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Victorian fascination with 'exotic' plants and environments. Glasshouses became spectacles to entertain the general public. The curated environments in glasshouses aimed to capture "the
Western imagination of an idealised landscape" and support the fantasy of the cultural 'other'. As a consequence, the collection of plants are believed to be true reflections of the world, yet are actually stereotypical arrangements of 'exotic' plants to symbolize exactly where British colonies are and how far their authority reaches. To uphold British hegemony, glasshouses became arguments of colonial power which flaunt the "absolute control of colonized environments and flora... as a symbol of British Imperial power.
37:
759:, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon dioxide enrichment can also reduce greenhouse water usage by a significant fraction by mitigating the total air-flow needed to supply adequate carbon for plant growth and thereby reducing the quantity of water lost to evaporation. Commercial greenhouses are now frequently located near appropriate industrial facilities for mutual benefit. For example, Cornerways Nursery in the UK is strategically placed near a major sugar refinery, consuming both waste heat and CO
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174:, however, are quite tender plants and do not grow easily year-round. Therefore, the Romans designed an artificial environment, like a greenhouse, to have cucumbers available for the emperor all year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as
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agrivoltaics increase the spacing between solar cells and use clear backsheets enhancing food production below. In this option, the fixed PV panels enable the eastâwest movement of the sun to "spray sunlight" over the plants below, thereby reducing "over-exposure" due to the day-long sun as in transparent greenhouses, as they generate electricity above.
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smaller panes such as the 600 mm width typically used in modern domestic designs which then require more supporting framework for a given overall greenhouse size. A style of greenhouse having sloped sides (resulting in a wider base than at eaves height) and using these panes uncut is also often referred to as "Dutch Light design", and a
225:, a cauldron filled with water was also heated to create steam and increase the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. These Korean greenhouses were the first active greenhouses that controlled temperature, rather than only relying on energy from the sun. The design still included passive heating methods, such as semi-transparent oiled
1081:. The purpose of an alpine house is to mimic the conditions in which alpine plants grow; particularly to protect from wet conditions in winter. Alpine houses are often unheated since the plants grown there are hardy, or require at most protection from hard frost in the winter. They are designed to have excellent ventilation.
416:. These were normally in public gardens or parks and exemplified the 19th-century development of glass and iron architecture. This technology was widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls, and other large buildings that needed large, open internal area. One of the earliest examples of a palm house is in the
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greenhouses are now commonly used both in production and in situations where plants are grown and sold to the public as well. Gutter-connected greenhouses are commonly covered with structured polycarbonate materials, or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown between to provide increased heating efficiencies.
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captures solar heat during the day. This design can keep the interior up to 25°C (45°F) warmer than the outside, even in winter. Over time, innovations like modern insulation materials and automated night curtains have been incorporated, enhancing their efficiency and maintaining a stable environment for crops.
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of the
Netherlands in the mid-19th century. The addition of sand to bogs and clay soil created fertile soil for agriculture, and around 1850, grapes were grown in the first greenhouses, simple glass constructions with one of the sides consisting of a solid wall. By the early 20th century, greenhouses
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Despite their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, Chinese solar greenhouses have some limitations, such as the need for proper orientation to maximize sunlight and challenges with the durability of plastic film coverings. Nevertheless, they remain a practical solution for year-round farming in regions
408:
The largest glasshouses yet conceived were constructed in
England during the Victorian era. As a direct result of colonial expansion, the purpose of glasshouses changed from agriculture to horticulture. The accelerated transfer of plants and horticultural knowledge between colonies contributed to the
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production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are then used to manage growing
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Quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not negligibly small, and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of issues of near-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of
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is a special structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass and block it as heat. The most common materials used in modern
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Chinese solar greenhouses are designed to maximize solar energy, making them highly efficient in colder climates without the need for additional heating systems. Originating in 1978, these greenhouses feature three solid walls, often made of brick or clay, with a transparent south-facing side that
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is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If there is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can become prone to problems. The main purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air
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enrichment to about 1100 parts per million in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years. After the development of equipment for the controlled serial enrichment of carbon dioxide, the technique was established on a broad scale in the
Netherlands. Secondary
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In the UK and other
Northern European countries a pane of horticultural glass referred to as "Dutch Light" was historically used as a standard unit of construction, having dimensions of 28ÂŸâł x 56âł (approx. 730 mm x 1422 mm). This size gives a larger glazed area when compared with using
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Before the development of greenhouses, agricultural practices were constrained to weather conditions. According to the climatic zone of communities, people were limited to a select range of species and time of the year in which they could grow plants. Yet around 30 CE, the Roman Empire built the
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in the 17th century, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize. There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses. The first 'stove' (heated) greenhouse in the UK was
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Potential new photovoltaic technologies which let through the colors of light needed by the interior plants, but use the other wavelengths to generate electricity, might one day have some future use in greenhouses. There are prototypes of such greenhouses. "Semi-transparent" PV panels used in
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I shall essay the finishing of my greenhouse this fall, but find that neither myself, nor any person about me is so well skilled in the internal constructions as to proceed without a probability at least of running into errors. Shall I for this reason, ask the favor of you to give me a short
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were made by several companies and were also frequently made by the growers themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced. This resulted in many more greenhouses being
72:
are often used interchangeably to refer to buildings used for cultivating plants. The specific term used depends on the material and heating system used in the building. Nowadays, greenhouses are more commonly constructed with a variety of materials, such as wood and polyethylene plastic. A
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Gutter-connected greenhouses became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall, or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area was increased substantially. Gutter-connected
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greenhouses for walls and roofs are rigid plastic made of polycarbonate, plastic film made of polyethylene, or glass panes. When the inside of a greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the temperature increases, providing a sheltered environment for plants to grow even in cold weather.
