891:"The various Pugwash activities (general conferences, workshops, study groups, consultations and special projects) provide a channel of communication between scientists, scholars, and individuals experienced in government, diplomacy, and the military for in-depth discussion and analysis of the problems and opportunities at the intersection of science and world affairs. To ensure a free and frank exchange of views, conducive to the emergence of original ideas and an effective communication between different or antagonistic governments, countries and groups, Pugwash meetings as a rule are held in private. This is the main modus operandi of Pugwash. In addition to influencing governments by the transmission of the results of these discussions and meetings, Pugwash also may seek to make an impact on the scientific community and on public opinion through the holding of special types of meetings and through its publications."
2394:
42:
442:
1093:
1142:
1119:
1106:
1175:, 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature, a founder of the movement, was its natural head in its initial years. The formal office of the presidency was established at the Quinquennial Conference in Ronneby, in 1967. The president's role was to "preside over the Annual Pugwash Conferences and, in addition, between Conferences, to offer his counsel and advice to the members of the Continuing Committee and the Secretary-General, and thereby assist them in the execution of the activities of the Movement."
941:
561:
776:
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1152:
1129:
1044:
and parties, Arab-Iranian, Arab-Israeli and Iran-Israeli relations; 2. South-Central Asia—traditional antagonism between India and
Pakistan, the role of terrorist attacks in the worsening of such antagonism, US-Pakistani relations in general. The role of radical movements in Pakistan, reconciliation and peace in Afghanistan, talking to the Taliban (is it possible and how should be done?), Pakistani-Afghan relations.
454:
1187:, who shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for extraction of penicillin, was then invited to become president, though he also died within weeks. At that point the Continuing Committee decided to have a rotating presidency for a term of one year, to have that office held by a distinguished person in the country where the annual conference would be held each year.
873:
1205:(1970), American biophysicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and was co-author with Leo Szilard of the Franck Report and co-founder in 1945 of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. In September 1970, the Continuing Committee switched back to the initial idea of a permanent office of president, with a five-year term.
1043:
Regional security in regions where nuclear weapons exist or risks of nuclear proliferation are significant: 1. Middle East—general issues, the impact of the
Palestinian problem and its relevance in the Arab world, the consequences of the so-called Arab spring and the growth of the Islamic movements
1039:
Nuclear stability, nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation: 1. Traditional
Nuclear Disarmament, US-Russia nuclear disarmament, nuclear weapons in Europe; 2. Nuclear weapons and nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, Israeli nuclear weapons, Iranian nuclear program, proposal for a Middle Eastern
1030:
for the Soviet Union, whose agents often managed to weaken
Pugwash critique of USSR and instead concentrate on blaming the United States and the West. In 1980, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence received a report that the Pugwash Conference was used by Soviet delegates to promote
1264:
The
Pugwash Conference itself does not have formal membership (although national organisations do). All participants take part in their individual capacities and not as representatives of any organization, institution or government. Anyone who has attended a meeting is considered a "Pugwashite".
887:
Pugwash's "main objective is the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biological) and of war as a social institution to settle international disputes. To that extent, peaceful resolution of conflicts through dialogue and mutual understanding is an essential part of
1068:
jointly "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms." The
Norwegian Nobel committee hoped that awarding the prize to Rotblat and Pugwash would "encourage world leaders to intensify their efforts to rid the
1601:, in 2017. The conference celebrated the 60th anniversary of the first Pugwash Conference, held in Pugwash, Nova Scotia in 1957. The theme of the conference was "Confronting New Nuclear Dangers." The conference agenda focused on strengthening the nuclear test ban and combating terrorism.
1081:"in order to address the stultifying conditions under which younger faculty members in the universities of developing countries were attempting to do research". The organization gives grants to early-career scientists in low-income countries for work on local water resources and biology.
1031:
Soviet propaganda. Joseph
Rotblat said in his 1998 Bertrand Russell Peace Lecture that there were a few participants in the conferences from the Soviet Union "who were obviously sent to push the party line, but the majority were genuine scientists and behaved as such".
658:
1181:, joint recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles, was elected as the first president in 1967, though he died suddenly ten days later.
1034:
Following the end of the Cold War, the traditional
Pugwash focus on decreasing the salience of nuclear weapons and promoting a world free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction addresses the following issue areas:
650:
894:
Officers include the president and secretary-general. Formal governance is provided by the
Pugwash Council, which serves for five years. There is also an executive committee that assists the secretary-general.
1249:(2007–2017), former Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs at the United Nations (1998–2003), and former Ambassador of Sri Lanka to the US (1995–1997) and to the UN Office in Geneva (1984–1987)
1040:
zone free of weapons of mass destruction, Arab attitudes towards nuclear weapons and nuclear proliferation; 3. India and
Pakistan nuclear relations, the effects of US India nuclear deal; 4. North Korea.
1048:
The Pugwash movement has also been concerned with environmental issues and as a result of its 1988 meeting in Dagomys it issued the Dagomys Declaration on Environmental Degradation ().
