Aquaculture - Knowledge

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the global salmon farming industry up to 400 million Euros. This represents 6–10% of the production value of the affected countries, but it can go up to 20% (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). Since pathogens quickly spread within a population of cultured fish, their control is vital for the sector. Historically, the use of antibiotics was against bacterial epizootics but the production of animal proteins has to be sustainable, which means that preventive measures that are acceptable from a biological and environmental point of view should be used to keep disease problems in aquaculture at an acceptable level. So, this added to the efficiency of vaccines resulted in an immediate and permanent reduction in the use of antibiotics in the 90s. In the beginning, there were fish immersion vaccines efficient against the vibriosis but proved ineffective against the furunculosis, hence the arrival of injectable vaccines: first water-based and after oil-based, much more efficient (Sommerset, 2005).

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of aquaculture through disease. Genetically modified vaccines are not being used in the EU due to societal concerns and regulations. Meanwhile, DNA vaccines are now authorised in the EU. There are challenges in fish vaccine development, immune response due to lack of potent adjScientists are considering microdose application in future. But there are also exciting opportunities in aquaculture vaccinology due to the low cost of technology, regulations change and novel antigen expression and delivery systems. In Norway subunit vaccine (VP2 peptide) against infectious pancreatic necrosis is being used. In Canada, a licensed DNA vaccine against Infectious hematopoietic necrosis has been launched for industry use. Fish have large mucosal surfaces, so the preferred route is immersion, intraperitoneal and oral respectively.

1049: 928: 1153: 3269:(ppt), scientists were able to produce healthy pompano, a saltwater fish, in tanks with a salinity of only 5 ppt. Commercializing low-salinity RAS are predicted to have positive environmental and economical effects. Unwanted nutrients from the fish food would not be added to the ocean and the risk of transmitting diseases between wild and farm-raised fish would greatly be reduced. The price of expensive saltwater fish, such as the pompano and cobia used in the experiments, would be reduced. However, before any of this can be done researchers must study every aspect of the fish's lifecycle, including the amount of ammonia and nitrate the fish will tolerate in the water, what to feed the fish during each stage of its lifecycle, the 920: 2972:

European Union to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach to using bacteria in feed to make vaccines, in particular thanks to lactic bacteria whose DNA is modified (Boudinot, 2006). In fact, vaccinating farmed fish by injection is time-consuming and costly, so vaccines can be administered orally or by immersion by being added to feed or directly into water. This allows vaccinating many individuals at the same time while limiting the associated handling and stress. Indeed, many tests are necessary because the antigens of the vaccines must be adapted to each species or not present a certain level of variability or they will not have any effect. For example, tests have been done with two species:

3570: 1136: 10213: 10191: 10475: 2415:, and production intensity. The use of urban aquaculture has increased over the last several years as societies continue to urbanise and demand for food in urban environments increases. Methods of production include recirculating systems; land-based culture systems; multifunctional wetlands; ponds, borrow pits and lakes; cages and culture-based fisheries. Most production in urban environments will include either extensive (productivity is based solely on natural runoff) or intensive (tanks and cages of monoculture production), compared to aquaculture in general which is normally 2177: 49: 1036: 981: 1061: 3743: 2129: 2524:, are now being used in aquaculture in various ways, such as site planning, cage or net inspection, environmental monitoring, disaster assessment, and risk reduction. The use of uncrewed vessels aims to increase safety, efficiency, and accuracy of aquaculture operations. Aquaculture is a multi-million-dollar business that relies on net and cage maintenance. Inspections used to be conducted by divers manually inspecting the nets, but uncrewed vessels are now being used to conduct faster and more efficient inspections. 2631:(meaning 7.5 kilograms of wild fish feed were required to produce one kilogram of salmon); by 2006 the ratio had fallen to 4.9. Additionally, a growing share of fish oil and fishmeal come from residues (byproducts of fish processing), rather than dedicated whole fish. In 2012, 34 percent of fish oil and 28 percent of fishmeal came from residues. However, fishmeal and oil from residues instead of whole fish have a different composition with more ash and less protein, which may limit its potential use for aquaculture. 1074: 1022: 2826: 682: 2638:. The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming then impacts the survivability of the wild predator fish who rely on them for food. An important step in reducing the impact of aquaculture on wild fish is shifting carnivorous species to plant-based feeds. Salmon feeds, for example, have gone from containing only fishmeal and oil to containing 40 percent plant protein. The USDA has also experimented with using grain-based feeds for farmed 1536: 12346: 11644: 11348: 1528: 12358: 11632: 864:, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated." The reported output from global aquaculture operations in 2019 was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$ 274 billion. However, there are issues with the reliability of the reported figures. Further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several kilograms of wild fish are used to produce one kilogram of a 2761:

vital for reducing stress and benefit aquaculture objects such as improved growth body condition and reduced damage from aggression. During grow-out it is important to keep stocking densities at appropriate levels specific to each species, as well as separating size classes and grading to reduce aggressive behavioural interactions. Keeping nets and cages clean can assist positive water flow to reduce the risk of water degradation.