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constructed on smaller farms and garden centers. Polyethylene film durability increased greatly when more effective UV-inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the usable life of the film from one or two years up to three and eventually four or more years.
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was intended to provide the nobility with important agricultural and housekeeping knowledge. Within the section of agricultural techniques, Soon ui Jeon wrote how to build a greenhouse that was able to cultivate vegetables and other plants in the winter. The Korean design adds an
1047:, and extremes of temperature and humidity, have to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Most greenhouses use sprinklers or drip lines. Significant inputs of heat and light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather vegetables.
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passes through the transparent roof and walls and is absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer. These in turn warm up the surrounding air within the greenhouse. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot escape via
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Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting, and may be automatically controlled by a computer.
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have the highest concentration of greenhouse agriculture in the world. The
Westland produces mostly vegetables, besides plants and flowers; Aalsmeer is noted mainly for the production of flowers and potted plants. Since the 20th century, the area around
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Since 2000, technical innovations have included the "closed greenhouse", a completely closed system allowing the grower complete control over the growing process while using less energy. Floating greenhouses are used in watery areas of the country.
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Cooling is typically done by opening windows in the greenhouse when it gets too warm for the plants inside it. This can be done manually, or in an automated manner. Window actuators can open windows due to temperature difference or can be opened by
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Cartilaginum generis extraque terram est cucumis mira voluptate
Tiberio principi expetitus Nullo quippe non die contigit ei pensiles eorum hortos promoventibus in solem rotis olitoribus rursusque hibernis diebus intra specularium munimenta
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The
Netherlands has around 4,000 greenhouse enterprises that operate over 9,000 hectares of greenhouses and employ some 150,000 workers, producing âŹ7.2 billion worth of vegetables, fruit, plants, and flowers, some 80% of which is exported.
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controllers. Electronic controllers are often used to monitor the temperature and adjusts the furnace operation to the conditions. This can be as simple as a basic thermostat, but can be more complicated in larger greenhouse operations.
310:. It was designed by Margaret Tilghman Carroll, an industrious gardener who cultivated citrus trees in this orangery. In 1784 Washington wrote requesting details about the design of her greenhouse, and she complied. Washington wrote:
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walls is the amount of heat lost through the greenhouse covering. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an
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such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-reflective glass, or less effective but cheaper anti-reflective coated simple glass, also produced savings.
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began to be constructed with all sides built using glass, and they began to be heated. This also allowed for the production of fruits and vegetables that did not ordinarily grow in the area. Today, the
Westland and the area around
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Greenhouses allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors that may be controlled include temperature, levels of light and shade,
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In domestic greenhouses, the glass used is typically 3mm (or â
âł) 'horticultural glass' grade, which is good quality glass that should not contain air bubbles (which can produce scorching on leaves by acting like lenses).
951:. Greenhouses may be used to overcome shortcomings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can thereby improve food production in marginal environments.
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from the refinery which would otherwise be vented to atmosphere. The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.
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Evans, Evie. "Cultivating
Colonialism: The Musealisation Of Natural Object In the Hortus Botanicus, Amsterdam, And The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." (Master's thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2021). FramerFramed.
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from livestock can be used to heat greenhouses, e.g., placing a chicken coop inside a greenhouse recovers the heat generated by the chickens, which would otherwise be wasted. Some greenhouses also rely on
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is one of the most considerable costs in the operation of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a building that has solid
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As they may enable certain crops to be grown throughout the year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high-latitude countries. One of the largest complexes in the world is in
275:
Experimentation with greenhouse design continued during the 17th century in Europe, as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the
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description of the Green-house at Mrs. Carrolls? I am persuaded, now that I planned mine on too contracted a scale. My house is (of Brick) 40 feet by 24, in the outer dimensions âŠ
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of around 2, a great amount of money is therefore spent to continually replace the heat lost. Most greenhouses, when supplemental heat is needed use natural gas or
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Greenhouses can range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings and enormous glasshouses. The smallest example is a miniature greenhouse known as a
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has some of the largest greenhouses in the world. Such is the scale of food production in the country that in 2017, greenhouses occupied nearly 5,000 hectares.
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was an example of their size and elaborateness; it was more than 150 metres (490 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) wide, and 14 metres (46 ft) high.
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2217:"Assessing net ecosystem carbon exchange of U.S. terrestrial ecosystems by integrating eddy covariance flux measurements and satellite observations"
1819:"Nighttime Supplemental LED Inter-lighting Improves Growth and Yield of Single-Truss Tomatoes by Enhancing Photosynthesis in Both Winter and Summer"
4608:
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Schlesinger, W.; Lichter, J. (24 May 2001). "Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO
734:(often LED lights) which are switched on at night to increase the amount of light the plants get, hereby increasing the yield with certain crops.
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indicates that the greenhouse is artificially heated. However, both heated and unheated structures can generally be classified as greenhouses.
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3126:"Model Applications for Energy Efficient Greenhouses in the Netherlands: Greenhouse Design, Operational Control and Decision Support Systems"
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Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as the weather warms.
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levels continuing to rise. In addition, laboratory experiments, free air carbon enrichment (FACE) test plots, and field measurements provide
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La Notte, Luca; Giordano, Lorena; CalabrĂČ, Emanuele; Bedini, Roberto; Colla, Giuseppe; Puglisi, Giovanni; Reale, Andrea (15 November 2020).
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is a Korean heating system used in domestic spaces, which runs a flue pipe from a heat source underneath the flooring. In addition to the
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362:, Holland, during the 1800s to grow medicinal tropical plants. Originally only on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science of
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has many of the largest greenhouses in the world, some of them so vast that they are able to produce millions of vegetables every year.
