1242:. Supporters of the historic site in Elizabeth, led by the Apple River Fort Foundation, appealed in protest to legislators and the governor against the closing, lamenting the economic impact the fort's closing will have on the community. After delay, the proposal to close seven state parks and a dozen state historic sites, including Apple River Fort, went ahead on November 30, 2008. After the impeachment of Illinois Governor Blagojevich, new governor Pat Quinn reopened the closed state parks in February. In March 2009 Quinn announced he is committed to reopening the state historic sites by June 30, 2009.
1158:, as captain and commander of the settlement's militia contingent. The Apple River settlement, at the time of the fort's completion, was home to several families who had traveled long distances: the Crains, the Armstrongs, and others. Some families, like the Flacks, the Howards, and Lawhorns and others took up residence in nearby cabins. The Murdock family already resided in a homestead near the new fort. Relatively few contemporary descriptions of the fort exist. One of the more complete later descriptions—and the only one to mention the blockhouse in detail—is found in the 1878 post-Black Hawk War text
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1171:," of two stories, with the upper story most likely constructed on top of an existing agricultural outbuilding. The second story projecting over the other about two feet, so that the Indians could not come up near to the building for the purpose of setting it on fire, without being exposed to the guns of the settlers, from above. On one side of the yard were two extant long cabins, for dwelling purposes, and in the two corners not occupied by houses, elevated benches were built into "bastions" or outward projections in the log wall. These were made to stand upon and
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Trees were felled, and dragged to the area to be enclosed. A three foot trench was dug along the proposed stockade line. each post was raised into place and back-filled to hold the timber erect and projecting about twelve feet high, One corner of the fort was formed by using two walls of an existing
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Today, a replica of the fort stands next to the site of the original Apple River Fort. Constructed between 1996 and 1997 by a non-profit organization, the replica was based on earlier archaeological investigations of the site which revealed information about the layout and settlement at the fort. In
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The Apple River Fort
Historic Foundation began attempting to locate the original site of the fort in the spring of 1995. Local tales told of the fort being situated on a hill not far from Main Street in Elizabeth. The group, unable to determine the veracity of the tale, hired an archaeologist to
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were found within the fort, one in southeast corner of the fort may have been used for food storage or as a dairy-processing pit. In the northwest corner of the fort, there were two more cellars, just west of one of the fort's log buildings. The largest cellar was located beneath the fort's
1281:, personal items, and small amounts of brick and stone structural materials. The items retrieved during the collection strongly suggested that occupation of the Apple River Fort site occurred during the early 19th century, probably not extending beyond 1860, and was short-term. The
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on the afternoon of June 24, 1832, by the Sac warrior Black Hawk and a 200-man war-party. The fort was defended bu about thirty men and boys, along with about 40 women children and infants. One man, a courier named Edmund Welch, was wounded in the hip early in the action. Though a
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on
November 7, 1997. On January 1, 2001, the state of Illinois took over operation of the reconstructed Apple River Fort and its interpretive center. The state now operates the area as the Apple River Fort State Historic Site. Illinois' purchase was funded, in part, through a
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on May 14. The
Galenian newspaper reported that the blockhouse was finished on May 22, 1832, with the stockade completed several days later. A militia company was formed from among the local families and single men and boys. This unit elected local surveyor and land-owner
1082:, and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land. The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold.
250:, and in 2001 the state of Illinois took over operations of the site and designated it the Apple River Fort State Historic Site. Apple River Fort was one of numerous Illinois historic sites slated to close October 1, 2008, due to cuts in the Illinois budget by Governor
1093:. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830–31 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the
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Native
American tribes. The treaty, regarding land settlement, ceded 50 million acres (200,000 km) of Sauk and Fox land to the United States for $ 2,234.50 and an annual annuity of $ 1,000. The treaty was controversial, Sauk Chief
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The earliest settlers in the vicinity of Apple River Fort, probably miners, likely arrived more than a decade before the fort's construction. The miners settled the site and built log cabins around and near the
Kellogg's Trail, a route from
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himself. The site of the original fort still holds the potential to yield significant sub-surface archaeological artifacts and data. For its military and archaeological significance, the Apple River Fort Site was added to the U.S.