793:
3063:
983:. Pugwash played a useful role in opening communication channels during a time of otherwise-strained official and unofficial relations. It provided background work to the
3292:
715:
4040:
1007:
Robert McNamara has credited a backchannel Pugwash initiative (code named PENNSYLVANIA) with laying the groundwork for the negotiations that ended the Vietnam War.
3737:
1015:. In addition, Pugwash has been credited with being a groundbreaking and innovative "transnational" organization and a leading example of the effectiveness of
925:
There are approximately fifty national Pugwash groups, organized as independent entities and often supported or administered by national academies of science.
840:
1968:
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2473:
812:
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4065:
819:
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888:
Pugwash activities, that is particularly relevant when and where nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction are deployed or could be used."
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616:
4105:
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484:
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632:
377:
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Prof. Takao Takahara, professor of international politics and peace research, Faculty of International Studies, Meiji Gakuin University, Japan
3256:
2989:
1193:(1968), had worked with Frederic Joliot's team to establish in 1939 the possibility of nuclear chain reactions and nuclear energy production.
808:
2840:
1903:. See also Robert McNamara (et al), "Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy," Public Affairs,1999, pp. 292–312.
665:
2399:
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1896:
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1803:
418:
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734:, Ruth Adams, Anne Kinder Jones, and Vladimir Pavlichenko also were present. Many others were unable to attend, including co-founder
3059:
2891:
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2654:
1064:, and forty years after the signing of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, the Pugwash Conferences and Joseph Rotblat were awarded the
2424:
4115:
3408:
367:
188:
115:
4100:
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1662:
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world of nuclear weapons." In his acceptance speech, Rotblat quoted a key phrase from the Manifesto: "Remember your humanity."
976:
2404:
833:
3913:
305:
262:
2223:
1836:"Thinkers Lodge – Thinkers Lodge – Beautiful, historic venue for weddings, conferences, and retreats in Nova Scotia, Canada"
4080:
2459:
2209:
477:
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1874:
1652:
1362:
Dr. Steven Miller (chair of executive committee), International Security Program of the Belfer Center, Harvard University
929:
545:
336:
165:
3644:
3510:
2923:
2335:
1682:
1677:
584:, an industrialist and philanthropist, offered on July 13 to finance and host the conference in the town of his birth,
1914:
198:
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4014:
4009:
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3125:
1955:
1657:
1582:
1519:
859:
346:
282:
1935:
Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War, Cornell University Press, 1999.
413:
1779:
4075:
2919:
2537:
588:. This was not taken up at the time because a meeting was planned for India, at the invitation of Prime Minister
470:
408:
23:
1227:(1988–1997), physicist, one of the founders of the Pugwash Movement, co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize.
3847:
1637:
797:
569:
530:
3927:
3432:
2204:
2002:
996:
992:
4110:
95:
1728:
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1000:
573:
1252:
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1921:. The Journal of the Federation of American Scientists. Winter 2004 Volume 57, Number 1. Archived from
1672:
1464:
1255:(2017–2024), former UN Undersecretary for Disarmament Affairs and a retired career diplomat from Brazil
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957:
640:
502:
326:
249:
178:
105:
75:
2447:
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs records, 1958-1981, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
3843:
1316:
Dr. Peter Jones, former senior policy advisor, Sec & Intell Secretariat, Ottawa (PM's Department)
1288:
Amb. (ret.) Ochieng Adala, former permanent representative of Kenya to the United Nations in New York
1233:(1997–2002), a mathematician, was awarded the 1966 Fields Medal, for his work in developing K-theory.
1196:
145:
135:
2436:
J. Rotblat, Scientists in the Quest for Peace: A history of the Pugwash Conferences, MIT Press,1972.
1359:
Prof. Amitabh Mattoo, professor of international relations and member, National Knowledge Commission
3812:
2156:
1218:
1214:
1211:(1970–1975), recipient of the 1970 Nobel in Physics for work on his theory of magnetohydrodynamics.
988:
228:
65:
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2130:
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3163:
2294:
1642:
1499:
1310:
Prof. Galia Golan-Gild, professor of government, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
1221:
for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
1004:
984:
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2501:
1539:
607:
The first conference was held at what became known as Thinkers' Lodge in July 1957 in Pugwash,
155:
33:
2050:
1892:
1393:
Dr. Bob van der Zwaan, senior scientific researcher, Energy Research Center of The Netherlands
1339:
Prof. Saideh Lotfian (council chair), assoc professor, political science, University of Tehran
1313:
Prof. Karen Hallberg, professor of physics, Fellow, Argentine Natl Council, Science & Tech
1291:
Amb. Sergey Batsanov, director, Geneva Pugwash, former representative of the USSR/Russia to CD
3588:
3220:
2832:
2573:
968:
1810:
1301:(former secretary general), professor, theoretical physics, University of Rome "La Sapienza"
3703:
2689:
2609:
2521:
1875:"Principles, Structure and Activities of Pugwash For the Eleventh Quinquennium (2007–2012)"
1544:
1509:
1282:
1156:
972:
585:
564:
Thinkers' Lodge, Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada; site of the first Pugwash conference in 1957
522:
8:
3832:
2509:
1707:
Russell's exclusion is explained because the Nobel Prizes are never awarded posthumously.
