628:
dormant, these cysts can withstand conditions as harsh and diverse as droughts, frosts, hypersalinity, complete desiccation, exposure to UV radiation and the vacuum of space. It is also the only way for the fairy shrimps to colonize new habitats—facilitated by a variety of conditions including wind, predators, currents—as the soft-bodied adults are unable to leave the freshwater system. Once in diapause, these cysts can remain viable for centuries, and the mixing of system sediment results in the hatching of different aged cysts in each generation. This inbreeding slows the rate of selection by resisting gene flow and minimizing phenotypic variation, in turn promoting the stability of the existing, successful phenotype.
2641:
800:
388:
426:
124:
670:
2484:
2470:
2499:
102:
2511:
791:, while the remaining genera are found only throughout former Laurasia. This suggests that much of the potential habitat in this supercontinent, now occupied by Anostraca, to have been unoccupied by ecologically similar species, or to have been inhabited by species with less adaptive ability. Studies have found Anostraca capable of rapid colonization and speciation.
729:
Fairy shrimp are believed to have diverged from the main line of
Branchiopoda during the Ordovician period, around the same time it is thought they colonized freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. This transition is believed to have been the result of selection pressure to escape predation in the Early
627:
Another important aspect of the fairy shrimp’s life cycle is their universal ability to enter diapause, a state of biological dormancy where growth and metabolism are arrested, as an egg (or cyst). This trait assists in both species' dispersal and in overcoming adverse environmental conditions. Once
768:
The radiation hypothesis championing rapid spread and colonization during the
Gondwana fragmentation closely echoes the current distribution of the order. Presently, Anostraca are found on all seven continents. Most of the extant genera have restricted geographical distributions. Only three genera
2324:
Regier, Jerome C.; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Zwick, Andreas; Hussey, April; Ball, Bernard; Wetzer, Regina; Martin, Joel W.; Cunningham, Clifford W. (2010-02-10). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences".
560:
to lakes that are almost devoid of dissolved substances; they are "the most archetypal crustaceans" in ephemeral waters. The relatively large size of fairy shrimp, together with their slow means of locomotion, makes them an easy target for
344:
or "giant fairy shrimp", which is itself a predator of other species of anostracans. They are an important food for many birds and fish, and some are cultured and harvested for use as fish food. There are 300 species spread across 8
762:, from Orsten marine deposits. Despite its seeming resemblance to modern fairy shrimp, this fossil is still considered by most to be an outlying member of the ancestral marine Branchiopoda rather than a true fairy shrimp.
413:. The first pair of antennae are small, usually unsegmented, and uniramous. The second pair are long and cylindrical in females, but in males they are enlarged and specialised for holding the female during
701:. Their drought-resistant eggs are collected from lakeshores and are stored and transported dry. They hatch readily when submerged in salt water. This is a multimillion-dollar industry, centred on the
624:
indiscriminately from the water as they swim, but also scrape algae and other organic materials from solid surfaces, for which they turn to have their ventral side against the food surface.
2170:
Brendonck, L. (1996). "Diapause, quiescence, hatching requirements: what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods (Crustacea
Branciopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca)".
321:
ice. They are usually 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) long (exceptionally up to 170 mm or 6.7 in). Most species have 20 body segments, bearing 11 pairs of leaf-like
2012:
Gueriau, Pierre; Rabet, Nicolas; Clément, Gaël; Lagebro, Linda; Vannier, Jean; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Olive, Sébastien; Béthoux, Olivier (February 2016).
1641:"Phylogenetic relationships and remarkable radiation in Parartemia (Crustacea: Anostraca), the endemic brine shrimp of Australia: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences"
765:
The monophyly of this order is well supported, and the scientific community has reached consensus that
Anostraca was the first group to branch off from the Branchiopoda.
525:
is thought to take place through the entire body surface, but especially that of the phyllopodia and their associated gills, which may also be responsible for
431:
357:
The body of a fairy shrimp is elongated and divided into segments. The whole animal is typically 6–25 millimetres (0.24–0.98 in) long, but one species,
1270:
n. sp. (Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Branchinectidae) from a volcanic crater in northern Chile (Antofagasta
Province): a new altitude record for crustaceans"
507:, which runs through most of the animal's length. A series of slits allow haemocoel into the heart, which is then pumped out of the anterior opening by
2417:
Kappas, Ilias; Mura, Graziella; Synefiaridou, Dimitra; Marrone, Federico; Alfonso, Giuseppe; Alonso, Miguel; Abatzopoulos, Theodore J. (2017-10-01).
