Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871

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started to follow one group of men that ran into the Beaudry Building and noticed a Chinese man laying wounded in the doorway. He proceeded to arrest a Chinese man with a gun, with the assistance of Ventura Lopez and Juan Espinosa. Another group of men had retreated to the Coronel Adobe and were shooting at Adolf Celis and Constable Hester. While escorting the arrested man to jail, Bilderrain passed in front of Sam Yuen's store, the third door from the corner in the Coronel Building, and saw a Chinese man with a pistol in his hand. He left Lopez and Espinosa intending to arrest the man at Sam Yuen's store. Bilderrain instructed Sanchez to arrest another man, but did not specify which one. The man at Sam Yuen's store fired at Bilderrain and immediately closed and locked the door. Bilderrain and Sanchez each went through different doors, through the house, and into a corral in the back of the Coronel Adobe. There they encountered a group of armed men. Bilderrain attempted to arrest the man he was following, was shot in the shoulder and dropped his pistol. Sanchez was fired upon, and shot three times in response. Both men then retreated. A group of men pursued Bilderrain through Gene Tong's store, and out of the building. Once outside, Bilderrain supported himself on a post at the corner of the corridor and blew his police whistle. Three men came out of the adobe and shot at Bilderrain before retreating back into the house. One of the shots hit Jose Mendibles in the leg. Sanchez came running down the corridor and was approaching the door of Sam Yuen's store. A crowd standing by Caswell & Ellis' warned him not to go near the door because they were firing from inside. Sanchez approached the door from the right, and looking inside saw Sam Yuen who raised his pistol; both men fired simultaneously. Other men inside fired also. At this time Robert Thompson appeared and approached the door from the left. Both Sanchez and Celis warned Thompson to stay back. Sanchez retreated to the corner to reload his gun, and was given another gun. While Sanchez was away from the door, Thompson fired two shots into Sam Yuen's store. One shot was fired from inside and hit Thompson in the breast. Thompson said "I'm killed." Celis helped take Thompson to Wollweber's Drug store where he later died. Sam Yuen and his brother escaped, disguised like cooks, with aprons. And Yo Hing hid in Alec's barber shop.

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building while attempting to arrest one of the gunmen. Several civilians assisted the police, including a farmer named Robert Thompson who was shot in the chest. Soon after, the Sheriff arrived and deputized a group of men with instructions to guard the Coronel building and prevent any occupants from escaping. Thompson was taken to an apothecary on Main street where he died two hours later. Following the news of Thompson's death, residents of Los Angeles started to congregate around the Coronel Adobe. Members of the crowd shot at the doors and windows of the building. At nine o'clock p.m., a door was battered down and the occupants dragged outside and towards makeshift gallows. According to reports, some in the crowd tried to calm the group and preclude the slayings, including Robert M. Widney, who would go on to become the district judge presiding over the subsequent trials. The massacre ended around 9:30 pm, when the Sheriff "called for twenty-five armed volunteers on the side of law and order to preserve the peace and guard the building until this morning."

715:, the case pursued the murder of Gene Tong. The indictment alleged the defendants "did feloniously, unlawfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, and of their malice aforethought, stand by, aid, abet, assist, advise, counsel and encourage, unknown persons, to feloniously, unlawfully, etc., to kill and murder one Gene Tong," Cameron Thom limited the indictment to the murder of only one victim, Doctor Gene Tong. If Thom failed to secure a conviction for the murder of Dr. Tong, he could still prosecute the defendants as accessories for the murder of the 17 other victims. However, during a pre-trial hearing, the defense argued the indictment was insufficient because it failed to state Dr. Tong had in fact been murdered during the riot. Judge Widney's opinion on the challenge used one precedent and several statutes that implied that the indictment used words and language to "sufficiently state that Gene Tong is dead", and "enabled a person of common understanding to know what is intended." 425:

places. The five men, members of Yo Hing's company, were arrested and indicted for attempted murder. The following day, Yo Hing swore out a warrant against a resident of San Bernardino named Que Ma. Yo Hing accused Que Ma of stealing a horse two years prior. Que Ma was arrested in San Bernardino by Officer Dye, and brought to Los Angeles on November 12. While Que Ma was being held in custody in Los Angeles, the five men involved in the torture of Sing Yu were tried, and four were found guilty of an assault to do great bodily injury. Ah Chu, Ah Yok, Lee Jung, and Wang Hing were each sentenced to pay a fine of $ 500 each, or in default, to spend two years in the State Penitentiary. On November 29, the case against Que Ma was dropped since no witnesses appeared against him in court. On his person was found a summons from the County Court of San Bernardino requiring his presence at the torture trial that had already concluded. Yo Hing was required to pay the cost of the Que Ma's trial.

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which took two hours, emerged to be broad and elaborate. Still, only a single observer, Constable Bilderrain, was examined. His description of the event was reliant on facts and was apprehensive that Thompson got shot in the process of assisting him. In the process of pursuing justice for the murdered Chinese victims, utterly innocent of the Massacre, seven men were sentenced in the law court, whether unquestionably guilt-ridden or not. The Supreme Court omitted the prosecution on Gene killings. Further, it is crystal clear that there was no basis in the High court verdict that compelled them to trust the sentenced demonstrators were blameless. The District Attorney and Judge felt in 1873 that it was becoming unrealistic and illogical to pursue new trials; the issue was called off. Since then, the Chinese community performs an exceptional prayer at the city in honor of the carnage and misfortune.

335:, known as the Hong Chow and Nin Yung companies, had started a confrontation from a feud over the alleged abduction of a Chinese woman named Yut Ho (also documented as Ya Hit), who was announced in the paper as having married. Due to a lack of women in the Chinese community, most women in the community served as prostitutes and had essentially been sold into sexual slavery. Previously the police department had assisted the Tongs in keeping their confrontations over the women internal to the community, and sometimes capturing and returning women who had escaped, in exchange for payment by the Tongs, but in this case, things got out of hand. Two Chinese men were arrested for shooting at each other, and were released on bail, but the police kept watch on the Old Chinatown neighborhood. It had developed along Calle de los Negros, which was named in the colonial period. 756:

peace. It is in the highest degree improbable that this large body of armed men could have assembled in the plaintiffs' store, and in a sheltered place in the rear of it, without their knowledge and privity. The leader of the rival company or faction had been shot at the day before, and plaintiffs offered themselves as bail for his assailants. The arming and assembling of Sam Yuen's clan doubtless had reference to an impending conflict between the two companies. If the plaintiffs had been anxious to prevent a riot, it is clear, from the proof, that they had ample opportunity to notify the Mayor, and to summon the police before the shooting commenced. But instead of requesting aid to prevent violence and bloodshed, it appears from the testimony of one of the officers that Sam Yuen resisted the interference of the police, and himself fired at the officer."

350: 677:(saddle maker and councilman), and Martin Sanchez (farmer), was constituted. Judge Sepulveda condemned the violence pattern in the strongest terms possible and challenged the jury to stand up to the occasion. The jury's report noted forty-nine indictments for felonies and murders (almost split halfway). The report highlighted full statements of the events leading to the massacre. Immediately after the report's publication, A. R. Thompson, Charles Austin, and Charles Crawford (official records Edmund Crawford) were held. Another set of five individuals, Louis Mendel, Jesus Martinez, Andreas Soeur, Patrick McDonald, and D.W. Moody, were arrested and held. Three Chinese people and two whites were held, but for lesser charges, an additional five unnamed individuals were held. 454:

for four hundred dollars to kill Lee Yee and Quang You. A trial was held on March 4, and concluded on March 7. Justice Gray dismissed the complaint, and required the complainants to pay the costs for their malicious prosecution. Yo Hing, then "filled with baffled rage against Wong Heng, Chow Chee and their friends and company”, sent Lee Leeung to steal the wife of Heng Shun. Lee Leeung, accompanied by three others, went to Heng Shun's house, and took away his wife, Yut Ho. She was dragged up to Judge Trafford's office, and there, against her will and without knowing what was going on, was put through the forms of a marriage ceremony, and afterwards carried away by Lee Leeung in a carriage. Heng Shun then had her brought before Judge Ygnacio Sepulveda, on a writ of

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Wing had been hanged. Some of the groups did in fact lead their captives safely to the county jail. But other groups led men to either Tomlinson's corral or John Goller's wagon shop to be hanged. Henry Hazard and General John Baldwin remonstrated with the lynching parties to no avail; Hazard at Goller's shop, and Baldwin at Tomlinson's corral. One group of men, consisting of C. White, John Lazzarovich, and brothers Robert and Walter Widney, managed to rescue four Chinese from the mob near Tomlinson's. Constable Billy Sands managed to rescue four; one from Antione Silva near Goller's shop. At about 9:20 pm, Sheriff Burns addressed the crowd, and requested 25 volunteers to help preserve the peace and guard the building until the morning.

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case was set aside. The trial of Wong and Ying proceeded as scheduled. The prosecution's witness, Ah Ling testified seeing both defendants on Los Angeles Street at the time of the shooting, However, Ling admitted he did not see the shooting, nor did he see either defendant with a gun. Further questioning revealed Ling had been instructed to point-out Wong to an officer, but he was unable to recall who instructed him. District Attorney Cameron Thom then admitted the prosecution failed to establish their case, and chose to not to proceed any further. The defense called no witnesses. And the judge instructed the jury to "bring in a verdict of not guilty, as there was nothing in evidence adduced that could possibly justify conviction."