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from periods of relative abundance (day time/summer), and released to boost the temperature during cooler periods (night time/winter).
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Phillips, R.; Meier, I.; et al. (2012). "Roots and fungi accelerate carbon and nitrogen cycling in forests exposed to elevated CO
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1416:(London, England: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), vol. 4, book 19, chapter 23: "Vegetables of a cartilaginous nature â cucumbers. Pepones.",
324:
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Stuhlfauth, T.; Fock, HP (1990). "Effect of whole season CO2 enrichment on the cultivation of a medicinal plant, Digitalis lanata".
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Yoon, Sang Jun; Woudstra, Jan (Summer 2007). "Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses".
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glasshouse, on the other hand, is a traditional type of greenhouse made only of glass panes that allow light to enter. The term
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During the day, light enters the greenhouse via the windows and is used by the plants. Some greenhouses are also equipped with
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Worldwide, there are an estimated nine million acres (about thirty-six and a half thousand square kilometers) of greenhouses.
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2749:"La superficie de invernaderos de AndalucĂa oriental crece hasta las 35.489 hectĂĄreas, un 1,7% mĂĄs que en la pasada campaña"
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The relatively closed environment of a greenhouse has its unique management requirements, compared with outdoor production.
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Ventilation can be achieved via the use of vents â often controlled automatically via a computer â and recirculation fans.
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1648:"The Palm House At Kew Gardens: Iron, Climate Control And Commercialism-An Encyclopedia of Architecture And Colonialism"
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Stacey, Neil; Fox, James; Hildebrandt, Diane (20 February 2018). "Reduction in greenhouse water usage through inlet CO
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560:. The pyramid is another popular shape for large, high greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the
1018:) can be used to make the most use of the interior space when growing crops to mature size inside the greenhouse.
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989:. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production.
630:) that prefer still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and plant
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dynasty. In the 1450s, Soon ui Jeon described the first artificially heated greenhouse in his manuscript called
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Wittwer, SH; Robb, WM (1964). "Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse atmospheres for food crop production".
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2731:"Home Wicking_boxes Wicking_beds Our_standard_shade_house Macro-pots_and_small_beds Our Standard Shade-house"
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A prominent design from the 19th century were glasshouses with sufficient height for sizeable trees, called
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1607:"The Great Palm House At Kew Gardens London, England 1848-An Encyclopedia Of Architecture and Colonialism"
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2819:"Solar greenhouses generate electricity and grow crops at the same time, UC Santa Cruz study reveals"
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walls to retain heat, but the furnace provided extra control over the artificial environment. The
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The next biggest breakthrough in greenhouse design came from Korea in the 15th century during the
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2488:"PlantsNeedCO2.org claims that carbon dioxide is not a pollutant and is good for the environment"
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170:'s declining health, the royal physicians recommended that the emperor eat one cucumber a day.
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also briefly mentions greenhouses or cold frames in: Martial with Walter C. A. Ker, trans.,
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can also be used to stack seed trays inside the greenhouse for later transplanting outside.
372:, since they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular,
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caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses
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Andrew Faneuil, a prosperous Boston merchant, built the first American greenhouse in 1737.
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to the point of soil depletion (assuming no droughts, flooding, or both), as demonstrated
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1739:"Energy Effects During Using the Glass with Different Properties in a Heated Greehouse"
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due to the presence of roof and walls, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises.
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2110:"Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains"
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with significant temperature variations, and are widely used across northern China.
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Tewolde, FT; Lu, N; Shiina, K; Maruo, T; Takagaki, M; Kozai, T; Yamori, W (2016).
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Young tomato plants for transplanting in an industrial-sized greenhouse in the
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1066:. For example, in November 2017 GlassPoint announced that it is developing a
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Greenhouse agriculture in AlmerĂa. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis
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1430:(London: William Heinemann, 1920), vol. 2, book 8 (VIII ), no. 14 (XIV),
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Interior of a "hothouse" (or greenhouse) in Central City Park, Macon, GA,
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1798:"Citrus In The Snow: Geothermal Greenhouses Grow Local Produce In Winter"
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is often credited with building the first practical modern greenhouse in
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2315:"Weather Whiplash: Texas Goes From Extreme Drought to Floods in 3 Weeks"
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424:, the building was completed in 1840. It was constructed by iron-maker
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Building made chiefly of transparent material in which plants are grown
2016:
1884:. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Nederland. Vol. 22, pp. 670â674
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Passive heating methods exist which seek heat using low energy input.
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Brijer, C. J. (1959) "Een verlaten goudmijn: koolzuurbemesting". In:
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using a full- or half-pane as being of "Dutch" or "half-Dutch" size.
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was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the
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Famiglietti, J.; Rodell, M. (14 June 2013). "Water in the Balance".
1904:
Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse crops, Vol. I: Status and CO
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first recorded attempt of an artificial environment. Due to emperor
127:, where market gardeners grew a wide variety of produce for sale in
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3433:
3428:
3300:
3090:
Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories
3057:. Wageningen, Netherlands: Institute for Agricultural Engineering.
2753:
ConsejerĂa de Agricultura, GanaderĂa, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible
2680:"Understanding Chinese-Style Greenhouses: A Comprehensive Overview"
2190:"Carbon sequestration estimate in US increased â barring a drought"
1171:
1070:
facility near Bakersfield, CA that uses greenhouses to enclose its
948:
541:
496:
397:
368:
171:
167:
120:
95:, typically used at home, whereas large commercial greenhouses are
3208:
902:
Agrivoltaics § Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules
4509:
4471:
4461:
4337:
3972:
3862:
3483:
3448:
3270:
3157:. International Society for Horticultural Science. Archived from
3133:(718). International Society for Horticultural Science: 191â202.
