Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States

2356:[Why we can't ruling China? How does foreigners look it out? In my own eyes, from the hand of regulating families, foreigners may not see clearly for Chinese families; but on the hand of cultivating persons, we the Chinese are so lack of these efforts. Chinese peoples' behaviors all are lack of behave, once communicate with Chinese, they will seeing so clearly. For impressions on Chinese people, unless foreigners who lived in China over two or three decades, or great philosophers as Russell who has great vision, once come to China, will see Chinese culture is beyond European and American, so they praised China; ordinary foreigners always said Chinese people have no educating, they are barbarous. Examining the reason for this, is everyone are so lack of efforts on cultivating persons; not talk about the general hand, just every action, extremely usual behavior, all are not elegant. For example, when Chinese people came to America for the first time, Americans were initially seeing them equally, there is no distinction between Chinese and American; later major American inns all are forbade Chinese people to live in, major American hotels all are forbade Chinese people to take a meal, this is because Chinese people have no efforts for cultivating ourselves.] 354: 1043: 346: 605: 676: 1160:, exacerbated by global economic problems and weak economic growth, contribute to a sense of anxiety that fosters zero-sum competition between countries. In discussions about China, the two claims that China is a threat to American hegemony and that it is an existential threat to the US and Americans are often used interchangeably regardless of the difference in their plausibility. Chow says that a deep commitment to American exceptionalism can make these two claims identical to each other. Anti-China messaging has been used to build bipartisan support for a number of economic policies that promote investment in infrastructure, research, technology, and job creation as necessary to 20: 639:. Senator Miller submitted a motion to ban the immigration Chinese laborers for 20 years, citing the passage of the 1879 anti-Chinese referendums in California and Nevada by huge margins as proof of popular support. The motion was discussed in the Senate over the next eight days. All the Senators from western states and most of the southern Democratic Party supported Miller's proposal, strenuously objected to the eastern states senator. After intense debate, the motion eventually passed the Senate by a vote of 29 of 15; it would go on to pass in the House of Representatives on March 23, by 167 votes to 66 votes (55 abstentions). 494:. The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed limited college students entry into the US, however, it became increasingly difficult for such immigrants to gain access. By 1900, laws restricted Chinese students from entering the country unless they came from a wealthy family, they sought studies in programs not offered in China, and required a return to China after completing their studies. Heavy discrimination against Chinese students made it difficult for the US to expand international education opportunities in China and limited the ability of US colleges and universities from improving the reputation of their institutions. 334: 7461: 784:. In particular, an advertisement called "Chinese Professor", which portrays a 2030 conquest of the West by China, used local Asian American extras to play Chinese, but the actors were not informed of the nature of the shoot. Columnist Jeff Yang said that in the campaign there was a "blurry line between Chinese and Chinese-Americans." Larry McCarthy, the producer of "Chinese Professor," defended his work by saying that "this ad is about America, it's not about China." Other editorials commenting on the video have called the video not anti-Chinese. 699:. During the era, suspected Communists were imprisoned by the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand of them lost their jobs. Many of those who were imprisoned, lost their jobs or were questioned by committees, had a real past or present connection of some kind with the Communist Party. However, for the vast majority of them, their potential to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliations were both tenuous. Among these victims were Chinese Americans, who are often viewed with suspicion of being affiliated with the CCP. 156: 465:. The ordinance delegated the power to grant or withhold the permits upon the Board of Supervisors. At the time, about 95% of the city's 320 laundries were operated in wooden buildings. Approximately two-thirds of those laundries were owned by Chinese people. Although most of the city's wooden building laundry owners applied for a permit, only one permit was granted of the two hundred applications from any Chinese owner, while virtually all non-Chinese applicants were granted a permit. However, this led to the 1886 Supreme Court case 7471: 8791: 6370: 6390: 650:, which restricted but did not ban immigration from China. Congress was unable to overturn the veto, and passed a version of the bill that banned immigration for ten years in lieu of the original twenty-year ban. On May 6, 1882, Miller's proposal was signed by President Arthur, and became the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It was the first United States immigration law to target a specific nationality or ethnicity. 6380: 5576: 2621: 1133:

would be a victim of anti-AAPI discrimination at school, 95% of Asian Americans who reported a hate incident to Stop AAPI Hate viewed the U.S. as dangerous to them, 98% of Asian elders who experienced hate incidents believed the U.S. has become more physically dangerous for Asians, 49% reported anxiety or depression, and 72% named hate against them as their greatest source of stress.

2354:我們為什麼不能治中國呢？外國人從什麼地方可以看出來呢？依我個人的眼光看，外國人從齊家一方面，或者把中國家庭看不清楚；但是從修身一方面來看，我們中國人對於這些工夫，是很缺乏的。中國人一舉一動，都欠檢點，袛要和中國人來往過一次，便被他們看得很清楚。外國人對於中國的印象，除非是在中國住過了二三十年的外國人，或者是極大的哲學家像羅素那一樣的人，有很大的眼光，一到中國來，便可以看出中國的文化超過於歐美，才贊美中國；普通外國人，總說中國人沒有教化，是很野蠻的。推求這個原因，就是大家對於修身的工夫太缺乏；大者勿論，即一舉一動，極尋常的工夫，都不講究。譬如中國人初到美國的時候，美國人本來是平等看待，沒有什麼中美人的分別；後來美國大旅館都不准中國人住，大的酒店都不許中國人去吃飯，這就是由於中國人沒有自修的工夫。 2785: 394:, which extended citizenship rights to African Americans but barred Chinese from naturalization on the grounds that they and other Asians could not be assimilated into American society. Unable to become citizens, Chinese immigrants were prohibited from voting and serving on juries, and dozens of states passed 514:

ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. Many Chinese were relentlessly beaten just because of their race. The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate, which tended to be difficult to prove.

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listed 43% of AAPI (Asian American and Pacific Islanders) individuals reporting incidents from 2020 to 2022 to be ethnically Chinese. A survey in 2021 found that 49% of AAPIs felt safe going out, 65% felt worried about the safety of family members and elders, 32% of parents were concerned their child

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and spying on him and his son for two years. The FBI agent, Kujtim Sadiku, also admitted to using the false information to press Hu to become a spy for the United States government. No evidence was ever discovered that suggested Hu, who is an internationally recognized welding technology expert, had

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research—and threatened him with 80 years in prison and $ 1 million in fines. The scientist's daughter Joyce Xi said, "Newscasters surrounded our home and tried to film through windows. The FBI rummaged through all our belongings and carried off electronics and documents containing many private

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to target supposed Chinese spies. In 2018, Donald Trump's FBI Director Christopher A. Wray publicly called students and researchers of Chinese descent potential spies and said that the FBI views China "not just a whole-of-government threat but a whole-of-society threat" requiring a "whole-of-society

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According to the 2023 STAATUS Index survey, nearly half of Americans believe that negative views of China have contributed to anti-Asian attacks or incidents. Among the reasons for anti-Asian hate, 33% of respondents believe that viewing China as an economic threat is a contributing factor while 47%

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in June 2021, White Americans are more likely to support war with China if such a military confrontation between the two countries ever materializes. White Americans described as "racially resentful" were 36 percentage points more likely than other White Americans to perceive China posing as a major

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or anyone perceived to be Chinese, especially Asians. According to survey results released on 27 April 2023 based on 6,500 respondents, nearly 75% of Chinese Americans have experienced racism in the past twelve months with 7% having suffered property destruction, 9% physical assault or intimidation,

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Temple University forced the professor to take administrative leave and suspended him as chair of the Physics Department. He was also banned from accessing his lab or communicating with his students directly. It was later learned that FBI agents had been listening to his phone calls and reading his

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said the initiative cast broad, unjustified suspicion on Chinese American scientists and unfairly targeted them for investigation and prosecution. Several of the resulting prosecutions have been based on faulty grounds; they have resulted in devastating consequences for the lives of those affected.

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According to statistics, between 1820 and 1840, only 11 Chinese people emigrated to the United States. However, many Chinese were living in distress due to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The United States offered a more stable life, thanks to the gold rush in California, the construction of railways,

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by allocating quotas in proportion to the actual population. The idea was that immigration would not be allowed to change the "national character". Total annual immigration was capped at 150,000. Asians were excluded but residents of nations in the Americas were not restricted, thus making official

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influence. It eliminated all immigration from all of geographical Asia. The Chinese Exclusion Act was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in U.S. history. The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for

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in New York, for which a Chinese person was suspected, was blamed on the entire Chinese community and led to physical violence. "The murder of Elsie Sigel immediately grabbed the front pages of newspapers, which portrayed Chinese men as dangerous to "innocent" and "virtuous" young white women. This

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expressed "deep concern with the federal government's racial, ethnic, and national origin profiling and discriminatory investigations and prosecutions of Asian Americans and Asian immigrants". A 2021 survey of almost 2,000 scientists in the United States showed that more than half of scientists of

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A national survey estimated that at least three million AAPIs experienced hate incidents between March 2021 and March 2022. According to Stop AAPI Hate, 20% of reported hate incidents involve scapegoating, 96% of scapegoating incidents blame Asians and Asian Americans for the COVID-19 epidemic, 4%

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in 1868. The Burlingame Treaty provided several rights, including that Chinese people can freely enter and leave the United States; the right of abode in the United States; and the United States most-favored treatment of Chinese nationals in the United States. The Treaty stimulated immigration for

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allowed 105 Chinese immigrants annually, itself an extension of the Immigration Act of 1924 and further intentionally miscalculated downward and explicitly continued bans against Chinese immigrants' property-ownership rights both by law or de facto until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

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signed bills SB 264 and HB 1355 banning Chinese citizens from buying land in the state. Critics have warned that the bills could contribute to discrimination against the Chinese and other immigrants. Democrat state Rep. Anna V. Eskamani voiced concerns about the impact on Asian Americans. Asian

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and the Committee of 100 announced the results of a survey on Chinese Americans. According to the survey results based on the answers of 6,500 participants across the US, 74% of Chinese Americans have experienced racism in the past twelve months. One in five reported verbal or online harassment

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as a competition between democracy and autocracy. Studies suggest that framing the relationship between the United States and China as a great power competition foments anti-Asian sentiment among White Americans. According to an analysis conducted by Vladimir Enrique and Medenica David Ebner at

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In the 1870s and 1880s, various legal discriminatory measures were taken against Chinese people. A notable example is that after San Francisco segregated its Chinese school children from 1859 until 1870, the law was amended in 1870 so the requirement to educate Chinese children could be dropped

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subsequently six months in a federal detention center before he was freed on bail while awaiting trial. Abruptly, federal prosecutors would drop the charges against him in January 2021 without further explanation. He was never compensated for his detention and lost his job as a police officer.