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1089:, during the 1820s, miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty. When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829 they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the
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1223:. Bainbridge salvaged what logs were usable from the fort, dismantling it in the process, and used them to construct a barn on his property. The fort site remained relatively undisturbed in the ensuing years. In 1994 the
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1324:. The major difference between the two structures was in the placement of buildings within the stockade walls. The digs at Apple River uncovered a dozen original features of Apple River Fort. The remains of four
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1277:. Subsequently, the research team "lightly disked" the site to perform a "controlled surface collection." The surface collection yielded a wide range of artifacts including different types of glass,
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at Apple River Fort suffered just one fatality, George W. Harkleroad, and one man wounded, Josiah
Nutting. During the battle, several women rose to the occasion to aid in the defence of the fort.
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was singled out for her bravery as she motivated the fort's settlers, especially the women, to support the defenders. The number of casualties absorbed by Black Hawk's force is unknown.
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234:, United States, the fort at the Apple River settlement was built in less than a week. It was one of the few forts attacked during the war and the only one attacked by a band led by
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The Apple River Fort played a role in the 1832 Black Hawk War, being one of the few forts that was attacked during the conflict, and the only fort attacked by a band led by
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Apple River
Historical Foundation was organized and archaeological investigation was conducted in 1995. In June 1997 a reconstruction effort ended, and today a
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constructed a series of forts, stockades, and fortified homes; Apple River Fort was one of the forts erected after the
Illinois Militia's defeat at
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beginning in 1996. Volunteers built the fort, using the same tools and materials settlers would have used. Logs were stripped and split by hand,
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After the war ended, the fort remained standing into the 1840s; in the immediate aftermath of the war's conclusion the site was occupied by two
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During the archaeological investigation at the site, Apple River Fort was found to display a nearly identical construction pattern to that of
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were split by hand, and a trench dug to connect the two cabin replicas on the interior. The stockade walls were built using 14 and
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The fort's construction was motivated by the Black Hawk War, which was a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the
Governor of the
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1101:" of around 1,000 warriors and non-combatants crossed the river into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to
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of the fort stands to the south of the original site, which remains undisturbed to preserve its archaeological integrity.
1113:, construction at the Apple River Fort site advanced quickly. A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of
254:. After Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office, new Illinois Governor Pat Quinn reopened the site in May 2009.
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area, and made significant contributions to the understanding of the nature of the early Apple River settlement.
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The state historic site at the Apple River Fort Site was set to close
October 1, 2008, because of cuts in the
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and investigation at the site were led by Floyd Mansberger of Fever River Research, in consultation with the
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into the 1840s. The blockhouse cellar yielded the earliest archaeological material collected at the site.
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long logs. In addition, volunteers completed a blockhouse and firing stands with hand-hewn ladders.
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1818:), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, March 31, 1997, HAARGIS Database,
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showed that the dimensions given in this 1878 description were incorrect. See Harmet, p. 5.
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log house in which one of the settlers had lived. In the opposite corner, was built a "
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The Apple River Fort was constructed by the early settlers in the region in present-day
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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at the site uncovered the original footprint of the fort, a smaller than estimated
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The archaeologists' efforts at the fort site allowed for the construction of a
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
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1629:), H.F. Kett & Co., Chicago: 1887, p. 583. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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1998:
1219:. In 1847 George Bainbridge purchased the land and the fort from the
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1726:
Quinn To Reopen State Parks And Historic Sites Closed By Blagojevich
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National Register of Historic Places in Jo Daviess County, Illinois
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and Illinois were then mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's Band.
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1105:, but the undisciplined Illinois militia's actions led to the
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Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
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1962:
1497:
May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run
1049:
1141:. At the onset of the Black Hawk War, settlers in southern
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determine the location of the old frontier fortification.
1041:
1815:
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June 24, Elizabeth, Ill.: Women Save the Apple River Fort
1320:, another Black Hawk War frontier fort near present-day
1329:
blockhouse, in its southeast corner, and was used as a
1254:
Interior of the Apple River Fort replica, April 2008.
1677:
State park closings a tough pill for some to swallow
3847:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
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Fall 2001, Vol.4, No. 1. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
1834:Reconstructed Forts of the Old Northwest Territory
1696:Governor Quinn calls on IDNR to Reopen State Parks
276:; they obtained fresh water from a nearby spring.
3878:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1666:, September 9, 2008, accessed September 11, 2008.