1423:
1291:
1180:
1044:
1015:
664:
658:
565:
500:
401:
260:
2941:"See the Netherlands' massive network of greenhouses from above"
578:
Greenhouse structures adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of
294:
Reconstruction of George Washington's greenhouse at Mount Vernon
4201:
4194:
4189:
3605:
3345:
3325:
3290:
3260:
3183:
3045:
Valera, D. L.; Belmonte, L.J.; Molina, F.D.; LĂłpez, A. (2016).
1183:
have also become important regions for greenhouse agriculture.
1077:
An "alpine house" is a specialized greenhouse used for growing
599:
The warmer temperature in a greenhouse occurs because incident
487:
456:
451:
Other large greenhouses built in the 19th century included the
363:
359:
199:
153:
2544:"Hybrid and organic photovoltaics for greenhouse applications"
1327:"How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse"
4290:
3438:
3418:
3362:
3357:
3295:
2625:"With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy"
2541:
1176:
982:
970:, where greenhouses cover almost 200 km (49,000 acres).
967:
955:
are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates.
213:
1062:, encloses solar fields in greenhouses to produce steam for
4211:
3826:
3458:
3398:
3381:
3155:"Greenhouse Design: Applying CFD for Indonesian Conditions"
2993:
Crystal palaces: garden conservatories of the United States
2963:"Could high-tech Netherlands-style farming feed the world?"
2367:
Soil fertility limits forests' capacity to absorb excess CO
1412:
Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, trans.,
476:
2383:
624:
and thus prevent the build-up of plant pathogens (such as
4139:
1802:
1708:"Rounding Out the Waste Cycle: TMMK's On-Site Greenhouse"
1033:
306:
learned of the greenhouse built at the Carroll estate of
1036:
have also been used, as well as artificial pollination.
783:
by default. In less-controlled gardens and open fields,
206:. Soon ui Jeon was a physician to the royal family, and
45:(giant Amazon waterlilies) in a large greenhouse at the
2084:"Study Finds Severe Climate Jeopardizing Amazon Forest"
2058:"NASA Finds Drought May Take Toll on Congo Rainforest"
471:. In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by
328:
A heated greenhouse, or "hothouse", In Macon, Georgia
239:
confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating
3012:
Il Paradiso de' Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini
2918:"economische omvang naar omvangsklasse, bedrijfstype"
2438:
3016:(a manual of gardening with use greenhouse for make
2108:
Cook, BI; Ault, TR; Smerdon, JE (12 February 2015).
1990:
1816:
1356:"Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse"
1198:
404:, an example of 19th-century greenhouse architecture
1386:"A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses"
895:
Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules
3158:
3124:
3052:
2510:
1050:Greenhouses also have applications outside of the
2341:"Scientists Warn to Expect More Weather Extremes"
2261:
1736:
4622:
1771:"To Heat a Greenhouse, Add Some Chickens - GOOD"
255:The concept of greenhouses also appeared in the
2984:
2871:"Greenhouse farming Guide for Beginners (2024)"
2795:Collins Guide to Alpines and Rock Garden Plants
2107:
436:, London, in 1848. This came shortly after the
3544:
2846:"Upscaling of greenhouse vegetable production"
2777:
1955:
3530:
3224:
2938:
2896:"gewassen, dieren en grondgebruik naar regio"
1893:
4406:List of organic gardening and farming topics
3122:
2505:
1474:
767:Enrichment only becomes effective where, by
737:
3086:
2996:. Princeton Architectural Press, New York,
2843:
1920:
1579:. Newport, North Humberside. Archived from
912:
3537:
3523:
3231:
3217:
2677:
1383:
582:(polythene) film became widely available.
123:reached to the ceiling in a greenhouse in
3152:
3087:Woods, May; Warren, Arete Swartz (1988).
2844:Netherlands, Statistics (18 April 2018).
2651:
2141:
1844:
1834:
753:metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in
2792:
2733:. easygrowvegetables.net. Archived from
2630:Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
2338:
2164:
1146:
991:
916:
849:
722:providing cooling by shade may be used.
648:
516:
505:
486:
387:
338:
323:
289:
140:
115:
79:
35:
2816:
2485:
2312:
1902:. In Enoch, H.Z.; Kimbal, B.A. (eds.).
1795:
1545:"Margaret Tilghman Carroll | TCLF"
973:Greenhouses are often used for growing
383:
100:conditions, including air temperature,
4623:
3053:van de Muijzenberg, Erwin W B (1980).
2825:. Santa Cruz: University of California
2786:
1645:
1501:
594:
510:A plastic air-insulated greenhouse in
3518:
3212:
2817:McNutty, Jennifer (3 November 2017).
2486:Richert, Catharine (7 October 2009),
2167:"Global flood toll to triple by 2030"
1629:
1627:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1165:Greenhouses began to be built in the
243:were constructed to provide heat for
193:
4591:
2652:De Decker, Kris (24 December 2015).
2596:
2214:
2081:
2055:
1958:Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
1759:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1445:rogue classicism: Roman Greenhouses?
1379:
1377:
1350:
1348:
921:File:Chinese solar greenhouse design
814:
4603:
3238:
2797:, London: Collins, pp. 20â21,
2780:"GlassPoint Belridge Solar Project"
2778:Kraemer, Susan (30 November 2017).
2221:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
2215:Xiao, J; et al. (April 2011).
1896:"Worldwide status and history of CO
1882:Mededelingenvan de DirectieTuinbouw
1796:Gerlock, Grant (11 February 2016).
558:Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
186:), according to the description by
13:
3116:
2622:
1978:10.1111/j.1439-037x.1990.tb00803.x
1624:
1595:
653:Thermal lights at a greenhouse in
475:, a British merchant who exported
14:
4657:
3176:
3069:Vleeschouwer, Olivier de (2001).