3925: 2545: 3911: 2212: 12382: 2508:(i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. 12370: 2195: 3032:

review of aquaculture as a source of marine litter in the North, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas identified 64 different items, 19 of which were unique to aquaculture . Estimates of the amount of aquaculture waste entering the oceans vary widely, depending on the methodologies used. For example, in the European Economic Area loss estimates have varied from a low of 3,000 tonnes to 41,000 tonnes per year.

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system. This is done by having netted cages, preferably in open water that has a strong flow, and feeding the salmon a special food mixture that aids their growth. This process allows for year-round growth of the fish, thus a higher harvest during the correct seasons. An additional method, known sometimes as sea ranching, has also been used within the industry. Sea ranching involves raising fish in a

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been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research. Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals, including diseases such as

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been responsible for the continuing growth in the supply of fish for human consumption. Global aquaculture production (including aquatic plants) in 2016 was 110.2 million tonnes, with the first-sale value estimated at US$ 244 billion. Three years later, in 2019 the reported output from global aquaculture operations was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$ 274 billion.

1602:(abalone habitats). The 900 kg abitats can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. The abalone feed on seaweed that has grown naturally on the habitats, with the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also resulting in growing numbers of dhufish, pink snapper, wrasse, and Samson fish, among other species. 2580:, putting further pressure on wild animals. An alternative model to food being added to the ecosystem, is the installation of artificial reef structures to increase the habitat niches available, without the need to add any more than ambient feed and nutrient. This has been used in the "ranching" of abalone in Western Australia. 1690:, of which aquaculture contributed 66.6 million tonnes, about 42%. The growth rate of worldwide aquaculture has been sustained and rapid, averaging about 8% per year for over 30 years, while the take from wild fisheries has been essentially flat for the last decade. The aquaculture market reached $ 86 billion in 2009. 3133:

recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic. Regenerative ocean farming is a polyculture farming system that grows a mix of seaweeds and shellfish while sequestering carbon, decreasing nitrogen in the water and increasing oxygen, helping to regenerate and restore local habitat like

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can filter 15 gallons of water a day, removing microscopic algal cells. By removing these cells, shellfish are removing nitrogen and other nutrients from the system and either retaining it or releasing it as waste which sinks to the bottom. By harvesting these shellfish, the nitrogen they retained is

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There are 24 vaccines available and one for lobsters. The first vaccine was used in the USA against enteric red mouth in 1976. However, there are 19 companies and some small stakeholders are producing vaccines for aquaculture nowadays. The novel approaches are a way forward to prevent the loss of 10%

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Global fish production peaked at about 171 million tonnes in 2016, with aquaculture representing 47 percent of the total and 53 percent if non-food uses (including reduction to fishmeal and fish oil) are excluded. With capture fishery production relatively static since the late 1980s, aquaculture has

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The key to improving welfare of marine cultured organisms is to reduce stress to a minimum, as prolonged or repeated stress can cause a range of adverse effects. Attempts to minimise stress can occur throughout the culture process. Understanding and providing required environmental enrichment can be

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The contribution of aquaculture to the global production of capture fisheries and aquaculture combined has risen continuously, reaching 46.8 percent in 2016, up from 25.7 percent in 2000. With 5.8 percent annual growth rate during the period 2001–2016, aquaculture continues to grow faster than other

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farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply thereafter. Global production reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, worth about US$ 9 billion. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where

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About 430 (97%) of the species cultured as of 2007 were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture, to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have

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Imsland, Albert K.; Reynolds, Patrick; Eliassen, Gerhard; Hangstad, Thor Arne; Foss, Atle; Vikingstad, Erik; Elvegård, Tor Anders (2014-03-20). "The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) infestations in intensively farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo

3284:, and the United States. In California, for example, 15 fish farms produce tilapia, bass, and catfish with warm water from underground. This warmer water enables fish to grow all year round and mature more quickly. Collectively these California farms produce 4.5 million kilograms of fish each year. 2993:

are in progress for delivery purposes. The common antibodies produced are IgM and IgT. Normally booster is not required ifn Fish because more memory cells are produced in response to the booster rather than an increased level of antibodies. mRNA vaccines are alternative to DNA vaccines because they

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Not surprisingly disease and parasitism can have a major effect on fish welfare and it is important for farmers not only to manage infected stock but also to apply disease prevention measures. However, prevention methods, such as vaccination, can also induce stress because of the extra handling and

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may mean that high stocking densities are beneficial to some species, in many cultured species high stocking densities may be of concern. Crowding can constrain normal swimming behaviour, as well as increase aggressive and competitive behaviours such as cannibalism, feed competition, territoriality

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fish. If non-local live feeds are used, aquaculture may introduce exotic plants or animals with disastrous effects. Improvements in methods resulting from advances in research and the availability of commercial feeds has reduced some of these concerns since their greater prevalence in the 1990s and

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expressed concerns that China was over reporting its catch from wild fisheries in the 1990s. They said that made it appear that the global catch since 1988 was increasing annually by 300,000 tonnes, whereas it was really shrinking annually by 350,000 tonnes. Watson and Pauly suggested this may have

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Aquaculture is an especially important economic activity in China. Between 1980 and 1997, the Chinese Bureau of Fisheries reports, aquaculture harvests grew at an annual rate of 16.7%, jumping from 1.9 million tonnes to nearly 23 million tonnes. In 2005, China accounted for 70% of world production.

