:
308:
305:
304:
299:
296:
295:
287:
286:
280:
278:
274:
273:
265:
264:
258:
254:
253:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
112:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
29:247.2 – ~242
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2388:
2387:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2015:Carboniferous
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1833:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1807:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1582:External links
1580:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1542:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1496:(2004); Brack
1485:
1465:(4): 233–244.
1445:
1438:
1420:
1365:
1340:(2): 195–207.
1316:
1281:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1157:
1154:Grès à Voltzia
1151:
1150:) (Nevada, US)
1137:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1090:
1083:Ashfield Shale
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
933:Austrian state
896:
893:
885:Lower Triassic
848:
847:
844:
840:
839:
795:
791:
790:
779:
775:
774:
773:
772:
759:
744:
740:
739:
738:
737:
730:
714:
710:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
683:
678:
674:
673:
669:
668:
667:ICS Time Scale
665:
661:
660:
653:
652:Regional usage
649:
648:
643:
642:Celestial body
639:
638:
634:
633:
630:
629:Name formality
626:
625:
621:
620:
616:
615:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
588:
578:
577:
572:
570:
560:
559:
550:
548:
538:
537:
534:
532:
522:
521:
516:
514:
504:
503:
498:
496:
486:
485:
480:
478:
468:
467:
462:
460:
451:
447:
446:
442:
441:
437:
436:
432:
431:
423:
422:
414:
413:
405:
404:
396:
395:
387:
386:
378:
377:
369:
368:
360:
359:
351:
350:
340:
339:
329:
328:
318:
317:
307:
306:
298:
297:
289:
288:
276:
275:
267:
266:
256:
255:
245:
244:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
106:
98:
97:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2189:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1971:Paleozoic Era
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:(66.0–145 Ma)
1876:
1873:
1871:
1869:(66.0–252 Ma)
1863:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:, Albertiana
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:Röt Formation
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1046:Paraceratites
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
995:
990:
987:
983:
982:
977:
972:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:type locality
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:is the lower
859:
855:
845:
841:
836:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
741:
735:
734:magnetic zone
731:
729:
728:
724:
720:
717:
716:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
622:
610:
609:, as of 2021.
608:
601:
593:
589:
584:
583:
575:
571:
566:
565:
554:
553:Scleractinian
549:
544:
543:
533:
528:
527:
515:
510:
509:
501:
497:
492:
491:
483:
479:
474:
473:
465:
461:
456:
455:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
335:
324:
313:
302:
294:
293:
285:
283:
272:
271:
263:
261:
252:
250:
125:
120:
115:
110:
104:
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
2392:
2358:
2294:Archean Eon
2256:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2141:(485–539 Ma)
2110:(444–485 Ma)
2074:(419–444 Ma)
2043:(359–419 Ma)
2017:(299–359 Ma)
1986:(252–299 Ma)
1974:(252–539 Ma)
1938:(201–252 Ma)
1907:(145–201 Ma)
1866:Mesozoic Era
1766:Cenozoic Era
1684:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1462:
1458:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1337:
1334:GSA Bulletin
1333:
1319:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1260:(196): 196.
1257:
1253:
1243:
1220:
1176:* (Tanzania)
1119:Donguz Svita
1093:
1089:, Australia)
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1018:
999:
992:
979:
973:
947:
941:
929:Großreifling
912:
898:
864:or earliest
857:
851:
785:
725:
604:
535:Coals return
379:
290:
277:
268:
257:
246:
2414: /
2330:Hadean Eon
2108:Ordovician
1879:Cretaceous
1779:Quaternary
1537:, Episodes
1478:23 December
1326:Veevers, J.
1201:* (Namibia)
1187:Muschelkalk
1094:Cynognathus
962:Deşli Caira
909:Carl Diener
903:geologists
830: /
781:FAD of the
749:Desli Caira
354:Changhsing.