2419:"Molecular and morphological data suggest weak phylogeographic structure in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus torvicornis (Branchiopoda, Anostraca)"
445:
2286:
Weekers, P (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences".
3050:
1347:
Hairston, Nelson G.; Cáceres, Carla E. (1996-03-01). "Distribution of crustacean diapause: micro- and macroevolutionary pattern and process".
3089:
825:
Anostraca is the most diverse of the four orders of
Branchiopoda. It comprises around 313 species, grouped into 26 genera in eight families:
745:
451:
2206:
3194:
902:
459:). The last two segments are fused together, and their appendages are specialised for reproduction. Most anostracans have separate sexes (
1690:"Cyst Deposition Behaviour and the Functional Morphology of the Brood Pouch in Streptocephalus Torvicornis (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)"
1453:
Alekseev, Victor R.; Starobogatov, Yaroslav I. (1996-03-01). "Types of diapause in
Crustacea: definitions, distribution, evolution".
3024:
2214:
3063:
2543:
756:
Some studies point to fossils resembling fairy shrimp in the Upper
Cambrian, specifically the oldest known branchiopod fossil,
2401:
1984:
1848:
1815:
1779:
1746:
1328:
1203:
1165:
1132:
1098:
1044:
1010:
939:
932:"Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences"
1532:
Parnov, V.; Krylov, P.; Riccardi, N. (2004). "Role of diapause in dispersal and invasion success by aquatic invertebrates".
3068:
1498:"Cyst morphology of large branchiopod crustaceans (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata) in western Poland"
631:
Anostracans are an important food source for many birds and fish. For example, they provide much of the food for female
1917:"Molecular evidence suggests an ancient radiation for the fairy shrimp genus Streptocephalus (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)"
893:
2014:"A 365-Million-Year-Old Freshwater Community Reveals Morphological and Ecological Stasis in Branchiopod Crustaceans"
1871:"Monophyly and Phylogeny of Branchiopoda, with Focus on Morphology and Homologies of Branchiopod Phyllopodous Limbs"
3151:
3003:
1771:
1195:
620:. When swimming, the animal's ventral side is normally uppermost (often described as swimming "upside-down"). They
3189:
3094:
3016:
2115:"Phylogeny of Branchiopoda (Crustacea) based on a combined analysis of morphological data and six molecular loci"
2418:
1002:
3076:
1738:
1274:
673:
2933:
2920:
3184:
2536:
2515:
1157:
3143:
2938:
1188:"The crustacean zooplankton (Copepoda, Branchiopoda), atyid Decapoda, and Syncarida of the Nile Basin"
123:
3156:
3104:
572:. This has led to their distribution being restricted to environments with fewer predators, such as
367:
until it reaches 50 mm (2.0 in) long, and can grow to 170 mm (6.7 in) long. The
455:). All but the last two are very similar, with a pair of biramous phyllopods (flattened, leaf-like
2829:
2231:
2062:
1320:
930:
Peter H. H. Weekers; Gopal
Murugan; Jacques R. Vanfleteren; Denton Belk; Henri J. Dumont (2002).
929:
393:
3130:
2860:
640:
2272:
1964:
1832:
1799:
1763:
1312:
1187:
1149:
1120:
1082:
1032:
994:
3125:
2529:
2385:
1840:
805:
3117:
3055:
2264:
1962:
1730:
511:. The nervous system consists of two nerve cords which run the length of the body, with two
2972:
2907:
2334:
2074:
2061:
Luo, Cihang; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Fang, Yan; Wang, Bo; Xiao, Chuantao (February 2020).
2025:
1963:
Luc
Brendonck; D. Christopher Rogers; Jorgen Olesen; Stephen Weeks; Walter R. Hoch (2008).