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The alternative to vaccines would be antibiotics and chemotherapy, which are more expensive and with bigger drawbacks. DNA-vaccines have become the most cost-efficient method of preventing infectious diseases. This bouts well for DNA-vaccines becoming the new standard both in fish vaccines, and in

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In 2014, the aquaculture produced fish overtook wild caught fish, in supply for human food. This means there is a huge demand for vaccines, in prevention of diseases. The reported annual loss fish, calculates to >10 billion USD. This is from approximately 10% of all fishes dying from infectious

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Aquaculture has an average annual growth rate of 9.2%, however, the success and continued expansion of the fish farming sector is highly dependent on the control of fish pathogens including a wide range of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In 2014, it was estimated that these parasites cost

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than they generate as a final product, although the efficiency of production is improving. To produce one kilograms of farmed salmon, products from several kilograms of wild fish are fed to them – this can be described as the "fish-in-fish-out" (FIFO) ratio. In 1995, salmon had a FIFO ratio of 7.5

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Sea cage aquaculture is responsible for nutrient enrichment of the waters in which they are established. This results from fish wastes and uneaten feed inputs. Elements of most concern are nitrogen and phosphorus which can promote algal growth, including harmful algal blooms which can be toxic to

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Many steps are involved in transport, including capture, food deprivation to reduce faecal contamination of transport water, transfer to transport vehicle via nets or pumps, plus transport and transfer to the delivery location. During transport water needs to be maintained to a high quality, with

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Mariculture may consist of raising the organisms on or in artificial enclosures such as in floating netted enclosures for salmon, and on racks or in floating cages for oysters. In the case of enclosed salmon, they are fed by the operators; oysters on racks filter feed on naturally available food.

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A similar process is used in the salmon-farming section of this industry; juveniles are taken from hatcheries and a variety of methods are used to aid them in their maturation. For example, as stated above, some of the most important fish species in the industry, salmon, can be grown using a cage

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In 2016, aquaculture was the source of 96.5 percent by volume of the total 31.2 million tonnes of wild-collected and cultivated aquatic plants combined. Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just

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Aquaculture can also be defined as the breeding, growing, and harvesting of fish and other aquatic plants, also known as farming in water. It is an environmental source of food and commercial products that help to improve healthier habitats and are used to reconstruct the population of endangered

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It is the important mortality in cages among farmed fish, the debates around DNA injection vaccines, although effective, their safety and their side effects but also societal expectations for cleaner fish and security, lead research on new vaccine vectors. Several initiatives are financed by the

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Many of these interactions and effects cause stress in the fish, which can be a major factor in facilitating fish disease. For many parasites, infestation depends on the host's degree of mobility, the density of the host population and vulnerability of the host's defence system. Sea lice are the

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Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Álvaro; Hernández-González, María C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of

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Aquaculture produces a range of marine debris, depending on the product and location. The most frequently documented type of plastic is expanded polystyrene (EPS), used extensively in floats and sea cage collars (MEPC 2020). Other common waste items include cage nets and plastic harvest bins. A

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quoted Yang Jian, director general of the Agriculture Ministry's Bureau of Fisheries, as saying that China's figures were "basically correct". However, the FAO accepted there were issues with the reliability of China's statistical returns, and for a period treated data from China, including the

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Fish waste is organic and composed of nutrients necessary in all components of aquatic food webs. In-ocean aquaculture often produces much higher than normal fish waste concentrations. The waste collects on the ocean bottom, damaging or eliminating bottom-dwelling life. Waste can also decrease

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that allows it to reach full size in 16–28 months, instead of the normal 36 months for Atlantic salmon, and while consuming 25 percent less feed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewed the AquAdvantage salmon in a draft environmental assessment and determined that it "would not have a

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The extent of the effects of pollution from sea-cage aquaculture varies depending on where the cages are located, which species are kept, how densely cages are stocked and what the fish are fed. Important species-specific variables include the species' food conversion ratio (FCR) and nitrogen

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released national aquaculture policies to address this issue and "to meet the growing demand for healthy seafood, to create jobs in coastal communities, and restore vital ecosystems." Large aquaculture facilities (i.e. those producing 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) per year) which discharge

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The decline in wild fish stocks has increased the demand for farmed fish. However, finding alternative sources of protein and oil for fish feed is necessary so the aquaculture industry can grow sustainably; otherwise, it represents a great risk for the over-exploitation of forage fish.

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adopted Roman aquacultural practices. Aquaculture spread because people away from coasts and big rivers were otherwise dependant on fish which required salting in order to be preserved. Fish was an important food source in medieval Europe, when in average 150 days per year were days

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released in May 2014 maintained fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of some 60 million people in Asia and Africa. FAO estimates that in 2016, overall, women accounted for nearly 14 percent of all people directly engaged in the fisheries and aquaculture primary sector.

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Findlay, David L.; Podemski, Cheryl L.; Kasian, Susan E.M. (2009-10-21). Smith, Ralph (ed.). "Aquaculture impacts on the algal and bacterial communities in a small boreal forest lakeThis paper is part of the series "Forty Years of Aquatic Research at the Experimental Lakes Area"".