246:1997 the Apple River Fort Site was listed on the
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4270:National Register of Historic Places portal
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2611:
2842:List of National Natural Landmarks in Illinois
16:Archaeological site in Illinois, United States
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1715:, February 26, 2009, accessed April 12, 2009.
1685:, November 29, 2008, accessed April 12, 2009.
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1865:2009-10-25): Analysis of archaeological data
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4318:Buildings and structures completed in 1997
4313:Military installations established in 1832
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1740:, March 25, 2009, accessed April 12, 2009.
1622:The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois
1085:After the discovery of lead in and around
58:
3818:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1836:. Westminster, Md: Heritage Books, 2008.
1566:," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,
1541:, Spring 2003. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
1513:
1506:," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,
1443:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
38:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3763:Illinois Department of Natural Resources
1777:
1712:Illinois Department of Natural Resources
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1590:," Past To Present - Mining To Farming,
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1528:Uncovering the Story of Fort Blue Mounds
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1387:"National Register Information System"
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3174:List of Illinois State Historic Sites
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1820:Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
1785:Apple River Fort newest historic site
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1484:Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
1268:Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
1236:Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
4338:Military and war museums in Illinois
3769:
2870:Wetlands of international importance
1854:Apple River Fort State Historic Site
1613:
1597:
1419:
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1392:National Register of Historic Places
1348:National Register of Historic Places
248:National Register of Historic Places
220:Apple River Fort State Historic Site
2893:Chiwaukee Illinois Beach Lake Plain
1675:Garcia, Monique and Gregory, Ted. "
1450:
1376:
13:
4233:National Historic Preservation Act
2782:Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie
1826:
1568:Wisconsin State Historical Society
1508:Wisconsin State Historical Society
1199:lasting about an hour ensued, the
1069:and a council of leaders from the
14:
4359:
3412:Horseshoe Lake (Alexander County)
2648:Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
2630:National Historic Sites and Parks
2564:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1847:
1137:, for protection during the 1832
1058:Symbols are wikilinked to article
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4274:
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2559:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1869:Fort Tours: Apple River Fort, IL
1221:United States federal government
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1160:The History of Jo Daviess County
1129:Another view of the replica fort
1097:, he again moved his so-called "
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2852:National Wild and Scenic Rivers
1510:. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
1486:. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
1447:. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
1336:
1238:'s budget by Illinois governor
1120:
4186:Federated States of Micronesia
3832:Architectural style categories
1355:160,000 Illinois FIRST grant.
1306:15 foot (4.6 m)
1010:Michigan Territory (Wisconsin)
289:
194:
1:
4328:Illinois State Historic Sites
2427:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
1804:
1592:Elizabeth Chamber of Commerce
1539:Wisconsin Magazine of History
1291:70 foot (21 m)
1287:50 foot (15 m)
1245:
116:Show map of the United States
1859:The Guns of Apple River Fort
1822:. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
1594:. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
1570:. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
1445:Northern Illinois University
47:Illinois State Historic Site
19:United States historic place
7:
2860:Middle Fork Vermilion River
2809:Illinois and Michigan Canal
2613:Protected areas of Illinois
2518:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