1647:
669:
572:, released July 9, 1955, called for a conference for scientists to assess the dangers of
541:
428:
218:
3400:
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3043:
2781:
2393:
1922:
1371:
Mr. Niu Qiang, secretary general, Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament
3733:
3655:
2981:
2907:
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2719:
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2317:
1298:
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1057:
1027:
1016:
896:
683:
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505:
that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of
423:
85:
1754:
1322:
Dr. Mustafa Kibaroglu, chair of international relations, Okan University Tuzla, Turkey
1319:
Gen. (ret.) Dr. Mohamed Kadry Said, head of the Military Studies Unit, Al-Ahram Center
3933:
3896:
3863:
3629:
3514:
3332:
3027:
3011:
2973:
2754:
2746:
2625:
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2321:
2271:
1951:
1514:
1449:
1368:
Dr. Alexander Nikitin, director of the Center for Political and International Studies
1304:
Dr. Lynn Eden, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University
1236:
1065:
1008:
654:
624:
597:
537:
272:
208:
2677:
1835:
1365:
Prof. Götz Neuneck, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH), Hamburg
3950:
3902:
3748:
3633:
3555:
3340:
3276:
2816:
2773:
2723:
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1564:
1459:
1404:
1285:(secretary general), Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Milano (Italy)
1240:
1172:
961:
953:
739:
735:
636:
589:
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125:
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2517:
2104:
1208:
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3729:
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3324:
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3189:
3169:
2742:
2697:
2416:
2231:
2057:
1946:
1900:
1687:
1534:
1529:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1444:
1429:
1419:
1333:
1168:
As of 2019, 13 individuals have served as Presidents of the Pugwash Conferences.
1110:
915:
899:
is the current president. Paolo Cotta-Ramusino is the current Secretary General.
577:
510:
239:
41:
2965:
1581:
As the birthplace of the Pugwash movement, the Thinkers' Lodge was designated a
1294:
Dr. Adele Buckley, former VP of tech, Ontario Centre for Enviro Tech Advancement
1199:(1969), an eminent physicist who later became Speaker of the Russian Parliament.
3871:
3718:
3607:
3529:
3462:
3388:
3360:
3356:
3232:
3208:
3136:
3035:
3019:
2669:
1593:
The Jubilee 62nd Pugwash Conference devoted to nuclear disarmament was held in
1474:
1414:
1178:
1097:
1092:
919:
697:
693:
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679:
514:
506:
458:
3308:
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3114:
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1878:
1608:
Nuclear disarmament and the UN negotiation process to prohibit nuclear weapons
1346:, min. of foreign affairs, min. of information, Palestinian National Authority
932:
groups works with, but are independent from, the international Pugwash group.
872:
4034:
3854:
3771:
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3424:
3412:
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3051:
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2808:
2758:
2577:
2529:
1524:
1469:
1434:
1424:
1326:
1184:
1141:
1118:
1105:
755:
723:
707:
703:
673:
446:
387:
1374:
Gen. Pan Zhengqiang, deputy chair, China Foundation of International Studies
1011:
admitted the influence of the organisation on him when he was leader of the
940:
3826:
3566:
3525:
3488:
3477:
3440:
3368:
3284:
3147:
2946:
2899:
2605:
2505:
2430:
2327:
1559:
1454:
1439:
1353:
1307:
Prof. John Finney, emeritus professor of physics, University College London
1012:
711:
646:
620:
357:
2388:
1409:
1377:
Acad. Yuri Ryzhov, president, International Engineering University, Moscow
3803:
3714:
3681:
3300:
3264:
3228:
2789:
2418:
Pugwash And The International Treaties On Chemical And Biological Warfare
1732:
1626:
Emerging new technologies and security issues (Cyber Security, AI, Robot)
1569:
980:
876:
731:
608:
593:
581:
549:
1077:
From the 1965 Pugwash conference came a recommendation to establish the
604:
instead, but this was rejected. Eaton's former invitation was taken up.
3692:
3577:
3466:
2617:
1598:
1549:
1343:
800: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
560:
2357:
1611:
Nuclear non-proliferation, civilian nuclear energy and energy security
918:, provide support for Pugwash activities and serve as liaisons to the
3420:
2911:
1554:
1504:
1381:
1061:
880:
1329:, director of Europe and Asia of the Eurasia Group, Washington, D.C.
775:
1023:
949:
945:
292:
47:
2289:
2287:
1243:
and recipient of the World Food Prize and the UNESCO Gandhi Prize.