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Paterson, Michael J.; Podemski, Cheryl L.; Findlay, Wilhelmina J.; Findlay, David L.; Salki, Alex G. (2010-11-03). Sprules, Gary (ed.). "The response of zooplankton in a whole-lake experiment on the effects of a cage aquaculture operation for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)".

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are typically sited in pristine coastal ecosystems which they then pollute. A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This waste is discharged directly into the surrounding aquatic environment, untreated, often containing antibiotics and

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In 2021, global fish production reached 182 million tonnes, with approximately equal amounts coming from capture (91.2 million tonnes) and aquaculture (90.9 million tonnes). Aquaculture has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, increasing almost sevenfold from 1990 to 2021.

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Biological control methods to manage parasites are already being used, such as cleaner fish (e.g. lumpsuckers and wrasse) to control sea lice populations in salmon farming. Models are being used to help with spatial planning and siting of fish farms in order to minimize impact.

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to potentially increase their abundance and maintain biodiversity. Increased shelter raises stocks of prey fish and small crustaceans by increasing recruitment opportunities in turn providing more prey for higher trophic levels. One study estimated that 10 square meters of

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Depending on the species and local conditions, bivalve molluscs are either grown on the beach, on longlines, or suspended from rafts and harvested by hand or by dredging. In May 2017 a Belgian consortium installed the first of two trial mussel farms on a wind farm in the

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are more safe, stable, easily producible at a large scale and mass immunization potential. Recently these are used in cancer prevention and therapeutics. Studies in rabies has shown that efficacy depends on dose and route of administration. These are still in infancy.

3344:. Facilities that produce at least 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) of fish, molluscs or crustaceans a year are subject to specific national discharge standards. Other permitted facilities are subject to effluent limitations that are developed on a case-by-case basis. 907:, both of which integrate fish farming and aquatic plant farming. The FAO describes aquaculture as one of the industries most directly affected by climate change and its impacts. Some forms of aquaculture have negative impacts on the environment, such as through 952:

of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture. Although land animals had long been domesticated, most seafood species were still caught from the wild. Concerned about the impact of growing demand for seafood on the world's oceans, prominent ocean explorer

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Lasa, Aide; Auguste, Manon; Lema, Alberto; Oliveri, Caterina; Borello, Alessio; Taviani, Elisa; Bonello, Guido; Doni, Lapo; Millard, Andrew D.; Bruto, Maxime; Romalde, Jesus L.; Yakimov, Michail; Balbi, Teresa; Pruzzo, Carla; Canesi, Laura (September 2021).

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Stephan Ludwig Jacobi, vor 300 Jahren in Kalletal-Hohenhausen geboren, veröffentlichte 1768 den Aufsatz „Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse" in den „Lippischen Intelligenzblättern" – und gilt damit zu Recht als Begründer der künstlichen

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Sometimes the term "integrated aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes, however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness.

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In 2016, mass fish kill events impacted salmon farmers along Chile's coast and the wider ecology. Increases in aquaculture production and its associated effluent were considered to be possible contributing factors to fish and molluscan mortality.

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and consumer countries led to changes in the industry in the late 1990s and generally stronger regulations. In 1999, governments, industry representatives, and environmental organizations initiated a program aimed at developing and promoting more

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of the lake. Annual phosphorus inputs from aquaculture waste exceeded that of natural inputs from atmospheric deposition and inflows, and phytoplankton biomass has had a fourfold annual increase following the initiation of the experimental farm.

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Aquaculture production now exceeds capture fishery production and together the relative GDP contribution has ranged from 0.01 to 10%. Singling out aquaculture's relative contribution to GDP, however, is not easily derived due to lack of data.

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been related to Chinese policies where state entities that monitored the economy were also tasked with increasing output. Also, until more recently, the promotion of Chinese officials was based on production increases from their own areas.

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China overwhelmingly dominates the world in reported aquaculture output, reporting a total output which is double that of the rest of the world put together. However, there are some historical issues with the accuracy of China's returns.

1561:, and clam species. These bivalves are filter and/or deposit feeders, which rely on ambient primary production rather than inputs of fish or other feed. As such, shellfish aquaculture is generally perceived as benign or even beneficial. 3656:

site in China has circumstantial archeological evidence as possibly the oldest aquaculture locations, dating from 6200BCE (about 8,200 years BP), but this is speculative. When the waters subsided after river floods, some fish, mainly

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diseases. The high annual losses increases the demand for vaccines. Even though there are about 24 traditionally used vaccines, there is still demand for more vaccines. The breakthrough of DNA-vaccines has sunk the cost of vaccines.

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costs were much higher than the external benefits. Over four decades, 269,000 hectares (660,000 acres) of Indonesian mangroves have been converted to shrimp farms. Most of these farms are abandoned within a decade because of the

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Naylor, Rosamond L.; Goldburg, Rebecca J.; Primavera, Jurgenne H.; Kautsky, Nils; Beveridge, Malcolm C. M.; Clay, Jason; Folke, Carl; Lubchenco, Jane; Mooney, Harold (2000-06-29). "Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies".

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Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore-based aquaculture. "We're not aquaculture, we're ranching, because once they're in the water they look after themselves."

1313:(FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018 6348:

Neori, A; Chopin, T; Troell, M; Buschmann, AH; Kraemer, GP; Halling, C; Shpigel, M; Yarish, C (2004). "Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture".

