1110:
collectively. Within
Maritimes though, such cooperatives seem to have given way to more individual enterprises that operate more as 'association' rather than collective business, but continuing to have a very close sense of 'community' and collective identity - be it lobster fishers or dairy farmers. Newer form of economic enterprises of recent times are also generally termed as 'social enterprises' - with dual objective of profit and socially responsible and positive outcomes. Such enterprises don't always have collective ownership, but almost always have a sense of 'community' well-being. Investment Cooperatives are yet another form of collective enterprise, often getting formed to finance a community based enterprise such as alternative energy coop or local-food marketing coop. Shared-economy is yet another form of new wave idea that borrows from same coop principle of community sharing an economy more inclusively; though the potential conflict between the private and corporate profit v/s community benefiting collectively continues to be an ongoing debate; a debate that Antigonish Movement challenged in 1920 and 1930s, and seem to go through in cyclical fashion ever-since. Societies are once again at cross-roads for balancing between individual and corporate wealth, group / cooperative enterprises, and more shared-economies where everyone can share benefits. Legacy and lessons from the Antigonish Movement continue to be relevant in our modern times.
1106:
small group of 10-20 members, mostly women, have become very popular and wide spread particularly in India but also elsewhere with an estimated 110 million members; while another similar small group managed system called
Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLAs) have become popular particularly across the continent of Africa with over 10 million members. These small groups managed and governed financial services are similar in idea to the Study Clubs of Antigonish movement, and avoid the possible negative outcomes of Credit Unions becoming more corporate and moving away from members' active participation and control. These small group models are particularly popular among women, perhaps as they face barriers in joining even the local cooperatives with men as dominant members. These informal groups have become immensely popular, often coming together to form 'federations' for greater collective bargaining power and reaching economies of scale, essentially becoming and behaving like formal cooperative.
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42:
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1046:... such concepts as group responsibility, reaching decisions by majority vote, delegating authority to responsible officers, observing rules agreed upon by the group, exerting self-discipline for the welfare of the group cannot be taught or learned in the abstract. They must become part of the personality of the individual and the experience of the group through actual situations.
848:
of their factory in two years. They built another one, then opened a credit union and co-op shop. The residents of the community told Coady's staff that they were "much richer than we were a decade ago, both economically and spiritually. We have gained much confidence in ourselves through directing and managing our own affairs.
907:, and the legislature passed a credit union law that year. Wilfred Keohan, the New Brunswick Registrar of Credit Unions, wrote in 1939 that "There can be no doubt but that the experience in Nova Scotia had a marked influence as credit union enthusiasm knows no frontiers. The crystallized demand came from such bodies as the
961:
professional institutions. "Most of the educational attainment in the war and its aftermath focused on training elite managers for the co-operative institutions. Evidence from the co-operative reports of the 1940s indicates clearly that the common people were not participating very much in the life of their institutions."
1105:
In our current times, Coady
International Institute has continued to promote and support people owned institutions around the world through its leadership programs. The idea of 'collectives' managing their finances or enterprises have taken many new shapes in modern times. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) -
1050:
Antigonish-style study clubs, unlike traditional seminars or workshops, require all members to collectively manage a group process even before they launch a co-operative. Members can take a hard look at each other's capabilities and weigh their collective prospects with a clear head while they learn
1033:
by making all users of an enterprise into owners. When users accept the duties of owners, this structure results in strong governance and control systems. However, the assets in co-operative enterprises are vulnerable when the users aren't prepared to accept the duties of ownership. In a paper for
847:
In 1932, the people of
Judique formed 12 study clubs. Two years later they built a lobster factory. Canned lobsters brought better returns than fresh groundfish that had to be sold to buyers on the wharf for any price they cared to offer. The 30 members of the Judique lobster co-op paid off the cost
778:
People who heard Coady speak at these meetings described his speeches as "fiery" and "energizing". Coady challenged his audience not to accept their poverty but to take action to understand their situation, and then to think and to plan to change it. As he said many times, "You can get the good life.