2478:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
1365:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
1358:
1109:. After the first clash at
1030:Map of Black Hawk War sites
10:
4364:
4238:Historic Preservation Fund
4217:American Legation, Morocco
2834:National Natural Landmarks
2554:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
2508:Battle of Apple River Fort
2320:Stillman's Run Battle Site
1434:The Black Hawk War of 1832
1186:Battle of Apple River Fort
1183:
1180:Battle of Apple River Fort
283:
257:
240:Battle of Apple River Fort
64:Reconstruction of the fort
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4179:Lists by associated state
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2498:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
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2015:
1997:
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1190:The fort was attacked by
280:Black Hawk War background
226:. Located in present-day
205:
193:NRHP reference
192:
184:
176:
139:
125:
69:
57:
53:
44:
35:
28:
24:
4160:Northern Mariana Islands
2749:Middle Mississippi River
2488:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2453:Battle of Stillman's Run
1370:
1107:Battle of Stillman's Run
180:0.5 acres (0.20 ha)
3482:Jim Edgar Panther Creek
2895:(shared with Wisconsin)
2764:Upper Mississippi River
2503:Attack at Ament's Cabin
2493:Battle of Waddams Grove
4155:Minor Outlying Islands
4138:Lists by insular areas
3852:Keeper of the Register
3645:Sand Prairie-Scrub Oak
3016:Hennepin Canal Parkway
2888:Dixon Waterfowl Refuge
2796:National Heritage Area
2483:Spafford Farm massacre
1905:Black Hawk War of 1832
1322:Blue Mounds, Wisconsin
1255:
1177:
1130:
3857:National Park Service
3837:Contributing property
3615:Harry "Babe" Woodyard
3071:Mississippi Palisades
2468:Indian Creek massacre
1812:Apple River Fort Site
1810:Harmet, A. Richard. "
1526:Birmingham, Robert. "
1397:National Park Service
1253:
1164:
1128:
284:Further information:
218:, today known as the
161:42.31806°N 90.21417°W
30:Apple River Fort Site
4333:Black Hawk War forts
4212:District of Columbia
3180:World Heritage Site)
3166:State Historic Sites
2513:Sinsinawa Mound raid
2458:Buffalo Grove ambush
1731:The Associated Press
1651:Newton, P. Carter. "
1482:," Historic Sites,"
91:Show map of Illinois
3587:State Natural Areas
3151:William G. Stratton
3036:James "Pate" Philip
2883:The Emiquon Complex
2539:Black Hawk Purchase
2397:Hamilton's Diggings
2235:Joseph Throckmorton
2189:James W. Stephenson
2159:William S. Hamilton
1640:archaeological digs
1619:Kett, H.F. and Co.
1264:archaeological digs
1205:Elizabeth Armstrong
1135:Elizabeth, Illinois
166:42.31806; -90.21417
157: /
3640:Revis Hill Prairie
3630:Piney Creek Ravine
3610:Goose Lake Prairie
3605:Fults Hill Prairie
3282:North Point Marina
3262:Johnson-Sauk Trail
3141:White Pines Forest
2774:National Grassland
2473:St. Vrain massacre
2337:Michigan Territory
1832:Hall, Jonathan N.
1790:2006-09-10 at the
1756:Harmet, pp. 16-20.
1701:2009-04-08 at the
1658:2011-07-11 at the
1586:2007-06-23 at the
1562:2008-08-28 at the
1533:2012-09-14 at the
1502:2007-08-14 at the
1478:2007-09-05 at the
1439:2009-08-15 at the
1256:
1131:
1115:Michigan Territory
1038:Battle (with name)
4323:Forts in Illinois
4288:
4287:
3842:Historic district
3784:
3783:
3727:
3726:
3696:
3695:
3472:Mississippi River
3457:Mazonia/Braidwood
3392:Edward R. Madigan
3332:William W. Powers
3322:Wayne Fitzgerrell
3317:Washington County
3312:Stephen A. Forbes
3106:Rock Island Trail
3081:Morrison-Rockwood
2908:
2907:
2899:Upper Mississippi
2635:national monument
2579:
2578:
2523:Battle of Bad Axe
2448:Minor engagements
2248:
2247:
2070:
2069:
1796:Illinois Heritage
1581:Elizabeth History
1399:. March 13, 2009.
1091:Mississippi River
1067:Indiana Territory
1063:
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1046:Fort / settlement
1039:
585:Wisconsin Heights
213:
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4191:Marshall Islands
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3797:
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3787:
3772:
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3739:
3738:
3711:County Districts
3707:
3706:
3620:Illinois Caverns
3432:Kishwaukee River
3229:Recreation Areas
3146:Wildlife Prairie
3051:Lake Murphysboro
2919:
2918:
2658:New Philadelphia
2626:
2625:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2549:Keokuk's Reserve
2402:Pecatonica River
2352:Blue Mounds Fort
2265:Apple River Fort
2225:Joseph M. Street
2220:Antoine LeClaire
2210:George Davenport
2194:Samuel Whiteside
2179:John H. Rountree
2144:Ebenezer Brigham
2134:Milton Alexander
2129:John Giles Adams
2079:
2078:
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1774:Harmet, pp. 7-8.
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1473:Apple River Fort
1469:
1448:
1430:
1417:
1416:Harmet, pp. 5-9.