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the same day.) Both the City Marshal, William C. Warren, and Constable Joseph G. Dye ascertained Sing Yu had been taken to San Buenaventura. Marshal Warren pursued Sing Yu to San Buenaventura. However, before Warren arrived, the Marshal of San Buenaventura arrested Sing Yu on information telegraphed by Officer Dye. Marshal Warren took possession of Sing Yu in Ventura, and returned her to Los Angeles on the morning of October 31. Warren and Dye both claimed to be entitled to the reward for Sing Yu. That afternoon, both Warren and Dye attended a hearing in Justice Trafford's Court. Following the hearing, Dye confronted Warren in the street and accused him of stealing the reward. Warren, anticipating a conflict, had a

521:, there was considerable shooting at the building. Shortly afterward men started to scale the building with a ladder. He recognized Charles Austin as being the first to mount the building. At one point, Sheriff Burns counted 11 men on the roof. Various witnesses also identified Rufugio Botello, Jesus Martinez, J. C. Cox, Sam Carson, and "Curly" Crenshaw being on the roof. Men on the roof shot at the Chinese in the backyard of the building. Then someone passed up axes and the men started cutting holes in the roof. It was reported that ten holes had been cut. Men started firing through the ceiling into one of the rooms, causing the occupants to run out of the house. 58: 694:. Constable Richard Kerren was on Los Angeles Street during the initial barricade of the Coronel Adobe when a door opened, and he, along with several others, fired into the doorway. A person in the crowd shouted, "don't fire, boys, it's a woman." However, fifteen or twenty shots were fired at two women standing inside the building, Cha Cha and Fan Cho. Kerren was identified as one of the shooters and was indicted on two counts of assault with a deadly weapon. On January 5, 1872, He was found not guilty on the first charge. And the case was dismissed the following day, on the grounds that it would be impossible to obtain a conviction. 801:. The decision said that "the indictment on which Lewis Mendel, A. R. Johnson, Charles Austin, P. M. McDonald, Jesus Martinez, and Estevan A. Alvarado, were tried and convicted was fatally defective in that it failed to allege that Chee Long Tong was murdered." This flaw in the indictment had been debated during a pre-trial demurrer, where Judge Robert Widney concluded "... the words used, construed in the usual acceptance in common language, sufficiently state that Gene Tong is dead. In addition to the above, and under the same rule, the word murder, in its legal definition, shows the death of Gene Tong." The 1134: 773:. A hearing began that afternoon. Adolfo Celis testified that he had seen Yuen carrying a revolver and running behind another Chinese man as both entered the Coronel Block at the time of the initial affray. Celis also saw Yuen exit the Coronel building and fire at Bilderain, after the wounded officer escaped the building. The defense attempted to call Chinese witnesses to dispute Adolfo's testimony, but the District Attorney objected. Several other witnesses were called, including Officer Esteban Sanchez who testified that Sam Yuen shot at him from inside the Wing Chung store. The 450:

Heng compensate him. Wong Heng refused. The following day, Wong Heng and his wife got on the cars to leave for San Francisco. However, before the cars departed, Wong Heng and his wife were arrested on a complaint made by one of Yo Hing's agents. Additionally, another of Yo Hing's agents, Lee Yee, filed a suit against Wing Heng, using a forged contract that purported to show Wong Heng borrowed $ 600, and agreed to repay the amount before returning to China. All of Wong Heng's money was confiscated by the jailer, Frank Carpenter, until the cases could be settled.

73: 212: 1148: 80: 432:, for grand larceny; it is possible this complaint was related to the abduction that occurred on October 14. Lee Woo was arrested on December 17, and a trial was scheduled for December 23 in Justice Gray's Court. However, the evening before the trial, the Deputy Sheriff of Santa Barbara county arrived in Los Angeles and arrested Sing Yu on a charge of grand larceny. The Deputy Sheriff, along with Deputy 719:

others about killing three Chinese. However, defense witnesses, and Crenshaw himself, testified that he was on the roof aiding officers Harris and Gard who were attempting to put out a fire. Harris was called to testify for the prosecution, and Gard was called to testify for the defense. The jury deliberated for 20 minutes and returned a guilty verdict for manslaughter.

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who speak and understand the English Language. By March 16, a jury of twelve men was selected, but only after calling two hundred and fifty-five prospective jurors. It took over three weeks to empanel the jury, due to so many people either having already formed an opinion, or who were sympathetic with vigilance committees. During the trial, defense attorneys

643:, detailing an on-the-spot account. It estimated the mob was about 500 people, which would have constituted eight percent of the city's population of nearly 6,000 people, including all men, women and children. The victims were buried in the City Cemetery, which was eventually taken over by the city. The northern portion of the cemetery is occupied by the 440:. A group of men, belonging Yo Hing's company chased the carriage and caught up to it at Commercial street. Yo Hing's men fired four shots into the carriage, hitting a Chinese man named Wan, and killing one of the horses. The carriage escaped, and four of Yo Hing's men were arrested. The following day, the 808:

There is, however, no clarity on whether the massacre led to any positive advancements towards the fight against crime. Anti-Chinese hate flared in the weeks that followed. Overt anti-Chinese violence died naturally after the proceedings. This notwithstanding, however, anti-Chinese feelings persisted

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Jesus Bilderrain swore out a complaint before Justice Trafford, accusing Sam Yuen of aiding and abetting the unidentified killer of Robert Thompson. However, Yuen remained incognito until March 1872. By that time, Bilderrain had misplaced the original warrant, so Trafford issued a second warrant. The

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wrote in his opinion, "... it appears from the uncontradicted testimony of the policeman, that when the shooting first commenced in the street, the plaintiffs' store and the corral in the rear of it were filled with armed Chinamen, who immediately fired on the officers when attempting to preserve the

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Agustus Cates was standing guard on Arcadia street in front of the Coronel Adobe. The door started to open. Cates told the occupants to close the door, but they did not. So a police man ordered one of the guards to fire his Derringer at it. The door was closed and Cates and the others moved away from

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Lee Saow (aka Ah Shaw), Quong Wong (aka Quong Wan), and Ah Ying (aka Ah Yeng) were indicted for the murder of Won Choy. who was shot in the neck during the initial affray on the afternoon of October 24. The trial was held on February 14, 1872. Lee Saow's name was misspelled on the indictment, so his

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Following the coroner's inquest, Tong Yu, widow to Dr. Gene Tong, filed a complaint in the Justice Court, accusing Yo Hing, one of the tong leaders, of "inciting and participating" the massacre that led to her husband's death. While Yo was initially held following the November 4 complaint, the Grand

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After the shooting had subsided, and the doors to the Coronel Adobe closed, Frank Baker, City Marshal, assigned men to guard the house with instructions to allow no Chinese men to leave. Men were placed on Sanchez street, Negro Alley, and at the Plaza. Lawmen came and went as a larger crowd gathered

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The Coroner's inquest resulted in forty-nine indictments, containing the names of one hundred and fifty individuals. Seven men were convicted of manslaughter and received sentences ranging from to two to six years in prison. However, an appeal to the California Supreme Court reversed the convictions

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In late February, Lewis Mendel's defense team proposed to join Mendel's trial with Alvarado, Austin, Botello, Celis, Johnson, Martinez, McDonald, Moody, and Scott. Jury selection had already begun the week before, but it was decided to limit the venires to only those residents of Los Angeles County

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About one hour after the hearings, Constable Jesus Bilderrain went to the corner of the Coronel building and remained there for five minutes. Negro Alley was quiet, so he proceeded to Caswell & Ellis, on the opposite side of Arcadia Street. There he was told that Caswell had sold a large number

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In January 1871, Wong Heng, a wash house owner from San Bernardino, and his wife were passing through Los Angeles, on their way to China via San Francisco. Upon their arrival in Los Angeles, Yo Hing accused Wong Heng of having informed on the four Chinese men that roasted Sing Yu, and demanded Wong

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a dreadful thoroughfare, forty feet wide, running one whole block, filled entirely with saloons, gambling-houses, dance-halls, and cribs. It was crowded night and day with people of many races, male and female, all rushing and crowding along from one joint to another, from bar to bar, from table to

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and James G. Howard presented a motion to strike all testimony on the grounds the prosecution failed to prove Gene Tong was dead. When that motion was overruled, they motioned to strike the testimony of the police and the coroner claiming the identity of Gene Tong was derived from Chinese sources.

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The trial of Curley Crenshaw started on February 16. The jury was selected and testimony commenced the same day. Several prosecution witnesses testified seeing Crenshaw on the roof of the Coronel building. Benjamin McLaughlin testified seeing Crenshaw climb onto the roof, and heard him boasting to

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The inquest covered an entire four days and encompassed interviewing of various range of eyewitnesses. Disappointedly, no data from the inquest was ascertained, known hitherto, and newspaper feedbacks serving as the sole source of information. Firstly, the two interviews involving Robert Thompson,

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Ah Wing was captured again a short while later, this time armed with a hatchet. Constable Emil Harris took charge of Ah Wing. Harris and Charles Avery escorted Ah Wing towards the jail. A crowd of approximately 100 men followed them up Arcadia and Main street. Then, at the intersection of Main and

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In early March, Chow Chee, a friend of Wong Heng, came to Los Angeles from San Francisco. Yo Hing suspected Chow Chee came to defend Wong Heng. So to dispose of Chow Chee, two of Yo Hing's agents, Lee Yee and Quang You, filed a complaint at Justice Gray's Court that Chow Chee tried to employ a man

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Sing Yu was released from jail on November 5. Three days later, Sing Yu was rescued from a group of five Chinese men who were discovered torturing her on the outskirts of San Bernardino. Sing Yu had been suspended over a fire and her legs & abdomen burnt, and her back cut lengthwise in several

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On October 14, 1870, a Chinese prostitute named Sing Yu was abducted from Los Angeles. Her owner, Sing Lee, of the See Yup company, posted a reward of $ 100 for her return. (This was the second time Sing Lee offered a reward for Sing Yu. She had been abducted previously on August 25, and recovered

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Groups of men started leading the Chinese away from Negro Alley. Marshal Baker, Sheriff Burns, officers Hester and Harris individually gave parties instructions to take the Chinese to jail for safety. Harris' impression was that the groups proceeded to the jail, even though he was likely aware Ah

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Bilderrain was on horseback at the corner Main and Arcadia, speaking with Constable Estevan Sanchez, when he heard shots. He rode off in the direction of Negro Alley and instructed Sanchez to follow. He saw a group of Chinese men in the corridor of the Beaudry building shooting at one another. He

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According to an article published by Sam Yuen, Ah Choy was "eating his evening meal at a back part of a house on the east side of Negro Alley and heard a fuss, went out to the front door; Yo Hing and three others were around with pistols, and one of them shot Ah Choy in the neck. Yo Hing and the

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On the afternoon of October 24, hearings were held in Justice Gray's Court concerning a shooting that occurred the day before in Negro Alley. Ah Choy (Won Choy), the brother of Yut Ho, and Won Yu Tak were accused of attempting to murder Yo Hing. And Yo Hing was accused to attempting to murder Ah

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concealed behind his back, in his left hand. While arguing with Dye, Warren threw forward his left hand and fired his pistol at Dye's head. Warren's shot was ineffective, and both men then drew revolvers and started firing at one another. Warren was shot in the groin, and died the following day.