738:, for health reasons. From the Soviet Union, Mikhail Ilyich Bruk (
3540:
1349:
Amb. Miguel Marin-Bosch, former deputy foreign minister of Mexico
1268:
751:
1869:
1867:
1239:(2002–2007), agricultural scientist, one of the pioneers of the
3085:
2284:
1594:
1336:, former director, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
911:
907:
747:
719:
601:
526:
2362:
754:) attended as an English-Russian technical translator. Later,
2093:
Pugwash Presidency Background Note, Pugwash Conferences, 2007
1864:
1151:
1128:
1620:
Regional Security: South Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India)
2029:
903:
3293:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
2352:
935:
759:
2181:
2378:
France: Association Française pour le Mouvement Pugwash
2105:"Thatcher and Hodgkin: How chemistry overcame politics"
1072:
611:. Twenty-two scientists attended the first conference:
2481:
2070:
1026:, it was claimed that the Pugwash Conference became a
2377:
1852:
3619:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2431:
The Dagomys Declaration on Environmental Degradation
1588:
1356:, former secretary, Defence Production Division, MOD
555:
1991:
For recent meetings and topics, see www.pugwash.org
1265:There are more than 3,500 "Pugwashites" worldwide.
536:Rotblat and the Pugwash Conference jointly won the
2224:"Astana to host Conference on Nuclear Disarmament"
1969:"Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies"
809:"Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs"
3667:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
1780:"London launch of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto"
1668:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
967:Pugwash's first fifteen years coincided with the
4041:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
4032:
3878:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
2425:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
2389:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
2353:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
2299:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
2258:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
2205:Thinkers' Lodge National Historic Site of Canada
2007:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1784:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1759:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1387:Dr. Mark Byung-Moon Suh, chair, Corea Trust Fund
499:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1915:"Better Active Today than Radioactive Tomorrow"
1604:The Astana conference working groups included:
3801:
1278:(president), former UN under-secretary-general
1269:Pugwash Council for the 2007–2012 Quinquennium
3787:
3257:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2990:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2467:
478:
4096:Scientific organizations established in 1957
2368:April 2007 YouTube video of Canadian Pugwash
2323:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer
2003:"Dagomys Declaration of the Pugwash Council"
4061:International nongovernmental organizations
2276:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2071:"Home | MIT Security Studies Program (SSP)"
1755:"Statement: The Russell-Einstein Manifesto"
765:
378:Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum
4066:International organisations based in Italy
3794:
3780:
2474:
2460:
2392:
1384:, former member of the Croatian Parliament
1056:In 1995, fifty years after the bombing of
485:
471:
263:First airplane in the British Commonwealth
3545:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
860:Learn how and when to remove this message
4056:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
3060:International Committee of the Red Cross
2892:International Committee of the Red Cross
2849:Nansen International Office for Refugees
2655:International Committee of the Red Cross
939:
871:
559:
4106:Buildings and structures in Nova Scotia
4091:Scientific organisations based in Italy
4086:Non-profit organisations based in Italy
3409:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
2440:
2316:
2000:
1906:
1858:
1777:
944:Pugwash encounter and tour held at the
936:Contributions to international security
922:and other international organizations.
4051:International scientific organizations
4033:
2254:"Pugwash Delegation Visits Kazakhstan"
2251:
2032:. International Foundation for Science
2024:
2022:
1912:
1663:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1084:
977:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
419:Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
337:NS Human Rights Commission established
136:First significant Scottish immigration
3775:
2455:
1163:
952:, September 12, 1970, left to right:
596:the Indian conference was postponed.
116:Representative Government established
2210:Canadian Register of Historic Places
2102:
1947:Foreign policies of the Soviet Union
1397:
1079:International Foundation for Science
1073:International Foundation for Science
1051:
798:adding citations to reliable sources
769:
2019:
1653:International Student/Young Pugwash
1217:(1976–1988), recipient of the 1964
930:International Student/Young Pugwash
546:International Student/Young Pugwash
513:threats. It was founded in 1957 by
13:
3645:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
3511:International Atomic Energy Agency
2924:American Friends Service Committee
1752:
1683:List of films about nuclear issues
1678:List of books about nuclear issues
1614:Regional Security: Europe and NATO
548:groups have existed since founder
199:Responsible Government established
14:
4127:
3126:International Labour Organization
2358:Russia: Russian Pugwash Committee
2346:
2295:"62nd Pugwash Conference, Astana"
2131:"Pugwash announces new President"
1833:
1804:"The Russell- Einstein Manifesto"
1658:Nuclear Weapons: The Road to Zero
1623:Regional Security: Northeast Asia
1589:Jubilee Pugwash Conference Astana
556:Origin of the Pugwash Conferences
347:Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia
4071:Ethics of science and technology
2054:Tributes to Dr. Martin M. Kaplan
2051:Tributes to Dr. Martin M. Kaplan
1895:interview with Harry Kreisler,
1583:National Historic Site of Canada
1150:
1146:George Rathjens : 1997–2002
1140:
1127:
1117:
1104:
1091:
774:
600:offered to finance a meeting in
452:
440:
414:Military history of the Acadians
40:
3325:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
2538:Institut de Droit International
2245:
2216:
2198:
2174:
2149:
2123:
2096:
2087:
2063:
2044:
1994:
1985:
1961:
1938:
1929:
946:National Accelerator Laboratory
785:needs additional citations for
529:, following the release of the
409:Military history of Nova Scotia
4116:Existential risk organizations
2363:Canada: Canadian Pugwash Group
1885:
1827:
1796:
1771:
1746:
1721:
1701:
1638:List of anti-war organizations
1617:Regional Security: Middle East
1259:
1123:Martin Kaplan : 1978–1989
615:seven from the United States:
1:
4101:1957 establishments in Canada
4046:Anti–nuclear weapons movement
3064:League of Red Cross Societies
2590:Paul Estournelles de Constant
2103:Ganz, Adam (19 August 2014).