1652:
1230:
8:
2898:
2503:
2393:
1090:
616:
Anostracans swim gracefully by movements of their phyllopodia (thoracic appendages) in a
592:
587:
2338:
2078:
2029:
1656:
1234:
3179:
2475:
2446:
2366:
2227:
2187:
2152:
2090:
2063:"First Anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China"
1990:
1613:
1596:
1478:
1428:
1372:
1293:
1246:
743:
is likely a close relative of Anostraca. The oldest known modern-looking ansotracan is
617:
582:
359:
339:
118:
2299:
999:
The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon
952:
3112:
2959:
2640:
2489:
2438:
2397:
2358:
2350:
2303:
2265:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2114:
2094:
2043:
1980:
1938:
1933:
1916:
1892:
1844:
1811:
1775:
1742:
1711:
1670:
1618:
1470:
1420:
1364:
1324:
1221:
1199:
1161:
1128:
1094:
1040:
1006:
956:
814:
710:
537:
410:
194:
2450:
2191:
2156:
1994:
1432:
1376:
1297:
1250:
580:
and lakes at high altitudes or latitudes. The southernmost recorded fairy shrimp is
387:
2630:
2430:
2370:
2342:
2295:
2223:
2179:
2126:
2082:
2033:
1972:
1928:
1882:
1701:
1660:
1608:
1575:
1509:
1462:
1410:
1356:
1283:
1238:
948:
871:
632:
557:
346:
310:
273:
203:
2912:
1482:
1219:
T.C. Hawes (October 2009). "Origins and dispersal of the Antarctic fairy shrimp".
548:, which probably diffuses into the environment through the phyllopodia and gills.
425:
2925:
2737:
2714:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2521:
2086:
859:
847:
810:
702:
605:
464:
436:
401:), showing the first antenna (A1), second antenna (A2) and frontal appendage (Ap)
398:
376:
364:
290:
253:
237:
3081:
2964:
1967:. In Estelle V. Balian; Christian LĂ©vĂŞque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens (eds.).
1965:"Global diversity of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in freshwater"
799:
3011:
2998:
2819:
2802:
2625:
2605:
1807:
1764:"Saline wetland reserve management: a case study from the United Arab Emirates"
1597:"Wind-borne short-range egg dispersal in anostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda)"
865:
841:
526:
261:
229:
110:
2434:
2038:
2013:
1976:
1580:
1563:
1242:
3173:
2883:
2797:
2765:
2729:
2442:
2354:
2140:
1998:
1942:
1896:
1715:
1674:
1622:
1514:
1497:
1474:
1424:
1368:
1087:
Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea
648:
621:
330:
59:
906:
2760:
2701:
2683:
2595:
2553:
2362:
2307:
2148:
2047:
1688:
Kraus, Holger; Eder, Erich; Sten Møller, Ole; Werding, Bernd (2004-07-01).
1665:
1640:
960:
931:
835:
829:
787:
781:
758:
740:
686:
678:
644:
522:
406:
298:
221:
213:
165:
3037:
2892:
2719:
1037:
Australian Freshwater Life: the Invertebrates of Australian Inland Waters
732:
698:
669:
573:
508:
460:
368:
306:
34:
2951:
2346:
2814:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2657:
2649:
2615:
2577:
2183:
1466:
1415:
1398:
1360:
853:
714:
651:, especially in years when temporary wetlands are abundant. Similarly,
569:
516:
318:
294:
245:
79:
44:
3042:
2483:
1915:
Daniels, Savel R.; Hamer, Michelle; Rogers, Christopher (2004-07-01).
1288:
1265:
2985:
2841:
2836:
2824:
2777:
2755:
2747:
2709:
2691:
2670:
2571:
2469:
1887:
1870:
1399:"Diapause, a potent force in the evolution of freshwater crustaceans"
750:
718:
577:
544:. Most of the animal's nitrogenous waste is, however, in the form of
534:
500:
484:
456:
155:
135:
84:
2854:
3029:
2990:
2946:
2877:
2807:
2498:
1706:
1689:
737:
694:
658:
562:
512:
405:
The head is morphologically distinct from the thorax. It bears two
372:
326:
101:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2252:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 104–105.
1154:
The Masterpiece of Nature: the Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality
2770:
2204:
1263:
775:
770:
653:
636:
545:
480:
89:
64:
2113:
Richter, Stefan; Olesen, Jørgen; Wheeler, Ward C. (2007-08-01).
1728:
1039:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan Australia. pp. 118–184.
769:
are widespread across the remnants of the former supercontinent
2663:
2565:
2510:
610:
496:
488:
468:
414:
314:
145:
1083:"Phyllopodous Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, and clam shrimps)"
417:. In some groups, males have an additional frontal appendage.