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J. C. Cox testified, one man ran out of the house, the mob on the street started firing. Cox saw him crawl back, and volunteered to go in and get the man out. He obtained a ball dipped in alcohol, lit it, and threw it into the room. He then went in, found the wounded man and carried him out and

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Later, another door opened, this time facing on Negro Alley. A Chinese man came rushing out, thirty or forty shots were fired. He made it less than ten feet before he fell. C. Dennuke stated during the Coroner's inquest that this man was Ah Cut. Another man inside the house, standing at a large

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Spring, Avery was hit from behind, the crowd took Ah Wing and held Harris. Ah Wing was led up to Tomlinson's Corral and there hanged from the cross beam of the gate. This was the same gate where Michel Lachenais was hanged less than a year before. Harris then returned to the Coronel Building.

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The day before the massacre, Won Choy attempted to kill Yo Hing for the abduction of his sister, Yut Ho. The following day, another skirmish occurred, this time, Won Choy received a fatal gunshot wound to the neck. Officer Jesus Bilderain responded to the scene and was shot inside the Coronel

493:, a longtime politician in the city, also surveyed the situation and then left. When news of Thompson's death passed through the city, along with the rumor that the Chinese community in Negro Alley "were killing whites wholesale", more men gathered around the boundaries of Negro Alley. 780:

Sam Yuen's trial was held in November 1872 and ended with his acquittal. The jury rendered a verdict without any deliberation. The prosecution failed to link Thompson's shooting to Yuen. And his presence in the store was insufficient to prove he was an accessory before the fact.

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across the street. The crowd then mustered the courage to enter the building, found two Chinese men in that room and pulled them out. Hazard testified that at this point the crowd started breaking in the doors and removing the occupants; working their way towards the corner. The

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Following the verdict in the Mendel case, Refugio Botello filed an appeal and was admitted to bail in the sum of $ 5,000. Sentencing was passed on Saturday, March 30, 1872, with each man receiving a sentence of between two and six years at the State Penitentiary. On April 7,

460:, and the Judge made an order that she should be returned to Heng Shun. As soon as the Judge made the order, Yo Hing's friends rushed at Yut Ho and forcibly carried her off. Police officers brought her back and restored her to her husband, Later that night, another writ of 748:, in which the merchants sued for damages to their stores during the massacre. The judge held that the city was not liable for the destruction of businesses and noted that such liability would only hold if the business owner had notified the city before the collapse. 319:

with the Chinese Empire, setting conditions for immigration. In this period, most Chinese workers who immigrated to the United States were men, intending to stay only temporarily. The small Chinese community in Los Angeles numbered fewer than 200, and 80% were men.

554:" parked on the street around the corner from the carriage shop; and from the cross-beam of a wide gate leading into a lumberyard a few blocks away from the other two locations. One of the victims was hanged without his trousers and minus a finger on his left hand. 501:

The first victim of the mob was Ah Wing. The crowd captured Ah Wing, who appeared to have come from Beaudry's building. Marshal Baker searched him and found a "four barreled sharp-shooter, with one load out". Baker confiscated the gun and released him.

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Rioters climbed to the rooftops of buildings where Chinese immigrants resided, used pickaxes to puncture holes in the roofs, and shot at the people inside. Those who fled outside were shot at by gunmen on the roofs. Many were also beaten and tortured.

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convened a special Grand Jury to investigate the events around to the massacre. A jury composed of individuals of diverse backgrounds, Juan Jose (long-time resident), William Perry (building contractor), Kaspare Cohn (building contractor),

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Early 20th-century Los Angeles merchant Harris Newmark recalled in his memoir that Calle de los Negros was "as tough a neighborhood, in fact, as could be found anywhere." Los Angeles historian Morrow Mayo described it in 1933 as:

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The event was well-reported on the East Coast, and newspapers there described Los Angeles as a "blood stained Eden" after the riots. A growing movement of anti-Chinese discrimination in California climaxed in the passage of the

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Yuen was eventually arrested on March 30 by constable Frank Hartley, who was the latest addition to the police force. Sam had revolver hidden inside his coat sleeve when arrested. That same day, Yuen sought release on a writ of

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for its size, and an attachment to "popular justice" (this was also a period of violence across the country). It attracted transients from across the country, and alcohol use was high among the predominately male population.

793:, Refugio Botello was released on bail of $ 5,000. Botello would remain free, pending the outcome of his appeal to the California Supreme Court. On May 21, 1873, the California Supreme Court overturned the convictions in 549:

The dead Chinese people in Los Angeles were hanging at three places near the heart of the downtown business section of the city; from the wooden awning over the sidewalk in front of a carriage shop; from the sides of two

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was situated immediately northeast of Los Angeles's principal business district, running 500 feet (150 m) from the intersection of Arcadia Street to the plaza. The unpaved street was named by Spanish colonists for

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at the time, which numbered 172 prior to the massacre. Ten men of the mob were prosecuted and eight were convicted of manslaughter in these deaths. The convictions were overturned on appeal due to technicalities.

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ancestry: Spanish, Native American, and African) who had originally lived there. The neighborhood had deteriorated into a slum by the time the first Chinatown of Los Angeles developed there in the 1860s.

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The Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 was an act of mob brutality that resulted in the murder of eighteen Chinese residents. The massacre's immediate cause emanates from a conflict between rival

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That motion was also overruled. The case ended with seven defendants being found guilty of manslaughter. Celis and Moody were acquitted. And the remaining defendant, J. G. Scott, was never tried.

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it. Later, when they had their back to the door, watching the other side of the street, the door opened and three shots were fired. Cates turned around just in time to see the door close again.

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by the mob in the course of the riot. At least one was mutilated when a member of the mob cut off a finger to obtain the victim's diamond ring. Those killed represented over 10% of the small

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Arrested on the charge of being concerned in the riot and having robbed the Chinese doctor, Gene Long Tong of a gold watch and chain. – Admitted bail in the sum of $ 100 – Outcome unknown

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Daily News insinuated that police were reluctant to arrest Yuen, on account of bribes from the Wing Chung company; as officers Harris and Gard were gifted Chinese embroidery the company.

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of pistols during the last few days. Bilderrain left Caswell's and patrolled the area, going around the Pico House and stopping at Higby's Saloon, at the corner of Main and Arcadia.

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The mob ransacked practically every Chinese-occupied building on the block and attacked or robbed nearly every resident. A total of 19 Chinese immigrant men were killed by the mob.

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reported the men convicted of torturing Sing Yu in San Bernardino were discharged from San Quentin, their charges having been overturned by the State Supreme Court.

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During this period, the See Yup Company divided into three; Hong Chow Company, headed by Yo Hing, the Nin Yung Company, headed by Sam Yuen, and the Hop Wo Company.

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Arrested for burglary of the Episcopal Church and found to have stolen a watch from one of the victims hanged at Goller's. – Guilty – Sentenced to six years

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hearing continued five days, at which point Judge Widney concluded Yuen should be held to answer before the next grand jury on a charge of manslaughter.

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wrote, "The convicted parties escape full punishment for their crimes by a quibble, justice is complacent, and the eagle roosts high. Thus it goes."

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is approximately in the middle of North Los Angeles street, immediately east of the Garnier Building located at 419 North Los Angeles Street.

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along the edges of Chinatown, acting as a guard to prevent any Chinese person from escaping. Informed of the growing crowd, three-term Mayor

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Zesch, Scott. "Chinese Los Angeles in 1870–1871: The Makings of a Massacre" (Southern California Quarterly 90, no. 2, 2008), 123.

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Historian Paul de Falla wrote that the trousers were taken to get to his money, and his finger was cut to take a diamond ring.

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While the convicted rioters were sentenced and taken to the San Quentin, a few other cases remained. Such cases included

323:

Another factor was the rough frontier nature of Los Angeles, which in the 1850s had a disproportionately high number of

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in 1877 and obliterated in its previous form in 1888 as Los Angeles Street was widened and extended to the Plaza. The

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was issued, and Yut Ho was brought before Judge Murray Morrison and was given over to Lee Leeung, and carried away.