2060: (archived June 17, 2011)
1893:"Conversations with History,"
1714:
997:Biological Weapons Convention
993:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
906:(international secretariat),
902:The four Pugwash offices, in
540:in 1995 for their efforts on
2383:The First Pugwash Conference
1729:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1995"
576:(then only considered to be
7:
4081:Organisations based in Rome
3928:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2213:. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
1630:
1001:Chemical Weapons Convention
592:. With the outbreak of the
574:weapons of mass destruction
10:
4132:
3738:Center for Civil Liberties
2598:International Peace Bureau
1919:FAS Public Interest Report
1673:Anti-nuclear organizations
641:Victor Frederick Weisskopf
570:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
531:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
503:international organization
327:Springhill mining disaster
283:Nova Scotia Franchise Act
16:International organization
3958:
3943:
3912:
3887:
3862:
3842:
3811:
3450:
3199:
2956:
2733:
2493:
2427:(Rome, through 1996 only)
2421:, by J.P. Perry Robinson.
2406:The Early Days of Pugwash
2400:Profile of Joseph Rotblat
1576:
743:
702:one each from Australia (
657:, Alexander V. Topchiev (
509:and to seek solutions to
306:Coal Miners' Memorial Day
229:Anti-Confederation Party
189:First Acadian MLA elected
146:Battle of Fort Cumberland
3433:Médecins Sans Frontières
2309:
1694:
1219:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1215:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
989:Non-Proliferation Treaty
766:Organizational structure
716:Antoine M. B. Lacassagne
3874:(United Kingdom/Poland)
2920:Friends Service Council
2409:, by Joseph Rotblat in
1643:List of peace activists
1500:Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
1197:Mikhail Millionshchikov
1173:Earl (Bertrand) Russell
1005:US Secretary of Defense
985:Partial Test Ban Treaty
368:First Black MLA elected
4076:International security
3964:Nobel Prize recipients
3914:Physiology or Medicine
3317:UN Peacekeeping Forces
3166: (declined award)
3075:Martin Luther King Jr.
2157:"Join British Pugwash"
2001:Pugwash (1988-09-03).
1950:, Hoover Press, 1991,
1778:Pugwash (1955-07-09).
1540:Hussain al-Shahristani
1247:Amb. Jayantha Dhanapla
1237:Prof. M.S. Swaminathan
964:
884:
883:of Pugwash Conferences
649:: Alexander M. Kuzin (
565:
358:Westray Mine explosion
66:Port Royal established
34:History of Nova Scotia
3589:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
3269:Alfonso García Robles
3249:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
3221:Amnesty International
2833:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
2252:Admin1 (2016-02-02).
2182:"Student Pugwash USA"
1944:Richard Felix Staar,
1465:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
943:
875:
563:
388:Viola Desmond Apology
219:Co-op Movement begins
156:Birchtown established
96:Bay of Fundy Campaign
3704:World Food Programme
2441:Archival collections
1973:mulpress.mcmaster.ca
1545:Ali Asghar Soltanieh
1510:John Charles Polanyi
1283:Paolo Cotta-Ramusino
1157:Paolo Cotta-Ramusino
973:Cuban Missile Crisis
794:improve this article
659:Александр В. Топчиев
586:Pugwash, Nova Scotia
523:Pugwash, Nova Scotia
179:Freedom of the Press
4111:1957 in Nova Scotia
3833:F. Sherwood Rowland
3385:Pugwash Conferences
2318:Epstein, Edward Jay
2137:. September 7, 2017
1913:von Hippel, Frank.