2165:Marshall, Claire (5 March 2015).
2031:"Products and Services, tomatoes"
1453:
1384:Crumpacker, Mark (27 June 2019).
1374:
1345:
779:may be trivial, and soils may be
247:trees during the winter of 1438.
47:Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden
4602:
4590:
4579:
4578:
4566:
3182:
3049:. Ed. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408pp.
2465:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01827.x
1215:
1201:
1114:
1098:
1086:
900:This section is an excerpt from
818:
771:, carbon dioxide has become the
3139:10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.718.21
2955:
2939:Peters, Adele (13 March 2020).
2932:
2910:
2888:
2863:
2837:
2810:
2771:
2741:
2723:
2697:
2678:INSONGREEN (15 December 2023).
2671:
2645:
2616:
2590:
2535:
2499:
2479:
2432:
2377:
2358:
2332:
2313:Freeman, Andrew (22 May 2015).
2306:
2255:
2241:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.002
2208:
2187:
2181:
2158:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2023:
1984:
1949:
1914:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1810:
1789:
1763:
1730:
1700:
1674:
1665:
1639:
1569:
1555:
1282:Seasonal thermal energy storage
638:to access the greenhouse crop.
482:
319:
282:
250:
160:
3201:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3072:Greenhouses and conservatories
2568:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115582
2339:Schwartz, John (27 May 2015).
1910:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
1652:University of British Columbia
1611:University of British Columbia
1537:
1520:
1495:
1438:
1403:
1319:
1142:
881:
866:film and multi-wall sheets of
854:Private greenhouse in Finland.
775:. In a controlled greenhouse,
615:
1:
2707:. harnois.com. Archived from
1869:Praktische KohlensĂ€uredĂŒngung
947:application, and atmospheric
569:
440:(1837â40) and shortly before
438:Chatsworth Great Conservatory
344:
329:
231:windows to capture light and
132:
2990:Cunningham, Anne S. (2000).
2985:General and cited references
2654:"Reinventing the Greenhouse"
2517:. pbi Publications. p.
1682:"A dome grows in our garden"
1313:
690:Solar energy can be captured
556:in St. Louis, Missouri, and
428:, who would later build the
237:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
217:system to the structure. An
25:Green House (disambiguation)
7:
4437:Index of pesticide articles
3028:A History of Building Types
2599:"Strom aus dem GewÀchshaus"
2082:Buis, A (17 January 2013).
1194:
1134:
1068:solar enhanced oil recovery
1064:solar-enhanced oil recovery
725:
718:For very hot situations, a
634:, and may enable important
465:Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
394:Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
21:Greenhouse (disambiguation)
10:
4662:
3581:Climate-friendly gardening
3014:, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona
2793:Griffith, Anna N. (1985),
1900:enrichment â an overview."
1737:SĆawomir Kurpaska (2014).
1331:Ceres Greenhouse Solutions
899:
741:
704:
644:
469:King Leopold II of Belgium
434:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
111:
18:
4560:
4482:
4457:Plant disease forecasting
4419:
4411:Vegan organic agriculture
4386:
4261:Genetically modified tree
4148:
3691:
3556:
3246:
3055:A History of Greenhousesn
2920:. CBS StatLine â Landbouw
2898:. CBS StatLine â Landbouw
2088:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2062:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2056:Buis, A (23 April 2014).
1242:Conservatory (greenhouse)
862:Plastics mostly used are
738:Carbon dioxide enrichment
554:Missouri Botanical Garden
532:In the 20th century, the
444:(1851), both designed by
29:Hothouse (disambiguation)
1712:TMMK and the Environment
1646:Lynden (26 April 2021).
1504:The Apothecaries' Garden
913:Chinese Solar Greenhouse
810:
744:CO2 fertilization effect
356:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3093:. London: Aurum Press.
2284:10.1126/science.1236460
1836:10.3389/fpls.2016.00448
1605:Edwin (27 April 2021).
1093:Flowers in a greenhouse
1014:(especially hydroponic
933:
453:New York Crystal Palace
430:Palm House, Kew Gardens
418:Belfast Botanic Gardens
106:vapour-pressure deficit
4636:Agricultural buildings
4396:Biodynamic agriculture
4333:Postharvest physiology
4281:Landscape architecture
3978:Indonesian home garden
2850:Statistics Netherlands
2134:10.1126/sciadv.1400082
1894:Wittwer S. H. (1986).
1577:"Cambridge Glasshouse"
1533:. US Botanical Garden.
1155:
1123:Arthur Ross Greenhouse
1003:
922:
855:
661:
529:
514:
503:
405:
351:
336:
317:
308:Mount Clare (Maryland)
295:
157:
138:
88:
49:
3643:Historic conservation
3123:Bakker, J.C. (2006).
3075:. Flammarion, Paris,
3018:Giardino all'italiana
2513:The Garden DIY Expert
2264:Environmental Science
1671:Pevsner, 235, 238-241
1506:. Sutton. p. 4.
1150:
1032:, but other types of
995:
920:
853:
742:Further information:
652:
548:in Pennsylvania, the
521:Giant greenhouses in
520:
509:
490:
448:, and both now lost.
391:
342:
327:
312:
293:
266:Chelsea Physic Garden
144:
119:
86:Westland, Netherlands
83:
39:
4573:Gardening portal
4472:Aquamog weed remover
4447:List of insecticides
3251:Artificial waterfall
3191:at Wikimedia Commons
2875:Agriculture land usa
2597:Kempkens, Wolfgang.
1718:on 18 September 2013
1565:. National Archives.
1502:Minter, Sue (2003).