7831: 7534: 5807: 5560: 5421: 5237: 4567: 4527: 4438: 1219: 37: 20: 3730: 871:

Alleged to have stolen the diamond ring from Pe Ne Tong (Gene Tong) – Escaped from the county hospital on 2/21/72

8480: 8262: 7916: 7558: 7175: 7103: 5458: 5269: 5054: 4626: 4219: 3981: 3969: 3820: 1284: 1172: 6780: 6265: 3466:"Fong Yuen Ling v. the Mayor and Common Council of City of Los Angeles, 47 Cal. 531 | Casetext Search + Citator" 8490: 8435: 8400: 7587: 7398: 7295: 6500: 6420: 6356: 6201: 5802: 5565: 4882: 4805: 4743: 4631: 3959: 514:

window, drew a curtain aside, and several parties came up and fired into the window with shotguns and pistols.

433: 324: 6540: 3675: 1825:, 42 (March 1960), 57–88 (Part I), and 42 (June 1960), 161–185 (Part II); via JSTOR; accessed 3 February 2018. 8470: 7599: 7593: 7540: 6900: 6852: 6241: 6145: 6049: 5921: 5787: 5729: 5445: 5230: 5013: 4641: 4594: 4537: 4422: 4335: 236: 8233: 7957: 8495: 8192: 8123: 7975: 7889: 7716: 7704: 7433: 7404: 7357: 6636: 6628: 6548: 6452: 6305: 6257: 6209: 5953: 5708: 5481: 4957: 4599: 4522: 4454: 4428: 4115: 106: 7762: 746:

Fong Yuen Ling, Sam Yuen, Yin Tuck, and Ah Yung v. The Mayor and Common Council of the City of Los Angeles

403:

table. There was a band in every joint, with harps, guitars, and other stringed instruments predominating.

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Charged with participating in the riot arrested on 12/11/71 – People vs. Ambrosio Ruiz – Outcome unknown

825:. Their convictions were overturned on appeal due to a legal technicality. The eight men convicted were: 374: 1102:

where the Chinese massacre occurred was torn down in the late 1880s. As of 2021, the former site of the

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Case dismissed on the second count on the grounds that it would be impossible to obtain a conviction.

751:

The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of California where it was affirmed in January 1874. Judge

255:, the Nin Yung, and Hong Chow. As news of their death spread across the city, fueling rumors that the 7841: 7776: 7746: 7528: 7516: 7363: 6972: 6908: 6708: 6444: 6313: 6233: 6185: 6081: 5985: 5874: 5843: 5533: 5171: 4875: 4753: 4552: 4502: 3873: 3783:

The Chinese American Community in Los Angeles: A Case of Resistance, Organization, and Participation.

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Dunlap, arrested Sing Yu in Negro Alley and placed her in a carriage belonging to city councilman

8134: 8129: 8117: 7950: 7658: 7303: 7279: 7255: 7231: 7095: 7044: 6892: 6876: 6804: 6740: 6676: 6660: 6396: 6364: 6137: 6121: 6057: 5767: 5713: 5615: 5486: 5248: 5135: 4667: 4662: 4547: 4120: 3802: 3797: 228: 98: 6732: 6169: 5290: 8268: 8020: 7851: 7663: 7634: 7622: 7199: 7135: 6604: 6428: 6297: 6177: 5858: 5671: 5608: 5496: 5469: 5452: 5428: 5401: 5254: 4300: 3843: 1388:

The racist massacre that killed 10% of L.A.'s Chinese population and brought shame to the city

8239: 8186: 8140: 8081: 8010: 7786: 7576: 7552: 7522: 7468: 7392: 7380: 7337: 7191: 6924: 6868: 6836: 6764: 5961: 5518: 5383: 5223: 5199: 5125: 4917: 4856: 4768: 4703: 4471: 4266: 4239: 4229: 4208: 4136: 3938: 3913: 3630: 1652: 1224: 1208: 954:

Two indictments for assault with a deadly weapon – Found not guilty on one count Jan 5, 1872

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Indicted for murder – Application for change of venire passed informally – Outcome unknown

224: 889:

Admitted to bail in the sum of $ 5,000. The case was appealed to the State Supreme Court.

315:, making them vulnerable to abuse and injustice. In 1868 the United States had signed the 259:"were killing whites wholesale", more men gathered around the boundaries of Negro Alley. 8: 8360: 8282: 8199: 8179: 8030: 7686: 6460: 6193: 6065: 5792: 5692: 5684: 5371: 5340: 5205: 4947: 4942: 4851: 4532: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4340: 4234: 4191: 4033: 3986: 1258: 1091: 429: 381: 354: 344: 332: 252: 248: 4318: 3764: 1263: 8213: 8025: 7869: 7816: 7646: 7498: 7439: 7159: 6700: 6692: 6380: 5596: 5555: 5513: 5491: 5440: 5377: 5366: 5320: 5216: 4698: 4646: 4465: 4402: 4382: 4358: 4163: 4066: 3996: 3908: 3868: 1901: 1095: 752: 733: 724: 674: 358: 156: 3812: 3206:"The Chinatown war : Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871 | WorldCat.org" 1835:

Paul R. Spitzzeri, "Judge Lynch in Session: Popular Justice in Los Angeles, 1850–1875"

8173: 8086: 8055: 7995: 7874: 7780: 7698: 5589: 5395: 5361: 5354: 5306: 4912: 4898: 4718: 4369: 4180: 4109: 3681: 3655: 3615:

Paul R Spitzzeri, "Judge Lynch in session: Popular justice in Los Angeles, 1850–1875"

3595: 3545: 3150: 3140: 1893: 1392: 1310: 1203: 669: 490: 389:(pre-annexation, Spanish-speaking Californians) of darker complexion (most likely of 316: 256: 8205: 8167: 8158: 8060: 8050: 8015: 7674: 7652: 7504: 7492: 7415: 7263: 7119: 6772: 6436: 6033: 5300: 5242: 5155: 4927: 4835: 4708: 4574: 4352: 4272: 4186: 4043: 4018: 3566:"Los Angeles Daily Star 20 November 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3338:"Los Angeles Daily Star 27 February 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3282:"Los Angeles Daily Star 15 February 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3101:"Los Angeles Daily News 17 February 1872 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3000:"Los Angeles Daily News 18 February 1872 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2790:"Los Angeles Daily News 15 February 1872 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2605:"Los Angeles Daily News 24 December 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2575:"Los Angeles Daily Star 18 December 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2515:"Los Angeles Daily News 30 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2485:"Los Angeles Daily News 26 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2455:"Los Angeles Daily News 13 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2425:"Los Angeles Daily News 29 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2392:"Los Angeles Daily News 10 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2317:"Los Angeles Daily Star 29 December 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2284:"Los Angeles Daily Star 16 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2254:"Los Angeles Daily Star 12 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1885: 1467:"Los Angeles Daily Star 24 December 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1249: 1192: 1119: 634: 441: 266:

in American history. Nineteen Chinese immigrants were killed, fifteen of whom were

176: 3491:"Los Angeles Daily Star 31 January 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3310:"Los Angeles Daily News 9 February 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3181:"Los Angeles Daily News 28 October 1871 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3066:"Los Angeles Daily News 27 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3033:"Los Angeles Daily News 26 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2959:"Los Angeles Daily Star 26 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2820:"Los Angeles Daily Star 31 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2755:"Los Angeles Daily Star 24 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2665:"Los Angeles Daily Star 26 January 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2635:"Los Angeles Daily Star 24 January 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2545:"Los Angeles Daily Star 9 December 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2224:"Los Angeles Daily Star 31 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2194:"Los Angeles Daily News 6 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2164:"Los Angeles Daily Star 30 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2129:"Los Angeles Daily News 2 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2099:"Los Angeles Daily News 1 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2069:"Los Angeles Daily Star 1 November 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1976:"Los Angeles Daily News 16 October 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1946:"Los Angeles Daily News 16 October 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1717:"Los Angeles Daily News 3 December 1871 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1687:"Los Angeles Daily Star 28 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1606:"Los Angeles Daily News 29 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1561:"Los Angeles Daily Star 27 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1512:"Los Angeles Daily Star 25 October 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1436:"Los Angeles Daily Star 31 October 1871 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1407:"Los Angeles Daily News 31 October 1871 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 8223: 7756: 7692: 7462: 7060: 6980: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6009: 5120: 4937: 4932: 4459: 4324: 4169: 4023: 4001: 3974: 3892: 3638: 3257:"Los Angeles Daily News 7 January 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3232:"Los Angeles Daily News 6 January 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2036:"Los Angeles Daily News 26 August 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2006:"Los Angeles Daily Star 26 August 1870 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1644: 518: 296: 232: 5890: 3991: 3652:

The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America

3516:"Los Angeles Daily News 30 March 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3416:"Los Angeles Daily Star 28 March 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3388:"Los Angeles Daily News 26 March 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 3363:"Los Angeles Daily News 17 March 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2916:"Los Angeles Daily News 31 March 1872 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2362:"Los Angeles Daily Star 10 March 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 481:

others then ran down the stairs at the corner" of Aliso and Los Angeles street.

299:

decided against retrying the cases and freed the accused in the spring of 1873.

8045: 8035: 8005: 8000: 7884: 7752: 7740: 7680: 7374: 7087: 6756: 6748: 6716: 5969: 5853: 5817: 5679: 5187: 4922: 4758: 4677: 4636: 4517: 4312: 4050: 4008: 3441:"Los Angeles Daily News 7 April 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2883:"Los Angeles Daily News 2 April 1872 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2850:"Los Angeles Daily News 3 April 1872 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2725:"Los Angeles Daily Star 8 March 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 2695:"Los Angeles Daily News 5 March 1871 – California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1780:"Los Angeles Daily Star 11 June 1873 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1748:"Los Angeles Daily Star 1 April 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 312: 3793: 3205: 1021:

Arrested – Case taken under consideration by the Grand Jury – Outcome unknown

211: 8354: 8336: 8323: 8228: 7927: 7899: 7821: 7604: 7486: 7386: 7215: 7143: 6684: 6348: 5993: 5977: 4561: 4157: 3918: 3154: 1897: 1841:

Vol. 87, No. 2 (Summer 2005), pp. 83–122; via JSTOR; accessed 3 February 2018

1103: 1099: 1077:

People vs. Sam Yuen – Indicted for the murder of Robert Thompson – Acquitted

898:

Indicted for murder – Plead not guilty – People vs. Carson – Outcome unknown

665:

Jury could not link him directly with the events, and he was later released.