1109:
Non-financial cooperatives - such as fishermen coop or farmers coops of the
Antigonish movement, continue to provide an alternative economic model the world over despite rise of private sector led economic growth, especially for small producers and farmers in accessing markets and negotiating prices
1070:
had shown that cooperative movements could reach and empower poor populations in a way that deepened the economic gains of capitalism while alleviating some of its undesirable social effects. This prepared the way for a wave of 'anti-communist' co-operative development led by the US government in
983:, a co-operative historian and theorist, argues that most co-operative movements are dependent for their early impetus on the support of networks of external players like church groups, government departments or wealthy patrons. As the movement begins to transform into a credit union system, "...
724:
The defining moment in Coady's career came when he testified before a
Canadian government commission in 1927. Drawing on his own experience and that of other movement leaders he maintained that the local economy could be revitalized if the right type of learning was cultivated in ordinary people:
706:
Beginning in 1924 Tompkins organized the first of a series of annual conferences bringing together farmers, educators, students, priests and rural development experts. In 1928, seeking a more permanent organization, some of the leaders in this group launched a campaign that raised $ 100,000. This
995:
Coady acknowledged that the credit unions were promoting thrift and household budgeting, and showing members by example how much money they could bring to bear on their communities' problems through co-operative action. But to him, the main purpose of credit unions was moral. The credit union
937:
Bergengren wrote in 1940 that "out of the Nova Scotia experience has come a new and most valuable study club technique that will have a far reaching effect on the whole future of the credit union movement." He credited the rapid expansion of credit unions to other provinces across Canada to the
945:
to honour Moses Coady less than six months after his death. The institute has played a role in the emergence of credit unions throughout the world, especially in Africa. Since then, over 7,000 community development practitioners from over 120 countries have studied at the campus in
Antigonish.
787:
Study clubs typically met in members' homes, with the goal of understanding the factors keeping the members poor, to identify solutions, make plans, and take action. The
Extension Department provided pamphlets and technical material on matters like agricultural methods, business organization,
960:
By the end of World War II the credit unions and co-operatives of the
Maritimes were an acknowledged success, gaining international recognition. The study clubs for which the movement was noted declined however, and attention had shifted from human emancipation towards building stronger, more
934:, where their speeches and ideas helped ignite local credit union movements. After Nova Scotia passed a credit union law in 1932, New Brunswick and PEI were the next to pass legislation (1936). By 1939 every province in Canada had a credit union movement and a legal framework to guide it.
968:
in the developing world today, the
Antigonish Movement encountered a grass-roots challenge to its vision in the implementation stage. In the end, the grand vision of fishers and miners appreciating Shakespeare and grand opera seemed to usually lead to one community project: co-operative
826:
to A.B. MacDonald, who he describes as "an extraordinary organizer and an inspired leader who is known in every city, town and fishing hamlet throughout the length and breadth of the province". MacDonald went on to direct the Nova Scotia Credit Union League and then the
987:
necessary managerial and technical changes may be inhibited by the "founders": revered individuals who have made great contributions but who, as they age and the institution they helped found develops, may hold back necessary change and new generations of leadership."
852:
By 1932 the Extension Department had sparked the formation of 179 study clubs with 1,500 members in Nova Scotia. Over the next six years, during the height of Coady and MacDonald's work in the villages, the number of study clubs rose to 1,110 with 10,000 participants.
624:, founded in 1861. Co-operative creameries and fruit-growers co-ops were established by farmers to free them from exploitative middleman in the 1890s. Many early co-ops failed due to "poor management, domination by a few individuals and a lack of ongoing education."
732:
was catalytic: in late 1928 St. F.X. organized an Extension Department to carry adult education to the people of the province, appointing Coady as its first director. The Canadian Department of Fisheries asked Coady to help the government "organize the fishermen".