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added the forfeiture of an American woman's citizenship if she lived abroad with a foreigner spouse, racially excluded Americans from naturalizing if married to a foreign husband, required women living in the United States to retain their citizenship in other words to not marry foreigners, and

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that prohibited non-citizens from purchasing real estate, thus preventing them from establishing permanent homes and businesses. The idea of an "unassimilable" race became a common argument in the exclusionary movement against Chinese Americans. In particular, even in his lone dissent against

120:, anti-Chinese sentiment has increased in the United States since the end of the Cold War, especially since the 2010s, and its increase has been attributed to China's rise as a superpower, which is perceived as a primary threat to America's position as the world's sole superpower. Since 2019, 8607: 1161: 1148:" narratives and sentiments expressed in anti-Asian incidents such as "China is cheating the US" and "You are a liar, a cheater", or "China is an espionage or influence threat" and "You are a spy, you are CCP". According to Chow, believers of American exceptionalism who perceive 999:, questioned Trump at a White House coronavirus briefing about his stance on testing and he told her to question China. The reporter responded to Trump by asking him why he singled her out by stating that she should question China, which led to an abrupt end to the briefing. 4961: 4450: 2762: 425:

which intended to reduce Qing immigration by banning their hairstyle which they must have to enable customary later re-entry to China. The city board passed it but the mayor vetoed it. The city council enacted it in 1876 but was struck down as unconstitutional in 1879.

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wrote of Chinese people as: "a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to the Chinese race."

180:, to emigrate overseas in search of a more stable life, and this coincided with the rapid growth of American industry. Chinese people were considered by employers as "reliable" workers who would continue working, without complaint, even under destitute conditions. 927:

poll released in August 2019, 60 percent of Americans have negative opinions about China, with only 26 percent holding positive views. The same poll found that China was named as America's greatest enemy by 24 percent of respondents in US, tied along with Russia.

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Amendments introduced during the debate over the bill prohibited the naturalization of Chinese immigrants. After the initial ten-year ban in the Chinese Exclusion Act ended, Chinese exclusion was extended in 1892 by the Geary Act and then made permanent in 1902.

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in June 2023 states that scholars of Chinese descent feel significant unease in the US: 83% received insults in a non-professional setting in the last year, 72% feel unsafe as a researcher, 35% feel unwelcome in the US, and 61% have considered leaving the US.

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The murder of Elsie Sigel immediately grabbed the front pages of newspapers, which portrayed Chinese men as dangerous to "innocent" and "virtuous" young white women. This murder led to a surge in the harassment of Chinese in communities across the United

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Virginia's state Senate, which is controlled by Democrats, also recently passed a ban on land ownership by "foreign adversaries." In all, at least 18 states have considered limiting the ownership of farmland by entities linked to China, according to the

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community lead to the adoption of the 1890 census, more favorable to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) population, for the uses of the Immigration Act of 1924, which responded to rising immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia.

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located an American Communist Party document from 1938 with his name on it, and used it as justification for the revocation. Without his clearance, Qian found himself unable to pursue his career, and within two weeks, he announced plans to return to

387:, from public school based on her ancestry was unlawful. However, the legislation was passed at the urging of the San Francisco Superintendent of Schools Andrew J. Moulder after the school board lost its case and a segregated school was established. 1334:

details of our lives. For months, we lived in fear of FBI intimidation and surveillance. We worried about our safety in public, given that my dad's face was plastered all over the news. My dad was unable to work, and his reputation was shattered."

2763:"On the Source, Essence of "Yellow Peril" Doctrine and Its Latest Hegemony "Variant" – the "China Threat" Doctrine: From the Perspective of Historical Mainstream of Sino-Foreign Economic Interactions and Their Inherent Jurisprudential Principles" 860:, Trump judged such a scenario to be unlikely: "They won't crash our currency. They will crash their economy. That's what they are going to do if they start playing that." In a May 2016 speech, Trump responded to concerns regarding a potential 441:

which required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of entry at risk of deportation or hard labor, removed Chinese as witnesses in court proceedings, and removed Chinese as recipients of habeas corpus in legal proceedings. The

1168:" narratives and promote them for that reason. Chow says that "narratives about China can shape popular perceptions of Chinese people" and that the opposite is also true, where narratives of Chinese people also justify perceptions of China. 5116: 1365:

ever spied for China. The defense lawyer argued that Hu was targeted by federal agents determined to find Chinese spies where there were none, and when agents failed to secure an espionage charge, they turned instead to a charge of fraud.

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states – enlisted large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on subsequent large labor projects, such as the building of the first transcontinental railroad. The decline of the

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prohibited the employment of Chinese people by state and local governments, as well as by businesses which were incorporated in California. Also, it delegated the power to remove Chinese people to the local governments of California.

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several times in the past twelve months. Nearly half the respondents (46%) reported unequal treatment compared to others. Almost one in ten (9%) reported physical assault or intimidation while 7% reported destruction of property.

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Modern anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States may originate from American fears of China's role as a rising geopolitical power. Perceptions of China's geopolitical rise on the world stage have been so prevalent that the

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added that "this type of legislation. This growing anti-Asian and anti-immigrant sentiment is a direct attack on our community and on our city, quite frankly." The legislation does not give any exceptions to asylum seekers,

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first arrived in North America, and continues into the 21st century. It has taken many forms throughout history, including prejudice, racist immigration restrictions, murder, bullying, massacre, and other acts of violence.

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found that there was no overall increase of Anti-Asian sentiment among the American population, instead it suggested that "already prejudiced persons" had felt authorized by the pandemic to act openly on their prejudices.

5178: 4526: 4992: 5054: 4892: 490:, were aimed at restricting further immigration from China. It was the first law to racially exclude persons and leave them intentionally unprotected by law. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was repealed by the 5147: 4213: 1324:

physics professor Xi Xiaoxing and arrested him at gunpoint in front of his wife and two daughters. The Justice Department (DOJ) accused the scientist of illegally sending trade secrets to China—the design of a

1185: 2073: 51:. Its origins can be traced partly to competition with white people for jobs, and reports of Americans who had lived and worked in China and wrote relentlessly negative and unsubstantiated reports of locals. 8230: 3525: 1376:

In September 2020, Chinese cancer researcher Tang Juan was arrested and jailed by U.S. authorities, who accused her of concealing ties to the Chinese military. Tang was denied bail and later placed under

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that Mississippi could require a Chinese child to attend the local school for Black students since she was not white under that state's law. The unanimous opinion by Chief Justice, and former president,

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professor Hu Anming was indicted under the China Initiative. He was one of several Chinese-born researchers arrested and accused of failing to disclose their ties with China under the China Initiative.

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as the "Chinese virus" or the "Wuhan virus". Additionally, the racist terms "Wuflu" and "Kung Flu" emerged in the United States during this period as pejorative and xenophobic ways of referring to

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for national security reasons such as spying for the Chinese Communist Party, and 1% for being economic threats. Stop AAPI Hate notes that both Democrats and Republicans use "rhetoric that paints

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argued many Chinese immigrants were lack of educated behavior at the time so that many Americans' impressions on them came to a bad end, and even major American hotels started boycotts for them.

4052: 3991: 1206:, known as SB 147, was met with intense backlash particularly by Asian American groups. The bill would prohibit "certain aliens or foreign entities" from acquiring real property in the state of 7457: 3581: 740:

Qian would spend the next five years under house arrest, which included constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any research (classified) duties. Caltech appointed attorney

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cartoon, shown protecting a defenseless Chinese man from an angry Irish lynch mob that has just burned down an orphanage. The billboard behind is full of inflammatory anti-Chinese broadsheets.

981:, and have been used by President Trump and members of his administration in an official capacity. Use of these terms has drawn widespread criticism for their perceived racial insensitivity. 5323: 8280: 7573: 3807: 3664: 542:

ensured no procedures for Americans living abroad who had lost one's citizenship prior to 1922 to repatriate back to the US. Its 1930 amendments later removed these anti-immigrant clauses.

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of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change...", resulting in a backlash by Chinese-American civil rights activists, arguing that her tweet insulted people of Chinese descent.

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spoke at length in support of a bill to prohibit further Chinese immigrants, substantially the same as one from the prior session of Congress that had been vetoed by Republican President

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History is resurfacing again, with China becoming a stronger country and more competitive and a threat to U.S. dominance today, just like Japan was a threat during the Second World War.

3900: 8054: 7416: 5148:"Mayor Turner joins voices condemning SB 147, legislation called 'racist' that aims to ban citizens, businesses from China, Iran, North Korea, Russia from purchasing land in Texas" 349:

This map was published in 1885 as part of an official report of a Special Committee established by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors "on the Condition of the Chinese Quarter".

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The Chinese at home and abroad: together with the Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Supervisors of San Francisco on the Condition of the Chinese quarter of that city

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to defend Qian. In 1955, the United States deported him to China in exchange for five American pilots captured during the Korean War. Later, he became the father of the modern

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of Chinese nationality; many affected said that they experienced delays in renewing their visas or even outright cancellations of their visas. In 2018, Presidential Advisor

3396: 864:: "We're losing $ 500 billion in trade with China. Who the hell cares if there's a trade war?" Trump also said in May 2016 that China is "raping" the U.S. with free trade. 471:, that was the first case where the Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral on its face, but is administered in a prejudicial manner, is an infringement of the 9904: 8140: 7955: 5580: 5290: 461:

In 1880, the elected officials of the city of San Francisco passed an ordinance which made it illegal to operate a laundry in a wooden building without a permit from the

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poll which were published in February 2019, China was considered the greatest enemy of the United States by 21% percent of American respondents, only second to Russia.

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held that racial segregation in public education did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, allowing such discrimination to become much more widespread until the later

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Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, and Chinese "

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1882 was an election year in California. To secure more votes, California politicians adopted a staunch anti-China stance. In Congress, California Republican Senator

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specifically taxed Chinese immigrants at rates over half their income to suppress their jobs and economic participation per yellow peril tropes popular at that time.

218:, also took an outspoken anti-Chinese position, regarding Chinese laborers as competitors to white laborers. Only with the emergence of the international trade union 8002: 7271: 5362: 2255: 5452: 3777: 3626: 3557: 8095: 7985: 7935: 3529: 2911: 2901: 2891: 4419: 4083: 8617: 8537: 4244: 3429: 501:

which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, expanded ten years later by the

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During Hu's trial in June 2021, an FBI agent admitted to falsely accusing the professor of being a Chinese spy, using baseless information to place him on the

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The Justice Department ended the initiative on February 22, 2022, citing perceptions of unfair treatment of Chinese Americans and residents of Chinese origin.