1414:
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1383:
1318:Fort Blue Mounds
1307:
1292:
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1201:Illinois Militia
1087:Galena, Illinois
1057:
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1018:Territory (Iowa)
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543:Apple River Fort
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417:Fort Blue Mounds
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216:Apple River Fort
209:November 7, 1997
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3866:
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3785:
3780:
3723:
3692:
3664:
3650:Sielbeck Forest
3581:
3552:Snakeden Hollow
3422:Kaskaskia River
3417:Iroquois County
3402:Hamilton County
3377:Crawford County
3343:
3336:
3302:Randolph County
3272:Lake Le-Aqua-Na
3257:Golconda Marina
3228:
3221:
3183:
3160:
3041:Jubilee College
2986:Donnelley/Depue
2904:
2864:
2846:
2828:
2814:Lewis and Clark
2792:National Trails
2786:
2768:
2685:
2673:National Forest
2667:
2643:Chicago Portage
2632:
2615:
2610:
2580:
2575:
2544:Black Hawk Tree
2527:
2463:Plum River raid
2436:
2432:Wisconsin River
2412:Sinsinawa Mound
2387:Gratiot's Grove
2377:Fort Koshkonong
2300:Kellogg's Grove
2244:
2240:Satterlee Clark
2230:Felix St. Vrain
2198:
2184:Isaiah Stillman
2174:Alexander Posey
2169:Abraham Lincoln
2115:
2101:Jefferson Davis
2066:
2039:
2011:
1993:
1975:
1957:
1907:
1902:
1850:
1829:
1827:Further reading
1807:
1802:
1792:Wayback Machine
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
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1760:
1755:
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1737:Huffington Post
1723:
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1703:Wayback Machine
1693:
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1682:Chicago Tribune
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1660:Wayback Machine
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1525:
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1504:Wayback Machine
1494:
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1480:Wayback Machine
1470:
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1441:Wayback Machine
1432:Lewis, James. "
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1240:Rod Blagojevich
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566:
564:Sinsinawa Mound
561:
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547:
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540:
534:
532:
528:
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519:
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511:
507:
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501:Kellogg's Grove
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252:Rod Blagojevich
165:
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31:
20:
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12:
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5:
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4170:Virgin Islands
4167:
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4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:American Samoa
4141:
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4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:South Carolina
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:North Carolina
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4021:
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3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3871:Lists by state
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3862:Property types
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3759:
3756:East St. Louis
3752:
3745:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
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3713:
3704:
3698:
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3691:
3690:
3685:
3683:Trail of Tears
3680:
3674:
3672:
3666:
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3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Franklin Creek
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Ten Mile Creek
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Silver Springs
3544:
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3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
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3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Mackinaw River
3439:
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3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
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3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
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3348:
3346:
3344:Wildlife Areas
3342:State Fish and
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3327:Weldon Springs
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Sangchris Lake
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
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3231:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3217:Trail of Tears
3214:
3209:
3204:
3202:Hidden Springs
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
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3182:
3181:
3170:
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3162:
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3159:
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3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Siloam Springs
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Pere Marquette
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Kankakee River
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Illinois Beach
3028:
3023:
3021:Horseshoe Lake
3018:
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2824:Trail of Tears
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2800:
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2714:Driftless Area
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2532:Related topics
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2417:Soldiers Grove
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2322:
2317:
2315:Stillman Creek
2312:
2307:
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2282:
2280:Fort Armstrong
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2164:James D. Henry
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2116:
2114:
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2111:Zachary Taylor
2108:
2106:Winfield Scott
2103:
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2091:Henry Atkinson
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2032:
2027:
2025:Billy Caldwell
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
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2001:
1995:
1994:
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1989:Waukon Decorah
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1848:External links
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1823:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1776:
1767:
1765:Harmet, p. 23.
1758:
1742:
1717:
1687:
1668:
1664:Galena Gazette
1653:Fort's Closing
1644:
1631:
1612:
1610:Harmet, p. 14.