1648:Student Pugwash USA
1085:Secretaries General
670:Shinichiro Tomonaga
542:nuclear disarmament
429:Black Nova Scotians
316:Pugwash Conferences
252:William D. Lawrence
86:Halifax established
3656:Juan Manuel Santos
2982:George C. Marshall
2825:Carl von Ossietzky
2720:Austen Chamberlain
2586:A. M. F. Beernaert
2554:Theodore Roosevelt
2546:Bertha von Suttner
2391:on Nobelprize.org
2228:www.m.kazpravda.kz
1899:2012-05-21 at the
1299:Francesco Calogero
1276:Jayantha Dhanapala
1253:Amb. Sergio Duarte
1231:Sir Michael Atiyah
1225:Sir Joseph Rotblat
1203:Eugene Rabinowitch
1179:Sir John Cockcroft
1164:Pugwash Presidents
1134:Francesco Calogero
1017:Track II diplomacy
965:
897:Jayantha Dhanapala
885:
664:three from Japan:
651:Александр М. Кузин
629:Eugene Rabinowitch
566:
552:'s death in 1979.
459:History portal
424:History of Halifax
209:Chesapeake Affair
106:Fall of Louisbourg
76:Conquest of Acadia
4028:
4027:
3945:Economic Sciences
3934:Eric F. Wieschaus
3897:Martin Lewis Perl
3769:
3768:
3630:Kailash Satyarthi
3515:Mohamed ElBaradei
3333:Mikhail Gorbachev
3028:Philip Noel-Baker
3012:Lester B. Pearson
2974:Albert Schweitzer
2755:Ferdinand Buisson
2747:Gustav Stresemann
2626:Henri La Fontaine
2487:Nobel Peace Prize
2301:. 25 August 2017.
1753:SB (1955-07-09).
1597:, the capital of
1515:Isidor Isaac Rabi
1450:Shalheveth Freier
1398:Other Pugwashites
1136: : 1989–1997
1113: : 1973–1978
1100: : 1957–1973
1066:Nobel Peace Prize
1052:Nobel Peace Prize
1009:Mikhail Gorbachev
870:
869:
862:
844:
744:Михаил Ильич Брук
692:two from Canada:
655:Dmitri Skobeltsyn
625:Hermann J. Muller
598:Aristotle Onassis
538:Nobel Peace Prize
495:
494:
447:Canada portal
396:
395:
273:Halifax Explosion
4123:
3966:
3951:Robert Lucas Jr.
3903:Frederick Reines
3796:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3751:
3749:Narges Mohammadi
3740:
3721:
3706:
3695:
3684:
3669:
3658:
3647:
3636:
3634:Malala Yousafzai
3621:
3610:
3599:
3580:
3569:
3558:
3556:Martti Ahtisaari
3547:
3532:
3517:
3502:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3401:José Ramos-Horta
3391:
3379:
3363:
3351:
3349:Rigoberta Menchú
3343:
3341:Aung San Suu Kyi
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3223:
3215:
3213:Mairead Corrigan
3192:
3184:
3172:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3139:
3128:
3117:
3106:
3105:
3097:
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3088:
3077:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3044:Dag Hammarskjöld
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3005:
2999:
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2984:
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2968:
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2827:
2819:
2817:Arthur Henderson
2811:
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2796:
2784:
2782:Nathan Söderblom
2776:
2774:Frank B. Kellogg
2768:
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2714:
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2282:
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2275:
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2249:
2243:
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2240:
2239:
2230:. Archived from
2220:
2214:
2202:
2196:
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2192:
2178:
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2169:
2168:
2153:
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1992:
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1979:
1965:
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1942:
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1933:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:. Archived from
1871:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1809:. Archived from
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1750:
1744:
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1739:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1565:Victor Weisskopf
1460:George Ignatieff
1405:Syed Azeez Pasha
1241:Green Revolution
1155:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1028:front conference
999:(1972), and the
962:Robert R. Wilson
865:
858:
854:
851:
845:
843:
802:
778:
770:
758:stated, "Mike's
745:
736:Bertrand Russell
590:Jawaharlal Nehru
519:Bertrand Russell
487:
480:
473:
457:
456:
455:
445:
444:
443:
126:Halifax Treaties
62:
61:
44:
19:
18:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
3962:
3954:
3953:(United States)
3939:
3936:(United States)
3924:(United States)
3922:Edward B. Lewis
3908:
3905:(United States)
3899:(United States)
3883:
3858:
3838:
3835:(United States)
3827:Mario J. Molina
3821:Paul J. Crutzen
3807:
3800:
3770:
3765:
3760:to be announced
3754:
3743:
3730:Ales Bialiatski
3724:
3709:
3698:
3687:
3672:
3661:
3650:
3639:
3624:
3613:
3602:
3597:Tawakkol Karman
3583:
3572:
3561:
3550:
3535:
3520:
3505:
3500:Wangari Maathai
3494:
3483:
3472:
3457:
3446:
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3406:
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3366:
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3254:
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3226:
3218:
3206:
3195:
3190:Andrei Sakharov
3187:
3175:
3170:Henry Kissinger
3160:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3131:
3120:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3092:
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2800:
2799:
2794:Nicholas Butler
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2743:Aristide Briand
2740:
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2698:Fridtjof Nansen
2695:
2690:Christian Lange
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2161:British Pugwash
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2058:Wayback Machine
2049:
2045:
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2027:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1999:
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1986:
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1975:
1967:
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1962:
1943:
1939:
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1907:
1901:Wayback Machine
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1688:Captain Pugwash
1633:
1591:
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1535:M. Shamsher Ali
1530:Andrei Sakharov
1495:Georgi Nadjakov
1490:Robert McNamara
1485:Robert K. Logan
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1445:Bernard T. Feld
1430:Ana Maria Cetto
1420:Lev Artsimovich
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1271:
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1149:
1139:
1126:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1087:
1075:
1054:
1003:(1993). Former
938:
916:Washington D.C.