476: 121: 5220: 3738: 2277: 939: 796:, many American space researchers were prohibited from working with Chinese citizens affiliated with a Chinese state enterprise or entity. In April 2011, the 3339: 2608: 1305: 4122: 2874: 2521: 9869: 8034: 7888: 7726: 6514: 6161: 3602: 3369: 1787: 198:" were used as a scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders. Cases in which Chinese people were physically assaulted include the 4930: 337:

Comparison of European immigrants, represented in the left panel as virtues, while Chinese immigrants are represented by a serpent representing maladies,

9894: 7784: 5031: 4144: 1667: 8612: 5518: 5500: 4044: 3983: 383:, 66 Cal. 473 (1885), a landmark court case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusion of a Chinese American student, 3578: 7706: 7529: 7501: 7491: 7319: 6313: 4473: 2335: 2312: 1269: 1013: 5401: 3210: 856:

to give "American workers a level playing field." When asked about potential Chinese retaliation to the implementation of tariffs, such as sales of

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banned NASA from using its funds to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities because of espionage concerns. Earlier in 2010, US Representative

5426: 5258: 4380: 4174: 2838: 265:... Most were of Chinese descent, but because of the geopolitics at the time, a growing number of people were seeing Japan as a threat, too." 9914: 9884: 9216: 9005: 8587: 8245: 7549: 7121: 7081: 6731: 6652: 6570: 6538: 3892: 3869: 3101: 2221: 853: 575: 324: 3304: 9720: 8404: 8320: 8105: 6113: 2671:

Moon, Krystyn R. (May 2018). "Immigration Restrictions and International Education: Early Tensions in the Pacific Northwest, 1890s–1910s".

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Later, it was revealed that she was not a member of the Chinese military but had only worked as a civilian at a Chinese military facility.

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The arrival of three Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 marked the first record of Chinese people in the United States. Starting with the

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The case was declared a mistrial, raising concerns over whether the Justice Department was over-reaching in its hunt for Chinese spies.

9899: 9889: 8956: 8794: 7435: 6944: 6885: 6607: 6577: 6426: 4014: 2706: 1601: 765:, as measured by number of appearances in the global print and electronic media, on the Internet and blogosphere, and in Social Media. 4267: 3178: 237:

in 1911. Based on the phrase "the kings from the East" in the Christian scriptural verse Revelation 16:12, Rupert made the claim that

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Reny, Tyler T.; Barreto, Matt A. (May 28, 2020). "Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19".

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Reny, Tyler T.; Barreto, Matt A. (May 28, 2020). "Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19".

1487: 4544: 3262: 2492: 2467: 8682: 8270: 7556: 7075: 6545: 5999: 3686: 3467: 2074:"National Survey Data Shows Nearly 3 Out Of Every 4 Chinese Americans Have Experienced Racial Discrimination In The Past 12 Months" 353: 1341:

In 2015, DOJ abruptly dropped the charges after investigators found that the information Xi shared did not include trade secrets.

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songs. John Chinaman was caricatured as effeminate and unmanly, with many songs centering on his failed pursuit of white women.

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the 20 years between 1853 and 1873, and resulted in the immigration of nearly 105,000 Chinese to the United States by 1880.

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and the resulting large demand for labor. Beginning in 1848, many Chinese chose to immigrate to the US. California Governor

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and violence in the country first manifested in the 1860s, when Chinese people were employed in the building of the world's

8819: 8039: 7970: 7650: 7045: 6863: 6849: 3495: 2419: 1222: 491: 117: 82: 1693: 1239:, referred to the bill as "just down right wrong" and that "it is more divisive than anything else". State representative 8647: 8622: 8024: 7711: 7514: 5768: 4499: 4328: 4206:"GOP senator says China 'to blame' for coronavirus spread because of 'culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs'" 3761: 3634: 2094: 809: 62: 54: 3554: 2908: 2898: 2888: 1381:. In 2021, she was released after spending 10 months in jail and house arrest without her case ever making it to trial. 9402: 9253: 9237: 8608:

United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party

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of 1882, which banned the naturalization and further immigration of people of Chinese descent. Amid discussions of "

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Lyman, Stanford M. (Summer 2000). "The "Yellow Peril" Mystique: Origins and Vicissitudes of a Racist Discourse".

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study, 58% of Asian Americans believe that racist views of them had increased since the pandemic. A study by the

736:

It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go.

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The current deterioration of relations has led to a spike in anti-Chinese sentiment in the US. According to a

9633: 9586: 9529: 9414: 9327: 8667: 8090: 7611: 7324: 7266: 6982: 6767: 6550: 1719: 1482: 1467: 1164:. Some special interest groups such as the military industrial complex stand to materially benefit from the " 769: 7624:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China

9591: 9514: 9446: 9420: 9107: 8637: 8552: 8275: 7898: 7561: 7245: 7018: 6494: 6343: 6205: 6195: 6188: 5992: 2207: 2181: 1462: 797: 530: 39: 2304: 711:. Allegations were made that he was a communist, and his security clearance was revoked in June 1950. The 9740: 9581: 9534: 9499: 9468: 8877: 8755: 8697: 8582: 8572: 8356: 8073: 7808: 7139: 6563: 6220: 6036: 5610: 3200: 1497: 910: 558: 526: 433:

which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes, the 1882

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announced the end of what he called "blind engagement" with the Chinese government. He also criticized

834: 725: 391: 288: 19: 9020: 5586: 5213:"Chinese citizens in Texas are incensed over a proposal to ban them from buying property in the state" 833:

on his first day in office. He pledged "swift, robust and unequivocal" action against Chinese piracy,

780:

with China. Some of the stock images that accompanied ominous voiceovers about China were actually of

9745: 9544: 9494: 8865: 8687: 8632: 8542: 8512: 7687: 7619:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

7411: 7380: 7070: 6708: 6412: 6293: 6137: 5363:"The FBI wrongly accused my father of spying for China. Government has a role in anti-Asian violence" 5055:"A bill banning Chinese citizens from buying property has some wondering if they're welcome in Texas" 4807: 3236: 1203: 943: 246: 9755: 3105: 1788:"Berkeley News; Coronavirus: Fear of Asians rooted in long American history of prejudicial policies" 1396:(NYPD), was arrested in September 2020 on federal charges of allegedly spying for China. The former 776:

were run by both major American political parties that focused on a candidates' alleged support for

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In 2021, Xi was denied recourse after a Philadelphia court rejected his legal claims for damages.

1229:

for further racist legislation, particularly targeting Chinese people and East Asians in general.

1114: 9659: 9654: 9539: 9112: 8769: 8557: 8029: 7767: 7304: 7250: 7152: 7023: 6785: 6672: 6383: 6303: 6108: 6048: 6026: 5753: 4443:"Trump's 'ask China' response to CBS's Weijia Jiang shocked the room — and was part of a pattern" 4329:"Pompeo calls for united 'message' after reportedly pushing G-7 members to call it 'Wuhan virus'" 2155: 1434: 1353: 1010: 830: 762: 741: 522: 506: 472: 443: 226: 225:

During this period, the phrase "yellow peril" was popularized in the U.S. by newspapers owned by

6827: 4474:"US officials now call Xi Jinping 'general secretary' instead of China's 'president' – but why?" 4355:"Trump doubles down on 'China virus,' demands to know who in White House used phrase 'Kung Flu'" 2367: 1668:"The racist massacre that killed 10% of L.A.'s Chinese population and brought shame to the city" 1210:, including those with affiliations or origins from China. The bill has also found support from 497:

In the USA xenophobic fears against the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the

333: 9292: 8835: 8727: 8662: 8562: 8361: 8295: 8265: 7940: 7395: 7208: 7145: 7033: 7006: 6989: 6965: 6938: 6791: 6268: 6171: 6091: 5920: 5861: 5763: 5660: 5603: 2927: 2645: 1326: 1073: 280: 203: 44: 7655: 9848: 9760: 9695: 9463: 9258: 9231: 9221: 9200: 9128: 8930: 8905: 8315: 8305: 8300: 8213: 8118: 8049: 7871: 7791: 7762: 7676: 7055: 6920: 6760: 6736: 6662: 6454: 6323: 6215: 6210: 6125: 6086: 5893: 5888: 2612: 1421: 1273: 1218: 745: 599: 525:

restricted immigration according to national origins. While the Emergency Quota Act used the

328: 312: 300: 261:

states that "Pulp magazines in the 30s had a lot of yellow peril characters loosely based on

211:

murder led to a surge in the harassment of Chinese in communities across the United States."

94: 90: 86: 4993:"'It's about human rights': Rally at Capitol protests Senate proposal to ban land purchases" 3170: 3074: 3067: 2714: 9817: 9790: 9765: 9715: 9504: 9248: 9194: 9133: 8872: 8507: 8208: 8145: 8078: 7866: 7385: 7359: 7276: 7195: 7065: 7011: 7001: 6927: 6832: 6747: 6278: 6144: 5788: 5725: 5695: 5680: 5665: 4847: 2026: 1301: 1149: 1051: 970: 892:

proposed banning all Chinese nationals from obtaining visas to study in the United States.

773: 410: 308: 222:

did trade unionists start to accept Chinese workers as part of the American working-class.

164: 7660: 5179:"Asian American community members and elected officials speak out against Senate Bill 147" 2960: 1547:

In search of equality: the Chinese struggle against discrimination in 19th-century America

429:

In the US, xenophobic fear of the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the

8: 9909: 9843: 9524: 9380: 9368: 9356: 9332: 9226: 9183: 9025: 8978: 8502: 8165: 7975: 7965: 7945: 7846: 7820: 7801: 7699: 7670: 7596: 7329: 7229: 7221: 6908: 6877: 6742: 6484: 6479: 6298: 6053: 5932: 5685: 4727: 3452: 2710: 2463: 2126: 1172: 1110: 1093: 924: 906: 636: 553: 518: 510: 454: 447: 102: 9310: 4868: 4851: 4825: 4500:"Pompeo announces end of 'blind engagement' with communist China: 'Distrust but verify'" 1309:

Chinese descent, regardless of citizenship, feared surveillance from the US government.

1125:

geopolitical threat back in 2012 and 20 percentage points more likely compared in 2016.