1596:
1572:
1543:
1512:
1488:
1449:
1418:
1402:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1338:
1335:
1313:
1310:
1247:
1244:
1212:
1209:
1184:Main article:
1181:
1178:
1151:Stillman's Run
1139:Black Hawk War
1122:
1119:
1111:Stillman's Run
1061:
1060:
1054:Native village
1027:
1026:
1015:
1012:
1009:
993:
977:
961:
945:
929:
913:
897:
881:
865:
849:
833:
817:
801:
785:
769:
753:
737:
721:
705:
689:
673:
657:
641:
625:
609:
604:
588:
583:
567:
562:
546:
541:
525:
520:
504:
499:
483:
478:
462:
459:Horseshoe Bend
457:
441:
436:
420:
415:
399:
394:
378:
373:
357:
352:
336:
331:
315:
312:Stillman's Run
310:
294:
293:
286:Black Hawk War
281:
278:
264:
261:
259:
256:
224:Black Hawk War
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
106:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
81:
80:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
36:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:West Virginia
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:New Hampshire
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Massachusetts
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Spitler Woods
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Prairie Ridge
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Turkey Bluffs
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Sam Dale Lake
3525:
3523:
3522:Saline County
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Powerton Lake
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Peabody River
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Heidecke Lake
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Anderson Lake
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Lowden-Miller
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3189:State Forests
3186:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Weinberg-King
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Shabbona Lake
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Moraine Hills
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Lincoln Trail
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Gebhard Woods
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Dixon Springs
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Chain O'Lakes
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Cypress Creek
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Fort Hamilton
2365:
2363:
2362:Fort Defiance
2360:
2358:
2357:Fort Crawford
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Bad Axe River
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Waddams Grove
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Dixon's Ferry
2273:
2271:
2270:Buffalo Grove
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Henry Gratiot
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:Native people
1910:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:9780788447761
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:Press release
1704:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:pre-Civil War
1269:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:After the war
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1145:and northern
1144:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1005:
1003:
989:
987:
973:
971:
957:
955:
941:
939:
925:
923:
909:
907:
893:
891:
877:
875:
861:
859:
845:
843:
829:
827:
813:
811:
797:
795:
781:
779:
765:
763:
749:
747:
733:
731:
717:
715:
701:
699:
685:
683:
669:
667:
653:
651:
637:
635:
621:
619:
607:
600:
598:
586:
579:
577:
565:
558:
556:
544:
537:
535:
523:
522:Ament's Cabin
516:
514:
502:
495:
493:
481:
480:Waddams Grove
474:
472:
460:
453:
451:
439:
438:Spafford Farm
432:
430:
418:
411:
409:
397:
390:
388:
376:
369:
367:
355:
348:
346:
334:
333:Buffalo Grove
327:
325:
313:
306:
304:
292:
291:
287:
277:
275:
274:Dixon's Ferry
271:
263:Early history
255:
253:
249:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
206:Added to NRHP
204:
201:
198:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
103:
78:
68:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
27:
23:
4290:
4084:South Dakota
4074:Rhode Island
4069:Pennsylvania
4049:North Dakota
3773:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3678:Mormon Trail