866:
855:
849:
846:
803:
801:
791:
779:
768:
684:Cecil F. Powell
645:three from the
617:David F. Cavers
578:nuclear weapons
558:
511:global security
491:
453:
451:
441:
439:
166:Capture of USS
51:
17:
12:
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5:
4129:
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3893:
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3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3872:Joseph Rotblat
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3840:
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3830:
3824:
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3808:
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3791:
3784:
3776:
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3752:
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3719:Dmitry Muratov
3707:
3696:
3685:
3670:
3659:
3648:
3637:
3622:
3611:
3608:European Union
3600:
3581:
3570:
3559:
3548:
3533:
3530:Muhammad Yunus
3518:
3503:
3492:
3481:
3470:
3463:United Nations
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3389:Joseph Rotblat
3380:
3364:
3361:F. W. de Klerk
3357:Nelson Mandela
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3260:
3252:
3244:
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3233:Menachem Begin
3224:
3216:
3209:Betty Williams
3203:
3201:
3197:
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3173:
3158:
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3140:
3137:Norman Borlaug
3129:
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3107:
3098:
3089:
3078:
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3055:
3047:
3039:
3036:Albert Luthuli
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
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2942:
2934:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
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2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2762:
2750:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2681:
2678:Léon Bourgeois
2673:
2670:Woodrow Wilson
2665:
2658:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2601:
2593:
2581:
2574:Klas Arnoldson
2569:
2562:Ernesto Moneta
2557:
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2533:
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2513:
2510:Frédéric Passy
2497:
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2347:External links
2345:
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2342:
2337:978-0679448020
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1993:
1984:
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1937:
1928:
1925:on 2009-06-04.
1905:
1884:
1881:on 2003-08-19.
1863:
1861:, p. 266.
1851:
1840:Thinkers Lodge
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698:John S. Foster
694:Brock Chisholm
690:
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643:
557:
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515:Joseph Rotblat
507:armed conflict
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3855:Seamus Heaney
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3425:David Trimble
3422:
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3413:Jody Williams
3410:
3405:
3402:
3398:
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3377:Yasser Arafat
3374:
3373:Yitzhak Rabin
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3241:Mother Teresa
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3178:Seán MacBride
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3052:Linus Pauling
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2939:John Boyd Orr
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2759:Ludwig Quidde
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2724:Charles Dawes
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2578:Fredrik Bajer
2575:
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2566:Louis Renault
2563:
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2550:
2547:
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2539:
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2530:Randal Cremer
2526:
2523:
2522:Charles Gobat
2519:
2518:Élie Ducommun
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2411:Physics Today
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2255:
2248:
2234:on 2017-08-07
2233:
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2187:
2186:www.spusa.org
2183:
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2008:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1964:
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1956:0-8179-9102-6
1953:
1949:
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1941:
1932:
1924:
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1837:
1834:Admin, T. L.
1830:
1816:on 2019-02-14
1812:
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1528:
1526:
1525:Sherry Rehman
1523:
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1470:Peter Kapitza
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
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1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
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1435:Carl Djerassi
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Frank Barnaby
1423:
1421:
1418:
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1331:
1328:
1327:Cliff Kupchan
1324:
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1318:
1315:
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1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:Hannes Alfvén
1207:
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1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
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1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1159: : 2002–
1158:
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1006:
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986:
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978:
974:
970:
969:Berlin Crisis
963:
959:
955:
954:Norman Ramsey
951:
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839:
835:
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828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811: –
810:
806:
805:Find sources:
799:
795:
789:
788:
783:This section
781:
777:
772:
771:
763:
761:
757:
756:Armand Hammer
753:
749:
741:
737:
733:
730:Cyrus Eaton,
725:
724:Marian Danysz
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Hans Thirring
705:
704:Mark Oliphant
701:
699:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:two from the
677:
675:
674:Hideki Yukawa
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Walter Selove
630:
626:
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39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
26:
21:
20:
3994:
3877:
3759:
3736: /
3732: /
3717: /
3680: /
3632: /
3595: /
3591: /
3567:Barack Obama
3543: /
3528: /
3526:Grameen Bank
3513: /
3489:Shirin Ebadi
3478:Jimmy Carter
3465: /
3451:2001–present
3441:Kim Dae-jung
3423: /
3411: /
3399: /
3387: /
3384:
3375: /
3371: /
3369:Shimon Peres
3359: /
3285:Desmond Tutu
3267: /
3231: /
3211: /
3180: /
3168: /
3162:
3148:Willy Brandt
3062: /
3020:Georges Pire
2966:Léon Jouhaux
2947:Ralph Bunche
2922: /
2910: /
2900:Cordell Hull
2841:Robert Cecil
2792: /
2757: /
2745: /
2722: /
2688: /
2610:Alfred Fried
2608: /
2606:Tobias Asser
2588: /
2576: /
2564: /
2520: /
2508: /
2506:Henry Dunant
2417:
2413:, June 2001.