551: 456: 362: 128: 115: 33: 1114:

L. P. Leung wrote about a main character involved with the 1871 massacre in

262:

A few 21st-century sources have described what followed as the largest mass

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Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 1982.

1856:

Scott Zesch, "Chinese Los Angeles in 1870–1871: The Makings of a Massacre"

1061:

People vs. Ah Shaw et al. – Charged with the murder of Ah Coy – Acquitted

1045:

People vs. Ah Shaw et al. – Charged with the murder of Ah Coy – Acquitted

8040: 7905: 7345: 7183: 7151: 7111: 6001: 5838: 4810: 4738: 4672: 3923: 822: 817:

Authorities arrested and prosecuted ten rioters. Eight were convicted of

619:

The following people were shot and killed at the Coronel Adobe building:

437: 390: 386: 366: 240: 1905: 1873: 930:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to three years

205:, revenge for the accidental killing of Robert Thompson, a local rancher 8218: 7668: 7421: 7207: 7079: 6820: 6788: 6129: 6017: 5434: 4682: 1240: 1153: 973:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to five years

965:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to four years

879:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to five years

863:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to four years

202: 1635:

Dorney, Patrick Sansfield (March 1886). "A Prophecy Partly Verified".

981:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to six years

946:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to six years

887:

Indicted for murder – Guilty of manslaughter – Sentenced to two years

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The Chinatown war : Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871

3542:

The Chinatown war : Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871

3136:

The Chinatown war : Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871

3134: 1889: 1253: 414: 231:, United States that occurred on October 24, 1871. Approximately 500 24: 1147: 529:

reported the first door was battered down at approximately 8:45 pm.

7811: 4793: 938:

Indicted for murder – People vs. Ramon Dominguez – Outcome unknown

263: 168: 473:

Choy. Following the hearing, the parties returned to Negro Alley.

407: 23:. For other conflicts in Chinatowns across the United States, see 5933: 5880:

List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations

5415: 4395: 3933: 3928: 3621:

87, No. 2 (Summer 2005), 108; via JSTOR; accessed 3 February 2018

295:

and remitted the cases back to Widney's court. District Attorney

267: 1862:, 90 (Summer 2008), 109–158; via JSTOR; accessed 3 February 2018 736:

and former Sheriff Burns escorted the prisoners to San Quentin.

4820: 3858: 3703:"Cannes: China's 'Jade Pendant' Set for North American Release" 1360:

The Chinatown War: Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871

172: 4444:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

311:

established that Chinese Americans and Chinese immigrants had

7911: 4971:

U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China

4815: 739: 428:

On December 8, Sing Yu filed a complaint against Lee Woo, of

7880:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

79: 3806: 1922:(1916; 4th ed., Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop, 1984), 31. 373:

continued northeast across Alameda St., to what is now the

3794:"Buried History: Retracing the Chinese Massacre of 1871" 1878:

The Quarterly: Historical Society of Southern California

1013:

Arrested during the Coroner's Inquest – Outcome unknown

361:. On either side, the buildings are marked "Chinatown". 62:

Chinese immigrants who were murdered during the massacre

19:"Chinatown War" redirects here. For the video game, see 8416:

Hispanic and Latino American riots in the United States

8097:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

3842: 3731:"How Los Angeles Covered Up the Massacre of 17 Chinese" 1823:

The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

1335:"How Los Angeles Covered Up the Massacre of 17 Chinese" 331:

In Los Angeles in the few days preceding the riot, two

1874:"Calle de los Negros and the Chinese Massacre of 1871" 1280:

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

645:

Ramón C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts

8396:

Asian-American–Hispanic and Latino American relations

3741:

Lesson plan and readings for Chinese Massacre of 1871

4978:

One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America

1129: 1118:(2013). This has been adapted as a Chinese-produced 239:

attacked, harassed, robbed, and murdered the ethnic

8461:

Racially motivated violence against Asian Americans

3619:

Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

668:Four days after this complaint, County Court Judge 1309:. University of California Press. pp. 94–99. 87:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 (Los Angeles) 5920: 5783:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California 8352: 7541:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 3594:. Oxford University Press, London. p. 206. 3544:. Oxford University Press, London. p. 204. 1215:History of the Chinese Americans in Los Angeles 1122:, which was released in 2017 in North America. 408:Sing Yu's abduction, torture, and legal battles 4284:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 4215:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 1819:Paul M. De Falla, "Lantern in the Western Sky" 1645:https://books.google.com/books?id=cyRIAQAAMAAJ 243:residents in what is today referred to as the 5935:List of lynching victims in the United States 5906: 5195:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 4883: 4225:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 3828: 3139:. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–188. 1920:Sixty Years in Southern California, 1853–1913 1188:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 659: 3649: 1053:People vs. Ah Shaw et al. – Outcome unknown 706: 8391:History of immigration to the United States 7971:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 5778:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 4897: 1396:. March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. 1163:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 697: 313:no rights to testify against white citizens 8431:Anti-Chinese violence in the United States 7942: 7787:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 7517:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 5913: 5899: 4986: 4890: 4876: 3835: 3821: 3803:"The Chinese Los Angeles Massacre of 1871" 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1328: 1326: 821:at trial and sentenced to prison terms at 740:Wing Chung Company v. the City Los Angeles 56: 8411:White American riots in the United States 8406:Asian-American riots in the United States 8263:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 7723:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 6501:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 4077:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 1828: 784: 247:neighborhood. The massacre took place on 3650:Lew-Williams, Beth (February 26, 2018), 1851: 1849: 1847: 927:Crenshaw, A. L. AKA Curley (also L. F.) 637:sent a report that night at 9 pm to the 467: 348: 210: 8092:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 5151:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 3654:, Harvard University Press, p. 8, 1871: 1797: 1332: 1323: 8486:Riots and civil disorder in California 8386:Chinese-American culture in California 8353: 5798:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association 3700: 3410: 3408: 3332: 3330: 3304: 3302: 3175: 3173: 3128: 3126: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3060: 3058: 3027: 3025: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2910: 2908: 2877: 2875: 1935:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1933), 38. 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1634: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1005:Indicted for murder – Outcome unknown 789:Following the verdicts in the case of 338: 7729:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 7635:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 7326: 5932: 5894: 5758:List of Chinese American associations 5725:Chinese Historical Society of America 4871: 4330:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 3816: 3770:"The Chinese in California 1850–1925" 3673: 3589: 3539: 3132: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2419: 2417: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2311: 2309: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2063: 2061: 1844: 1430: 1428: 1109: 978:Mendell, Louis AKA Frenchy aka Fatty 759: 8304:Lynching deaths in the United States 7434:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 7327: 3748:"First Person Narrative of Massacre" 3111:from the original on January 5, 2022 3076:from the original on January 5, 2022 3043:from the original on January 5, 2022 3010:from the original on January 5, 2022 2969:from the original on January 3, 2022 2926:from the original on January 3, 2022 2893:from the original on January 3, 2022 2860:from the original on January 3, 2022 2830:from the original on January 3, 2022 2800:from the original on January 3, 2022 2765:from the original on January 3, 2022 2735:from the original on January 1, 2022 2705:from the original on January 1, 2022 2675:from the original on January 1, 2022 2645:from the original on January 1, 2022 2615:from the original on January 1, 2022 2585:from the original on January 1, 2022 2555:from the original on January 1, 2022 2525:from the original on January 1, 2022 2495:from the original on January 1, 2022 2465:from the original on January 1, 2022 2435:from the original on January 1, 2022 2402:from the original on January 1, 2022 2372:from the original on January 1, 2022 2327:from the original on January 1, 2022 2294:from the original on January 1, 2022 2264:from the original on January 1, 2022 2234:from the original on January 1, 2022 2204:from the original on January 1, 2022 2174:from the original on January 1, 2022 2139:from the original on January 1, 2022 2109:from the original on January 1, 2022 2079:from the original on January 1, 2022 2046:from the original on January 1, 2022 2016:from the original on January 1, 2022 1986:from the original on January 1, 2022 1956:from the original on January 1, 2022 1697:from the original on January 5, 2022 1616:from the original on January 5, 2022 1571:from the original on January 1, 2022 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1522:from the original on January 3, 2022 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1477:from the original on January 1, 2022 1461: 1459: 1457: 1366:vol. 100, no. 1 (June 2013), p. 217. 1352: 1304: 1069:People vs. Yo Duc – Outcome unknown 650: 576:Dr. Chee Long "Gene" Tong, physician 221:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 51:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 7965:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 7741:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 7523:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 4434:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 3743:, University of Southern California 3405: 3327: 3299: 3170: 3123: 3088: 3055: 3022: 2981: 2905: 2872: 1765: 1735: 1674: 1583: 1369: 1298: 1178:Anti-Chinese violence in Washington 1168:Anti-Chinese violence in California 1026:Sotello, Carmen (also Carmen Lugo) 1018:Soeur, Andreas (Andres Sour/Saers) 970:McDonald, Patrick (also MacDonald) 685: 569:The following people were lynched: 13: 5763:Chinese American Citizens Alliance 4411:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 4262:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 4246:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 2938: 2777: 2414: 2339: 2306: 2151: 2058: 1425: 1199:Chinatown, Los Angeles, California 914:People vs. Cox. – Outcome unknown 690:The first case to go to trial was 14: 8512: 8501:1871 murders in the United States 7865:American Crusade Against Lynching 7511:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 5813:Organization of Chinese Americans 3778:, USC Los Angeles History Project 3724: 1534: 1489: 1454: 365:at the corner of Arcadia St., on 272:Chinese population of Los Angeles 194:Mob of around 500 non-Chinese men 8446:Mass murder in the United States 8077:America's Black Holocaust Museum 7860:American anti-lynching activists 7832:Nadir of American race relations 7422:Steve Long and two half-brothers 7358:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 5238:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 4568:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 4528:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 4439:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 3701:Frater, Patrick (May 18, 2017). 1333:Johnson, John (March 10, 2011). 1220:Pacific Coast Race Riots of 1907 1146: 1132: 989:Indicted for murder – Acquitted 906:Indicted for murder – Acquitted 809:and were expressed more subtly. 227:targeting Chinese immigrants in 78: 71: 21:Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars 8476:History of racism in California 8466:Race riots in the United States 8283:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 7917:National Conference on Lynching 7475:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 7352:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 6693:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 4220:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 3694: 3667: 3643: 3633:Los Angeles – (Oct. 24, 1871) 3624: 3608: 3583: 3558: 3533: 3508: 3483: 3458: 3433: 3380: 3355: 3274: 3249: 3224: 3198: 3161: 2842: 2812: 2747: 2717: 2687: 2657: 2627: 2597: 2567: 2537: 2507: 2477: 2447: 2384: 2276: 2246: 2216: 2186: 2121: 2091: 2028: 1998: 1968: 1938: 1925: 1912: 1865: 1709: 1628: 1285:List of homicides in California 1173:Anti-Chinese violence in Oregon 919:Crawford, Edmond (also Edward) 287:, the Nin Yung, and Hong Chow. 8426:Massacres in the United States 7399:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 5803:Chinese for Affirmative Action 5730:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum 4806:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 1399: 860:Alvarado, Estefan (also Juan) 1: 8456:Lynching in the United States 8451:Lynching deaths in California 8299:Lynching in the United States 7600:Springfield race riot of 1908 6018:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 5922:Lynching in the United States 5788:Chinese Society Halls on Maui 5231:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 4595:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 4558:China–United States trade war 4423:Internment of Chinese-Indians 4336:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 1860:Southern California Quarterly 1839:Southern California Quarterly 1291: 302: 215:Robert Maclay Widney, c. 1885 8193:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 8124:And you are lynching Negroes 7976:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 7711:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 7617:Harris County, GA, lynchings 7559:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 7405:New Orleans massacre of 1866 5709:Museum of Chinese in America 4600:Boycotts of Chinese products 4523:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 4455:1969 race riots of Singapore 4429:1964 race riots in Singapore 4116:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 1364:Journal of American History, 812: 640:San Francisco Daily Examiner 7: 8376:19th century in Los Angeles 8102:Southern Poverty Law Center 7747:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 7375:? Lachenais and four others 6813:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 6130:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 4590:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 4580:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 4477:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 3637:September 24, 2005, at the 1275:2023 Monterey Park shooting 1125: 591:Tong Won, cook and musician 496: 10: 8517: 8421:Massacres of ethnic groups 7583:1906 Atlanta race massacre 7553:Phoenix, SC, election riot 7529:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 7481:Benjamin and Mollie French 5720:Chinese American Museum DC 5182:San Francisco riot of 1877 4585:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 4449:13 May incident (Malaysia) 4417:Chinese Confession Program 4307:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 4251:Chinese head tax in Canada 4198:San Francisco riot of 1877 3776:"Chinese Massacre of 1871" 1872:Newmark, Marco R. (1944). 