562:Muttart Conservatory
546:The Rodale Institute
384:19th-century England
354:The French botanist
277:Palace of Versailles
268:by 1681. Today, the
150:Palace of Versailles
146:Versailles Orangerie
125:Richfield, Minnesota
19:For other uses, see
3034:, 1976 (1984 ed.),
2560:2020ApEn..27815582L
2457:2012EcolL..15.1042P
2402:2001Natur.411..466S
2276:2013Sci...340.1300F
2270:(6138): 1300â1301.
2233:2011AgFM..151...60X
2126:2015SciA....1E0082C
2009:2018AIChE..64.2324S
1970:1990JAgCS.164..168S
1528:"Greenhouse Manual"
1287:Seawater greenhouse
1151:Greenhouses in the
1129:, used for research
1060:Fremont, California
595:Theory of operation
4442:List of fungicides
4207:Companion planting
3204:. Merriam-Webster.
3163:on 9 February 2019
2757:Junta de AndalucĂa
2632:via techxplore.com
2194:www.eurekalert.org
1935:10.1007/bf02904000
1871:, Springer, Berlin
1867:Reinau, E. (1927)
1777:. 5 September 2011
1746:Technical Sciences
1362:. 3 September 2015
1209:Agriculture portal
1156:
1109:as seen from space
1004:
1001:Melrose, Wisconsin
923:
870:material, or PMMA
856:
830:. You can help by
793:primary production
699:geothermal heating
662:
530:
515:
504:
442:The Crystal Palace
406:
352:
337:
298:When returning to
296:
194:15th-century Korea
178:or with sheets of
158:
139:
89:
50:
42:Victoria amazonica
4618:
4617:
4490:Community orchard
4316:drought tolerance
3512:
3511:
3368:Herbaceous border
3187:Media related to
3100:978-0-906053-85-0
3032:Thames and Hudson
3024:Pevsner, Nikolaus
2969:. 23 January 2019
2943:. Fastcompany.com
2804:978-0-907486-81-7
2782:. solarpaces.org.
2759:. 4 November 2018
2658:Low-tech Magazine
2623:Carron, CĂ©cilia.
2528:978-0-903505-37-6
2396:(6836): 466â469.
2017:10.1002/aic.16120
1563:"Founders Online"
1072:parabolic troughs
848:
847:
683:electric furnaces
304:George Washington
102:relative humidity
4653:
4606:
4605:
4594:
4593:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4547:Plant collecting
4483:Related articles
4420:Plant protection
3601:French intensive
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3306:Garden buildings
3266:Borrowed scenery
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3209:
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3162:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3128:
3112:
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2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2929:
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2925:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
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2867:
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2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2737:on 2 April 2016.
2727:
2721:
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2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
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2675:
2669:
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2640:
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2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2516:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2451:(9): 1042â1049.
2436:
2430:
2429:
2410:10.1038/35078060
2381:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
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2329:
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2310:
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2203:
2201:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2114:Science Advances
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2020:
2003:(7): 2324â2328.
1988:
1982:
1981:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
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1859:
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1814:
1808:
1807:
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1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1684:. Archived from
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
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1622:
1621:
1619:
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1381:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1302:Vertical farming
1297:Tessellated roof
1225:
1223:Gardening portal
1220:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1118:
1102:
1090:
1056:GlassPoint Solar
843:
840:
822:
815:
756:Digitalis lanata
748:The benefits of
627:Botrytis cinerea
574:
571:
467:(1874â1895) for
349:
346:
334:
331:
184:lapis specularis
137:
134:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4641:Garden features
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4565:
4556:
4552:Turf management
4537:Lists of plants
4532:List of gardens
4478:
4415:
4382:
4144:
3694:
3687:
3552:
3543:
3513:
3508:
3464:Stepping stones
3454:Reflecting pool
3242:
3240:Garden features
3237:
3194:
3179:
3166:
3164:
3143:
3141:
3119:
3117:Further reading
3101:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
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2901:
2899:
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2893:
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2842:
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2828:
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2815:
2811:
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2787:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2711:on 10 June 2016
2703:
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2646:
2636:
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2617:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2504:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2445:Ecology Letters
2442:
2437:
2433:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2370:
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2311:
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2256:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2120:(1): e1400082.
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2037:on 24 June 2016
2029:
2028:
2024:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1954:
1950:
1923:Economic Botany
1919:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1823:Front Plant Sci
1815:
1811:
1794:
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1701:
1691:
1689:
1688:on 10 June 2013
1680:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1473:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1422:The Roman poet
1414:Natural History
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1360:Hartley Botanic
1354:
1353:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1262:IBTS Greenhouse
1221:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1167:Westland region
1153:Westland region
1145:
1137:
1130:
1127:Barnard College
1119:
1110:
1105:Greenhouses in
1103:
1094:
1091:
1024:can be used as
1008:Seed tray racks
936:
915:
910:
909:
905:
897:
884:
844:
838:
835:
828:needs expansion
813:
802:
788:
773:limiting factor
762:
746:
740:
728:
707:
647:
618:
601:solar radiation
597:
572:
485:
386:
347:
332:
322:
302:after the war,
285:
253:
245:mandarin orange
196:
188:Pliny the Elder
163:
135:
114:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Garden tourism
4524:
4519:
4517:Groundskeeping
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
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4459:
4454:
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4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:free-flowering
4303:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
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4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4154:
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4146:
4145:
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4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
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4077:
4072:
4067:
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4057:
4052:
4047:
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4037:
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4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
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3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
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3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Groundskeeping
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:computer-aided
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3504:Zig-zag bridge
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Sylvan theater
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Garden railway
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3192:
3178:
3177:External links
3175:
3174:
3173:
3153:Campen, J. B.
