572:
344:
314:, and her biographer V. P. Wystrach described her as a "patroness of natural history". Natural history as a field of study was not precisely defined but certainly included the study of natural objects and organisms. Blackburne did not contribute to botany and ornithology as an author in her own right, but she was widely known for the extensive and influential collection that she assembled, and she has been described as a "botanist". She was in contact with several well-known naturalists, and some of them visited her and her father at Orford Hall. She learned Latin so she could study the
242:
478:'s botanical collections and noted about Anna, "Mrs. Blackburne his daughter extends her researches still farther, and adds to her empire another kingdom; not content with the botanic, she causes North America to be explored for its animals, and has formed a museum from the other side of the Atlantic, as pleasing as it is instructive." Pennant studied the collection of birds that Blackburne's brother Ashton had sent to her from America, which resulted in him including more than a hundred species of birds from New York alone in his book
44:
502:
427:
117:
619:, the son of her brother Thomas, and John moved selected parts of the collection to his manor at Hale Hall. The Blackburne family homes at Orford, Fairfield and Hale Hall were all demolished in the 20th century, and the eventual fate of the collection is unknown; it was probably dispersed at auctions. Some plant specimens attributed to Blackburne's collection are now in the herbarium of
379:, another naturalist, Forster unsuccessfully tried to obtain duplicates of shells in her collection. Until he moved to London in 1770, Forster and Blackburne had a mutually beneficial relationship. While she received education, he benefitted from their social relationship and her library. Forster even expected Blackburne to order books for him. Forster later took part in the
273:, was a cousin on her mother's side. She was baptised as "Anne" on 3 January 1726, but was usually known as "Anna". Her family were landowners who had lived at Orford Hall since 1638. They also owned merchant ships, were involved in trade with Russia, and produced salt in Cheshire that was then exported from
285:
including pineapples and cotton. Some of this cotton was noted to have been made into a muslin dress for his daughter. Little is known about Anna's early education, but she may have used the natural history books in her father's library to study botany during her childhood. In the years following her
610:
from objects in her collection. After her father's 1786 death, Blackburne moved in 1787 from Orford Hall to
Fairfield Hall, which was a new home built for her with a room designed to house her collections. The room was 15 yards (14 m) long, as wide as the entire front of the house. She also had
443:
on 29 June 1771, offering to send him "a few Birds & insects" collected by her brother Ashton near New York. Linnaeus thanked her in his reply, written in Latin, and promised to name a new species after her if she gave him an unknown specimen. In response, Blackburne sent "a small box containing
541:
and had collected natural history specimens during an expedition to
Siberia. Pennant probably introduced Pallas to Blackburne, and the two started exchanging specimens in 1778, sometimes using ships belonging to Blackburne's brother John. They exchanged mostly plants, preserved birds, and minerals,
334:
and surprised the bystanders with the extent of her botanical knowledge. She collected natural history specimens including insects, shells, minerals and birds. In the early years of her collection, she obtained most of her specimens from her widely travelled family members; she later bartered and
486:
To the rich museum of
American Birds, preserved by Mrs. Anna Blackburn, of Orford, near Warrington, I am indebted for the opportunity of describing almost every one known in the provinces of Jersey, New York, and Connecticut. They were sent over to that lady by her brother the late Mr. Ashton
374:
and mineralogy. In 1768, Forster dined at Orford Hall every
Saturday, helped Blackburne with the arrangement of her insect collection, and read his lectures on entomology to her. Blackburne allowed Forster to use the family's library, and encouraged him to publish his work. For his friend
520:
were originally described by
Pennant from specimens sent to Blackburne by her brother Ashton. Other than birds, Pennant acknowledged the Blackburne museum as the source for the descriptions of a mammal, a salamander, 3 species of fish, and 52 insects, also within
444:
a few Birds and insects". These three letters are all that is known of their correspondence. The claims in her obituary that
Blackburne was a "friend and constant correspondent of Linnaeus" or that he named a plant after her are exaggerated. Linnaeus's student
562:
was also in contact with
Blackburne and offered to catalogue her collection of minerals. Possibly because of his previous misappropriation of Royal Society funds, Blackburne did not employ him although she did express interest.