2410:
2405:
2328:Random House
2326:. New York:
2322:
2298:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2227:
2218:
2208:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2163:. 2014-07-22
2160:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2098:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1923:the original
1918:
1908:
1887:
1879:the original
1859:Epstein 1996
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1723:
1703:
1603:
1592:
1580:
1560:Herbert York
1455:John Holdren
1440:Paul M. Doty
1354:Talat Masood
1352:Gen. (ret.)
1263:
1167:
1111:Bernard Feld
1078:
1076:
1055:
1047:
1033:
1021:
1013:Soviet Union
995:(1972), the
991:(1968), the
987:(1963), the
966:
927:
924:
901:
893:
890:
886:
856:
847:
837:
830:
823:
816:
804:
792:Please help
787:verification
784:
729:
712:Zhou Peiyuan
706:), Austria (
647:Soviet Union
621:Paul M. Doty
606:
567:
535:
498:
496:
315:
294:
251:
167:
46:
24:
3804:Nobel Prize
3715:Maria Ressa
3682:Nadia Murad
3397:Carlos Belo
3309:Óscar Arias
3301:Elie Wiesel
3277:Lech Wałęsa
3265:Alva Myrdal
3229:Anwar Sadat
3182:Eisaku Satō
3115:René Cassin
2908:Emily Balch
2790:Jane Addams
2141:October 10,
2075:ssp.mit.edu
2030:"About IFS"
1738:20 November
1733:Nobel Prize
1570:Walter Dorn
1520:Martin Rees
1260:Pugwashites
1185:Lord Florey
1022:During the
981:Vietnam War
877:Cyrus Eaton
732:Eric Burhop
714:), France (
637:Leó Szilárd
609:Nova Scotia
594:Suez Crisis
582:Cyrus Eaton
550:Cyrus Eaton
349:established
318:established
4035:Categories
3844:Literature
3693:Abiy Ahmed
3578:Liu Xiaobo
3467:Kofi Annan
3164:Lê Đức Thọ
2618:Elihu Root
2263:2017-05-03
2238:2017-05-03
2191:2019-12-10
2167:2019-12-10
2080:2019-12-10
2012:2019-12-10
1978:2019-12-10
1891:McNamara,
1845:2019-12-10
1820:2019-01-11
1789:2019-12-10
1764:2019-12-10
1715:References
1599:Kazakhstan
1550:Ivan Supek
1410:Ruth Adams
1344:Riad Malki
979:, and the
820:newspapers
710:), China (
666:Iwao Ogawa
293:Launch of
250:Launch of
240:Saxby Gale
168:Chesapeake
3930:(Germany)
3857:(Ireland)
3813:Chemistry
3806:laureates
3421:John Hume
3200:1976–2000
2957:1951–1975
2912:John Mott
2734:1926–1950
2494:1901–1925
2483:Laureates
2115:19 August
1958:, p.86-87
1585:in 2008.
1555:Igor Tamm
1505:Bas Pease
1382:Ivo Slaus
1062:Hiroshima
881:financier
850:June 2019
533:in 1955.
3880:(Canada)
3829:(Mexico)
3734:Memorial
2320:(1996).
2272:cite web
2109:BBC News
1897:Archived
1631:See also
1058:Nagasaki
1024:Cold War
950:Fermilab
295:Bluenose
48:Bluenose
25:a series
22:Part of
3889:Physics
3541:Al Gore
2485:of the
2373:YouTube
2135:Pugwash
2056:at the
2036:7 April
834:scholar
752:Jurmala
750:– 2009
746:; 1923
740:Russian
718:), and
231:elected
130:1760–61
3439:2000:
3431:1999:
3419:1998:
3407:1997:
3395:1996:
3383:1995:
3367:1994:
3355:1993:
3347:1992:
3339:1991:
3331:1990:
3323:1989:
3315:1988:
3307:1987:
3299:1986:
3291:1985:
3283:1984:
3275:1983:
3263:1982:
3255:1981:
3247:1980:
3239:1979:
3227:1978:
3219:1977:
3207:1976:
3188:1975:
3176:1974:
3161:1973:
3086:UNICEF
3058:1963:
3050:1962:
3042:1961:
3034:1960:
3026:1959:
3018:1958:
3010:1957:
2988:1954:
2980:1953:
2972:1952:
2964:1951:
2945:1950:
2937:1949:
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