4257:"'FAO: 'Fish farming is the way forward.'(Big Picture)(Food and Agriculture Administration's 'State of Fisheries and Aquaculture' report)." The Ecologist 39.4 (2009): 8–9. Gale Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 1 October 2009. < 3843:) summarizing his findings, and earning him a reputation as the founder of artificial fish-rearing. By the latter decades of the 18th century, oyster-farming had begun in estuaries along the Atlantic Coast of North America. 3774:, and meat was prohibited. Improvements in transportation during the 19th century made fresh fish easily available and inexpensive, even in inland areas, rendering aquaculture less popular. The 15th-century fishponds of the 2748:

primary parasitic problem for finfish in aquaculture, high numbers causing widespread skin erosion and haemorrhaging, gill congestion, and increased mucus production. There are also a number of prominent viral and bacterial

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Chopin, T; Buschmann, AH; Halling, C; Troell, M; Kautsky, N; Neori, A; Kraemer, GP; Zertuche-Gonzalez, JA; Yarish, C; Neefus, C (2001). "Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key toward sustainability".

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Another impact aquaculture production can have on wild fish is the risk of fish escaping from coastal pens, where they can interbreed with their wild counterparts, diluting wild genetic stocks. Escaped fish can become

3892:, founded in the 1870s, was one of the leading producers of trout. During the 1940s, they perfected the method of manipulating the day- and night-cycle of fish so that they could be artificially spawned year-round. 10019: 9540:

in Samoa a traditional form of giant clam ranching was practiced on village reefs or on lagoon where a community place giant clams in a fenced off area for special occasion or reserves for seafood supply in bad

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of popular marine species, combined with a growing demand for high-quality protein, encouraged aquaculturists to domesticate other marine species. At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a

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Another recent issue following the banning in 2008 of organotins by the International Maritime Organization is the need to find environmentally friendly, but still effective, compounds with antifouling effects.

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fish. Flushing times, current speeds, distance from the shore and water depth are important considerations when locating sea cages in order to minimize the impacts of nutrient enrichment on coastal ecosystems.

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and dominance/subordination hierarchies. This potentially increases the risk of tissue damage due to abrasion from fish-to-fish contact or fish-to-cage contact. Fish can suffer reductions in food intake and

2368:, as extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond. A working IMTA system can result in greater total production based on mutual benefits to the co-cultured species and improved 9429:

Jhingran, V.G., Introduction to aquaculture. 1987, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research.

2380:, fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are other variations of the IMTA concept. 7988:

Bristow, Corben E.; Morin, Antoine; Hesslein, Ray H.; Podemski, Cheryl L. (2008-11-04). "Phosphorus budget and productivity of an experimental lake during the initial three years of cage aquaculture".

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Azevedo-Santos, Valter M.; Pelicice, Fernando Mayer; Lima-Junior, Dilermando Pereira; Magalhães, André Lincoln Barroso; Orsi, Mario Luis; Vitule, Jean Ricardo Simões; Agostinho, Angelo Antonio (2015).

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Chopin T. 2006. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. What it is, and why you should care ... and don't confuse it with polyculture. Northern Aquaculture, Vol. 12, No. 4, July/August 2006, pg. 4.

2700:, or have the perception and awareness to experience suffering. Although no evidence of this has been found in marine invertebrates, recent studies conclude that fish do have the necessary receptors ( 2634:

As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more wild forage fish for feed, at a time when seventy-five percent of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their

1358:, or ocean enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish 6493:

Offshore Aquaculture in the United States: Economic considerations, implications, and opportunities, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, July 2008, p. 53

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have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies most abalone meat. Sustainably farmed molluscs can be certified by Seafood Watch and other organizations, including the

6007: 4122: 2980:(which was vaccinated with the antigens), although the homology between the two species is important, the level of variability made the protection ineffective (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). 3265:

have found a way to rear saltwater fish using RAS in low-salinity waters. Although saltwater fish are raised in off-shore cages or caught with nets in water that typically has a salinity of 35

2356:, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case, these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes, with few 6651: 1003:

It is highly probable that future developments in this field will rely on microorganisms, but greater funding and further research is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge in this field.

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away from the shore (offshore aquaculture), where the species are either cultured in cages, racks or bags and are exposed to more diverse natural conditions such as water currents (such as

5680: 1651: 4080: 3257:(RAS) recycle water by circulating it through filters to remove fish waste and food and then recirculating it back into the tanks. This saves water and the waste gathered can be used in 9771:

Milner, James W. (1874). "The Progress of Fish-culture in the United States". United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries Report of the Commissioner for 1872 and 1873. 535 – 544 <

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completely removed from the system. Raising and harvesting kelp and other macroalgae directly remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Repackaging these nutrients can relieve

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Shrimp farming has changed from its traditional, small-scale form in Southeast Asia into a global industry. Technological advances have led to ever higher densities per unit area, and

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also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and specific requirements, they are not easily cultivated on a large scale and are most often taken in the wild.

852:(FAO), aquaculture "is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the 9142:

Not only does Budj Bim bust the myth that all Indigenous people were nomadic and not agriculturally inclined, it is also considered one of the oldest aquaculture sites in the world.