283:. Anti-Chinese riots, expulsions and massacres broke out in several western localities: 101:", anti-Chinese sentiment was eventually extended to all Asians, leading to the broader 9690: 9638: 9457: 9394: 9374: 9350: 9155: 9058: 8988: 8900: 8860: 8567: 8547: 8424: 8285: 8135: 7995: 7586: 7133: 7092: 7050: 7028: 6977: 6914: 6903: 6857: 6753: 6328: 6308: 5967: 5898: 5866: 5833: 5823: 5705: 4837: 4703:"Many Black, Asian Americans Say They Have Experienced Discrimination Amid Coronavirus" 4679: 4654: 4630: 4605: 4586: 3015: 3007: 2688: 2615: 2603: 2002:"Many Black, Asian Americans Say They Have Experienced Discrimination Amid Coronavirus" 1978: 1945: 1921: 1888: 1869: 1762: 1750: 1713: 1545: 951: 687:

Anti-Chinese sentiment during the Cold War was largely the result of the Red Scare and

658: 467: 401: 276: 176:

in China, instability and poverty caused many Chinese, especially from the province of

8804: 4670: 4621: 4268:"The WHO said to stop calling it "Chinese" coronavirus, but Republicans didn't listen" 1961: 1904: 1144:

A report conducted by Tobita Chow in 2021 used a table to show parallels between the "

155: 9710: 9361: 9172: 9101: 8702: 8677: 8577: 8429: 8255: 7774: 7638: 7591: 7581: 7126: 6932: 6898: 6891: 6843: 6449: 6435: 5987: 5952: 5942: 5903: 5843: 5793: 5715: 5700: 5670: 5472:"Trial reveals federal agents falsely accused a UT professor born in China of spying" 4873: 4684: 4653:

Devakumar, Delan; Shannon, Geordan; Bhopal, Sunil S; Abubakar, Ibrahim (April 2020).

4635: 4590: 4114: 3769: 3730: 3453:"Memorandum Opinion for the General Counsel, Office of Science and Technology Policy" 3205: 3201:"Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory" 3141:"Meet the US-trained scientist who was deported to China, and became a national hero" 3078: 3045: 3038: 3019: 2692: 2548: 2341: 2130: 2050: 1983: 1965: 1944:

Devakumar, Delan; Shannon, Geordan; Bhopal, Sunil S; Abubakar, Ibrahim (April 2020).

1926: 1908: 1873: 1861: 1754: 1634: 1552: 1321: 1211: 1141:", mirroring language used in scapegoating East Asians and Asian Americans at large. 1089: 1065: 989: 692: 643: 624: 480: 422: 418: 292: 125: 113: 74: 5589:

Two Faces of Exclusion: The Untold History of Anti-Asian Racism in the United States

4893:"Chinese Americans gather in downtown Dallas to oppose 'hateful' state Senate bills" 691:, which coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage because of the 9827: 9700: 9566: 9344: 9264: 9178: 9035: 9010: 8776: 8517: 8485: 7990: 7950: 7908: 7665: 7628: 6837: 6779: 6692: 6464: 6081: 6058: 6041: 6031: 6009: 5972: 5962: 5947: 5937: 5856: 5851: 5828: 5818: 5431: 4863: 4855: 4674: 4666: 4625: 4617: 4578: 2999: 2823: 2777: 2680: 2581: 2400: 1973: 1957: 1916: 1900: 1853: 1746: 1304:

continued the initiative, despite civil-rights organizations' calls to end it. The

1285: 1236: 1232: 1031: 1027: 947: 896: 885: 498: 430: 229:. It was also the title of a popular book by an influential U.S. religious figure, 137: 5453:"Mistrial declared in US case of Tennessee scientist accused of hiding China work" 5316:"Why Ending the Justice Department's “China Initiative” is Vital to U.S. Security" 4582: 2434: 1857: 9451: 9316: 9161: 9015: 8993: 8966: 8884: 8532: 8527: 8490: 8470: 8371: 8341: 8177: 8019: 7980: 7893: 7757: 6657: 6474: 6469: 6373: 6338: 6230: 6063: 5982: 5957: 5925: 5915: 5883: 5878: 5773: 5730: 5720: 5710: 5675: 5655: 5640: 5086:"'This is just a bad bill' | Houston city leaders join in protest against SB 147" 4926: 4530: 3864: 3609: 3585: 3561: 2915: 2905: 2895: 2842: 2525: 2199: 1628: 1517: 1492: 1252:

against the bill were held by Asian American groups and allies in February 2023.

1226: 1157: 1085: 881: 395: 370: 242: 24: 8983: 3503: 620:

in 1851 praised Chinese people as "the most valuable immigrants" to California.

9750: 9669: 9628: 9509: 9304: 9042: 9000: 8250: 8113: 7913: 7841: 7682: 7390: 7354: 7216: 6724: 6459: 6350: 6004: 5873: 4922: 4045:"Were US official's 'clash of civilisations' remarks a slip or something else?" 3491: 2563:

only one out of approximately eighty non-Chinese applicants was denied a permit

2178:

Meat vs. Rice: American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism: Which Shall Survive?

2173: 1512: 1330: 1186:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1129: 917: 842: 801: 793: 729: 717: 379: 215: 133: 3003: 2088: 9863: 9553: 9149: 8910: 8480: 8382: 8260: 8160: 8155: 8150: 7633: 7470: 6166: 5813: 5778: 5690: 5650: 4808:"STAATUS Index 2023: Attitudes towards Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders" 4381:"A last, desperate pivot: Trump and his allies go full racist on coronavirus" 4118: 3773: 3734: 2828: 2811: 2781: 2536: 1969: 1912: 1865: 1758: 985: 913: 661:

of 1904–05 shifted Americans' fears of the Yellow Peril from China to Japan.

647: 617: 258: 188: 184: 4859: 1180:

believe that viewing China as an espionage threat is a contributing factor.

275:

In the western states, "Anti-Chinese Leagues" were formed in cities such as

9822: 9078: 9073: 8855: 8748: 8672: 8351: 8203: 8007: 7928: 7923: 6682: 6333: 6178: 5259:"DeSantis signs bills banning Chinese citizens from buying land in Florida" 4921: 4877: 4688: 4639: 3555:

Trump's trade views vows to declare China a currency manipulator on Day One

3424: 2195: 1987: 1930: 1576: 1378: 1264: 1199: 1060:

Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic § United States

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said that China "is the first great power competitor of the US that is not

838: 826: 805: 586: 362: 250: 238: 230: 173: 150: 98: 6404: 5519:"US seeks to drop charge against researcher accused of hiding ties to PLA" 3984:"China 'determined to steal up economic ladder at US' expense': FBI chief" 2541:

Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law

1820:"The US won a trade war against Japan. But China is a whole new ball game" 1248:, valid visa holders or dual citizens. Further protests in the streets of 9802: 9730: 9664: 8915: 8475: 8458: 8231:

United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders

7881: 7375: 6258: 6225: 5803: 5783: 5117:"Will Texas' anti-Asian legislation bring back racist housing covenants?" 4015:"A Civilizational Clash Isn't the Way to Frame US Competition With China" 1735:"The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul" 1361: 1214: 1006: 966: 954: 877: 708: 688: 683:

before its departure from Los Angeles, 1955. He never returned to the US.

547: 269: 207: 28: 3011: 1766: 1734: 1072:, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and as a result, acts and displays of 9674: 8463: 8059: 7779: 6971: 6154: 5808: 5798: 5735: 5539:"Can a Police Officer Accused of Spying for China Ever Clear His Name?" 2684: 2641: 2349: 1193: 1120: 1081: 1047: 1016: 777: 721: 696: 646:

vetoed the bill on April 4, 1882, as it violated the provisions of the

5277:"Bill banning Chinese from owning land in Florida passes in the House" 3723:"F.B.I. Bars Some China Scholars From Visiting U.S. Over Spying Fears" 2385: 593: 9705: 9269: 8453: 8440: 8281:

Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act

7876: 7200: 6677: 6667: 6318: 6253: 5758: 5367: 4728:

Daniels, Chelsea; DiMaggio, Paul; Mora, G. Cristina; Shepherd, Hana.

4606:"Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia" 4145:"Caught in the middle: Chinese-Americans feel heat as tensions flare" 3800:"Chinese students in limbo as wait for US visas stretches for months" 1889:"Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia" 1077: 1023: 670: 570: 538: 502: 438: 384: 358: 262: 177: 1523:

Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States

1284:

Under the Trump administration, the Justice Department launched the

9785: 8741: 6288: 4842: 958: 932: 857: 78: 3603:

On Trade, Donald Trump Breaks With 200 Years of Economic Orthodoxy

909:

said that China posed a "whole of a society threat". In May 2019,

255:

The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American fiction, 1850–1940

9387: 8925: 8920: 7417:

List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations

6952: 6248: 2493:"Ulysses S. Grant, Chinese Immigration, and the Page Act of 1875" 2027:

Chelsea Daniels, Paul DiMaggio, G. Cristina Mora, Hana Shepherd.

1249: 1240: 623:

To recruit more laborers, the United States and China signed the

318: 195: 167:

in the middle 19th century, the United States – particularly the

144: 5115:

Dunbar, Betty; Ko, Andrew; Barth, Marshall (February 14, 2023).

3263:"In campaign ads, China is fair game; Chinese-Americans are not" 1183:

A research article submitted in September 2022 and published in

9812: 8850: 5626: 5575: 4826:"Caught in the crossfire: Fears of Chinese–American scientists" 4824:

Xie, Yu; Lin, Xihong; Li, Ju; He, Qian; Huang, Junming (2023).

1633:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10. 1630:

Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act

965:, where the virus was first detected, or China in general, via 849: 761:' has been named the top news story of the 21st century by the 66: 9436:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

5427:"US judge tosses claims by Chinese-born professor over arrest" 4652: 4545:"Mock Subway Posters Urge New Yorkers to Curb Anti-Asian Hate" 2961:"Primary Documents in American History: Chinese Exclusion Act" 2125:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 1943: 1577:""Our Misery and Despair": Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration" 841:

and intellectual property. He also condemned China's "illegal

707:

The most notable example is that of the top Chinese scientist

132:, with increased discrimination, racism, and violence against 9807: 7903: 7695:

Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

7460: 6508:

U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China

6263: 5382: 4707:

Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project

3954:"Majority of Americans Now Consider Russia a Critical Threat" 2194: 2090:

The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present

2006:

Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project

1207: 1109:

Since the start of the Biden Presidency on January 20, 2021,

1069: 962: 129: 8763:

Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept

141:

20% verbal or online harassment, and 46% unequal treatment.

8347:

United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission

5326:

from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.

1293: 4237:"Trump on 'Chinese virus' label: 'It's not racist at all'" 4175:"U.S. Views of China Amid Trade War Turn Sharply Negative" 3860:"US considered ban on student visas for Chinese nationals" 3579:

Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports

3171:"Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98" 1019:

as "a true believer in a bankrupt totalitarian ideology."