3138:
2416:
891:
600:
597:
530:
504:
467:. The abdomen comprises 6 segments without appendages, and a
334:
2977:
479:
The head contains two digestive glands and the small lobate
1761:
1687:
1639:
Remigio, E. A.; Hebert, P. D. N.; Savage, A. (2001-09-01).
753:) Strud locality of Belgium, around 365 million years old.
706:
690:
565:
541:
492:
2011:
1192:
The Nile: Origins, Environments, Limnology and Human Use
471:, which bears two flattened caudal rami or "cercopods".
439:): the female is holding eggs on her genital appendages.
2323:
2060:
1971:. Developments in Hydrobiology 198. pp. 167–176.
1837:
Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta: an Illustrated Guide
1030:
596:, which lives at 5,930 metres (19,460 ft) in the
443:
The thorax of most anostracans has 13 segments (19 in
2205:
Joel W. Martin; Michael S. Laverack (December 1992).
375:. The body can be divided into three distinct parts (
2465:
2207:"On the distribution of the crustacean dorsal organ"
2112:
1531:
1452:
1638:
1264:Thomas A. Hegna; Eric A. Lazo-Wasem (1 July 2010).
1080:
676:: the orange colour is produced by the presence of
483:into which they empty. This is connected to a long
313:across the world, and they have even been found in
2551:
2383:
1914:
1495:
895:An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea
3171:
1830:
1595:Brendonck, Luc; Riddoch, Bruce J. (1999-05-01).
1594:
1564:"A conceptual model for Anostracan biogeography"
1127:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 316–394.
333:organic particles from the water or by scraping
1346:
1185:
997:. In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.).
556:Anostracans inhabit inland waters ranging from
2267:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
724:
371:is thin and flexible, and lacks any sign of a
2537:
2271:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
2247:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1735:Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl
1118:
903:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
503:of anostracans is pumped by a long, tubular
1729:Gary L. Krapu; Kenneth J. Reinecke (1992).
1496:Czyż, M.; Woliński, P.; Gołdyn, B. (2016).
1147:
1026:
1024:
1022:
992:
2544:
2530:
2067:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1313:"Biodiversity and biogeography of deserts"
1310:
1218:
100:
2169:
2130:
2037:
1949:
1932:
1921:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1886:
1788:
1766:. In Hans-Jörg Barth; Benno Böer (eds.).
1705:
1664:
1645:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1612:
1601:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1579:
1513:
1414:
1287:
1076:
533:at the bases of the maxillae are used to
2377:
1194:. Volume 89 of Monographiae Biologicae.
1181:
1179:
1177:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1019:
892:Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis (2001).
798:
668:
551:
424:
386:
2285:
2262:
657:forms an important part of the diet of
590:, while the altitude record is held by
3172:
1969:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
1868:
1762:Simon Aspinall; Peter Hellyer (2002).
1561:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
923:
885:
409:on prominent stalks, and two pairs of
325:(swimming legs), and the body lacks a
2859:
2858:
2525:
2319:
2317:
2288:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2108:
2106:
2104:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1634:
1632:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1527:
1525:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1342:
1340:
1257:
1174:
1107:
1053:
940:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
420:
337:from surfaces, with the exception of
3144:FB7FA973-590A-FFA6-56C1-FC903FF9B025
3105:dc8c2b7d-f70c-4c3a-b720-c1693869ad25
3017:9d6383fe-e954-46c4-952f-f898835a3957
1722:
1150:"Arthropoda: Crustacea Branchiopoda"
3195:Extant Ordovician first appearances
1141:
967:
474:
13:
2314:
2228:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1992.tb01108.x
2101:
1903:
1857:
1629:
1614:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01931.x
1544:
1522:
1439:
1383:
1337:
317:, ice-covered mountain lakes, and
14:
3206:
2461:
301:; its members are referred to as
2639:
2509:
2497:
2482:
2468:
2132:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00148.x
1934:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00359.x
1802:. In Sven Erik Jørgensen (ed.).
1770:. Tasks for Vegetation science.
1731:"Foraging ecology and nutrition"
1085:. In Douglas Grant Smith (ed.).