3150:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3099:
3084:
3067:
3050:
3043:
3021:
3007:Francesco Pona
3004:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2967:Deutsche Welle
2954:
2931:
2909:
2887:
2862:
2836:
2823:USC Newscenter
2809:
2803:
2785:
2770:
2755:(in Spanish).
2740:
2722:
2705:"Shade houses"
2696:
2670:
2644:
2615:
2589:
2548:Applied Energy
2534:
2527:
2498:
2478:
2440:
2431:
2385:
2376:
2368:
2357:
2345:New York Times
2331:
2305:
2254:
2207:
2188:Law, Beverly.
2180:
2157:
2100:
2074:
2048:
2022:
1992:
1983:
1964:(3): 168â173.
1948:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1809:
1788:
1762:
1752:(4): 351â360.
1729:
1699:
1673:
1664:
1638:
1623:
1594:
1568:
1554:
1536:
1519:
1513:978-0750936385
1512:
1494:
1477:Garden History
1452:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1420:
1402:
1373:
1344:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Greenhouse gas
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1212:
1196:
1193:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1085:
999:greenhouse in
997:Tension fabric
935:
932:
914:
911:
906:
898:
896:
893:
883:
880:
846:
845:
825:
823:
812:
809:
800:
791:only increase
786:
760:
750:carbon dioxide
739:
736:
727:
724:
706:
703:
646:
643:
617:
614:
596:
593:
484:
481:
473:Samuel Cocking
426:Richard Turner
422:Charles Lanyon
420:. Designed by
385:
382:
380:, were built.
378:pineapple pits
321:
318:
284:
281:
252:
249:
195:
192:
162:
159:
113:
110:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4658:
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4548:
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4540:
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4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Garden centre
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4500:Floral design
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
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4455:
4453:
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4448:
4445:
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4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:reforestation
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Intercropping
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4217:most valuable
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:Arboriculture
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
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3951:
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3936:
3934:
3931:
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3924:
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3916:
3914:
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3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3778:Garden square
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Ancient Egypt
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
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3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:Garden design
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Water feature
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
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3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
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3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
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3388:
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3384:
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3376:
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3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
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3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
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3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3081:2-08-010585-X
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:1-56898-242-9
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2968:
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2958:
2942:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2897:
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2872:
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2800:
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2789:
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2744:
2736:
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2700:
2685:
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2600:
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2553:
2549:
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2515:
2514:
2508:
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2489:
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2446:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2380:
2373:, 18 May 2001
2372:
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2168:
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2135:
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2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
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2104:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:AIChE Journal
1995:enrichment".
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
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1917:
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1649:
1642:
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1630:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1583:on 9 May 2013
1582:
1578:
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1558:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1529:
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1411:
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1391:
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1380:
1378:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1333:. 3 July 2017
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1307:Winter garden
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Plasticulture
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
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1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1179:and parts of
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:alpine plants
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:, located in
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
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4607:
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4467:Weed control
4356:horticulture
4286:Olericulture
4266:Hydroculture
4256:Fruticulture
4234:Floriculture
4163:Permaculture
4150:Horticulture
3912:
3546:Horticulture
3499:Water garden
3351:Shell grotto
3335:
3199:
3196:"Greenhouse"
3165:. Retrieved
3160:the original
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2319:Mashable.com
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1581:the original
1571:
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1549:www.tclf.org
1548:
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1449:revocantibus
1447:
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1393:. Retrieved
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1330:
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1247:Floriculture
1189:
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832:adding to it
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538:Eden Project
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483:20th century
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33:
4631:Greenhouses
4609:WikiProject
4378:Monoculture
4373:Viticulture
4351:agriculture
4311:propagation
4251:HĂŒgelkultur
4173:sustainable
4158:Agriculture
4100:Therapeutic
4080:Shakespeare
3891:Renaissance
3683:Xeriscaping
3678:Sustainable
3673:Square foot
3663:Proplifting
3628:Garden tool
3596:Foodscaping
3409:Moon bridge
3321:Garden room
3311:Garden pond
3189:Greenhouses
3131:Acta Hortic
2880:18 February
1775:www.good.is
1257:High tunnel
1237:Biosphere 2
1160:Netherlands
1143:Netherlands
1052:agriculture
1030:pollination
1026:pollinators
1012:Hydroponics
987:transplants
882:Dutch Light
797:prima facie
732:grow lights
720:shade house
669:electricity
636:pollinators
632:respiration
621:Ventilation
616:Ventilation
584:Hoop houses
573: 1976
527:Netherlands
512:New Zealand
414:palm houses
348: 1877
333: 1877
270:Netherlands
257:Netherlands
136: 1910
129:Minneapolis
4625:Categories
4271:Indigenous
4168:stock-free
4140:Zoological
4020:Pollinator
3913:Greenhouse
3856:Sharawadgi
3844:Vietnamese
3805:East Asian
3713:Australian
3668:Raised bed
3633:Green wall
3404:Monopteros
3373:Jeux d'eau
3341:Green wall
3336:Greenhouse
3040:0500271747
2829:6 November
2763:16 October
2684:INSONGREEN
2554:: 115582.
2493:PolitiFact
1722:7 November
1232:Bioshelter
1054:industry.
1022:Bumblebees
979:vegetables
945:fertilizer
941:irrigation
889:cold frame
777:irrigation
712:electronic
694:Waste heat
606:convection
461:Glaspalast
369:orangeries
208:Sangayorok
204:Sangayorok
176:specularia
93:cold frame
66:glasshouse
62:greenhouse
60:The terms
54:greenhouse
4542:Perennial
4505:Floristry
4452:Pesticide
4432:Herbicide
4427:Fungicide
4321:hardiness
4085:Shrubbery
4065:Sculpture
3886:landscape
3815:Cantonese
3790:Container
3785:Community
3753:Byzantine
3748:Butterfly
3738:Botanical
3638:Guerrilla
3586:Community
3576:Butterfly
3571:Arboretum
3566:Allotment
3558:Gardening
3550:gardening
3424:Nymphaeum
3414:Moon gate
3378:Labyrinth
3331:Gloriette
3276:Belvedere
3167:8 October
3144:8 October
2689:21 August
2663:21 August
2584:224863002
2576:0306-2619
2300:188474796
1929:: 34â56.