2239:
200:
Blackburne corresponded with other naturalists including
Linnaeus, to whom she sent a box of birds and insects. Her brother Ashton, who lived in New York, sent her specimens of North American birds. The Welsh naturalist
403:
formats. Blackburne received one of the few folio copies, which were given by the
Forsters as presents to royalty as well as friends and supporters. Forster dedicated one genus of plants to Blackburne and her father,
470:, who had been aware of Blackburne and her collections through correspondence with Forster since at least 1768, visited Orford Hall in May 1772. He later described the visit in his 1774 book,
298:
before 1758; her brother Ashton lived in New York, from where he sent bird specimens to his sister. Anna referred to herself as "Mrs. Blackburne" although she never married; the title "
665:
Several sources, for example
Kendrick 1854, incorrectly state that Blackburne was born in 1740, but her tombstone is inscribed "Died Dec. 30, 1793, aged 67". Her obituary in
598:, specimens of insects, corals and shells, as well as fossils, ores, and minerals. She probably also commissioned drawings of her specimens, and around 1768 the illustrator
615:. In her will, she bequeathed more than £12,000 (equivalent to £1,780,000 in 2023) to her family and to charity. Her museum was inherited by her nephew
487:
Blackburn; who added to the skill and zeal of a sportsman, the most pertinent remarks on the specimens he collected for his worthy and philosophical sister.
2327:
1937:
261:
and Catherine Ashton (or Katharine Assheton; 1701–1740), as the fourth or fifth of nine children. Her maternal grandfather was William Assheton, Rector of
611:
plans for a botanical garden, but was unable to carry these out due to health issues. She died on 30 December 1793, and was buried in the churchyard of
418:. In the dedication, Forster mentioned John's garden and Anna's collections, thanking both for allowing him to use their "most informative museum".
1866:
634:
has been named "Blackburne" in her honour since 1994. The Blackburne crater is situated at 11.0°N, 183.9°E and has a diameter of 30.1 km.
185:. She developed a natural history museum where she collected insects, shells, minerals and birds. She regularly met with the naturalist
2559:
1381:
652:
516:
in honour of Anna Blackburne. In 1975, V. P. Wystrach determined that sixteen or seventeen of the bird species accepted by the
169:
for exotic plants. John Blackburne also had an extensive library where Anne probably studied botany; she later taught herself
2391:
2315:
2057:
2028:
1971:
1884:
1847:
1758:
327:
209:. After her father's death, Blackburne and her museum moved to nearby Fairfield Hall. When she died in 1793, her nephew
161:, Lancashire, into a family of landowners and merchants. After her mother's death, she lived at Orford with her father
2220:
1667:
448:
visited Orford Hall, where he examined her collection of insects, and found a new species of beetle. He called it
277:
in Liverpool. John Blackburne was interested in botany and had a large collection of plants in his garden. In his
2569:
616:
517:
475:
210:
1686:
582:
Anna Blackburne assembled a museum with an extensive collection of natural history specimens, comparable to the
2564:
612:
571:
1749:
George Stubbs and the Wide Creation : Animals, People and Places in the Life of George Stubbs, 1724-1806
681:
390:
355:
2574:
1706:"Searching for new models of business representation: The Liverpool Committee or Board of Trade, 1775–1794"
286:
mother's 1740 death, Anna's surviving siblings left Orford Hall until eventually only Anna, who became the
701:
The whereabouts of this copy are unknown as of 2015. It is known to have been advertised for sale in 1944.
2524:
1691:
667:
624:
380:
48:
1778:"Crater-associated dark diffuse features on Venus: Properties of surficial deposits and their evolution"
547:
287:
258:
162:
96:
1705:
2240:"The folio issues of the Forsters' Characteres Generum Plantarum (1775 and 1776): a census of copies"
692:. The parish register uses the old start of the year and lists the date of baptism as 3 January 1725.
575:
Eurasian wren, raspberry, wood lice and pupa from the Natural History Cabinet of Anna Blackburne, by
445:
1391:
2075:
International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (1 October 2006).