905:. pp. 1–132. Archived from
122:
32:
2410:
2390:The Ecology of Temporary Waters
2279:
2256:
2248:Fortey, R.; Thomas, H. (2012).
2241:
2198:
2163:
2054:
2005:
1824:
1755:
1681:
1588:
1489:
1304:
1031:William David Williams (1980).
429:Male (top) and female (bottom)
1397:Fryer, Geoffrey (1996-03-01).
1212:
1003:University of California Press
519:in most of the body segments.
487:, which terminates in a short
379:) – head, thorax and abdomen.
352:
329:. They swim "upside-down" and
1:
2300:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00289-0
1875:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1869:Olesen, Jørgen (2007-04-01).
1739:University of Minnesota Press
1733:. In Bruce D. J. Batt (ed.).
1694:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1568:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1275:Journal of Crustacean Biology
953:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00289-0
878:
2087:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.11.004
1190:. In Henri J. Dumont (ed.).
1121:"Segmentation in arthropods"
1081:Douglas Grant Smith (2001).
794:
717:; adults are collected from
674:San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds
7:
2384:D. Dudley Williams (1987).
1768:Sabkha Ecosystems, Volume 2
1033:"Arachnids and Crustaceans"
759:Rehbachiella kinnekullensis
725:Fossil record and evolution
540:, typically in the form of
10:
3211:
1158:Cambridge University Press
661:wherever it can be found.
463:), but a few reproduce by
2867:
2746:
2728:
2700:
2682:
2648:
2637:
2586:
2560:
2435:10.1007/s10750-017-3203-6
2039:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.039
1977:10.1007/s10750-007-9119-9
1831:Hugh F. Clifford (1991).
1581:10.1163/1937240x-00002369
1243:10.1017/S095410200900203X
210:
202:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
1515:10.1515/biolet-2017-0006
1186:Henri J. Dumont (2009).
749:from the late Devonian (
721:and transported frozen.
603:. Other genera, such as
2250:Arthropod Relationships
1800:"Saline and soda lakes"
1321:Oxford University Press
803:Anatomical drawings of
693:and other organisms in
664:
394:Chirocephalus diaphanus
391:Drawing of the head of
382:
3190:Freshwater crustaceans
1666:10.1006/bijl.2001.0567
1317:The Biology of Deserts
874:– 6 genera, 62 species
850:– 9 genera, 81 species
844:– 5 genera, 35 species
822:
683:
641:Prairie Pothole Region
613:throughout the world.
440:
402:
3126:Paleobiology Database
1841:University of Alberta
1798:J. M. Melack (2009).
1125:Biology of Arthropoda
1119:D. R. Khanna (2004).
868:– 2 genera, 8 species
862:– 1 genus, 56 species
856:– 1 genus, 18 species
838:– 1 genus, 45 species
806:Branchinecta paludosa
802:
689:are used as food for
672:
552:Ecology and behaviour
428:
390:
3012:Fauna Europaea (new)
2518:at Wikimedia Commons
2394:Taylor & Francis
2263:Minelli, A. (2009).
1843:. pp. 140–143.
1810:. pp. 380–384.
1774:. pp. 335–340.
1534:Journal of Limnology
1323:. pp. 192–216.
1198:. pp. 521–546.
1160:. pp. 239–248.
1148:Graham Bell (1982).
1093:. pp. 427–452.
1005:. pp. 414–417.
993:Denton Belk (2007).
832:– 1 genus, 8 species
16:Order of crustaceans
2347:10.1038/nature08742
2339:2010Natur.463.1079R
2333:(7284): 1079–1083.
2079:2020PrGA..131...67L
2030:2016CBio...26..383G
1657:2001BJLS...74...59R
1562:Rogers, C. (2015).
1311:David Ward (2009).
1268:Branchinecta brushi
1235:2009AntSc..21..477H
1091:John Wiley and Sons
588:Antarctic Peninsula
515:and two transverse
432:Eubranchipus grubii
289:is one of the four
2552:Families of class
2476:Crustaceans portal
2396:. pp. 21–67.