859:"Perhaps the most important reason why the Antigonish movement was able to have a significant, lasting impact was its promotion of credit unions." The farmers, fishers, and miners who formed the backbone of the movement had little access to credit before the
600:. If they took the time to understand their circumstances and took the risks of co-operative action, they could achieve economic security and on that foundation greater freedom and self-realization. In a vision that has been renewed today in digital forms of
642:
Adult education was the spirit of the movement, and Coady credits Dr. Hugh MacPherson and Rev. Jimmy Tompkins at St. F.X. with their early roles as "pioneer extension workers at the University interested in both adult education and economic cooperation."
583:
However, Coady argued that for practical reasons "we consider it good pedagogy and good psychology, to begin with the economic phase ... that we may more readily attain the spiritual and cultural towards which all our efforts are directed."
919:, fishermen's organizations and members of the clergy who saw in credit unions an economic regeneration of their flocks." By 1939 ten thousand members were participating in 95 credit unions (including caisses populaires) in the province.
991:
Nova Scotia's credit union system, springing from the centre of the Antigonish Movement, today has a far lower penetration of members (18%) than the systems in neighbouring New Brunswick (41%) and Prince Edward Island (45%).
863:, and lost what little they had as the downturn started to bite. With the help of Roy Bergengren and the American credit union movement, Nova Scotia passed the first sound credit union legislation in English Canada in 1932.
806:
Once the first co-operatives began, the Extension Department organized a six-week program at the university with courses in co-operative business, book-keeping, mathematics, economics, public speaking, and citizenship.
591:
and vulnerability. They had permitted money and business to become mysterious forces outside of their control. Fishers and farmers for example, were exploited by marketing middlemen. Everyone was exploited by the
1011:
where some of the strongest credit union systems emerged, the movement's early leaders recognized the need to address the practical problems that emerged from the demand for credit unions. Innovations like the
895:
From its start in 1928, the Extension Department at St. Francis Xavier University was concerned with spreading its message well beyond Nova Scotia. It was particularly concerned about the other provinces in the
604:, Coady argued that "the only hope of democracy is that enough noble, independent, energetic souls may be found who are prepared to work overtime, without pay" in order to shape a free and prosperous society.
1020:
scheme in Canada – focused on protecting the savings of members. These practical innovations, grounded in addressing the practical needs of members, led to stronger and more sustained institutional growth.
635:, set an example of sound co-operation. By 1917 it has 1,220 members and over $ 500,000 in sales. That year, it organized a conference on co-ops. The conference, which featured Ontario co-operative pioneer
810:
The program was taught by successful co-operative leaders from around the province. The goal was to reduce the risks of business failure, and to invigorate the momentum in each community with fresh ideas.
1204:
664:
in London, England in 1912, and returned filled with ideas for ways that the university could become more involved in solving rural economic problems through adult education. British
1013:
561:
828:
576:
As educators and priests, the leaders of the Antigonish Movement were primarily concerned with human and spiritual development. The title of Moses Coady's only book –
1091:
791:
The leaders and ideas emerging from this process often carried it into the next stage – organizing co-operatives and taking other initiatives to solve local problems.
996:"makes people honest". "There have been a few instances of dishonest managers and some slow borrowers, but the credit union organization takes care of these cases."
1071:
the developing world in the 1940-1960s. For precisely the reasons just noted, however, the results of this 'state-led' credit union development were mixed at best.
856:
By 1938 these study clubs had formed 142 credit unions, 39 co-operative stores, 17 co-operative lobster factories, 11 co-operative fish plants, and 11 other co-ops.
707:
initiative, combined with the report of federal commission on the fisheries in 1928, prompted St. F.X. to support the formation of an Extension Department in 1928.
788:
economics, and co-operative principles. The clubs studied local newspaper articles and any other materials that could help them understand their situation better.