631:
546:
that Blackburne obtained from Pallas in 1779. Some of the exchanges were mediated by the publisher
2516:
559:
363:
291:
254:
186:
65:
2517:"Collection of drawings depicting specimens from the natural history cabinet of Anna Blackburne"
688:
is used until 1752, but the start of the year is adjusted to 1 January, and later dates use the
2484:
2115:
1696:
153:
specimens and corresponded with several notable naturalists of her era. Blackburne was born at
24:
2410:
343:
2383:
2206:
2149:
550:. At some point between 1771 and 1779, Blackburne also became acquainted with the naturalist
454:
431:
215:
2554:
2549:
2251:
1962:
Ford, Lisa (2014). "James Bolton, self-taught naturalist". In Fairman, Elisabeth R. (ed.).
1789:
513:
506:
482:. The book's preface contained extensive thanks to the Blackburnes for their contribution:
410:
349:
295:
229:
220:
213:
inherited the collection. Several species are named after Blackburne, including the beetle
2308:
Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England, 1760–1860
8:
603:
583:
270:
2255:
1793:
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of the manor, and her father remained. Her brother John was a businessman who served as
2471:
2376:
2275:
2047:
1923:
1733:
1547:
689:
534:
367:
282:
190:
158:
1895:
1747:
2504:
2463:
2430:
2397:
2387:
2359:
2311:
2294:
2279:
2267:
2226:
2216:
2194:
2175:
2156:
2135:
2102:
2063:
2053:
2034:
2024:
2003:
1967:
1915:
1880:
1853:
1843:
1824:
1805:
1764:
1754:
1737:
1725:
1673:
1663:
366:, who in 1767 had been appointed as tutor in modern languages and natural history at
246:
2288:
2017:
1927:
1721:
2496:
2455:
2422:
2371:
2332:
2259:
2127:
1966:. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art & Yale University Press. p. 150.
1942:
1907:
1872:
1797:
1717:
620:
2344:
1954:
2353:
2210:
2188:
2169:
2096:
2076:
1982:
1837:
1818:
1657:
1553:
685:
594:
of preserved plant specimens, a collection of 470 birds and one bat preserved by
555:
317:
311:
176:
170:
150:
2500:
2131:
1558:
1554:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
554:, who also served as an intermediary between her and Pallas, and with botanist
538:
525:. Pennant did not acknowledge Blackburne's contributions in his autobiography.
467:
376:
326:. Occasionally, Blackburne visited London and Oxford; on one such visit to the
274:
202:
20:
2426:
2336:
2263:
1946:
1911:
1876:
1857:
1768:
2543:
2508:
2467:
2434:
2401:
2298:
2271:
2230:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2139:
2106:
2007:
1919:
1809:
1729:
1677:
440:
384:
182:
2038:
1828:
1777:
2067:
599:
587:
576:
551:
266:
2363:
1997:
867:
865:
863:
2355:
A Naturalist in Russia: Letters from Peter Simon Pallas to Thomas Pennant
1868:
Cultivating Commerce: Cultures of Botany in Britain and France, 1760–1815
1801:
426:
154:
43:
305:
2475:
2443:
2019:
International Women in Science : A Biographical Dictionary to 1950
860:
371:
278:
194:
166:
146:
2485:"Anna Blackburne (1726-1793)–a neglected patroness of natural history"
1991:] (in Swedish). Vol. 2, part 1. Stockholm: Aktiebolaget Ljus.
1964:
Of green leaf, bird, and flower: artists' books and the natural world
595:
591:
543:
302:" was customarily used also by unmarried ladies of the 18th century.
262:
19:"Anne Blackburne" redirects here. For the historian of Buddhism, see
2459:
331:
323:
241:
133:
387:
published some of the botanical results of the voyage in the book
607:
383:
as the expedition's naturalist. After his return, he and his son
116:
2378:
Naturalists at Sea: Scientific Travellers from Dampier to Darwin
1474:
439:
Blackburne wrote a letter to the Swedish botanist and zoologist
1464:
1462:
1460:
1186:
1184:
1126:
1124:
1122:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
396:
370:. Forster's scientific lectures at Warrington covered biology,
142:
2489:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
2415:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
2120:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
1896:"John Blackburne of Orford Hall and his cultivated succulents"
1273:
2101:(2nd ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longman.
