396:
Any spinal cord lesions, be it traumatic, neoplastic, pyogenic, vascular above the level of S1 can cause clonus. This is because of the spasticity caused by the UMN type of injury causing hyperreflexia and clonus. Some other causes of clonus are
387:
Grade 4 ankle hyperreflexia is called ankle clonus. There is repetitive ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion on passive dorsiflexion of the foot by the examiner till the force applied by the examiner is withdrawn.
560:
75:
Ankle of the patient is relaxed. It is helpful to support the ball of the foot at least somewhat to put some tension in the
Achilles tendon, but don’t completely
79:
the ankle. A small strike is given on the
Achilles tendon using a rubber hammer to elicit the response. If the practitioner is not able to elicit a response, a
83:
can be tried by having the patient cup their fingers on each hand and try to pull the hands apart. A positive response is marked by a brisk
564:
537:
343:
495:
604:
768:
338:
920:
185:
39:
muscle and the nerve that supplies it. A positive result would be the jerking of the foot towards its
860:
815:
411:
300:
274:
44:
463:
913:
653:
348:
688:
629:
443:
353:
155:
150:
527:
190:
138:
52:
898:
657:
634:
597:
295:
8:
893:
835:
743:
649:
283:
278:
229:
80:
850:
845:
794:
738:
725:
421:
179:
484:
Walker, HK (1990). "Deep Tendon
Reflexes". In Walker, HK; Hall, WD; Hurst, JW (eds.).
941:
908:
810:
662:
533:
501:
491:
333:
903:
878:
789:
773:
51:
segmental reflexes. When they are intact, integrity of the following is confirmed:
883:
820:
758:
703:
639:
590:
28:
825:
763:
753:
713:
693:
672:
644:
621:
416:
234:
166:
126:
122:
84:
935:
830:
733:
683:
485:
431:
426:
248:
239:
200:
195:
173:
115:
100:
36:
505:
363:
326:
56:
32:
748:
305:
224:
217:
87:
of the foot. The response is also graded into Grade 0-4 according to the
48:
40:
840:
401:
374:
368:
256:
213:
205:
88:
137:
level. A reduction in the ankle jerk reflex may also be indicative of
315:
160:
118:
76:
67:
This reflex is mediated by the S1 spinal segment of the spinal cord.
487:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
888:
406:
270:
35:. It is a type of stretch reflex that tests the function of the
613:
111:
16:
Stretch reflex that occurs when the
Achilles tendon is tapped
582:
47:. It is also a stretch reflex. These are monosynaptic
532:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 499–.
525:
933:
598:
114:roots are intact and could be indicative of
70:
605:
591:
483:
519:
934:
586:
59:to the corresponding spinal segment.
490:(3 ed.). Boston: Butterworths.
94:
43:. Being a deep tendon reflex, it is
323:Congenital developmental disorders
125:. This reflex is usually absent in
13:
526:William J. Weiner (30 July 2010).
464:"Medscape- Neurologic examination"
14:
953:
529:Neurology for the Non-Neurologist
144:
382:
289:
121:. It is classically delayed in
553:
477:
456:
339:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
245:Lumbar disk infection/pyogenic
151:Lumbar herniated disk syndrome
1:
921:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
449:
186:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
62:
612:
31:is tapped while the foot is
7:
437:
344:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
10:
958:
871:
803:
782:
724:
671:
620:
391:
301:Electrolyte abnormalities
71:Procedure and components
914:Crossed extensor reflex
663:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
654:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
349:Spinal muscular atrophy
689:Brachioradialis reflex
630:Pupillary light reflex
444:Tonic vibration reflex
156:Lumbar spinal stenosis
861:Churchill–Cope reflex
816:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
312:Deficiency disorders
191:Cauda equina syndrome
139:peripheral neuropathy
89:reflex grading system
53:cutaneous innervation
783:Superficial reflexes
658:Oculocephalic reflex
635:Accommodation reflex
296:Abetalipoproteinemia
201:Holmes-Adie syndrome
196:Lumbar radiculopathy
55:, motor supply, and
23:, also known as the
894:Golgi tendon reflex
836:Oculocardiac reflex
650:Caloric reflex test
354:Friedreich's ataxia
284:Diabetic neuropathy
279:autoimmune diseases
230:Infectious diseases
81:Jendrassik maneuver
851:Reflex tachycardia
846:Reflex bradycardia
795:Cremasteric reflex
726:Primitive reflexes
422:Multiple sclerosis
375:Chronic alcoholism
180:Lumbosacral plexus
27:, occurs when the
929:
928:
909:Withdrawal reflex
811:Bainbridge reflex
709:Ankle jerk reflex
539:978-1-60547-239-3
334:Genetic disorders
95:Absent ankle jerk
21:ankle jerk reflex
949:
904:Startle response
879:List of reflexes
790:Abdominal reflex
673:Stretch reflexes
607:
600:
593:
584:
583:
577:
576:
574:
572:
563:. Archived from
557:
551:
550:
548:
546:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
481:
475:
474:
472:
470:
460:
127:disk herniations
957:
956:
952:
951:
950:
948:
947:
946:
932:
931:
930:
925:
884:Acoustic reflex
867:
821:Coronary reflex
799:
778:
720:
704:Patellar reflex
667:
640:Jaw jerk reflex
616:
611:
581:
580:
570:
568:
559:
558:
554:
544:
542:
540:
524:
520:
510:
508:
498:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
461:
457:
452:
440:
394:
385:
371:excess/megadose
292:
147:
136:
132:
110:
106:
103:checks if the S
97:
73:
65:
41:plantar surface
29:Achilles tendon
25:Achilles reflex
17:
12:
11:
5:
955:
945:
944:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
873:
869:
868:
866:
865:
864:
863:
855:
854:
853:
848:
838:
833:
828:
826:Cushing reflex
823:
818:
813:
807:
805:
804:Cardiovascular
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
786:
784:
780:
779:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
717:
716:
714:Plantar reflex
711:
706:
698:
697:
696:
694:Triceps reflex
691:
686:
677:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
660:
647:
645:Corneal reflex
642:
637:
632:
626:
624:
618:
617:
610:
609:
602:
595:
587:
579:
578:
567:on 9 June 2014
552:
538:
518:
496:
476:
454:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
439:
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
417:Cerebral palsy
414:
409:
404:
393:
390:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
366:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
331:
330:
329:
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
308:
298:
291:
288:
287:
286:
281:
268:
267:
266:
263:
254:
253:
252:
246:
243:
237:
235:Tabes dorsalis
227:
222:
221:
220:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
171:
170:
169:
167:Hypothyroidism
158:
153:
146:
143:
134:
130:
123:hypothyroidism
108:
104:
96:
93:
85:plantarflexion
72:
69:
64:
61:
57:cortical input
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
954:
943:
940:
939:
937:
922:
919:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
870:
862:
859:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
831:Diving reflex
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
781:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
727:
723:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Biceps reflex
682:
681:
679:
678:
676:
674:
670:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
625:
623:
622:Cranial nerve
619:
615:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
589:
588:
585:
566:
562:
556:
541:
535:
531:
530:
522:
507:
503:
499:
497:9780409900774
493:
489:
488:
480:
465:
459:
455:
445:
442:
441:
433:
432:Pre-eclampsia
430:
428:
427:Syringomyelia
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
389:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
328:
325:
324:
322:
317:
314:
313:
311:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
285:
282:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
261:
260:
258:
255:
250:
249:Arachnoiditis
247:
244:
241:
240:Poliomyelitis
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:
215:
212:
211:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:Common causes
142:
140:
128:
124:
120:
117:
116:sciatic nerve
113:
102:
99:The Achilles
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:gastrocnemius
34:
30:
26:
22:
857:Respiratory
708:
569:. Retrieved
565:the original
555:
543:. Retrieved
528:
521:
509:. Retrieved
486:
479:
467:. Retrieved
458:
395:
386:
383:Ankle clonus
364:Tubocurarine
327:Spina bifida
290:Rarer causes
98:
74:
66:
45:monosynaptic
24:
20:
18:
899:Optokinetic
739:Gastrocolic
561:"Diagnosis"
306:Hypokalemia
251:lumbosacral
225:Hypothermia
218:spinal cord
33:dorsiflexed
841:Baroreflex
769:Tonic neck
571:6 February
469:6 February
450:References
402:Meningitis
369:Pyridoxine
318:deficiency
259:disorders
257:Neoplastic
214:Concussion
206:Idiopathic
176:neuropathy
163:disorders
63:Root value
774:Parachute
316:Vitamin E
265:Secondary
161:Endocrine
119:pathology
77:dorsiflex
942:Reflexes
936:Category
889:H-reflex
759:Stepping
614:Reflexes
506:21250237
438:See also
275:collagen
271:Allergic
182:disorder
129:at the L
764:Sucking
754:Rooting
511:18 July
407:Tetanus
262:Primary
242:, acute
210:Trauma
174:Sciatic
734:Galant
545:4 July
536:
504:
494:
392:Causes
360:Drugs
101:reflex
49:spinal
872:Other
744:Grasp
112:nerve
107:and S
749:Moro
700:Leg
680:Arm
573:2013
547:2011
534:ISBN
513:2017
502:PMID
492:ISBN
471:2013
19:The
412:CJD
938::
500:.
277:,
273:,
216:,
141:.
133:—S
91:.
656:/
652:/
606:e
599:t
592:v
575:.
549:.
515:.
473:.
135:1
131:5
109:2
105:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.