779:
You're poor enough to want it and smart enough to get it." He would propose that they set up study clubs and that those who could read help those who could not.
839:
Coady's biographer Jim Lotz gives an example of how the link between the Antigonish approach, community development and co-operatives worked in the village of
729:
721:
Moses Coady is generally credited with transforming the vision of his cousin Tompkins into an effective program capable of spreading across the Maritimes.
657:
Father Jimmy Tompkins played a key role in concocting the "intellectual dynamite" that was later set off in almost every village in the Maritimes.
484:
315:
1633:
Hands Around the Globe: A History of the International Credit Union Movement and the Role and Development of World Council of Credit Unions, Inc.
1491:
Hands Around the Globe: A History of the International Credit Union Movement and the Role and Development of World Council of Credit Unions, Inc.
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Tompkins had trouble making his case with the university's administration, and in 1922, St. F.X. sent Tompkins into "exile" as village priest in
1672:
942:
377:
1090:
and those with anti-democratic traditions. This has limited the replicability of the movement, and led to significant offshoots, such as the
636:
1692:
1074:
The philosophy and techniques of Antigonish anticipated some of the key ideas of rural development, including the emancipatory pedagogy of
1029:
The study club successfully addressed one of the enduring challenges of co-operative development. Co-operative enterprises address the
775:
The field staff of the Extension Department worked with local people to organize meetings in schools, churches, and community centres.
418:
1164:
1924 George Keen, president of the Co-operative Union of Canada, visits Tompkins in Canso and advises him on co-operative development
736:
Coady also invested considerable energy in catalyzing and strengthening wholesale co-operatives around the Maritimes: including the
560:
owe their origins to the Antigonish Movement, which also had an important influence on other provincial systems across Canada. The
1143:
1917 British Canadian co-operative store in Sydney Mines organizes a conference on co-ops in Nova Scotia, sparking renewed interest
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Masters of Their Own Destiny: The Story of the Antigonish Movement of Adult Education Through Economic Cooperation.
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in 1962, Alexander Laidlaw, a co-operative leader who served as a director at the Extension Department, wrote that:
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Masters of Their Own Destiny: The Story of the Antigonish Movement of Adult Education Through Economic Cooperation.
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23:
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Building and Protecting the Co-operative Movement: A Brief History of the Co-operative Union of Canada, 1909-84
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Building and Protecting the Co-operative Movement: A Brief History of the Co-operative Union of Canada, 1909-84
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especially critical thinking, scientific methods of planning and production, and co-operative entrepreneurship.
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1922 St. FX loses patience with Tompkins and sends him into "exile" to Canso, Nova Scotia as parish priest
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November 1928 St. Francis Xavier University sets up adult education Extension Department and asks Father
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to improve their economic and social circumstances. A group of priests and educators, including Father
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105:
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1890s-1900s Co-operative stores, co-operative creameries and fruit-growing co-ops established around
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145:
135:
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Compounding community capital: Canada's credit unions and the untapped assets of poor communities.
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228:
65:
1532:
Agricultural Development Paper #74, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, 1962, p. 10
660:
Tompkins began teaching at St. F.X. in 1902. As vice-president of the university, he attended the
1591:
Training and extension in the co-operative movement: a guide for fieldmen and extension workers.
1530:
Training and extension in the co-operative movement: a guide for fieldmen and extension workers.
1147:
652:
522:
871:
155:
33:
580:– encapsulates this desire to see ordinary Nova Scotians achieve economic and social freedom.
1712:
1702:
1383:, Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 2000, p. 101.
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Agricultural Development Paper #74, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, 1962.
1377:
A new and disturbing presence: Father Moses Michael Coady and the United Maritime Fishermen
1140:
1912 Tompkins gains key contacts and ideas at the Conference of British Empire Universities
876:
840:
557:
8:
428:
1598:
The Man From Margaree: Writings & Speeches of M. M. Coady, Educator/Reformer/Priest
1191:
October 29, 1929 stock market crash precipitates economic collapse around the Maritimes
1168:
703:
which helped trigger a federal commission into the problems of the Maritime fisheries.