1871:. Science in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1609:
943:
400:
2151:
Parish Register Transcripts, Warrington, Lancashire, England
1457:
1421:
1181:
1119:
768:
2049:
The Tactless Philosopher: Johann Reinhold Forster (1729-98)
1633:
1597:
1321:
1297:
1225:
1107:
1095:
931:
789:
731:
650:
Wystrach states that John Blackburne died in 1787, but the
501:
299:
205:
studied these bird specimens and included them in his book
1935:
Edmondson, J. R. (23 September 2004). "Blackburne, John".
1530:
1528:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1066:
1017:
1015:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
894:
892:
353:), engraving of botanical drawings by Georg Forster, from
2290:
Hale Hall: With Notes on the Family of Ireland Blackburne
1285:
1237:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
623:, and Bolton's watercolours are in the collection of the
537:
corresponded with Pennant during his career. He lived in
149:, and collector who assembled an extensive collection of
1684:
1573:
1333:
871:
1525:
1433:
1409:
1345:
1261:
1208:
1169:
1148:
1136:
1078:
1063:
1012:
991:
921:
919:
889:
848:
671:
stated she was "advanced in age" when she died in 1793.
362:
One of the naturalists who visited the Blackburnes was
1397:
1027:
979:
801:
2325:
Shteir, Ann B. (3 January 2008). "Blackburne, Anna".
1445:
1369:
1357:
1249:
1039:
904:
877:
680:
Dates in this article follow the convention that the
306:
Association and correspondence with other naturalists
1585:
1513:
1309:
1196:
1051:
967:
916:
836:
824:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
719:
2444:"Ashton Blackburne's place in American ornithology"
1894:Edmondson, John; Rowley, Gordon (14 October 1998).
1692:
The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer
955:
236:
165:, who was known for his interest in botany and his
2411:"A note on the naming of the Blackburnian warbler"
2375:
2148:
2016:
1746:
141:3 January 1726 – 30 December 1793) was an English
743:
2541:
1999:Reinhold and Georg Forster in England, 1766–1780
1776:Bondarenko, N. V.; Head, J. W. (12 March 2009).
1501:
1989:Letters and Writings from and to Carl von Linné
1984:Bref och skrifvelser af och till Carl von Linné
1893:
1621:
1615:
1491:
1489:
949:
783:
2358:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2293:. Liverpool: Printed for private circulation.
2171:A Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides
1864:
1775:
1639:
1468:
1190:
1130:
472:A Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides
2310:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
335:exchanged specimens with other collectors.
2331:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2116:"The North American birds of Thomas Pennant"
1941:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1540:
1486:
566:
16:English naturalist and collector (1726–1793)
1659:The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History
435:, named after Blackburne by Johan Fabricius
388:
330:, she debated with the gardeners about the
315:
174:
2002:(PhD thesis). Ann Arbor: Duke University.
1662:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
542:but also other animals, including a young
338:
115:
42:
23:. For the District of Columbia judge, see
1934:
1550:inflation figures are based on data from
830:
2482:
2441:
2408:
2370:
2094:
1603:
1534:
1480:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1351:
1327:
1303:
1267:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1163:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1072:
1021:
1006:
937:
898:
854:
842:
818:
795:
737:
656:gives 20 December 1786 as date of death.
570:
500:
425:
342:
240:
2328:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2286:
2186:
2167:
1938:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1842:. Leicester: Troubador Publishing Ltd.
1703:
1579:
1387:
1363:
985:
653:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
197:and helped with her insect collection.
2542:
2351:
2324:
2305:
2237:
2205:
2146:
2113:
2014:
1995:
1816:
1519:
1451:
1375:
1291:
1279:
1255:
1202:
1175:
1057:
1045:
973:
925:
910:
883:
762:
2147:Norman, Bertram William Tuff (1961).
2045:
1980:
1835:
1744:
1704:Bennett, Robert J. (September 2014).