1270:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 1231:San Francisco riot of 1877 1140:Greater Los Angeles portal 660:Grand jury and indictments 564: 342: 278: 18: 8441:Mass murder in California 8291: 8110: 8069: 7988: 7890:William O'Connell Bradley 7850: 7804: 7800: 7629:East St. Louis, IL, riots 7381:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 7364:New York City draft riots 7333: 7322: 7071: 6340: 5945: 5941: 5928: 5875:List of Chinese Americans 5867: 5844:United International Bank 5831: 5748: 5701: 5632: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5172:1867 Chinese Labor Strike 5164: 5108: 5097: 4956: 4905: 4844: 4786: 4691: 4655: 4619: 4612: 4553:2015 Aksu colliery attack 4503:2008 Kunming bus bombings 4485: 4293: 4150: 4129: 4102: 4095: 4059: 3947: 3901: 3874:The Unparalleled Invasion 3851: 3756:, Chinese American Museum 1362:(2012), by Scott Zesch", 1307:A Companion to California 707:People v. Crenshaw et al. 680: 536: 198: 190: 182: 162: 152: 144: 105: 94: 67: 55: 50: 8381:Chinese-American history 8337:34.056583°N 118.237806°W 8154:Deaths in police custody 7641:Jenkins County, GA, riot 7452:Chinese massacre of 1871 7370:Detroit race riot (1863) 7005:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 6797:Dick Rowland (attempted) 5773:Chinese Community Centre 5643:American Chinese cuisine 5519:Providence, Rhode Island 5177:Chinese massacre of 1871 5116:Anti-Chinese legislation 4966:Chinese American history 4538:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 4347:Second Sino-Japanese War 4176:Chinese massacre of 1871 4072:Asiatic Exclusion League 3754:Statement of Remembrance 1183:Asiatic Exclusion League 698:People v. Ah Shaw et al. 545:By the end of the riot: 309:California Supreme Court 129:34.056583°N 118.237806°W 8135:Battle of Liberty Place 8130:Attack on John Shillady 8118:James Allen (collector) 7951:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 7735:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 7659:Omaha race riot of 1919 7647:Longview, TX, race riot 7623:Newberry, FL, lynchings 7565:Julia and Frazier Baker 7547:Porter and Spencer (MS) 7499:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 7457:Meridian, MS, race riot 7440:Opelousas, LA, massacre 6413:Paul Reed and Will Cato 6098:Big Nose George Parrott 5768:Chinese American church 5714:Chinese American Museum 5551:San Francisco Chinatown 5249:Killing of Vincent Chin 5136:Immigration Act of 1924 4899:Chinese American topics 4668:Ita Martadinata Haryono 4548:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 4498:Abacus Bank prosecution 4121:Sangley Massacre (1662) 3798:Chinese American Museum 3765:PBS History of the West 1094:was renamed as part of 229:Los Angeles, California 99:Los Angeles, California 38:Infobox civilian attack 31: 8481:Chinatown, Los Angeles 8342:34.056583; -118.237806 8269:United States v. Shipp 8021:Rebecca Latimer Felton 7852:Anti-lynching movement 7769:Freedom Summer Murders 7699:Rosewood, FL, massacre 7664:Knoxville riot of 1919 6533:Laura and L. D. Nelson 5651:American Chinese films 5429:Montville, Connecticut 5255:Killing of Akai Gurley 4543:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 4508:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 4301:White Australia policy 3844:Anti-Chinese sentiment 3796:, A documentary film, 3631:"Crimes From the Past" 1643:(37): 232 – via 1358:Erika Lee, "Review of 803:Los Angeles Daily News 791:People v. Mendel et al 785:Freeing of the rioters 615:Wong Chin, storekeeper 582:Leong Quai, laundryman 556: 443:Los Angeles Daily Star 405: 378: 357:had just been renamed 216: 134:34.056583; -118.237806 43:considered for merging 8491:Crimes in Los Angeles 8436:Murder in Los Angeles 8401:Asian-American issues 8240:Summer in Mississippi 8187:Mississippi Cold Case 8141:The Birth of a Nation 8082:Civil Rights Memorial 8011:Sidney Johnston Catts 7989:Defenders of lynching 7675:Duluth, MN, lynchings 7653:Elaine, AR, race riot 7611:Laura and L.D. Nelson 7577:Watkinsville lynching 7535:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 7493:Hamburg, SC, massacre 7469:Election riot of 1874 7416:Camilla, GA, massacre 7338:Death of Joseph Smith 5962:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 5224:Hells Canyon Massacre 5200:Rock Springs massacre 5126:Chinese Exclusion Act 4918:American-born Chinese 4857:Hong Kong nationalism 4493:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 4472:1997 Banjarmasin riot 4267:Hells Canyon Massacre 4240:Rock Springs massacre 4230:Issaquah riot of 1885 4209:Chinese Exclusion Act 4137:1740 Batavia massacre 3939:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 3914:Andrew Jackson Bryant 3772:, Library of Congress 3750:, Library of Congress 3674:Leung, L. P. (2013). 3590:Zesch, Scott (2012). 3540:Zesch, Scott (2012). 3133:Scott, Zesch (2012). 1225:Rock Springs massacre 1209:Hells Canyon massacre 1120:film of the same name 1086:Chinese Exclusion Act 675:William Henry Workman 547: 468:The death of Thompson 400: 352: 333:Chinese Tong factions 214: 8471:Events in California 7958:Costigan-Wagner Bill 7895:Ella Barksdale Brown 7693:Perry, FL, race riot 7605:Slocum, TX, massacre 7505:Mart and Tom Horrell 7463:Colfax, LA, massacre 7446:Bear River City riot 7296:James Craig Anderson 7096:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 6701:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 5849:Global Commerce Bank 5823:Hip Sing Association 5211:Seattle riot of 1886 4513:2011 Kashgar attacks 4257:Seattle riot of 1886 4203:New Zealand head tax 4142:1782 Saigon massacre 3881:Japanese nationalism 1637:The Overland Monthly 1305:Hart, James (1987). 1236:Seattle riot of 1886 986:Moody, D. W. (Dan.) 847:McDonald, Patrick M. 626:Ah Cut, liquor maker 585:Ah Long, cigar maker 8496:October 1871 events 8333: / 8200:The Ox-Bow Incident 8180:Mississippi Burning 8031:John Trotwood Moore 7687:Tulsa race massacre 7681:Ocoee, FL, massacre 7176:Mack Charles Parker 7104:Willie James Howard 5793:Ying On Association 5693:Chinatown bus lines 5685:Confucius Institute 5609:Rockville, Maryland 5597:Spokane, Washington 5206:Tacoma riot of 1885 4948:Hyphenated American 4943:Hong Kong Americans 4852:Chinese imperialism 4533:2014 Kunming attack 4389:Home Office 213/926 4377:Sook Ching massacre 4365:Japanese war crimes 4341:Wanpaoshan Incident 4235:Tacoma riot of 1885 4192:Trout Creek Outrage 3789:East West Discovery 3212:. pp. 133, 134 3210:search.worldcat.org 1259:Tacoma riot of 1885 1092:Calle de los Negros 1050:Lee Saow (Ah Shaw) 856: 382:Calle de los Negros 355:Calle de los Negros 345:Calle de los Negros 339:Calle de los Negros 249:Calle de los Negros 125: / 8366:1871 in California 8214:Reconstruction era 8026:John Temple Graves 7870:Jessie Daniel Ames 7817:Indiana White Caps 7487:Ellenton, SC, riot 7410:Reno Brothers Gang 7160:Judge Edward Aaron 6357:Ballie Crutchfield 5616:Winnemucca, Nevada 5408:San Gabriel Valley 5327:West Argyle Street 5217:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 5082:Washington State ( 4466:Cambodian genocide 4403:Mergosono massacre 4383:Changkiao massacre 4359:Nanshitou Massacre 4164:Lambing Flat riots 4067:Anti-Chinese Union 3997:Racism in Malaysia 3909:Adriaan Valckenier 3869:Chinese emigration 3760:Heritage Parkscape 1110:In popular culture 1096:Los Angeles Street 895:Carson, Samuel C. 854: 799:People v. Crenshaw 760:People v. Sam Yuen 753:Joseph B. Crockett 725:Edward J. C. Kewen 713:People v. Crenshaw 379: 359:Los Angeles Street 217: 203:Racially motivated 157:Chinese immigrants 8371:Massacres in 1871 8316: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8257:They Won't Forget 8174:Lynching postcard 8087:The Legacy Museum 8056:James K. Vardaman 7996:Theodore G. Bilbo 7984: 7983: 7875:Martin C. Ansorge 7796: 7795: 7781:Michael Schwerner 7588:Kemper County, MS 7428:Pulaski, TN, riot 7318: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7021:Shedrick Thompson 6901:Bernice Raspberry 6621:Name unknown (MS) 6525:Name unknown (TX) 6146:Joseph Vermillion 6114:John Wesley Heath 5888: 5887: 5659:Chinaman's chance 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5561:Richmond District 5545:San Francisco Bay 5422:North Miami Beach 5396:Locke, California 5349:Dallas-Fort Worth 5264: 5263: 5093: 5092: 5071:Dallas-Fort Worth 5041:Mississippi Delta 4913:Chinese Americans 4865: 4864: 4799:Chinaman's chance 4782: 4781: 4749:Mi Gao Huang Chen 4719:Franklin Feng Tao 4608: 4607: 4370:Three Alls Policy 4181:Pigtail Ordinance 4110:Sangley Rebellion 3809:, 27 October 2021 3661:978-0-674-97601-6 1660:External link in 1393:Los Angeles Times 1204:Chinese Americans 1081: 1080: 935:Dominguez, Ramon 884:Botello, Refugio 829:Alvarado, Esteban 670:Ygnacio Sepulveda 651:Coroner's inquest 552:prairie schooners 491:Cristobal Aguilar 317:Burlingame Treaty 257:Chinese community 209: 208: 8508: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8111:Related articles 8061:Thomas E. Watson 8051:Benjamin Tillman 8016:Thomas Dixon Jr. 7940: 7939: 7802: 7801: 7705:Jim and Mark Fox 7393:Memphis massacre 7328:Multiple victims 7324: 7323: 7307: 7299: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7267: 7259: 7251: 7243: 7235: 7227: 7224:Wharlest Jackson 7219: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7171: 7163: 7155: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7120:John Cecil Jones 7115: 7107: 7099: 7091: 7083: 7064: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7013:Matthew Williams 7008: 7000: 6992: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6824: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6773:Berry Washington 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6637:Anthony Crawford 6632: 6629:Jesse Washington 6624: 6616: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6549:Zachariah Walker 6544: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6509:Grant Richardson 6504: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6456: 6453:Earnest Williams 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6306:John Henry James 6301: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6261: 6258:Stephen Williams 6253: 6245: 6237: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6210:Ephraim Grizzard 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6170:Brown Washington 6165: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6074:Arthur St. Clair 6069: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6034:John W. Stephens 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5954:Francis McIntosh 5943: 5942: 5930: 5929: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5808:Committee of 100 5735:Wing Luke Museum 5603:Washington, D.C. 5514:Portland, Oregon 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5243:Bellingham riots 5156:China Initiative 5106: 5105: 4984: 4983: 4928:Fuzhou Americans 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4836:Sick man of Asia 4826:Locust/Wongchung 4744:Leung Chi-cheung 4617: 4616: 4575:China Initiative 4353:Nanking Massacre 4319:Torreón massacre 4273:Scott Act (1888) 4187:Page Act of 1875 4100: 4099: 4044:China Initiative 3837: 3830: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3746:Newmark, Harris 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3680:. FriesenPress. 3677:The Jade Pendant 3671: 3665: 3664: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3622: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3177: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3097: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2996: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2955: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2786: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2358: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2160: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1918:Harris Newmark, 1916: 1910: 1909: 1890:10.2307/41168958 1869: 1863: 1853: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1816: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1776: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1744: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1683: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1648: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1602: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1557: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1508: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1463: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1432: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1403: 1397: 1384: 1367: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1302: 1266:, 1911 in Mexico 1264:Torreón massacre 1193:Bellingham riots 1156: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1116:The Jade Pendant 1034:Thompson, David 962:Martinez, Jesus 951:Kerren, Richard 903:Celis, Adolphus 876:Austin, Charles 868:Armanta, Thomas 857: 853: 835:Botello, Refugio 795:People v. Mendel 692:People v. Kerren 686:People v. Kerren 635:Associated Press 237:Latino Americans 177:Ethnic cleansing 140: 139: 137: 136: 135: 130: 126: 123: 122: 121: 118: 82: 81: 75: 60: 48: 47: 16:Riotous lynching 8516: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8351: 8350: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8308: 8287: 8224:Scottsboro Boys 8106: 8065: 7980: 7938: 7846: 7792: 7757:Harriette Moore 7717:Tate County, MS 7329: 7310: 7302: 7294: 7286: 7278: 7270: 7264:Arthur McDuffie 7262: 7254: 7246: 7238: 7230: 7222: 7214: 7206: 7198: 7190: 7182: 7174: 7166: 7158: 7150: 7142: 7134: 7126: 7118: 7110: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7078: 7067: 7061:Elbert Williams 7059: 7053:Austin Callaway 7051: 7043: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7011: 7003: 6995: 6987: 6979: 6971: 6963: 6957:Thomas Williams 6955: 6947: 6941:Thomas Bradshaw 6939: 6933:Albert Williams 6931: 6923: 6917:Joseph Upchurch 6915: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6573:George Saunders 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6421:Bunk Richardson 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6336: 6330:Benjamin Thomas 6328: 6320: 6312: 6304: 6296: 6290:Joseph H. McCoy 6288: 6282:William Andrews 6280: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6250:Richard Puryear 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6106:Charles Thurber 6104: 6096: 6090:Joseph Standing 6088: 6080: 6072: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6010:Clubfoot George 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5937: 5924: 5919: 5889: 5884: 5863: 5827: 5744: 5697: 5620: 5566:Sunset District 5509:Portland, Maine 5260: 5160: 5121:Anti-Coolie Act 5100: 5089: 5025:Massachusetts ( 4982: 4952: 4938:Hoklo Americans 4933:Hakka Americans 4901: 4896: 4866: 4861: 4840: 4778: 4687: 4651: 4604: 4481: 4460:Malari incident 4325:1918 Kudus riot 4289: 4170:Anti-Coolie Act 4146: 4125: 4091: 4055: 4002:Ketuanan Melayu 3975:Racism in Japan 3943: 3897: 3893:De-Sinicization 3847: 3841: 3737:, 10 March 2011 3727: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3648: 3644: 3639:Wayback Machine 3629: 3625: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3147: 3131: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3013: 3011: 2998: 2997: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2360: 2359: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2162: 2161: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1870: 1866: 1854: 1845: 1833: 1829: 1817: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1685: 1684: 1675: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1604: 1603: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1559: 1558: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1510: 1509: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1465: 1464: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1386:Grad, Shelby. " 1385: 1370: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1254:Geary Act, 1892 1250:Scott Act, 1888 1152: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1112: 1010:Silva, Antoine 994:Ruiz, Ambrosio 943:Johnson, A. R. 855:List of cases. 