695:, Nova Scotia. This did not slow the determined priest down, however. His approach to
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601:
423:
85:
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The Extension Department linked the study clubs together through a network called the
1615:
1244:
1017:
272:
208:
1210:
Sept. 1944 A.B. MacDonald leaves for Ottawa to lead the Co-operative Union of Canada
955:
1642:
Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 2002.
931:
860:
669:
125:
798:, which facilitated information sharing and capitalized on the building momentum.
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239:
41:
922:
By 1936 Coady and MacDonald were increasingly traveling beyond the Maritimes to
1087:
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815:
529:, Rev. Hugh MacPherson and A.B. MacDonald led this movement from a base at the
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974:
904:
685:
613:
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387:
1493:
Horsdal & Schubart Publishers & WOCCU, Victoria, Canada 1999, p. xv.
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Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, University of Saskatchewan, p. 21-23
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The Antigonish program of adult education employed three main components:
1185:
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Ordinary Nova Scotians he argued, had only themselves to blame for their
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526:
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advocating Christian associations of workingmen for economic improvement
621:
538:
1567:
By Their Own Hands: A Fieldworker's Account of the Antigonish Movement
1086:. However, the Antigonish approach runs into significant problems in
639:
as keynote speaker, renewed local energy and enthusiasm for the idea.
1635:
Horsdal & Schubart Publishers & WOCCU, Victoria, Canada 1999.
897:
564:
at St. F.X. has been instrumental in developing credit unions and in
518:
941:
The Board of Governors of St. Francis Xavier University established
814:
The program was taken to the villages by Coady and A.B. MacDonald.
1008:
292:
47:
923:
588:
1364:
The Antigonish Movement: Moses Coady and Adult Education Today.
1194:
December 10, 1932 first credit union in Nova Scotia launched in
1574:
The Big Picture: The Antigonish Movement of Eastern Nova Scotia
1478:
Beyond Coady: adult education and the end of utopian modernism
1403:
Adult educators in co-operative development: agents of change.
1134:
1906 Formation of the British Canadian Co-operative Society in
1000:
888:
681:
1658:
Coady International Institute at St. Francis Xavier University
1640:
Adult Educators in Co-operative Development: agents of change.
1546:
The Antigonish Movement: Moses Coady and Adult Education Today
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1933 first School for Leaders at St. Francis Xavier University
1099:
903:
For example, by 1936 there were 200 study clubs operating in
593:
1657:
1605:
The Humble Giant: Moses Coady, Canada's Rural Revolutionary.
1325:
The Humble Giant: Moses Coady, Canada's Rural Revolutionary.
699:
in Canso triggered local action and a series of articles in
1366:
Thompson Educational Publishing, Toronto, 1997; pp. 65-66.
517:
to help small, resource-based communities around Canada's
1301:
Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1939, p. 112.
1582:
The quiet revolution, a study of the Antigonish Movement
1340:. Co-operative Union of Canada, Ottawa, 1984, pp. 46–7.
1663:
Antigonish Movement in The Canadian Encyclopedia online
1418:. Southern Publishers Inc., New York, 1940, pp. 248
1181:
as part of a strategy to save the Maritime fisheries
1177:
May 1928 a Canadian government commission advocates
1054:
By the end of World War II a series of leaders from
1051:the skills they need to launch community ventures.
1576:. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montréal, 2012.
1548:, Thompson Educational Publishing, Toronto, 1997.
1679:
866:
676:particularly interested him. And in Canada, the
568:initiatives in developing countries ever since.
1612:Father Jimmy: Life and Times of Jimmy Tompkins.
1668:New Dawn Enterprises, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
1506:Canadian Co-operative Association, 2006, p. 5.