1655:
1591:
1551:
1339:
1315:
1142:
1033:
961:
725:
102:Katharine Ashton or Assheton (mother)
1961:
1820:Memorials of the Church in Prestwich
1507:
528:
310:Blackburne was keenly interested in
253:Anna Blackburne was born in 1726 at
2081:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
2074:
1981:Fries, Theodor Magnus, ed. (1916).
1627:
294:in 1760–61 and was involved in the
13:
14:
2586:
461:
2560:18th-century English naturalists
2515:
2015:Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001).
1823:. Manchester: Simms and Dinham.
1495:
421:
237:Family background and early life
134:
2098:Profiles of Warrington Worthies
1782:Journal of Geophysical Research
1753:. London: Chatto & Windus.
1722:10.1179/0078172X14Z.00000000065
695:
674:
659:
395:. The book was printed in both
245:John Blackburne and family, by
2114:McAtee, W. L. (January 1963).
2052:. Melbourne: Hawthorne Press.
2046:Hoare, Michael Edward (1976).
1996:Gordon, Joseph Stuart (1975).
1865:Easterby-Smith, Sarah (2017).
1836:Cooke, Bill (11 August 2020).
1656:Allen, David Elliston (1994).
644:
518:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
2409:Wystrach, V. P. (July 1974).
708:
391:Characteres generum plantarum
356:Characteres generum plantarum
51:of Blackburne, published 1854
2483:Wystrach, V. P. (May 1977).
2345:UK public library membership
1955:UK public library membership
713:
193:. Forster instructed her in
7:
2525:Yale Center for British Art
2352:Urness, Carol, ed. (1967).
2238:Rosove, Michael H. (2015).
2023:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
1616:Edmondson & Rowley 1998
950:Edmondson & Rowley 1998
784:Edmondson & Rowley 1998
625:Yale Center for British Art
613:St Oswald's Church, Winwick
381:second voyage of James Cook
249:. Anna is on the far right.
49:Silhouette profile portrait
10:
2591:
2501:10.3366/jsbnh.1977.8.2.148
2132:10.3366/jsbnh.1963.4.2.100
1648:
1640:Bondarenko & Head 2009
328:botanical garden at Oxford
85:30 December 1793 (aged 67)
18:
2427:10.3366/jsbnh.1974.7.1.89
2264:10.1017/S0032247414000722
1912:10.25223/brad.n16.1998.a3
1877:10.1017/9781316411339.004
872:Gentleman's Magazine 1794
567:Museum, death, and legacy
446:Johan Christian Fabricius
189:while he was teaching at
114:
109:
89:
81:
73:
56:
41:
34:
2442:Wystrach, V. P. (1975).
2212:The Command of the Ocean
2187:Pennant, Thomas (1784).
2168:Pennant, Thomas (1774).
2095:Kendrick, James (1854).
1483:, pp. 161–162, 167.
1282:, pp. 615, 620–621.
668:The Gentleman's Magazine
637:
590:. The museum included a
558:as well. The naturalist
223:and the flowering plant
2521:YCBA Collections Online
2306:Shteir, Ann B. (1996).
2287:Rylands, J. P. (1881).
2193:. London: Henry Hughs.
1839:The Story of Warrington
1552:Clark, Gregory (2017).
560:Emanuel Mendes da Costa
364:Johann Reinhold Forster
339:Johann Reinhold Forster
255:Orford Hall, Warrington
187:Johann Reinhold Forster
66:Orford Hall, Warrington
2570:People from Warrington
2174:. Chester: John Monk.
579:
533:The German naturalist
509:
499:
450:Scarabaeus blackburnii
436:
389:
359:
316:
269:, who established the
250:
175:
173:so she could read the
25:Anna Blackburne-Rigsby
2565:English entomologists
2384:Yale University Press
2337:10.1093/ref:odnb/2512
1947:10.1093/ref:odnb/2515
1817:Booker, John (1852).
1745:Blake, Robin (2005).