3670:State Trails
3572:Union County
3517:Sahara Woods
3437:LaSalle Lake
3427:Kinkaid Lake
3372:Coffeen Lake
3367:Carlyle Lake
3362:Banner Marsh
3357:Baldwin Lake
3287:Prophetstown
3277:Moraine View
3252:Frank Holten
3247:Eldon Hazlet
3237:Clinton Lake
3176:(including,
3131:Walnut Point
3126:Starved Rock
2991:Ferne Clyffe
2961:Cave-in-Rock
2951:Buffalo Rock
2704:Crab Orchard
2653:Lincoln Home
2568:
2372:Fort Jackson
2330:Yellow Creek
2295:Indian Creek
2264:
2139:David Bailey
1953:Wabokieshiek
1920:British Band
1833:
1819:
1795:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1710:
1690:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1647:
1634:
1627:Google Books
1620:
1615:
1591:
1575:
1567:
1538:
1507:
1491:
1483:
1444:
1390:
1340:
1337:Significance
1315:
1295:
1261:
1257:
1233:
1214:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1132:
1121:Construction
1099:British Band
1084:
1064:
1016:Unorganized
375:Indian Creek
266:
244:
219:
215:
214:
126:Nearest city
4205:Other areas
4165:Puerto Rico
3999:Mississippi
3914:Connecticut
3688:Tunnel Hill
3595:Cache River
3557:Spring Lake
3542:Shelbyville
3477:Newton Lake
3467:Middle Fork
3462:Mermet Lake
3397:Green River
3382:Des Plaines
3297:Ramsey Lake
3242:Eagle Creek
3121:South Shore
3066:Matthiessen
2996:Fort Massac
2956:Castle Rock
2941:Beall Woods
2936:Argyle Lake
2931:Apple River
2923:State Parks
2754:Port Louisa
2724:Great River
2441:Engagements
2154:Henry Dodge
2149:John Dement
2075:U.S. people
1933:Checokalako
1173:reconnoitre
1169:block house
1156:Clack Stone
164: /
140:Coordinates
4297:Categories
4114:Washington
4034:New Mexico
4029:New Jersey
3904:California
3502:Ray Norbut
3492:Pekin Lake
3212:Sand Ridge
3156:Wolf Creek
3011:Giant City
2946:Beaver Dam
2759:Two Rivers
2739:Mark Twain
2729:Hackmatack
2699:Chautauqua
2382:Fort Union
2305:Plum River
2285:Fort Beggs
2096:Hugh Brady
2017:Potawatomi
1948:Towaunonne
1928:Black Hawk
1805:References
1343:Black Hawk
1283:archeology
1246:Archeology
1225:non-profit
1192:Black Hawk
1080:Black Hawk
354:Plum River
236:Black Hawk
152:90°12′51″W
4124:Wisconsin
4089:Tennessee
3994:Minnesota
3969:Louisiana
3625:Kidd Lake
3537:Sanganois
3512:Rice Lake
3507:Rend Lake
3197:Big River
3096:Red Hills
3001:Fox Ridge
2971:Channahon
2744:Meredosia
2341:Wisconsin
2035:Waubonsie
1999:Menominee
1794:," News,
1331:trash pit
1275:artifacts
1217:squatters
1197:firefight
1143:Wisconsin
396:St. Vrain
228:Elizabeth
149:42°19′5″N
130:Elizabeth
4280:Category
4109:Virginia
4059:Oklahoma
4039:New York
4014:Nebraska
4004:Missouri
3989:Michigan
3979:Maryland
3964:Kentucky
3944:Illinois
3919:Delaware
3909:Colorado
3899:Arkansas
3742:Category
3660:Volo Bog
3577:Woodford
3532:Sam Parr
3447:Marshall
3387:Double T
3267:Kickapoo
3101:Rock Cut
2901:(shared)
2734:Kankakee
2310:Saukenuk
2260:Illinois
2049:Meskwaki
2030:Shabbona
1981:Ho-Chunk
1943:Pamisseu
1863:Archived
1788:Archived
1699:Archived
1656:Archived
1584:Archived
1560:Archived
1531:Archived
1500:Archived
1476:Archived
1437:Archived
1359:See also
1302:shingles
1279:ceramics
1147:Illinois
1013:Illinois
232:Illinois
200:97001332
134:Illinois
4226:Related
4129:Wyoming
4104:Vermont
4009:Montana
3949:Indiana
3929:Georgia
3924:Florida
3894:Arizona
3884:Alabama
3775:Commons
3749:Chicago
3452:Mautino
3292:Pyramid
3178:Cahokia
2976:Delabar
2719:Emiquon
2681:Shawnee
2663:Pullman
2621:Federal
2570:Warrior
2422:Victory
2407:Roxbury
2121:Militia
2062:Wapello
2007:Oshkosh
1971:Wapasha
1938:Neapope
1326:cellars
1298:replica
1229:replica
1095:British
606:Bad Axe
258:History
4064:Oregon
4019:Nevada
3959:Kansas
3934:Hawaii
3889:Alaska
3825:Topics
3086:Nauvoo
3061:Lowden
3026:Illini
2392:Helena
2290:Galena
2253:Places
2203:Others
2057:Keokuk
1963:Dakota
1840:
1734:, via
1638:Later
1312:Design
270:Galena
4196:Palau
4094:Texas
3974:Maine
3939:Idaho
3702:Local
3227:State
2914:State
1371:Notes
185:Built
4150:Guam
4099:Utah
4054:Ohio
3954:Iowa
2633:and
2083:Army
2047:and
2045:Sauk
1838:ISBN
1705:", (
1353:US$
1262:The
1103:Iowa
1073:and
1071:Sauk
188:1832
177:Area
1816:PDF
1814:, (
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1289:by
1075:Fox
272:to
195:No.
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