214:

The emerging American trade unions, under such leaders as

8055:

Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States

8003:

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks

5595: 5291:"Letter to President-elect Biden Re the China Initiative" 3335: 3300: 992: 815: 8141:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)

8096:

Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections

7986:

Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals

7936:

United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade

3893:"Stephen Miller Tried To End Visas For Chinese Students" 2628:

public domain material from this U.S government document

65:, and throughout the country took many forms, including 8834: 8538:

Air route authority between the United States and China

4758:"White Americans more likely to support war with China" 3762:"Visa Restrictions for Chinese Students Alarm Academia" 2988:

International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

8628:

Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction

5402:"Justice Dept. drops charges against Temple physicist" 3420:"US scientists boycott Nasa conference over China ban" 1076:, have increasingly occurred, as well as incidents of 5338:"DOJ shuts down China-focused anti-espionage program" 4931:"Texas Legislature Online – 88(R) History for SB 147" 3657:"Trump: 'Who the hell cares if there's a trade war?'" 3549: 3547: 2152:

Chinese St. Louis: From Enclave to Cultural Community

8035:

United States Department of Defense China Task Force

6515:

One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America

5501:"Chinese scientist Tang Juan to be released on bail" 5296:. Asian Americans Advancing Justice. January 5, 2021 5024:"Banning Chinese from buying land has a racist past" 2305:"The Yellow Peril, Fu Manchu, and the Ethnic Future" 2093:. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 283–296. 1202:

bill tabled in 2023 by state representatives of the

1194:

Purchase of or acquisition of title to real property

608:

An 1886 advertisement for "Magic Washer" detergent:

421:

targeted Qing dynasty immigrants' largely mandatory

9905:

Racially motivated violence against Asian Americans

8618:

National Committee on United States–China Relations

7785:

Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War

5244:"America's Anti-China Restrictions Are Going Local" 3830:"Visas Are The Newest Weapon In U.S.-China Rivalry" 2432: 2123:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

1225:. Others also added that it may lead to a negative 594:

Chinese labor and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

8613:Kissinger Institute on China and the United States 4524:Chinese Americans protesting Sen. Marsha Blackburn 3544: 3066: 3037: 1544: 1139:China as an economic threat to America's existence 808:not to allow further contact between NASA and the 128:, which was first reported in the Chinese city of 7889:1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an 7707:State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States 7320:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California 6314:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4737:New York University College of Arts & Science 4655:"Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses" 2740:"The People's Vote: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)" 2036:New York University College of Arts & Science 1946:"Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses" 1570: 1568: 1268:American organizations compared the bills to the 1098:New York University College of Arts & Science 9861: 7727:2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement 5314:German, Michael; Liang, Alex (January 3, 2022). 4076:"The Slip That Revealed the Real Trump Doctrine" 7919:1996 United States campaign finance controversy 4830:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3687:"China accused of trade 'rape' by Donald Trump" 3120: 2519:Constitution of the State of California of 1879 2278:"NYU's "Archivist of the Yellow Peril" Exhibit" 1503:Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States 1217:. Critics have compared the bill to the racist 569:explicitly kept the status quo distribution of 9276:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 9207:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 7722:State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States 4465: 4179:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 3759: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3627:"Donald Trump on the trade deficit with China" 3297:"Critics Say Political Ads Hint Of Xenophobia" 3128:Sea Change, Aviation Week and Space Technology 2302: 2172: 1565: 1508:Stereotypes of groups within the United States 942:, despite the fact that in February 2020, the 319:Chinese Exclusion Act and legal discrimination 145:Early Chinese immigration to the United States 9217:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 8820: 8588:Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy 7443: 6732:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 6420: 5611: 5114: 4441:Ellison, Sarah; Izadi, Elahe (May 12, 2020). 1392:Baimadajie Angwang, a police officer for the 820: 702: 361:warning the imperial powers of awakening the 325:Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States 8321:United States Innovation and Competition Act 5537:O’Brien, Rebecca Davis (February 10, 2023). 5206: 5204: 4440: 3411: 2928:"Senator Miller's Great Anti-Chinese Speech" 2860: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2280:. Boas Blog. August 19, 2006. Archived from 2055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1700:. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011 1551:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1427:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States 845:and lax labor and environmental standards." 93:. Anti-Chinese sentiment led to the federal 9870:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 8598:Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association 8593:Congressional-Executive Commission on China 8449:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 7315:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 6434: 5591:(University of North Carolina Press, 2016). 5581:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 5469: 5210: 4568: 3760:Yoon-Hendricks, Alexandra (July 25, 2018). 3709: 3490: 3096: 3094: 3069:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America 3040:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America 2770:The Journal of World Investment & Trade 2374:. Picture Rocks Networking. April 13, 2022. 2252:"Revelation 16:12 (New King James Version)" 1843: 1818:Griffiths, James Griffiths (May 25, 2019). 1574: 36:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 9895:Anti-Chinese violence in the United States 8827: 8813: 8367:U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue 7450: 7436: 6523: 6427: 6413: 5618: 5604: 4823: 4800: 4299:"Trump's malicious use of 'Chinese virus'" 2955: 2953: 1536: 837:American goods, and the theft of American 509:then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under 446:then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under 377:entirely. The amendment of the law led to 9069:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 8653:Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China 8435:Anti-American sentiment in mainland China 8311:Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act 8246:United States–China Relations Act of 2000 7502:Ambassadors of the United States to China 7492:Ambassadors of China to the United States 6284:Interminority racism in the United States 5494: 5492: 5308: 5211:Venkatraman, Sakshi (February 16, 2023). 5201: 5052: 4867: 4841: 4678: 4629: 4604:White, Alexandre I. R. (April 18, 2020). 4471: 4296: 4107:"A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington" 3595: 3064: 3035: 2847: 2827: 2809: 2574:"Yick Wo v. Hopkins – Case Brief Summary" 2439:. San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft & Co. 2398: 2334: 2068: 2066: 1977: 1920: 1887:White, Alexandre I. R. (April 18, 2020). 1817: 1602:"Race riot tore apart Denver's Chinatown" 1488:Mass racial violence in the United States 1478:History of the People's Republic of China 1104: 720:, which had come under the government of 390:Another key piece of legislation was the 365:while fighting over Asian territory, 1904 235:The Yellow Peril; or, Orient vs. Occident 38:began in the 19th century, shortly after 8683:Human Rights Record of the United States 8405:History of China–United States relations 8271:Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 7557:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 5532: 5530: 5528: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5335: 4730:"Does Pandemic Threat Stoke Xenophobia?" 4012: 3571: 3444: 3359: 3357: 3290: 3288: 3091: 2816:Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2760: 2596: 2487: 2485: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2029:"Does Pandemic Threat Stoke Xenophobia?" 1279: 1041: 674: 603: 352: 344: 332: 154: 18: 8643:US–China Peoples Friendship Association 7961:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 6688:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 5536: 5399: 5256: 5177:Turner, Re'Chelle (February 11, 2023). 4265: 4104: 3390: 3031: 3029: 2950: 2499:. National Park Service. March 24, 2021 2464:"Harlan, Chinese and Chinese Americans" 2417: 2204:Chinese American Transnational Politics 1692:Guisepi, Robert A. (January 29, 2007). 1691: 1542: 1529: 867: 580:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 562:decision held it all unconstitutional. 486:Discriminatory laws, in particular the 9862: 8795:Category:China–United States relations 8721:A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China 8219:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 8171:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 8065:Timeline of the Cox Report controversy 8045:Chinese espionage in the United States 7335:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association 6356:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 5498: 5489: 5375: 5241: 5176: 5145: 4542: 4536: 3720: 3500:United States House of Representatives 3451:Seitz, Virginia (September 11, 2011), 3417: 3342:from the original on November 25, 2010 3307:from the original on November 26, 2010 3256: 3254: 2734: 2732: 2634: 2426: 2258:from the original on November 18, 2007 2086: 2063: 1685: 848:In January 2016, Trump proposed a 45% 816:Donald Trump's campaign and presidency 55:Violence against Chinese in California 9322:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 8808: 8603:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 8194:United States sanctions against China 7497:Embassy of the United States, Beijing 7431: 7295:List of Chinese American associations 7262:Chinese Historical Society of America 6408: 5599: 5525: 5439: 5400:Johnson, Kevin (September 11, 2015). 5146:Taylor, Brittany (January 23, 2023). 4990: 4959: 4603: 3450: 3399:from the original on January 12, 2017 3393:"The Phenomenal Chinese Professor Ad" 3372:from the original on January 11, 2012 3363: 3354: 3294: 3285: 3213:from the original on January 15, 2020 3181:from the original on October 28, 2017 3151:from the original on October 13, 2017 3058: 2985: 2482: 2420:"THE YEAR OF THE ANTI-CHINESE LEAGUE" 2120: 2109: 1886: 1626: 1387: 1152:to be at risk of being replaced by a 931:In March 2020, Trump referred to the 9915:White supremacy in the United States 9885:Asian-American-related controversies 8040:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan 7971:Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon 7956:United States diplomatic cables leak 7651:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6379: 5470:Satterfield, Jamie (June 13, 2021). 5450: 5336:Gerstein, Josh (February 23, 2022). 5083: 5053:Liebelson, Dana (February 8, 2023). 4890: 4185:from the original on August 14, 2019 4073: 3601:Appelaum, Binyamin (March 10, 2016) 3553:Doug Palmer & Ben Schreckinger, 3432:from the original on October 5, 2013 3325: 3026: 2670: 2652:from the original on October 3, 2011 2228:. September 11, 1933. Archived from 2149: 1665: 1338:emails for months – possibly years. 1054:station amidst the COVID-19 pandemic 1037: 854:Chinese exports to the United States 578:. This system was repealed with the 492:Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 118:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 83:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 9426:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 8648:Massachusetts International Academy 8623:Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association 8025:U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump 7862:Twain–Ament indemnities controversy 7737:United States–China talks in Alaska 7712:Presidential Rule of Law Initiative 5769:Discrimination based on nationality 4991:Mizan, Nusaiba (January 30, 2023). 4533:News 4 Nashville. December 12, 2020 4391:from the original on March 29, 2020 4309:from the original on March 29, 2020 4278:from the original on March 29, 2020 4247:from the original on March 18, 2020 4216:from the original on March 29, 2020 4155:from the original on August 3, 2019 4086:from the original on August 7, 2019 3964:from the original on August 4, 2019 3934:from the original on April 15, 2019 3633:. February 11, 2016. Archived from 3577:Haberman, Maggie (January 7, 2016) 3391:Fallows, James (October 21, 2010). 3260: 3251: 2863:"The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882" 2729: 2713:. September 1, 2003. Archived from 2699: 2466:. University of Dayton Law School. 2270: 2222:"Foreign News: Again, Yellow Peril" 1732: 1647:from the original on April 27, 2016 1422:Anti-communism in the United States 1320:In 2015, police raided the home of 1158:more geopolitically assertive China 946:strongly advised the public not to 810:China National Space Administration 545:In 1927, the Supreme Court held in 13: 9403:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 9254:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 9238:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 8326:Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 8226:United States-Hong Kong Policy Act 8086:Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay 7732:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 7487:Embassy of China, Washington, D.C. 7300:Chinese American Citizens Alliance 5568: 5084:Ruiz, Anayeli (January 23, 2023). 5021: 4960:Brown, Ashley (January 23, 2023). 4783:Stop AAPI Hate Scapegoating Report 4497: 4297:Filipovic, Jill (March 18, 2020). 4234: 4125:from the original on July 20, 2019 4055:from the original on July 14, 2019 3994:from the original on July 14, 2019 3903:from the original on July 14, 2019 3872:from the original on July 14, 2019 3840:from the original on July 14, 2019 3810:from the original on July 14, 2019 3780:from the original on July 14, 2019 3741:from the original on July 14, 2019 3697:from the original on June 23, 2019 3473:from the original on July 13, 2012 3273:from the original on March 3, 2016 3104:. November 2, 2009. Archived from 2967:from the original on June 19, 2018 2938:from the original on June 19, 2018 2877:from the original on June 19, 2018 2791:from the original on June 19, 2018 2443:from the original on June 16, 2018 2399:Bernhardt, Jeff (April 28, 1886). 2315:from the original on April 7, 2012 2303:Katayama, Lisa (August 29, 2008). 2214: 1793:University of California, Berkeley 1751:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00678.x 1068:was first reported in the city of 437:, expanded ten years later by the 253:would stop them. In his 1982 book 249:were attacking the West, but that 183:In the 1850s, the stock character 110:relations between the US and China 14: 9926: 9890:Anti-Chinese sentiment by country 8410:Hong Kong–United States relations 7742:United States–China Working Group 7602:Shanghai International Settlement 7350:Organization of Chinese Americans 5499:Fromer, Jacob (August 29, 2020). 4472:Churchill, Owen (July 25, 2020). 4453:from the original on May 15, 2020 4422:from the original on May 14, 2020 4025:from the original on June 4, 2019 3924:"The Man Who Took China to Space" 3890: 3667:from the original on May 21, 2016 3328:"Politicians Play The China Card" 3295:Lyden, Jacki (October 27, 2010). 2644:. Friends of the Yee Fow Museum, 2470:from the original on May 14, 2011 2340: 1453:East Asia–United States relations 1306:Asian Americans Advancing Justice 829:promised to designate China as a 787: 732:, tried to keep Qian in the US: 529:of 1910, xenophobic fears in the 9560:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 9520:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 9431:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 8790: 8789: 8708:Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit 8496:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 8389:Permanent normal trade relations 8236:Forced Abortion Condemnation Act 7469: 7459: 6775:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 6388: 6378: 6369: 6368: 5574: 5511: 5463: 5451:Yong, Charissa (June 17, 2021). 5419: 5393: 5355: 5329: 5283: 5269: 5250: 5242:Anstey, Chris (March 11, 2023). 5235: 5170: 5139: 5108: 5077: 5046: 5015: 4984: 4953: 4915: 4891:Choi, Hojun (January 29, 2023). 4884: 4817: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4750: 4721: 4695: 4646: 4597: 4571:Politics, Groups, and Identities 4409: 4266:Fischer, Sara (March 17, 2020). 3921: 2619: 2461: 2097:from the original on May 9, 2008 1846:Politics, Groups, and Identities 1473:History of the Republic of China 1412:Anti-American sentiment in China 1263:On 8 May 2023, Florida governor 1258:National Agricultural Law Center 1128:A report which was published by 1004:United States Secretary of State 876:and he also began to impose new 872:In January 2018, Trump launched 313:Chinese Massacre Cove, OR (1887) 16:History of racial discrimination 9212:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 8735:The Art of Investing in America 8658:International School of Beijing 8523:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) 8241:Taiwan Security Enhancement Act 7857:Chae Chan Ping v. United States 7826:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 6389: 5257:Oladipo, Gloria (May 9, 2023). 