844:Martinez, Jesus 838:Crenshaw, L. F. 832:Austin, Charles 815: 787: 762: 742: 734:Sheriff Rowland 709: 700: 688: 683: 662: 653: 612:Wing Chee, cook 567: 539: 499: 470: 410: 347: 341: 305: 297:Cameron E. Thom 281: 225:racial massacre 165: 148:24 October 1871 133: 131: 127: 124: 119: 116: 114: 112: 111: 90: 89: 88: 85: 84: 83: 63: 46: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8272: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8243: 8236: 8234:Stone Mountain 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8203: 8196: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8046:Goodloe Sutton 8043: 8038: 8036:John T. Morgan 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8006:Julian S. Carr 8003: 8001:Cole L. Blease 7998: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7944: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7885:Flossie Bailey 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7777:Andrew Goodman 7766: 7760: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7580: 7574: 7571:Pana, IL, riot 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7300: 7292: 7288:James Byrd Jr. 7284: 7276: 7272:Michael Donald 7268: 7260: 7252: 7244: 7236: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7168:Willie Edwards 7164: 7156: 7148: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7116: 7108: 7100: 7092: 7088:Johannes Kunze 7084: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7057: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7029:George Armwood 7025: 7017: 7009: 7001: 6993: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6953: 6949:Winston Pounds 6945: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6889: 6881: 6873: 6865: 6857: 6849: 6841: 6833: 6825: 6817: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6785: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6757:John Hartfield 6753: 6749:Wesley Everest 6745: 6737: 6733:Wallace Baynes 6729: 6725:Olli Kinkkonen 6721: 6717:Jim McIlherron 6713: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6597:Charles Fisher 6593: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6409: 6405:Marie Thompson 6401: 6393: 6385: 6381:J. D. Mayfield 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6218:Samuel J. Bush 6214: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6154:George Meadows 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6054: 6046: 6042:Alexander Boyd 6038: 6030: 6022: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5982: 5974: 5970:Josefa Segovia 5966: 5958: 5949: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5854:East West Bank 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5818:Bing Kong Tong 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5740:Wo Hing Museum 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5689:Transportation 5687: 5682: 5680:Chinese school 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5579:Seattle-Tacoma 5575: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5541: 5536: 5534:Salt Lake City 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5235: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5192: 5188:Tape v. Hurley 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5103: 5101:discrimination 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4990: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4962: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4923:Asian American 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4906:Related groups 4903: 4902: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4759:Teoh Beng Hock 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4734:Jiansheng Chen 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4678:Velma Demerson 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:Chae Chan Ping 4623: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4518:Wolf Amendment 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4344: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4313:Beipu uprising 4310: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4060:By institution 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3791: 3786: 3781:Lou, Raymond. 3779: 3773: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3726: 3725:External links 3723: 3720: 3719: 3693: 3687:978-1460207451 3686: 3666: 3660: 3642: 3623: 3607: 3601:978-0199969203 3600: 3582: 3557: 3551:978-0199969203 3550: 3532: 3507: 3482: 3457: 3432: 3404: 3379: 3354: 3326: 3298: 3273: 3248: 3223: 3197: 3169: 3160: 3146:978-0199969203 3145: 3122: 3087: 3054: 3021: 2980: 2937: 2904: 2871: 2841: 2811: 2776: 2746: 2716: 2686: 2656: 2626: 2596: 2566: 2536: 2506: 2476: 2446: 2413: 2383: 2338: 2305: 2275: 2245: 2215: 2185: 2150: 2120: 2090: 2057: 2027: 1997: 1967: 1937: 1924: 1911: 1884:(2/3): 96–98. 1864: 1843: 1827: 1796: 1764: 1734: 1708: 1673: 1627: 1582: 1533: 1488: 1453: 1424: 1398: 1368: 1351: 1322: 1315: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1143: 1127: 1124: 1111: 1108: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 991: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 975: 974: 971: 967: 966: 963: 959: 958: 952: 948: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 932: 931: 928: 924: 923: 920: 916: 915: 912: 908: 907: 904: 900: 899: 896: 892: 891: 885: 881: 880: 877: 873: 872: 869: 865: 864: 861: 852: 851: 848: 845: 842: 841:Johnson, A. R. 839: 836: 833: 830: 814: 811: 786: 783: 761: 758: 741: 738: 708: 705: 699: 696: 687: 684: 682: 679: 661: 658: 652: 649: 631: 630: 627: 624: 617: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 566: 563: 538: 535: 498: 495: 469: 466: 409: 406: 343:Main article: 340: 337: 304: 301: 280: 277: 207: 206: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 166: 163: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 109: 103: 102: 96: 92: 91: 86: 77: 76: 70: 69: 68: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8513: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8349: 8346: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8229:Silent Parade 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8168:Hang 'Em High 8165: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7928:Strange Fruit 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7901: 7900:Father Divine 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7822:Jim Crow laws 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7594:Walker family 7592: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7325: 7321: 7305: 7304:Ahmaud Arbery 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7280:Yusef Hawkins 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7256:Betty Gardner 7253: 7249: 7248:Marian Pyszko 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7232:Carol Jenkins 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7216:Vernon Dahmer 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7144:George W. Lee 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6997:James Cameron 6994: 6990: 6989:George Hughes 6986: 6982: 6981:J. C. Collins 6978: 6974: 6973:Leonard Woods 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909:Owen Flemming 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861:Fred N. Selak 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6709:George Taylor 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6685:Robert Prager 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6669:Charles Jones 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6485:"Mose" Creole 6482: 6478: 6477:Matthew Chase 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6445:William Burns 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6349:Fred Rochelle 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6314:F. W. Stewart 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298:John Anderson 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6234:Alfred Blount 6231: 6227: 6226:John Peterson 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6082:Michael Green 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5994:Henry Plummer 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5978:Pancho Daniel 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5750:Organizations 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716:(Los Angeles) 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Salem, Oregon 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5502:Squirrel Hill 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Oklahoma City 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459:New York City 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384:East Downtown 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5055:New York City 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5039:Mississippi ( 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5002:San Francisco 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Fong Yue Ting 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562:Trump tariffs 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332:(1920s–1930s) 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158:Buckland Riot 4156: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4039:United States 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919:Denis Kearney 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902:By persecutor 3900: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3471: 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1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1696: 1693:. p. 3. 1692: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1669: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1615: 1612:. p. 3. 1611: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1570: 1567:. p. 3. 1566: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1521: 1518:. p. 3. 1517: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1476: 1473:. p. 3. 1472: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1318: 1316:9780520055438 1312: 1308: 1301: 1297: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1104:Coronel Adobe 1101: 1100:Coronel Adobe 1097: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002:Scott, J. G. 1001: 1000: 996: 993: 992: 988: 985: 984: 980: 977: 976: 972: 969: 968: 964: 961: 960: 957: 953: 950: 949: 945: 942: 941: 937: 934: 933: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 917: 913: 910: 909: 905: 902: 901: 897: 894: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 878: 875: 874: 870: 867: 866: 862: 859: 858: 850:Mendel, Louis 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 827: 826: 824: 820: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 782: 778: 776: 775:habeas corpus 772: 771:habeas corpus 766: 757: 754: 749: 747: 737: 735: 729: 726: 720: 716: 714: 704: 695: 693: 678: 676: 671: 666: 657: 648: 646: 642: 641: 636: 628: 625: 623:Johnny Burrow 622: 621: 620: 614: 611: 608: 605: 603:Ho Hing, cook 602: 599: 597:Day Kee, cook 596: 593: 590: 588:Wan Foo, cook 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 571: 570: 562: 559: 555: 553: 546: 543: 534: 530: 528: 522: 520: 517:According to 515: 511: 507: 503: 494: 492: 486: 482: 478: 474: 465: 463: 462:habeas corpus 459: 458: 457:habeas corpus 451: 447: 445: 444: 439: 435: 431: 426: 422: 419: 416: 404: 399: 395: 392: 388: 383: 376: 375:Union Station 372: 371:Old Chinatown 368: 364: 363:Coronel Adobe 360: 356: 351: 346: 336: 334: 329: 326: 321: 318: 314: 310: 307:In 1854, the 300: 298: 292: 288: 286: 276: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245:old Chinatown 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 213: 204: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 178: 174: 170: 167: 161: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 110: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 74: 66: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 8318: 8275: 8267: 8255: 8246:Sundown town 8238: 8206: 8198: 8185: 8178: 8166: 8159: 8148:The Clansman 8146: 8139: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7934:Ida B. Wells 7922:Paul Robeson 7827:Ku Klux Klan 7773:James Chaney 7763:Anniston, AL 7387:Plummer Gang 7342:Joseph Smith 7240:Henry Marrow 7200:Frank Morris 7128:Willie Earle 7037:Cordie Cheek 6965:Henry Choate 6885:Dan Anderson 6845:Raymond Byrd 6829:Samuel Smith 6781:Willie Baird 6661:Frank Little 6653:Paulo Boleta 6581:Robert Perry 6557:Mary Jackson 6517:King Johnson 6469:James Hodges 6389:George White 6373:Walker Davis 6274:Jacob Henson 6202:Robert Lewis 6162:Ellen Watson 6050:Jim Williams 6026:Wyatt Outlaw 5601: 5577: 5543: 5487:Philadelphia 5457: 5433: 5414: 5400: 5376: 5347: 5333: 5319: 5305: 5229: 5215: 5186: 5146:Magnuson Act 5099:Anti-Chinese 4692:21st century 4663:Vincent Chin 4656:20th century 4642:Wong Kim Ark 4620:19th century 4486:21st century 4399:(1945–1947) 4394: 4349:(1937-1945) 4294:20th century 4151:19th century 4130:18th century 4103:17th century 4087:Uyoku dantai 4082:Tsagaan Khas 4014:Nazi Germany 3864:Yellow Peril 3846:(Sinophobia) 3782: 3734: 3710:. 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