2704:) to sense noxious stimuli and so are likely to experience states of pain, fear and stress. Consequently, welfare in aquaculture is directed at vertebrates, finfish in particular. 5458: 3130: 2668:

As with the farming of terrestrial animals, social attitudes influence the need for humane practices and regulations in farmed marine animals. Under the guidelines advised by the

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Remen M.; Imsland A.K.; Steffansson S.O.; Jonassen T.M.; Foss A. (2008). "Interactive effects of ammonia and oxygen on growth and physiological status of juvenile Atlantic cod (

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The word "aquaculture" appeared in an 1855 newspaper article in reference to the harvesting of ice. It also appeared in descriptions of the terrestrial agricultural practise of

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Klas, S.; Mozes, N.; Lahav, O. (2006). "Development of a single-sludge denitrification method for nitrate removal from RAS effluents: Lab-scale results vs. model prediction".

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shares many characteristics with, including many problems with, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced by the developmental lifecycle of the main species, the

10221: 821:, where the living conditions rely on human control such as water quality (oxygen), feed, temperature. Alternatively, they can be conducted on well-sheltered shallow waters 10039: 5806: 4471: 2592:. Although carnivorous farmed fish represented only 13 percent of aquaculture production by weight in 2000, they represented 34 percent of aquaculture production by value. 8620: 6960: 1587:(WWF). WWF initiated the "Aquaculture Dialogues" in 2004 to develop measurable and performance-based standards for responsibly farmed seafood. In 2009, WWF co-founded the 3885:

in 1889, it was the largest and most advanced in the world. The word "aquaculture" was used in descriptions of the hatcheries experiments with cod and lobster in 1890.

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in Ontario, Canada, have displayed the potential for cage aquaculture to source numerous changes in freshwater ecosystems. Following the initiation of an experimental

2642:. When properly formulated (and often mixed with fishmeal or oil), plant-based feeds can provide proper nutrition and similar growth rates in carnivorous farmed fish. 2595:

Farming of carnivorous species like salmon and shrimp leads to a high demand for forage fish to match the nutrition they get in the wild. Fish do not actually produce

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Higgins, Colleen B.; Stephenson, Kurt; Brown, Bonnie L. (2011). "Nutrient Bioassimilation Capacity of Aquacultured Oysters: Quantification of an Ecosystem Service".

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are used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world. All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons, including design feasibility,

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About 90% of all U.S. shrimp consumption is farmed and imported. In recent years, salmon aquaculture has become a major export in southern Chile, especially in

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pens (sometimes made from floating HDPE pipe) where they are further grown for the market. In 2009, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to coax

4277: 5971: 3205:, are relatively benign and even environmentally restorative. Filter-feeders filter pollutants as well as nutrients from the water, improving water quality. 3087: 3251:

techniques, and properly sited facilities (for example, offshore areas with strong currents) are examples of ways to manage negative environmental effects.

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of the stocked environment and the amount of individual space needed by the fish, which is very species specific. Although behavioural interactions such as

2720:. A major problem in determining the cause of impaired welfare is that these issues are often all interrelated and influence each other at different times. 7427:

Ellis T.; North B.; Scott A.P.; Bromage N.R.; Porter M.; Gadd D. (2002). "The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout".

7843: 5410: 4212: 7804: 6011: 4119: 3652:

BP). Another ancient Chinese guide to aquaculture , wriiten by Yang Yu Jing around 460 BCE, shows that carp farming was becoming more sophisticated. The

2555:, though with less waste produced per kg on a global scale. Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include waste handling, side-effects of 8274:

Thorarinsson, R; Wolf, JC; Inami, M; Phillips, L; Jones, G; Macdonald, AM; Rodriguez, JF; Sindre, H; Skjerve, E; Rimstad, E; Evensen, Ø (January 2021).

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If performed without consideration for potential local environmental impacts, aquaculture in inland waters can result in more environmental damage than

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Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt, S.T., Vinci, B.J., 2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: 2nd edition. Cayuga Aqua Ventures.

9002:"Commerce and NOAA release national aquaculture policies to increase domestic seafood production, create sustainable jobs, and restore marine habitats" 4680: 1598:, Western Australia, to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5000 (As of April 2016) separate concrete units called 9961:"Management of productivity, environmental effects and profitability of shellfish aquaculture – The Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model" 7672: 11106: 8062: 3423: 2914:

for faster growth, although it has not been approved for commercial use, due to controversy. The altered salmon incorporates a growth hormone from a

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injection. Other methods include adding antibiotics to feed, adding chemicals into water for treatment baths and biological control, such as using

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for the inhabitants. Shellfish beds or cages can provide habitat structure. This structure can be used as shelter by invertebrates, small fish or

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concentrations associated with a decrease in dissolved oxygen were observed. Significant increases in ammonium and total phosphorus, a driver for

829:(inshore aquaculture), where the cultivated species are subjected to relatively more naturalistic environments; or on fenced/enclosed sections of 11257: 10125:

Piedrahita, R.H. (2003). "Reducing the potential environmental impacts of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation".