4562: 4517: 4491: 4434: 4403: 4373: 4347: 4321: 4290: 4259: 4228: 4197: 4167: 4137: 4098: 4067: 4037: 4006: 3976: 3946: 3915: 3884: 3852: 3822: 3792: 3753: 3721:Perlez, Jane (April 14, 2019). 3679: 3649: 3619: 3518: 3484: 3384: 3364:Smith, Ben (October 22, 2010). 3326:Yang, Jeff (October 27, 2010). 3319: 3261:Chi, Frank (November 8, 2010). 3225: 3193: 3163: 3133: 3126:Perrett, B. (January 7, 2008), 3044:. Little, Brown. p. xiii. 2979: 2920: 2803: 2754: 2664: 2566: 2557: 2530: 2511: 2455: 2411: 2407:. Vol. 40, no. 13393. 2392: 2378: 2360: 2327: 2296: 2244: 2188: 2166: 2143: 2080: 2020: 1994: 1937: 1880: 1837: 1666:Grad, Shelby (March 18, 2021). 1417:Anti-Western sentiment in China 1394:New York City Police Department 751: 713:Federal Bureau of Investigation 695:and China's involvement in the 220:Industrial Workers of the World 206:in Detroit. The 1909 murder of 124:further intensified due to the 49:first transcontinental railroad 9798:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 8714:The Coming Conflict with China 8420:Taiwan–United States relations 8291:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act 7852:Cheong Ah Moy v. United States 7607:American Concession (Shanghai) 7340:Chinese for Affirmative Action 7267:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum 6274:Go back to where you came from 5387:American Civil Liberties Union 4203: 4105:Swanson, Ana (July 20, 2019). 3366:"Behind The Chinese Professor" 2810:Schrecker, John (March 2010). 2673:History of Education Quarterly 2418:Elliott, Jeff (June 6, 2018). 2386:"Hoptown Chinese Section 1879" 1811: 1780: 1726: 1659: 1620: 1616:– via Google newspapers. 1594: 1315: 895:According to the results of a 679:Qian and his family aboard SS 1: 9900:China–United States relations 9880:Bullying in the United States 9587:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 9550:China–United States trade war 9415:Internment of Chinese-Indians 9328:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 8668:Yixian glazed pottery luohans 8415:Macau–United States relations 8379:China–United States trade war 7612:United States Court for China 7466:China–United States relations 7325:Chinese Society Halls on Maui 6768:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 4795:Anti Asian Racism Report 2021 4785:stopaapihate.org October 2022 4671:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3 4622:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6 4583:10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693 3130:, Vol. 168, No. 1, pp. 57–61. 2861:Chin, Philip (January 2013). 2388:. Historical Marker Database. 1962:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3 1905:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6 1858:10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693 1483:Lynching in the United States 1468:History of Japanese Americans 1445:China–United States trade war 1440:China–United States relations 1090:people of East Asian ancestry 936:outbreak in the United States 574:the racial discrimination in 488:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 453:The 1879 Constitution of the 341:(San Francisco), Vol. 7, 1881 9592:Boycotts of Chinese products 9515:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 9447:1969 race riots of Singapore 9421:1964 race riots in Singapore 9108:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 8553:Protestant missions in China 8276:Tibet Policy and Support Act 7899:Lamont v. Postmaster General 7562:Office of China Coordination 7521:American Consulate-Generals 7246:Museum of Chinese in America 5383:"ACLU News & Commentary" 5022:Yu, Leo (January 24, 2023). 4771:Stop AAPI Hate Year 2 Report 3235:(in Chinese). Archived from 2433:Farwell, Willard B. (1885). 2208:University of Illinois Press 2182:American Federation of Labor 1543:McClain, Charles J. (1994). 1463:History of Chinese Americans 1371: 1347: 969:with terms from traditional 961:. These terms are linked to 798:112th United States Congress 770:United States 2010 elections 202:in Los Angeles and the 1982 69:; expulsions, including the 7: 9582:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 9572:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 9469:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 8756:The Transpacific Experiment 8698:China Human Rights Biweekly 8583:Chinese Educational Mission 8573:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship 8357:Strategic Economic Dialogue 8074:American espionage in China 7809:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 7506:Chinese Consulate-Generals 4797:peoplesaction.org June 2021 4498:Re, Gregg (July 23, 2020). 3608:September 25, 2016, at the 3526:"NASA chief to visit China" 2963:. The Library of Congress. 2914:September 12, 2015, at the 2904:September 12, 2015, at the 2894:September 12, 2015, at the 1739:Political Science Quarterly 1698:World History International 1498:Racism in the United States 1404: 1092:. According to a June 2020 911:Director of Policy Planning 664: 559:Brown v. Board of Education 10: 9931: 9577:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 9441:13 May incident (Malaysia) 9409:Chinese Confession Program 9299:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 9243:Chinese head tax in Canada 9190:San Francisco riot of 1877 8693:New Federal State of China 7814:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 7797:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 7717:Beijing–Washington hotline 7646:PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks 7257:Chinese American Museum DC 6719:San Francisco riot of 1877 5625: 4773:stopaapihate.org July 2022 2626:This article incorporates 2545:Princeton University Press 2176:; Gustadt, Herman (1902). 1458:History of Asian Americans 1246:lawful permanent residents 1150:American global domination 1057: 1030:tweeted that "China has a 821:2016 presidential campaign 772:, a significant number of 726:Undersecretary of the Navy 703:Deportation of Qian Xuesen 668: 597: 392:Naturalization Act of 1870 322: 148: 9836: 9778: 9683: 9647: 9611: 9604: 9545:2015 Aksu colliery attack 9495:2008 Kunming bus bombings 9477: 9285: 9142: 9121: 9094: 9087: 9051: 8939: 8893: 8866:The Unparalleled Invasion 8843: 8786: 8688:USA pavilion at Expo 2010 8633:US-China Business Council 8513:Peaceful Evolution theory 8397: 8334: 8186: 8104: 7834: 7750: 7688:Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing 7572: 7479: 7412:List of Chinese Americans 7404: 7381:United International Bank 7368: 7285: 7238: 7169: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6709:1867 Chinese Labor Strike 6701: 6645: 6634: 6493: 6442: 6364: 6241: 6074: 5842: 5744: 5633: 4997:Austin American-Statesman 4529:January 28, 2021, at the 3073:. Little, Brown. p. 3065:Schrecker, Ellen (1998). 3036:Schrecker, Ellen (1998). 2401:"THE ANTI-CHINESE LEAGUE" 2348:(in Chinese) – via 2087:Norton, Henry K. (1924). 1718:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 944:World Health Organization 9530:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 9339:Second Sino-Japanese War 9168:Chinese massacre of 1871 9064:Asiatic Exclusion League 8638:US–China Education Trust 8131:American Volunteer Group 8126:Second Sino-Japanese War 7310:Chinese Community Centre 7180:American Chinese cuisine 7056:Providence, Rhode Island 6714:Chinese massacre of 1871 6653:Anti-Chinese legislation 6503:Chinese American history 5505:South China Morning Post 4927:Rep. Mayes Middleton (R) 4478:South China Morning Post 4149:South China Morning Post 4049:South China Morning Post 3988:South China Morning Post 2829:10.1163/187656110X523717 2782:10.1163/221190012X621526 782:Chinatown, San Francisco 567:National Origins Formula 289:San Francisco, CA (1877) 200:Chinese massacre of 1871 9660:Ita Martadinata Haryono 9540:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 9490:Abacus Bank prosecution 9113:Sangley Massacre (1662) 8770:Red Chinese Battle Plan 8558:Elijah Coleman Bridgman 8199:U.S. immigration policy 8030:COVID-19 misinformation 7768:China Relief Expedition 7305:Chinese American church 7251:Chinese American Museum 7088:San Francisco Chinatown 6786:Killing of Vincent Chin 6673:Immigration Act of 1924 6436:Chinese American topics 6304:Psychometrics of racism 5754:Anti-miscegenation laws 5476:Knoxville News Sentinel 4923:Rep. Lois Kolkhorst (R) 4860:10.1073/pnas.2216248120 3460:Office of Legal Counsel 3004:10.1023/A:1022931309651 2524:April 26, 2020, at the 2156:Temple University Press 2121:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 1435:Asian American activism 1354:University of Tennessee 1011:Chinese Communist Party 1002:On July 23, 2020, then- 774:negative advertisements 763:Global Language Monitor 523:Immigration Act of 1924 507:Immigration Act of 1917 473:Equal Protection Clause 444:Immigration Act of 1917 301:Rock Springs, WY (1885) 227:William Randolph Hearst 9535:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 9500:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 9293:White Australia policy 8836:Anti-Chinese sentiment 8728:The New Chinese Empire 8663:SARS conspiracy theory 8563:Divie Bethune McCartee 8362:Summer Palace Dialogue 8296:Hong Kong Autonomy Act 8266:Hong Kong Be Water Act 7941:Hainan Island incident 7188:American Chinese films 6966:Montville, Connecticut 6792:Killing of Akai Gurley 6269:Ethnic plastic surgery 5764:Biological determinism 4151:. September 25, 2018. 3584:July 21, 2016, at the 3560:March 7, 2018, at the 3209:. September 17, 2014. 3102:"Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies" 2867:Chinese American Forum 2841:June 19, 2018, at the 2646:Sacramento, California 2368:"US Immigration 1800s" 1733:Art, Robert J (2010). 1627:Gyory, Andrew (1998). 1581:historymatters.gmu.edu 1105:Joe Biden's presidency 1055: 874:a trade war with China 804:, had urged President 738: 684: 612: 366: 350: 342: 285:Los Angeles, CA (1871) 281:Santa Rosa, California 204:murder of Vincent Chin 160: 159:1882 editorial cartoon 45:Anti-Chinese sentiment 32: 9875:Asian-American issues 9849:Hong Kong nationalism 9485:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 9464:1997 Banjarmasin riot 9259:Hells Canyon Massacre 9232:Rock Springs massacre 9222:Issaquah riot of 1885 9201:Chinese Exclusion Act 9129:1740 Batavia massacre 8931:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 8906:Andrew Jackson Bryant 8316:Executive Order 14032 8306:Executive Order 13959 8301:Executive Order 13936 8214:Executive Order 12711 8119:Alice Dollar incident 8091:2023 balloon incident 8050:Cyberwarfare by China 7872:USS Monocacy incident 7792:Cross-Strait conflict 7763:Eight-Nation Alliance 6761:Hells Canyon Massacre 6737:Rock Springs massacre 6663:Chinese Exclusion Act 6455:American-born Chinese 6189:In Jewish communities 6167:Hispanic & Latino 5587:Lon Kurashige. 2016. 3960:. February 27, 2019. 3528:. AFP. Archived from 3506:on September 15, 2013 3239:on September 27, 2011 3108:on September 28, 2011 2932:Daily Alta California 2584:on September 19, 2018 2422:. Santa Rosa History. 2405:Daily Alta California 2150:Ling, Huping (2004). 1606:Eugene Register-Guard 1280:Accusations of spying 1274:Chinese Exclusion Act 1219:Chinese Exclusion Act 1088:, and racism against 1045: 746:Chinese space program 734: 678: 607: 600:Chinese Exclusion Act 435:Chinese Exclusion Act 356: 348: 336: 329:Chinese Exclusion Act 279:, San Francisco, and 158: 122:xenophobia and racism 112:normalized after the 95:Chinese Exclusion Act 91:Hells Canyon massacre 87:Rock Springs massacre 22: 9505:2011 Kashgar attacks 9249:Seattle riot of 1886 9195:New Zealand head tax 9134:1782 Saigon massacre 8873:Japanese nationalism 8508:Triangular diplomacy 8209:Taiwan Relations Act 8146:China Air Task Force 8079:Hugh Francis Redmond 7867:1905 Chinese boycott 7386:Global Commerce Bank 7360:Hip Sing Association 6748:Seattle riot of 1886 6279:Herrenvolk democracy 5583:at Wikimedia Commons 5549:on February 10, 2023 5223:on February 16, 2023 5189:on February 12, 2023 5127:on February 14, 2023 5065:on February 16, 2023 4966:Houston Public Media 4616:(10232): 1250–1251. 4543:O'Hara, Mary Emily. 3568:(November 10, 2015). 3496:"Bolden to Beijing?" 3177:. November 3, 2009. 3147:. February 6, 2017. 2254:. BibleGateway.com. 1899:(10232): 1250–1251. 1530:References and notes 1302:Biden administration 1052:New York City Subway 971:Chinese Martial Arts 868:Presidency (2017–21) 862:trade war with China 831:currency manipulator 792:As component of the 477:Fourteenth Amendment 463:Board of Supervisors 411:John Marshall Harlan 165:California Gold Rush 9844:Chinese imperialism 9525:2014 Kunming attack 9381:Home Office 213/926 9369:Sook Ching massacre 9357:Japanese war crimes 9333:Wanpaoshan Incident 9227:Tacoma riot of 1885 9184:Trout Creek Outrage 8503:Ping-pong diplomacy 8166:Operation Beleaguer 7966:Murder of Shao Tong 7946:Operation Shady RAT 7847:Chy Lung v. Freeman 7821:CIA Tibetan program 7802:Operation King Kong 7700:Goldwater v. Carter 7671:Nixon goes to China 7656:Shanghai Communiqué 7597:Gresham-Yang Treaty 7535:Hong Kong and Macau 7330:Ying On Association 7230:Chinatown bus lines 7222:Confucius Institute 7146:Rockville, Maryland 7134:Spokane, Washington 6743:Tacoma riot of 1885 6485:Hyphenated American 6480:Hong Kong Americans 6299:Perpetual foreigner 5158:on January 23, 2023 5096:on January 27, 2023 5034:on January 25, 2023 5003:on January 31, 2023 4972:on January 24, 2023 4941:on January 19, 2023 4903:on January 30, 2023 4852:2023PNAS..12016248X 4836:(27): e2216248120. 4181:. August 13, 2019. 3661:The Washington Post 3532:on January 31, 2014 2887: Direct URLs: 2711:Library of Congress 2517:Article XIX of the 2372:TombstoneTravelTips 2284:on October 13, 2007 2127:Bloomsbury Academic 1796:, February 12, 2020 1362:federal no-fly list 1173:Columbia University 1115:tensions with China 1111:President Joe Biden 1046:An unofficial anti- 925:Pew Research Center 681:President Cleveland 637:Rutherford B. Hayes 610:The Chinese Must Go 590:repealed the such. 554:William Howard Taft 519:Emergency Quota Act 455:State of California 187:began appearing in 103:Asian Exclusion Act 75:Chinatown in Denver 9458:Cambodian genocide 9395:Mergosono massacre 9375:Changkiao massacre 9351:Nanshitou Massacre 9156:Lambing Flat riots 9059:Anti-Chinese Union 8989:Racism in Malaysia 8901:Adriaan Valckenier 8861:Chinese emigration 8568:The 1990 Institute 8548:TPE (cable system) 8425:Americans in China 8335:Economic relations 8286:Proclamation 10043 8136:Black Cat Squadron 8106:Military relations 7996:Trial of Anming Hu 7677:Nixon's China Game 7587:Treaty of Tientsin 7153:Winnemucca, Nevada 6945:San Gabriel Valley 6864:West Argyle Street 6754:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 6619:Washington State ( 6329:Racial integration 6309:Race and sexuality 6114:Japanese Americans 5834:Racial segregation 5824:Racial nationalism 5543:The New York Times 4387:. March 19, 2020. 4111:The New York Times 3990:. April 27, 2019. 3766:The New York Times 3727:The New York Times 3614:The New York Times 3590:The New York Times 3175:The New York Times 2750:on March 28, 2007. 