1628:. Co-operative Union of Canada, Ottawa, n.d.
1614:Breton Books, Wreck Cove, Nova Scotia, 1997.
478:
1555:. Southern Publishers Inc., New York, 1940.
751:
16:Community development organization in Canada
1600:. McClelland & Steward, Toronto, 1971.
834:
378:Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum
1219:July 28, 1959 Death of Moses Michael Coady
485:
471:
263:First airplane in the British Commonwealth
1158:to implement a program of adult education
662:Conference of British Empire Universities
1653:Web resources on the Antigonish Movement
870:
1381:Canadian Co-operatives in the Year 2000
999:In other parts of Canada, most notably
1680:
1673:History of the Bergengren Credit Union
1562:Harper & Brothers, New York, 1939.
1167:Summer of 1927 Father Jimmy's work in
419:Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
337:NS Human Rights Commission established
136:First significant Scottish immigration
1569:. Lancelot Press, Nova Scotia, 1985.
1119:1891 Pope Leo XIII issues encyclical
966:integrated rural development programs
801:
629:British Canadian Co-operative Society
116:Representative Government established
1693:Community development organizations
1216:1953 Death of Father Jimmy Tompkins
1205:Credit Union Central of Nova Scotia
917:Farmer's and Dairyman's Association
13:
1572:Dodaro, Santo, and Leonard Pluta.
620:go back to a cooperative store in
199:Responsible Government established
14:
1734:
1646:
1610:Lotz, Jim and Michael R. Welton.
1480:. Proceedings of the AERC, 2000.
1036:Food and Agriculture Organization
943:The Coady International Institute
646:
566:asset-based community development
347:Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia
1327:Novalis, Ottawa, 2005, pp. 37–8.
820:Credit Union National of America
770:
746:Canadian Livestock Co-operatives
666:Workers Educational Associations
452:
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414:Military history of the Acadians
40:
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909:New Brunswick Council of Labour
409:Military history of Nova Scotia
1688:Catholic Church in Nova Scotia
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1230:Community economic development
1084:participatory rural assessment
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1:
1517:Masters of Their Own Destiny.
1250:
1240:Participatory rural appraisal
1171:, Nova Scotia is featured in
1156:St. Francis Xavier University
1102:movement in parts of Africa.
1014:Saskatchewan Mutual Aid Board
956:Moses Coady § Criticisms
949:
867:From Nova Scotia to the world
680:'s agricultural program, and
562:Coady International Institute
535:St. Francis Xavier University
1458:Roy F. Bergengren, p. 250-51
1351:Masters of Their Own Destiny
1312:Masters of Their Own Destiny
1266:Masters of Their Own Destiny
1213:1952 Death of A.B. MacDonald
1056:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
829:Co-operative Union of Canada
578:Masters of Their Own Destiny
7:
1718:Rural community development
1596:Laidlaw, Alexander (ed.).
1223:
1113:
1016:– the first private sector
913:Trades & Labour Council
515:rural community development
10:
1739:
1553:Credit Union North America
1416:Credit Union North America
1207:(A.B. MacDonald, Director)
953:
824:Credit Union North America
714:
684:agricultural colleges and
678:University of Saskatchewan
650:
607:
327:Springhill mining disaster
283:Nova Scotia Franchise Act
1638:Stefanson, Brenda Gail.
1449:MacPherson, 1979, p. 132.
1401:Stefanson, Brenda Gail.
1136:Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia
1024:
752:Adult education in action
738:United Maritime Fishermen
633:Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia
306:Coal Miners' Memorial Day
229:‪Anti-Confederation Party
189:First Acadian MLA elected
146:Battle of Fort Cumberland
1586:(SLID research tract #4)
1235:History of credit unions
1152:Knowledge for the People
1092:self-help group movement
1078:, and the philosophy of
835:Co-operative development
688:, caught his attention.