5691: 3332: 2736:. In addition, high stocking densities can result in water flow being insufficient, creating inadequate oxygen supply and waste product removal. 1516: 1426: 9330: 9126: 7081:"Growing, losing or introducing? Cage aquaculture as a vector for the introduction of non-native fish in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil" 3261:

or, in some cases, could even be treated and used on land. While RAS was developed with freshwater fish in mind, scientists associated with the

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and eroded. This material can remain unusable for aquaculture purposes for long periods thereafter. Various chemical treatments, such as adding

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for a brief time and then releasing them into marine waters for further development, whereupon the fish are recaptured when they have matured.

1000:

Many new natural compounds are discovered every year, but producing them on a large enough scale for commercial purposes is almost impossible.

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aquatic species. Technology has increased the growth of fish in coastal marine waters and open oceans due to the increased demand for seafood.

603: 563: 81: 6759: 1622:. They are separately graphed at the top right of this section, since they do not contribute enough volume to show clearly on the main graph. 7528:

Johnson S.C.; Treasurer J.W.; Bravo S.; Nagasawa K.; Kabata Z. (2004). "A review of the impact of parasitic copepods on marine aquaculture".

5637: 3771: 7253: 11682: 10352: 4533: 4011: 2241:, variously in sheltered coastal waters ("inshore"), open ocean ("offshore"), and on land ("onshore"). Farmed species include algae (from 1575:

farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful.

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The Scottish Association for Marine Science and Napier University. 2002. Review and synthesis of the environmental impacts of aquaculture

5942: 3968: 3948: 2744:. Ammonia, a nitrogen excretion product, is highly toxic to fish at accumulated levels, particularly when oxygen concentrations are low. 2341:(biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices). 8401: 5462: 7387:

Greaves K.; Tuene S. (2001). "The form and context of aggressive behaviour in farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)".

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good animal welfare means both fitness and a sense of well-being in the animal's physical and mental state. This can be defined by the

957:

wrote in 1973: "With earth's burgeoning human populations to feed, we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology."

7069:" Resource: Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World 16.5 (2009): 20–22. Gale Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 1 October 2009. 9609: 6595: 3308:". Aquaculture's contribution to GDP is not included in SDG Target 14.7 but methods for quantifying this have been explored by FAO. 12299: 12243: 10092: 5769:

So to drive future growth I really believe sea ranching is a great opportunity going forward for some of these coastal communities.

5752: 5484: 665: 6900: 10345: 8276:"Effect of a novel DNA vaccine against pancreas disease caused by salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" 7044: 5810: 4479: 9238:

Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Tütken, Thomas; Zohar, Irit; Pack, Andreas; Sivan, Dorit; Lernau, Omri; Gilboa, Ayelet; Bar-Oz, Guy (2018).

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Some profitable aquaculture cooperatives promote sustainable practices. New methods lessen the risk of biological and chemical

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to breed in landlocked tanks. Southern bluefin tuna are also caught in the wild and fattened in grow-out sea cages in southern

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Gunawardena, M; Rowan, JS (2005). "Economic Valuation of a Mangrove Ecosystem Threatened by Shrimp Aquaculture in Sri Lanka".

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in the late-19th century before becoming associated primarily with the cultivation of aquatic plant- and animal-species. (The

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Aquaculture's growth continuing: improved management techniques can reduce environmental effects of the practice. (UPDATE).

4816:"Qian, P. Y., Xu, Y. & Fusetani, N. Natural products as antifouling compounds: recent progress and future perspectives" 2517: 2314: 2309: 904: 9554: 9213: 4873: 2619:

that have accumulated omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae. To satisfy this requirement, more than 50 percent of the world

927: 12201: 11250: 11131: 10974: 8775: 3463: 8690: 7193:

Chandroo, K.P; Duncan, I.J.H; Moccia, R.D (2004). "Can fish suffer?: Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress".

6901:"Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects" 5898: 5494:

for freshwater crustaceans. The most recent data are from 2003 and sometimes contain estimates. Retrieved June 28, 2005.

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Aquaculture is sometimes part of an environmental rehabilitation program or as an aid in conserving endangered species.

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Aquaculture can be conducted in completely artificial facilities built on land (onshore aquaculture), as in the case of

12231: 11166: 10199: 9681:"Agricultural. New agricultural practises by A. N. Cole. Subirrigation, methods and results (1888) - on Newspapers.com" 6548: 6234: 4241: 4021: 3115:

potentially skipping out on multiple energetically costly trophic jumps which would increase biomass in the ecosystem.

7929:

Schindler, D. W. (1974-05-24). "Eutrophication and Recovery in Experimental Lakes: Implications for Lake Management".

7549:"Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway" 5608: 3316:

Laws governing aquaculture practices vary greatly by country and are often not closely regulated or easily traceable.

2530:

is also used to simultaneously improve water quality and generate bacterial biomass as food for the cultured animals.

12386: 11191: 10833: 10692: 9816: 9786:"Food from the sea. Remarkable results of the experiments in cod and lobster,(aquaculture, 1890) - on Newspapers.com" 9526: 7682: 6520: 6057: 5562: 4237: 3543: 3304:

from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and

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major food production sectors, but it no longer has the high annual growth rates experienced in the 1980s and 1990s.