2717:on August 10, 2009 2685:10.1017/heq.2018.2 2604:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1608:. October 30, 1996 1388:Baimadajie Angwang 1352:In February 2020, 1171:On 27 April 2023, 1084:, discrimination, 1056: 1032:5,000 year history 1022:In December 2020, 825:In November 2015, 685: 659:Russo-Japanese War 613: 468:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 402:Plessy v. Ferguson 367: 351: 343: 309:Seattle, WA (1886) 277:Tombstone, Arizona 161: 40:Chinese immigrants 33: 9857: 9856: 9791:Chinaman's chance 9774: 9773: 9741:Mi Gao Huang Chen 9711:Franklin Feng Tao 9600: 9599: 9362:Three Alls Policy 9173:Pigtail Ordinance 9102:Sangley Rebellion 8802: 8801: 8703:Far East Reporter 8678:William H. Hinton 8578:China Aid Society 8430:Chinese Americans 8256:Taiwan Travel Act 7775:Chinese Civil War 7661:Three Communiqués 7639:China White Paper 7592:Burlingame Treaty 7582:Treaty of Wanghia 7425: 7424: 7196:Chinaman's chance 7165: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7098:Richmond District 7082:San Francisco Bay 6959:North Miami Beach 6933:Locke, California 6886:Dallas-Fort Worth 6801: 6800: 6630: 6629: 6608:Dallas-Fort Worth 6578:Mississippi Delta 6450:Chinese Americans 6402: 6401: 6150:African Americans 6097:Chinese Americans 5794:Ethnic stereotype 5579:Media related to 5457:The Straits Times 5435:. April 20, 2021. 5121:Los Angeles Times 5059:Los Angeles Times 5028:Houston Chronicle 4935:capitol.texas.gov 3806:. April 2, 2019. 3804:The Straits Times 3233:"21世纪新闻排行中国崛起居首位" 3206:Los Angeles Times 2934:. March 1, 1882. 2761:Chen, An (2012). 2462:Chin, Gabriel J. 2210:. pp. 53–54. 2136:978-1-350-23394-2 1694:"Asian Americans" 1672:Los Angeles Times 1575:Kearney, Dennis. 1449:Chinese Americans 1322:Temple University 1212:Governor of Texas 1066:COVID-19 pandemic 1038:COVID-19 pandemic 1014:general secretary 886:visiting scholars 693:Chinese Civil War 644:Chester A. Arthur 625:Burlingame Treaty 481:U.S. Constitution 419:Pigtail Ordinance 305:Tacoma, WA (1885) 297:Eureka, CA (1885) 293:Denver, CO (1880) 126:COVID-19 pandemic 114:Sino-Soviet split 9922: 9828:Sick man of Asia 9818:Locust/Wongchung 9736:Leung Chi-cheung 9609: 9608: 9567:China Initiative 9345:Nanking Massacre 9311:Torreón massacre 9265:Scott Act (1888) 9179:Page Act of 1875 9092: 9091: 9036:China Initiative 8829: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8793: 8792: 8777:The China Hustle 8518:Linkage (policy) 8486:Cold War in Asia 7991:China Initiative 7951:Operation Aurora 7909:Project Sabre II 7666:One-China policy 7629:Marshall Mission 7480:Diplomatic posts 7474: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7345:Committee of 100 7272:Wing Luke Museum 7140:Washington, D.C. 7051:Portland, Oregon 6816: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6780:Bellingham riots 6693:China Initiative 6643: 6642: 6521: 6520: 6465:Fuzhou Americans 6429: 6422: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6392: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6372: 6371: 6226:Racial supremacy 6184:Jewish Americans 6162:Native Americans 6131:Zainichi Koreans 6119:Japanese Koreans 6102:Zainichi Chinese 6075:Racism by target 5852:Global apartheid 5844:Racism by region 5829:Racial profiling 5819:Racial hierarchy 5620: 5613: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5578: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5545:. Archived from 5534: 5523: 5522: 5521:. July 23, 2021. 5515: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5448: 5437: 5436: 5432:Associated Press 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5320:justsecurity.org 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5219:. Archived from 5208: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5185:. Archived from 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5154:. Archived from 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5123:. Archived from 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5092:. Archived from 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5061:. Archived from 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5030:. Archived from 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4999:. Archived from 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4968:. Archived from 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4937:. Archived from 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4899:. Archived from 4888: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4845: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4760:. June 17, 2021. 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4682: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4416:Business Insider 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4361:. March 18, 2020 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4335:. March 25, 2020 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4074:Musgrave, Paul. 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4051:. May 25, 2019. 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3718: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3623: 3617: 3599: 3593: 3575: 3569: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3502:. 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Archived from 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2534: 2528: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2232:on July 21, 2013 2218: 2212: 2211: 2200:Hsu, Madeline Y. 2192: 2186: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2118: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1540: 1286:China Initiative 1237:Mayor of Houston 1233:Sylvester Turner 1223:unconstitutional 1204:Republican Party 1028:Marsha Blackburn 990:Chinese-American 948:racially profile 907:Christopher Wray 882:foreign students 880:restrictions on 843:export subsidies 576:immigration laws 499:Page Act of 1875 431:Page Act of 1875 233:, who published 9930: 9929: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9832: 9770: 9679: 9643: 9596: 9473: 9452:Malari incident 9317:1918 Kudus riot 9281: 9162:Anti-Coolie Act 9138: 9117: 9083: 9047: 8994:Ketuanan Melayu 8967:Racism in Japan 8935: 8889: 8885:De-Sinicization 8839: 8833: 8803: 8798: 8782: 8533:Hong (business) 8528:Thucydides Trap 8491:Second Cold War 8471:Chinese Century 8393: 8372:Senior Dialogue 8342:Old China Trade 8330: 8182: 8178:Exercise RIMPAC 8100: 8020:TikTok v. Trump 7981:Havana syndrome 7976:Trump–Tsai call 7894:Shen Chong case 7830: 7758:Boxer Rebellion 7746: 7568: 7475: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7426: 7421: 7400: 7364: 7281: 7234: 7157: 7103:Sunset District 7046:Portland, Maine 6797: 6697: 6658:Anti-Coolie Act 6637: 6626: 6562:Massachusetts ( 6519: 6489: 6475:Hoklo Americans 6470:Hakka Americans 6438: 6433: 6403: 6398: 6360: 6339:Racism in sport 6237: 6231:White supremacy 6070: 5838: 5774:Ethnic conflict 5746: 5740: 5634:Types of racism 5629: 5624: 5571: 5569:Further reading 5565: 5563: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5497: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5468: 5464: 5449: 5440: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5330: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5209: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4665:(10231): 1194. 4651: 4647: 4602: 4598: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4537: 4531:Wayback Machine 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4447:Washington Post 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4235:Forgey, Quint. 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3865:Financial Times 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3719: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3693:. May 2, 2016. 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3637:on May 30, 2016 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610:Wayback Machine 3600: 3596: 3586:Wayback Machine 3576: 3572: 3562:Wayback Machine 3552: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3492:Culberson, John 3489: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3362: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3034: 3027: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2916:Wayback Machine 2906:Wayback Machine 2896:Wayback Machine 2880: 2878: 2859: 2848: 2843:Wayback Machine 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2620: 2601: 2597: 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1227:snowball effect 1196: 1107: 1062: 1040: 984:In May 2020, a 940:"Chinese Virus" 902:In April 2019, 870: 823: 818: 790: 754: 705: 673: 667: 602: 596: 423:queue hairstyle 396:alien land laws 371:Anti-Coolie Act 331: 323:Main articles: 321: 153: 147: 138:Chinese descent 17: 12: 11: 5: 9928: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9751:Teoh Beng Hock 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9726:Jiansheng Chen 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9670:Velma Demerson 9667: 9662: 9657: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9619:Chae Chan Ping 9615: 9613: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9510:Wolf Amendment 9507: 9502: 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7388: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7355:Bing Kong Tong 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7277:Wo Hing Museum 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7226:Transportation 7224: 7219: 7217:Chinese school 7214: 7211: 7206: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7116:Seattle-Tacoma 7112: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7078: 7073: 7071:Salt Lake City 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6772: 6764: 6758: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6729: 6725:Tape v. Hurley 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6640: 6638:discrimination 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6527: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Asian American 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6443:Related groups 6440: 6439: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6376: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6351:Reverse racism 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:Racial figleaf 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6242:Related topics 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6201:Middle Eastern 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6164: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5993:United Kingdom 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5745:Manifestations 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5584: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5524: 5510: 5488: 5462: 5438: 5418: 5392: 5374: 5354: 5328: 5307: 5282: 5279:. May 6, 2023. 5268: 5249: 5234: 5200: 5169: 5138: 5107: 5076: 5045: 5014: 4983: 4952: 4914: 4883: 4816: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4749: 4720: 4709:. July 1, 2020 4694: 4645: 4596: 4577:(2): 209–232. 4561: 4549:www.adweek.com 4535: 4516: 4490: 4464: 4433: 4402: 4372: 4346: 4320: 4289: 4258: 4227: 4204:Wu, Nicholas. 4196: 4166: 4136: 4097: 4080:Foreign Policy 4066: 4036: 4013:Panda, Ankit. 4005: 3975: 3945: 3928:Foreign Policy 3922:Fang, Tianyu. 3914: 3891:Adams, Susan. 3883: 3851: 3821: 3791: 3752: 3708: 3678: 3648: 3618: 3594: 3570: 3543: 3517: 3483: 3443: 3410: 3383: 3353: 3318: 3284: 3250: 3224: 3192: 3162: 3132: 3119: 3090: 3083: 3057: 3050: 3025: 2978: 2949: 2919: 2846: 2802: 2753: 2728: 2698: 2679:(2): 261–294. 2663: 2633: 2595: 2578:www.lawnix.com 2565: 2556: 2537:Whitman, James 2529: 2510: 2481: 2454: 2425: 2410: 2391: 2377: 2359: 2326: 2295: 2269: 2243: 2213: 2187: 2165: 2158:. p. 68. 2142: 2135: 2108: 2079: 2076:. May 2, 2023. 2062: 2019: 2008:. July 1, 2020 1993: 1936: 1879: 1852:(2): 209–232. 1836: 1810: 1779: 1745:(3): 359–391. 1725: 1684: 1658: 1639: 1619: 1593: 1564: 1557: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513:Stop AAPI Hate 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1389: 1386: 1373: 1370: 1349: 1346: 1331:superconductor 1317: 1314: 1281: 1278: 1221:and called it 1195: 1192: 1130:Stop AAPI Hate 1113:has described 1106: 1103: 1039: 1036: 890:Stephen Miller 869: 866: 822: 819: 817: 814: 802:John Culberson 794:Wolf Amendment 789: 788:Wolf Amendment 786: 753: 750: 730:Dan A. Kimball 718:mainland China 704: 701: 669:Main article: 666: 663: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 380:Tape v. Hurley 320: 317: 216:Samuel Gompers 146: 143: 134:Chinese people 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9927: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9624:Fong Yue Ting 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9554:Trump tariffs 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324:(1920s–1930s) 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9150:Buckland Riot 9148: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9031:United States 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Denis Kearney 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894:By persecutor 8892: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8797: 8796: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8481:China watcher 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8383:Trump tariffs 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8261:EQUITABLE Act 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161:Flying Tigers 8159: 8157: 8156:Dixie Mission 8154: 8152: 8151:China Marines 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Loss of China 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7441: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7287:Organizations 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253:(Los Angeles) 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061:Salem, Oregon 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7039:Squirrel Hill 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019:Oklahoma City 7017: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6996:New York City 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6921:East Downtown 6919: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6633: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6592:New York City 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6576:Mississippi ( 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6539:San Francisco 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6395: 6387: 6385: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Wine industry 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049:South America 6047: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037:United States 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6027:North America 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Racialization 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779:Ethnic hatred 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 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Wu 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 217: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 190: 186: 185:John Chinaman 181: 179: 175: 170: 166: 157: 152: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 50: 46: 41: 37: 30: 26: 21: 9684:21st century 9655:Vincent Chin 9648:20th century 9634:Wong Kim Ark 9612:19th century 9478:21st century 9391:(1945–1947) 9386: 9341:(1937-1945) 9286:20th century 9143:19th century 9122:18th century 9095:17th century 9079:Uyoku dantai 9074:Tsagaan Khas 9030: 9006:Nazi Germany 8856:Yellow Peril 8838:(Sinophobia) 8788: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8749:Peaceful War 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8673:Harvard Bixi 8448: 8439: 8352:Group of Two 8204:Magnuson Act 8008:Meng Wanzhou 7929:Liu Chaoying 7924:Johnny Chung 7675: 7138: 7114: 7080: 7024:Philadelphia 6994: 6970: 6951: 6937: 6913: 6884: 6870: 6856: 6842: 6766: 6752: 6723: 6683:Magnuson Act 6636:Anti-Chinese 6635: 6344:in Australia 6334:Racial quota 6096: 5978:Soviet Union 5921:Saudi Arabia 5862:South Africa 5789:Ethnic slurs 5784:Ethnic jokes 5686:Internalized 5588: 5564: 5553:February 17, 5551:. 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