571:
552:systems of Nova Scotia,
1723:Antigonish, Nova Scotia
1438:The Antigonish Movement
1031:principal–agent problem
766:the school for leaders.
653:Jimmy Tompkins (priest)
368:First Black MLA elected
1708:Economy of Nova Scotia
1698:Cooperatives in Canada
1048:
892:
875:The conference of the
850:
822:, dedicated his book,
796:Associated Study Clubs
742:United Fruit Companies
358:Westray Mine explosion
66:Port Royal established
34:History of Nova Scotia
1607:Novalis, Ottawa, 2005
1589:Laidlaw, Alexander.
1173:The Halifax Chronicle
1044:
938:Antigonish movement.
874:
845:
701:The Halifax Chronicle
388:Viola Desmond Apology
219:Co-op Movement begins
156:Birchtown established
96:Bay of Fundy Campaign
1551:Bergengren, Roy F.
1544:Alexander, Anne M.
1528:Alexander Laidlaw.
1436:Anne M. Alexander.
877:cooperative movement
841:Judique, Nova Scotia
531:Extension Department
179:Freedom of the Press
1414:Roy F. Bergengren,
1064:Alphonse Desjardins
763:the study club, and
631:, a co-op store in
499:Antigonish Movement
429:Black Nova Scotians
316:Pugwash Conferences
252:William D. Lawrence
86:Halifax established
1631:MacPherson, Ian.
1624:MacPherson, Ian.
1467:Bergengren, p. 262
1203:1938 formation of
1188:to be the Director
893:
802:School for leaders
730:MacLean Commission
728:The report of the
602:mass collaboration
459:History portal
424:History of Halifax
209:‪Chesapeake Affair
106:Fall of Louisbourg
76:Conquest of Acadia
1558:Coady, Moses M.
1502:Brett Matthews.
1489:Ian MacPherson.
1476:Michael Welton.
1362:Anne Alexander.
1336:Ian MacPherson.
1245:Popular education
1018:deposit insurance
964:Like many of the
760:the mass meeting,
670:Folk High Schools
495:
494:
447:Canada portal
396:
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273:Halifax Explosion
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1713:Microfinance
1703:Distributism
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1603:Lotz, Jim.
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1282:. Retrieved
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1146:1921 Father
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1076:Paulo Freire
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46:
24:
1427:Lotz, p. 73
1323:Jim Lotz.
1186:Moses Coady
1130:Nova Scotia
1068:Moses Coady
885:Nova Scotia
783:Study clubs
717:Moses Coady
711:Moses Coady
637:George Keen
618:Nova Scotia
543:Nova Scotia
527:Moses Coady
349:established
318:established
1682:Categories
1284:2013-11-07
1251:References
1196:Broad Cove
1150:publishes
1094:in India,
954:See also:
950:Criticisms
622:Stellarton
539:Antigonish
293:Launch of
250:Launch of
240:Saxby Gale
168:Chesapeake
898:Maritimes
881:Chéticamp
525:, Father
519:Maritimes
1264:"Coady,
1224:See also
1114:Timeline
1098:and the
1009:Manitoba
973:through
744:and the
682:Quebec's
501:blended
295:Bluenose
48:Bluenose
25:a series
22:Part of
1353:, p. 6.
1038:of the
924:Ontario
608:Origins
589:poverty
231:elected
130:1760–61
1618:
1519:p. 83.
1379:. In
1025:Legacy
1001:Quebec
985:
915:, the
911:, the
889:Canada
740:, the
56:Events
28:on the
1278:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1169:Canso
693:Canso
594:usery
572:Goals
401:Other
1616:ISBN
1100:ASCA
1034:the
1007:and
930:and
556:and
548:The
513:and
497:The
392:2010
382:1997
372:1993
362:1992
352:1968
341:1967
331:1958
321:1957
310:1925
300:1922
287:1918
277:1917
267:1909
257:1873
244:1869
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213:1861
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110:1758
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