574:
505:2010 photograph of a
504:
484:
455:Geotrupes blackburnii
432:Geotrupes blackburnii
429:
346:
244:
216:Geotrupes blackburnii
1802:10.1029/2008JE003163
1430:, pp. 159, 167.
798:, pp. 150, 165.
740:, pp. 152, 165.
514:Blackburnian warbler
507:Blackburnian warbler
416:Zanthoxylum pinnatum
350:Zanthoxylum pinnatum
265:, and the collector
230:Zanthoxylum pinnatum
221:Blackburnian warbler
2575:Women entomologists
2374:(22 October 2013).
2256:2015PoRec..51..611R
2215:. London: Penguin.
1794:2009JGRE..114.3004B
1606:, pp. 162–164.
1469:Easterby-Smith 2017
1342:, pp. 286–287.
1330:, pp. 153–155.
1306:, pp. 151–153.
1294:, pp. 617–618.
1234:, pp. 157–158.
1191:Easterby-Smith 2017
1131:Easterby-Smith 2017
1116:, pp. 158–160.
1104:, pp. 153–154.
940:, pp. 148–150.
584:Leverian collection
474:, where he praised
452:; it is now called
411:Blackburnia pinnata
225:Blackburnia pinnata
1548:Retail Price Index
1145:, pp. 37, 51.
690:Gregorian calendar
580:
535:Peter Simon Pallas
512:Pennant named the
510:
437:
368:Warrington Academy
360:
292:mayor of Liverpool
251:
191:Warrington Academy
159:Orford, Warrington
2393:978-0-300-18073-2
2343:(Subscription or
2317:978-0-8018-5141-4
2077:"Planetary Names"
2059:978-0-7256-0121-8
2030:978-1-57607-090-1
1973:978-0-300-20424-7
1953:(Subscription or
1886:978-1-107-12684-8
1849:978-1-83859-438-1
1760:978-0-7011-7305-0
1582:, pp. 84–85.
1246:, pp. 97–98.
1178:, pp. 81–82.
529:Other naturalists
247:Hamlet Winstanley
123:
122:
2582:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2479:
2438:
2405:
2381:
2367:
2348:
2340:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2234:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2154:
2143:
2110:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2071:
2042:
2022:
2011:
1992:
1977:
1958:
1950:
1931:
1890:
1861:
1832:
1813:
1772:
1752:
1741:
1710:Northern History
1700:
1681:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:, p. xviii.
1031:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1004:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
914:
908:
902:
896:
887:
881:
875:
869:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
799:
793:
787:
781:
766:
760:
741:
735:
729:
723:
702:
699:
693:
678:
672:
663:
657:
648:
621:Liverpool Museum
497:
492:Thomas Pennant,
394:
321:
180:
140:
139:Tooltip baptised
136:
119:
46:
32:
31:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2460:10.2307/4084630
2394:
2342:
2318:
2223:
2085:
2083:
2060:
2031:
1974:
1952:
1887:
1850:
1761:
1670:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1013:
1005:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
917:
909:
905:
897:
890:
882:
878:
870:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
802:
794:
790:
782:
769:
761:
744:
736:
732:
728:, p. viii.
724:
720:
716:
711:
706:
705:
700:
696:
686:Julian calendar
679:
675:
664:
660:
649:
645:
640:
632:crater on Venus
617:John Blackburne
569:
556:Daniel Solander
531:
498:
491:
476:John Blackburne
466:The naturalist
464:
424:
341:
318:Systema Naturae
312:natural history
308:
271:Leverian Museum
259:John Blackburne
239:
211:John Blackburne
177:Systema Naturae
163:John Blackburne
151:natural history
138:
130:Anne Blackburne
126:Anna Blackburne
105:
97:John Blackburne
69:
63:
62:
61:Anne Blackburne
52:
37:
36:Anna Blackburne
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2513:
2495:(2): 148–168.
2480:
2454:(3): 607–610.
2439:
2406:
2392:
2372:Williams, Glyn
2368:
2349:
2322:
2316:
2303:
2284:
2250:(6): 611–623.
2235:
2221:
2207:Rodger, N.A.M.
2203:
2190:Arctic Zoology
2184:
2165:
2144:
2126:(2): 100–124.