1314:Citations
1277:Row cover
1267:Phytotron
964:AndalucĂa
785:rising CO
550:Climatron
259:and then
172:Cucumbers
121:Cucumbers
97:high tech
4585:Category
4495:Features
4401:Grafting
4361:forestry
4343:Tropical
4328:Pomology
4301:cuttings
4296:breeding
4130:Wildlife
4110:Tropical
4060:Scottish
4010:Pleasure
3998:Paradise
3993:Charbagh
3963:Monastic
3958:Medieval
3868:Floating
3822:Japanese
3773:Communal
3763:Colonial
3728:Biblical
3693:Types of
3658:Parterre
3469:Stumpery
3444:Pavilion
3434:Parterre
3429:Orangery
3301:Fountain
3109:17108422
2603:Golem.de
2509:(1992).
2473:22776588
2418:11373676
2292:23766323
2152:26601131
1943:40257734
1855:27092163
1754:Archived
1489:25472355
1428:Epigrams
1195:See also
1172:Aalsmeer
1135:Adoption
1045:diseases
1016:A-frames
949:humidity
726:Lighting
542:Cornwall
523:Westland
497:Cornwall
463:and the
398:Brussels
374:pineries
182:(a.k.a.
180:selenite
168:Tiberius
75:hothouse
70:hothouse
4597:Commons
4510:Ikebana
4462:Pruning
4388:Organic
4338:Roguing
4224:Cutting
4115:Victory
4090:Spanish
4070:Sensory
4015:Prairie
3983:Persian
3973:Orchard
3938:Kitchen
3933:Keyhole
3928:Italian
3923:Islamic
3918:Hanging
3877:French
3863:Fernery
3851:English
3810:Chinese
3795:Cottage
3723:Baroque
3695:gardens
3648:History
3489:Trellis
3484:Topiary
3479:Terrace
3449:Pergola
3281:Cascade
3271:Bosquet
3063:7164418
2973:22 June
2947:22 June
2924:10 July
2902:10 July
2855:10 June
2556:Bibcode
2453:Bibcode
2426:4391335
2398:Bibcode
2272:Bibcode
2249:5020848
2229:Bibcode
2143:4644081
2122:Bibcode
2041:10 July
2005:Bibcode
1966:Bibcode
1908:Sources
1846:4823311
1829:: 448.
1657:4 April
1616:4 April
1587:10 July
1424:Martial
1418:p. 156.
1395:4 April
1366:4 April
1337:4 April
1292:Sunroom
1181:Drenthe
1107:AlmerĂa
975:flowers
960:AlmerĂa
781:fertile
705:Cooling
679:R-value
665:Heating
659:Finland
645:Heating
566:Alberta
552:at the
501:England
432:at the
402:Belgium
261:England
148:at the
112:History
4347:Urban
4244:Taiwan
4239:Canada
4202:Botany
4195:Saikei
4190:Bonsai
4135:Winter
4120:Walled
4055:School
4050:Sacred
4005:Physic
3968:Mughal
3948:Market
3903:German
3881:formal
3873:Flower
3839:Korean
3758:Cactus
3743:Bottle
3703:Alpine
3653:Native
3606:Garden
3591:Forest
3346:Grotto
3326:Gazebo
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3261:Aviary
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2067:17 May
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1432:p. 13.
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983:fruits
789:levels
674:opaque
655:NĂ€rpes
525:, the
457:Munich
364:botany
360:Leiden
200:Joseon
154:France
68:, and
27:, and
4291:Plant
4229:Flora
4178:urban
4125:Water
4105:Trial
4075:Shade
4035:Roman
3908:Greek
3898:Front
3800:Dutch
3768:Color
3439:Patio
3419:Mound
3387:Hedge
3363:Hedge
3358:Ha-ha
3296:Folly
2580:S2CID
2422:S2CID
2296:S2CID
2245:S2CID
2169:. BBC
1939:S2CID
1757:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1692:9 May
1531:(PDF)
1485:JSTOR
1177:Venlo
1041:Pests
968:Spain
811:Types
799:by CO
495:, in
477:herbs
376:, or
241:ondol
228:hanji
223:ondol
219:ondol
214:ondol
4212:Crop
4045:Rose
4040:Roof
4030:Rock
4025:Rain
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3953:Mary
3943:Knot
3827:Roji
3718:Back
3548:and
3459:Shed
3399:Lawn
3392:Turf
3382:Maze
3286:Deck
3169:2012
3146:2012
3105:OCLC
3095:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3059:OCLC
3036:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2975:2021
2949:2021
2926:2016
2904:2016
2882:2024
2857:2022
2831:2017
2799:ISBN
2765:2019
2717:2016
2691:2024
2665:2024
2639:2022
2610:2022
2572:ISSN
2523:ISBN
2469:PMID
2414:PMID
2352:2015
2326:2015
2288:PMID
2202:2015
2175:2015
2148:PMID
2095:2015
2069:2015
2043:2016
1851:PMID
1783:2023
1724:2013
1694:2013
1659:2023
1618:2023
1589:2016
1508:ISBN
1397:2023
1368:2023
1339:2023
1158:The
1121:The
1043:and
1034:bees
1028:for
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491:The
392:The
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