109:Muschelkalk
2429:Categories
2402:28°48′08″E
2399:45°04′27″N
2332:(4–4.6 Ga)
2296:(2.5–4 Ga)
2225:(1–1.6 Ga)
1831:Paleogene
1359:2007-09-29
1235:References
1195:* (Zambia)
1174:Manda Beds
1121:* (Russia)
1038:Hungarites
818:10°28′16″E
815:45°49′09″N
672:Definition
426:Hettangian
117:Chronology
2359:See also:
2139:Cambrian
2072:Silurian
2041:Devonian
1936:Triassic
1905:Jurassic
1674:Olenekian
1217:* (India)
1211:(Germany)
1115:* (India)
1030:Nevadites
1010:Pelsonian
1006:Bythinian
881:Olenekian
624:Etymology
363:Olenekian
301:Lopingian
1984:Permian
1805:Neogene
1711:Rhaetian
1690:Ladinian
1459:Episodes
1415:35498132
1407:15273391
1311:17919771
1170:, China)
1156:(France)
1136:, China)
1067:zone of
1062:Kocaelia
1059:zone of
1051:zone of
1043:zone of
1035:zone of
1027:zone of
1021:biozones
1014:Illyrian
978:species
976:ammonite
966:Romanian
946:species
944:conodont
901:Austrian
889:Ladinian
798:Bagolino
783:Ammonite
732:Base of
723:Conodont
655:Global (
417:Rhaetian
390:Ladinian
281:Triassic
260:Mesozoic
2435:Anisian
1701:Carnian
1685:Anisian
1521:Sources
1387:Bibcode
1379:Science
1342:Bibcode
1262:Bibcode
1164:Guizhou
1130:Shaanxi
969:Dobruja
964:in the
931:in the
868:of the
858:Anisian
852:In the
766:Guizhou
762:Guandao
757:Romania
721:of the
586:←
568:←
546:←
530:←
512:←
494:←
476:←
458:←
399:Carnian
381:Anisian
234:–
224:–
214:–
204:–
194:–
184:–
174:–
164:–
154:–
144:–
134:–
22:Anisian
2338:
1706:Norian
1669:Induan
1513:(2007)
1511:et al.
1498:et al.
1494:et al.
1436:
1413:
1405:
1309:
1168:Yunnan
1134:Shanxi
1124:Upper
1002:Aegean
986:family
937:Styria
927:is at
915:, the
913:Anisus
873:series
856:, the
700:Formal
632:Formal
448:
443:
438:
433:
408:Norian
372:Induan
322:Middle
1539:28(4)
1411:S2CID
1226:(see
917:Latin
891:Age.
877:epoch
862:stage
806:Italy
770:China
691:Stage
646:Earth
1567:2004
1549:2007
1531:2005
1480:2020
1434:ISBN
1403:PMID
1307:PMID
1166:and
1132:and
1012:and
921:Enns
907:and
846:2005
736:MT1n
333:Late
107:The
37:PreꞒ
1467:doi
1395:doi
1383:305
1350:doi
1338:108
1299:doi
1270:doi
935:of
875:or
866:age
719:FAD
681:Age
657:ICS
607:ICS
311:Ear
2431::
2354:Ga
2350:Ma
2346:ka
1573:,
1569::
1565:;
1557:36
1551::
1547:;
1533::
1529:;
1463:28
1461:.
1457:.
1409:.
1401:.
1393:.
1381:.
1377:.
1348:.
1336:.
1332:.
1305:.
1295:22
1293:.
1268:.
1256:.
1252:.
1207:/
1142:/
1098:/
1023::
1016:.
1008:,
1004:,
971:.
939:.
804:,
800:,
768:,
764:,
755:,
751:,
249:Pz
87:Pg
31:Ma
1750:e
1743:t
1736:v
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1577:.
1482:.
1469::
1442:.
1417:.
1397::
1389::
1362:.
1352::
1344::
1313:.
1301::
1278:.
1272::
1264::
1258:8
1230:)
1162:(
1146:(
1128:(
1085:(
659:)
345:J
343:E
292:J
270:P
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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