2184:10.1007/bf00016809
1502:Biological Letters
1467:10.1007/bf00016801
1416:10.1007/bf00016800
1361:10.1007/bf00016802
823:
684:
618:metachronal rhythm
583:Branchinecta gaini
527:osmotic regulation
441:
421:Thorax and abdomen
403:
360:Branchinecta gigas
340:Branchinecta gigas
3185:Crustacean orders
3167:
3166:
3113:Open Tree of Life
2861:Taxon identifiers
2852:
2851:
2621:Streptocephalidae
2514:Media related to
2490:Arthropods portal
2403:978-0-7099-5211-4
1997:. Reprinted from
1986:978-1-4020-8258-0
1850:978-0-88864-234-9
1817:978-0-444-53466-8
1804:Ecosystem Ecology
1781:978-1-4020-0504-6
1748:978-0-8166-2001-2
1741:. pp. 1–29.
1330:978-0-19-921147-0
1289:10.1651/09-3236.1
1222:Antarctic Science
1205:978-1-4020-9725-6
1167:978-0-85664-753-6
1134:978-81-7141-897-8
1100:978-0-471-35837-4
1046:978-0-333-29894-7
1012:978-0-520-23939-5
860:Streptocephalidae
815:Georg Ossian Sars
711:San Francisco Bay
558:hypersaline lakes
538:nitrogenous waste
331:feed by filtering
311:hypersaline lakes
284:
283:
278:
270:
258:
254:Streptocephalidae
250:
242:
234:
226:
218:
198:
181:
3202:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3082:NHMSYS0021049525
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2856:
2855:
2643:
2631:Thamnocephalidae
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2513:
2502:Data related to
2501:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2230:. Archived from
2211:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2134:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1888:10.1651/s-2727.1
1866:
1855:
1854:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1559:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1089:(4th ed.).
1078:
1051:
1050:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1001:(4th ed.).
990:
965:
964:
936:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
911:
900:
889:
872:Thamnocephalidae
730:Paleozoic seas.
475:Internal anatomy
276:
274:Thamnocephalidae
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
217:Grochowski, 1896
216:
193:
179:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2766:Pseudopenilidae
2742:
2738:Cyclestheriidae
2724:
2715:Leptestheriidae
2696:
2678:
2644:
2635:
2611:Chirocephalidae
2601:Branchinectidae
2582:
2556:
2550:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2382:
2378:
2322:
2315:
2284:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2168:
2164:
2111:
2102:
2059:
2055:
2018:Current Biology
2010:
2006:
1987:
1961:
1950:
1913:
1904:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1727:
1723:
1686:
1682:
1637:
1630:
1593:
1589:
1560:
1545:
1530:
1523:
1494:
1490:
1451:
1440:
1395:
1384:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1309:
1305:
1262:
1258:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1079:
1054:
1047:
1029:
1020:
1013:
991:
968:
934:
928:
924:
915:
913:
909:
898:
890:
886:
881:
848:Chirocephalidae
836:Branchinectidae
819:Fauna Norvegiae
811:Branchinectidae
797:
736:from the early
727:
703:Great Salt Lake
667:
606:Streptocephalus
554:
495:located on the
477:
465:parthenogenesis
437:Chirocephalidae
423:
399:Chirocephalidae
385:
365:sexual maturity
363:does not reach
355:
305:. They live in
238:Chirocephalidae
222:Branchinectidae
192:
178:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:Devonian–Recent
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2999:Fauna Europaea
2995:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2889:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Cercopagididae
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:Macrotrichidae
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:Tanymastigidae
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Branchipodidae
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:at Wikispecies
2494:
2493:
2479:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2457:
2456:
2409:
2402:
2376:
2313:
2294:(3): 535–544.
2278:
2255:
2240:
2237:on 2011-07-19.
2222:(5): 357–368.
2215:Acta Zoologica
2197:
2178:(1–3): 85–97.
2162:
2125:(4): 301–336.
2100:
2053:
2024:(3): 383–390.
2004:
1985:
1948:
1927:(3): 313–327.
1902:
1881:(2): 165–183.
1856:
1849:
1823:
1816:
1808:Academic Press
1787:
1780:
1754:
1747:
1721:
1707:10.1651/c-2470
1700:(3): 393–397.
1680:
1628:
1587:
1574:(5): 686–699.
1543:
1521:
1488:
1461:(1–3): 15–26.
1438:
1382:
1355:(1–3): 27–44.
1336:
1329:
1303:
1282:(3): 445–464.
1256:
1229:(5): 477–482.
1211:
1204:
1173:
1166:
1140:
1133:
1106:
1099:
1052:
1045:
1018:
1011:
995:"Branchiopoda"
966:
947:(3): 535–544.
922:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
869:
866:Tanymastigidae
863:
857:
851:
845:
842:Branchipodidae
839:
833:
796:
793:
726:
723:
666:
663:
553:
550:
476:
473:
446:Polyartemiella
422:
419:
384:
381:
354:
351:
282:
281:
280:
279:
271:
262:Tanymastigidae
259:
251:
243:
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230:Branchipodidae
227:
219:
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200:
199:
187:
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182:
173:
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168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
111:Artemia salina
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3207:
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3193:
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3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
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3031:
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3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
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2894:
2890:
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2879:
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2866:
2862:
2857:
2843:
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2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Ilyocryptidae
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
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2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2730:Cyclestherida
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Parartemiidae
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
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2573:
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2562:
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2555:
2547:
2542:
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2528:
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2517:
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2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
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2491:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Hydrobiologia
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
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2356:
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2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:Hydrobiologia
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:, Volume 595.
2000:
1999:Hydrobiologia
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
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1809:
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1801:
1794:
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1503:
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1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Hydrobiologia
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1409:(1–3): 1–14.
1408:
1404:
1403:Hydrobiologia
1400:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:Hydrobiologia
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1318:
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1096:
1092:
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1059:
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1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
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1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
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977:
975:
973:
971:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
933:
926:
912:on 2013-05-12
908:
904:
897:
896:
888:
884:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:Parartemiidae
852:
849:
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837:
834:
831:
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671:
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656:
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649:North America
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549:
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539:
536:
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529:. Two coiled
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524:
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407:compound eyes
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343:
341:
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308:
304:
300:
297:in the class
296:
292:
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275:
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268:
263:
260:
255:
252:
247:
246:Parartemiidae
244:
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91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2868:
2842:Leptodoridae
2830:Polyphemidae
2761:Holopediidae
2702:Spinicaudata
2684:Laevicaudata
2669:
2662:
2587:
2554:Branchiopoda
2429:(1): 21–32.
2426:
2422:
2412:
2389:
2379:
2330:
2326:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2232:the original
2219:
2213:
2200:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2122:
2118:
2073:(1): 67–72.
2070:
2066:
2056:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1968:
1924:
1920:
1878:
1874:
1836:
1826:
1803:
1767:
1757:
1734:
1724:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1651:(1): 59–71.
1648:
1644:
1607:(1): 87–95.
1604:
1600:
1590:
1571:
1567:
1537:
1533:
1508:(2): 79–88.
1505:
1501:
1491:
1458:
1454:
1406:
1402:
1352:
1348:
1316:
1306:
1279:
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1220:
1214:
1191:
1153:
1143:
1124:
1086:
1036:
998:
944:
938:
925:
914:. Retrieved
907:the original
894:
887:
824:
818:
804:
788:Branchinecta
786:
782:Branchinella
780:
774:
767:
764:
757:
755:
744:
741:Rhynie chert
731:
728:
687:Brine shrimp
685:
677:
652:
645:Great Plains
630:
626:
615:
604:
591:
581:
574:vernal pools
555:
523:Gas exchange
521:
478:
450:
444:
442:
430:
404:
392:
358:
356:
338:
322:
307:vernal pools
303:fairy shrimp
302:
299:Branchiopoda
286:
285:
266:
189:
175:
166:Branchiopoda
109:
18:
3038:iNaturalist
2893:Wikispecies
2720:Limnadiidae
2386:"The Biota"
1833:"Anostraca"
746:Haltinnaias
733:Lepidocaris
699:aquaculture
622:filter food
609:, occur in
517:commissures
509:peristalsis
491:, with the
461:gonochorism
452:Polyartemia
369:exoskeleton
353:Description
323:phyllopodia
295:crustaceans
277:Simon, 1886
257:Daday, 1910
249:Daday, 1910
241:Daday, 1910
233:Simon, 1886
225:Daday, 1910
180:Tasch, 1969
176:Sarsostraca
3174:Categories
2815:Onychopoda
2793:Daphniidae
2788:Chydoridae
2783:Bosminidae
2658:Triopsidae
2650:Notostraca
2596:Artemiidae
2576:Subphylum
2572:Arthropoda
2119:Cladistics
916:2011-03-03
879:References
830:Artemiidae
715:California
578:salt lakes
457:appendages
449:and 21 in
214:Artemiidae
195:G. O. Sars
172:Subclass:
156:Arthropoda
3180:Anostraca
2926:Anostraca
2913:Anostraca
2899:Anostraca
2869:Anostraca
2837:Haplopoda
2825:Podonidae
2778:Anomopoda
2756:Ctenopoda
2748:Cladocera
2710:Cyzicidae
2692:Lynceidae
2671:Lepidurus
2588:Anostraca
2578:Crustacea
2516:Anostraca
2504:Anostraca
2443:0018-8158
2355:1476-4687
2141:1096-0031
2095:214226902
1943:0024-4066
1897:0278-0372
1716:0278-0372
1675:0024-4066
1623:0024-4066
1475:0018-8158
1425:0018-8158
1369:0018-8158
795:Diversity
751:Famennian
719:Mono Lake
659:flamingos
593:B. brushi
586:from the
570:waterfowl
563:predatory
501:haemocoel
485:intestine
319:Antarctic
287:Anostraca
190:Anostraca
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
24:Anostraca
2947:BugGuide
2878:Wikidata
2808:Moinidae
2566:Animalia
2564:Kingdom
2451:25271723
2363:20147900
2308:12450757
2192:26327230
2157:55997584
2149:34905837
2048:26776738
1995:46608816
1772:Springer
1540:: 59–69.
1433:24128518
1377:44914111
1298:85961054
1251:84382536
1196:Springer
961:12450757
738:Devonian
637:mallards
633:pintails
411:antennae
373:carapace
347:families
327:carapace
265:Weekers
204:Families
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2884:Q853383
2771:Sididae
2570:Phylum
2371:4427443
2335:Bibcode
2075:Bibcode
2026:Bibcode
1653:Bibcode
1231:Bibcode
813:) from
776:Artemia
771:Pangaea
695:aquaria
679:Artemia
654:Artemia
643:of the
639:in the
611:deserts
598:Chilean
546:ammonia
535:excrete
513:ganglia
481:stomach
377:tagmata
315:deserts
206:
186:Order:
162:Class:
3157:148390
3131:133208
3118:632173
3102:NZOR:
3043:119123
2991:1ANOSO
2952:350346
2664:Triops
2449:
2441:
2400:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2327:Nature
2306:
2190:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2093:
2046:
1993:
1983:
1941:
1895:
1847:
1814:
1778:
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1673:
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1483:253609
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1431:
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1327:
1296:
1249:
1202:
1164:
1131:
1097:
1043:
1009:
959:
821:(1896)
531:glands
499:. The
497:telson
489:rectum
469:telson
415:mating
291:orders
269:, 2002
267:et al.
197:, 1867
3152:WoRMS
3139:Plazi
3069:83688
3056:12397
3051:IRMNG
3004:13254
2447:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2275:–100.
2235:(PDF)
2210:(PDF)
2188:S2CID
2153:S2CID
2091:S2CID
1991:S2CID
1479:S2CID
1429:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1294:S2CID
1247:S2CID
935:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
601:Andes
505:heart
335:algae
3095:6659
3090:NCBI
3064:ITIS
3025:GBIF
2986:EPPO
2934:BOLD
2439:ISSN
2398:ISBN
2359:PMID
2351:ISSN
2304:PMID
2145:PMID
2137:ISSN
2044:PMID
1981:ISBN
1939:ISSN
1893:ISSN
1845:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1712:ISSN
1671:ISSN
1619:ISSN
1471:ISSN
1421:ISSN
1365:ISSN
1325:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1007:ISBN
957:PMID
785:and
709:and
707:Utah
697:and
691:fish
665:Uses
635:and
568:and
566:fish
542:urea
493:anus
383:Head
309:and
35:Preęž’
3077:NBN
3030:544
2978:269
2973:EoL
2960:CoL
2939:314
2921:AFD
2908:ADW
2431:doi
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2343:doi
2331:463
2296:doi
2224:doi
2180:doi
2176:320
2127:doi
2083:doi
2071:131
2034:doi
1973:doi
1929:doi
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1702:doi
1661:doi
1609:doi
1576:doi
1510:doi
1463:doi
1459:320
1411:doi
1407:320
1357:doi
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1284:doi
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949:doi
713:in
705:in
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293:of
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