2111:
2092:
2072:
2058:
2043:
2029:
2012:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1932:
1891:
1885:
1862:
1848:
1833:
1814:
1773:
1759:
1742:
1716:(2): 263–289.
1701:
1699:. p. 180.
1682:
1668:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1594:, p. 441.
1584:
1572:
1559:MeasuringWorth
1539:
1537:, p. 162.
1524:
1512:
1500:
1485:
1473:
1456:
1454:, p. 114.
1444:
1442:, p. 159.
1432:
1420:
1418:, p. 609.
1408:
1396:
1380:
1378:, p. 101.
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 151.
1344:
1332:
1320:
1318:, p. 285.
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 118.
1260:
1258:, p. 611.
1248:
1236:
1224:
1222:, p. 158.
1207:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 157.
1147:
1135:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1092:, p. 155.
1077:
1075:, p. 154.
1062:
1050:
1048:, p. 617.
1038:
1026:
1024:, p. 148.
1011:
1009:, p. 156.
990:
988:, p. 272.
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
915:
913:, p. xix.
903:
901:, p. 160.
888:
886:, p. 115.
876:
874:, p. 180.
859:
857:, p. 164.
847:
835:
831:Edmondson 2004
823:
821:, p. 150.
800:
788:
767:
742:
730:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
703:
694:
673:
658:
642:
641:
639:
636:
586:of her cousin
568:
565:
548:Benjamin White
539:St. Petersburg
530:
527:
523:Arctic Zoology
494:Arctic Zoology
489:
480:Arctic Zoology
468:Thomas Pennant
463:
462:Thomas Pennant
460:
423:
420:
377:Thomas Pennant
340:
337:
307:
304:
275:Salthouse Dock
238:
235:
207:Arctic Zoology
203:Thomas Pennant
121:
120:
112:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
100:
93:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
77:3 January 1726
75:
71:
70:
64:
60:
58:
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
35:
21:Anne Blackburn
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2382:. New Haven:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:0-7139-9411-8
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:(16): 14–24.
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1685:Anon (1794).
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:0-691-03632-2
1665:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1618:, p. 23.
1617:
1612:
1605:
1604:Wystrach 1977
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1535:Wystrach 1977
1531:
1529:
1522:, p. 35.
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:Wystrach 1977
1477:
1471:, p. 89.
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1440:Wystrach 1977
1436:
1429:
1428:Wystrach 1977
1424:
1417:
1416:Wystrach 1975
1412:
1406:, p. 89.
1405:
1404:Wystrach 1974
1400:
1393:
1392:Advertisement
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1366:, p. 12.
1365:
1360:
1353:
1352:Wystrach 1977
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1328:Wystrach 1977
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1304:Wystrach 1977
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1268:Williams 2013
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1244:Williams 2013
1240:
1233:
1232:Wystrach 1977
1228:
1221:
1220:Wystrach 1977
1216:
1214:
1212:
1205:, p. 82.
1204:
1199:
1193:, p. 88.
1192:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1164:Wystrach 1977
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1133:, p. 87.
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:Wystrach 1977
1110:
1103:
1102:Wystrach 1977
1098:
1091:
1090:Wystrach 1977
1086:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:Wystrach 1977
1069:
1067:
1060:, p. 54.
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1022:Wystrach 1977
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:Wystrach 1977
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
987:
982:
976:, p. 53.
975:
970:
964:, p. 37.
963:
958:
952:, p. 14.
951:
946:
939:
938:Wystrach 1977
934:
928:, p. 65.
927:
922:
920:
912:
907:
900:
899:Wystrach 1977
895:
893:
885:
880:
873:
868:
866:
864:
856:
855:Wystrach 1977
851:
844:
843:Kendrick 1854
839:
832:
827:
820:
819:Wystrach 1977
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
797:
796:Wystrach 1977
792:
786:, p. 16.
785:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
764:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
739:
738:Wystrach 1977
734:
727:
722:
718:
698:
691:
687:
683:
677:
670:
669:
662:
655:
654:
647:
643:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
602:made several
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
573:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
526:
524:
519:
515:
508:
503:
495:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
457:
456:
451:
447:
442:
441:Carl Linnaeus
434:
433:
428:
422:Carl Linnaeus
419:
417:
414:, now called
413:
412:
407:
402:
398:
393:
392:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
358:
357:
352:
351:
347:Blackburnia (
345:
336:
333:
329:
325:
320:
319:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
283:exotic plants
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
243:
234:
232:
231:
227:, now called
226:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Carl Linnaeus
179:
178:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
131:
127:
118:
113:
108:
101:
98:
95:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2528:. Retrieved
2520:
2492:
2488:
2451:
2447:
2421:(1): 89–91.
2418:
2414:
2377:
2354:
2326:
2307:
2289:
2247:
2244:Polar Record
2243:
2211:
2189:
2170:
2150:
2123:
2119:
2097:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2048:
2018:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1963:
1936:
1903:
1899:
1867:
1838:
1819:
1785:
1781:
1748:
1713:
1709:
1697:John Nichols
1690:
1658:
1642:, p. 2.
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1580:Rylands 1881
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1557:
1542:
1515:
1503:
1476:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1388:Pennant 1784
1383:
1371:
1364:Pennant 1774
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1198:
1171:
1138:
1109:
1097:
1053:
1041:
1029:
986:Bennett 2014
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
906:
879:
850:
845:, p. 4.
838:
826:
791:
733:
721:
697:
676:
666:
661:
651:
646:
629:
604:watercolours
600:James Bolton
588:Ashton Lever
581:
577:James Bolton
552:Joseph Banks
532:
522:
511:
493:
485:
479:
471:
465:
453:
449:
438:
430:
415:
409:
408:, including
405:
361:
354:
348:
309:
267:Ashton Lever
252:
228:
224:
214:
206:
199:
129:
125:
124:
29:
2555:1793 deaths
2550:1726 births
1520:Haines 2001
1452:Urness 1967
1376:McAtee 1963
1292:Rosove 2015
1280:Rosove 2015
1256:Rosove 2015
1203:Gordon 1975
1176:Gordon 1975
1058:Shteir 1996
1046:Rosove 2015
974:Shteir 1996
926:Norman 1961
911:Rodger 2004
884:Booker 1852
763:Shteir 2008
406:Blackburnia
296:slave trade
155:Orford Hall
2544:Categories
2347:required.)
1957:required.)
1858:1139765661
1769:1062346711
1695:. London:
1592:Cooke 2020
1340:Fries 1916
1316:Fries 1916
1143:Hoare 1976
1034:Allen 1994
962:Blake 2005
726:Blake 2005
709:References
372:entomology
281:, he grew
195:entomology
147:naturalist
128:(baptised
2509:0037-9778
2468:0004-8038
2435:0037-9778
2402:926097050
2299:904223196
2280:129922206
2272:0032-2474
2231:156797856
2199:890812562
2180:939438039
2161:866189862
2140:0037-9778
2107:561059791
2008:732713365
1920:0265-086X
1810:0148-0227
1738:159983633
1730:0078-172X
1678:865490137
1508:Ford 2014
714:Citations
682:Old Style
596:taxidermy
592:herbarium
544:musk deer
279:hothouses
263:Prestwich
167:hothouses
110:Signature
68:, England
2530:9 August
2209:(2004).
2086:9 August
2039:50174714
1928:89653839
1900:Bradleya
1829:15989082
1687:"Deaths"
1628:IAU 2006
608:gouaches
490:—
332:geranium
324:Linnaeus
288:mistress
143:botanist
99:(father)
74:Baptised
2476:4084630
2448:The Auk
2252:Bibcode
2068:3903076
1790:Bibcode
1649:Sources
684:of the
90:Parents
2507:
2474:
2466:
2433:
2400:
2390:
2364:793138
2362:
2341:
2314:
2297:
2278:
2270:
2229:
2219:
2197:
2178:
2159:
2138:
2105:
2066:
2056:
2037:
2027:
2006:
1970:
1951:
1926:
1918:
1883:
1856:
1846:
1827:
1808:
1788:(E3).
1767:
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