1310: 1306:(0.3%). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure. 1178:. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's 1053: 849: 10280: 9046: 7252:

Huntingford, F. A.; Adams, C.; Braithwaite, V. A.; Kadri, S.; Pottinger, T. G.; Sandoe, P.; Turnbull, J. F. (2006).

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Apart from fish and shrimp, some aquaculture undertakings, such as seaweed and filter-feeding bivalve mollusks like

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Welfare in aquaculture can be impacted by a number of issues such as stocking densities, behavioural interactions,

2364:. Some traditional polyculture systems may, in fact, incorporate a greater diversity of species, occupying several 9634: 8590: 5975: 5219: 5139:

Quantifying Nitrogen Bioextraction by Seaweed Farms – A Real-time Modeling-Monitoring Case Study in Hood Canal, WA

4036: 3637:), but the earliest significant evidence lies in the literature, in the earliest monograph on fish culture called 12279: 12264: 12259: 12036: 11151: 10315: 10274: 9812: 5734:

It's the same as the wild core product except we've got the aquaculture advantage which is consistency of supply.

5436: 4055:"Study: Aquaculture can be 'part of the solution' to marine ecosystem restoration - Responsible Seafood Advocate" 3488: 3293: 2713: 1588: 919: 872:. Plant and insect-based feeds are also being developed to help reduce wild fish been used for aquaculture feed. 645: 630: 625: 131: 9785: 9460:"Les étangs de Marcoussis. Un exemple d'exploitation piscicole dans la région parisienne à la fin du XVe siècle" 6783: 6265: 5278: 5259: 4934:

Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-07-12).

12326: 12321: 12269: 12016: 11243: 11156: 9311: 8499:"Estimated enhancement of fish production resulting from restoring oyster reef habitat: quantitative valuation" 5414: 4381: 4209: 3508: 3493: 3297: 635: 598: 593: 111: 9108: 8060:

Super Salmon: The Industrialisation of Fish Farming and the Drive Towards GM Technologies in Salmon Production

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of marine life. Removing algal cells from the water also increases light penetration, allowing plants such as

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is essential for fish respiration and concentrations below critical levels can induce stress and even lead to

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A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread

2911: 2696:

However, the controversial issue in aquaculture is whether fish and farmed marine invertebrates are actually

2521: 96: 9395:

McCann, Anna Marguerite (1979). "The Harbor and Fishery Remains at Cosa, Italy, by Anna Marguerite McCann".

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The farming of fish is the most common form of aquaculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks,

12021: 11996: 11204: 11055: 10828: 6131: 3582: 2481: 2475: 2338: 1471: 782:. Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems. 116: 91: 10303: 8059: 6192: 2484:

have become important netting materials in aquaculture because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy

2300:

Abalone have been farmed on an artificial reef consuming seaweed which grows naturally on the reef units.

1466:

are very susceptible to disease, which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions. Increasing

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Understanding and measuring the contribution of aquaculture and fisheries to gross domestic product (GDP)

4103: 3513: 2928: 2669: 2552: 101: 17: 8832: 2372:, even if the production of individual species is lower than in a monoculture over a short-term period. 12046: 11981: 11808: 11176: 11141: 10979: 9656: 9374: 6652:"Contributing to Faster, More Efficient Aquaculture Cage Net Inspection with Autonomous ROV Navigation" 6165: 5876: 3810:

dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. Legend records its construction by the mythical

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with the Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative to manage the global standards and certification programs.

1152: 422: 141: 76: 10020:"'Seeding the Water as the Earth': The Epicenter and Peripheries of a Western Aquacultural Revolution" 9338: 6942: 5717: 3865:. By 1864, Seth Green had established a commercial fish-hatching operation at Caledonia Springs, near 2317:(IMTA) is a practice in which the byproducts (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs ( 11783: 11625: 11620: 11503: 11126: 11101: 10969: 10838: 9953: 9745: 9711: 9343: 9316: 9001: 7818: 5545:

Burkholder, Joann M.; Shumway, Sandra E. (2011). "Bivalve Shellfish Aquaculture and Eutrophication".

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Adams, Alexandra (July 2019). "Progress, challenges and opportunities in fish vaccine development".

6475: 6149: 3296:("life below water"), Target 14.7 includes aquaculture: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to 2539: 12294: 11880: 11793: 11778: 11733: 11317: 11116: 11081: 11020: 10766: 10720: 10710: 4205: 3818: 3438: 3398: 1486: 1422: 660: 494: 407: 392: 330: 256: 10108: 9060: 5112: 3854:

records the common modern usage of "aquaculture" from 1887; and that of "aquiculture" from 1867.)

2407:. Urban aquaculture systems can be associated with a multitude of different production locations, 2352:

levels in the same system. This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic

12221: 11944: 11939: 11830: 11798: 11597: 11121: 10813: 10054:

Naylor, R.L.; Williams, S.L.; Strong, D.R. (2001). "Aquaculture – A Gateway For Exotic Species".

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Torrissen; et al. (2011). "Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): The "Super-Chicken" of the Sea?".

6241: 3614: 3478: 3448: 3328: 3041: 2878: 2412: 1633:. In China, sea cucumbers are farmed in artificial ponds as large as 400 hectares (1,000 acres). 1476: 838: 558: 553: 444: 412: 10212: 10190: 5445: 4541: 12289: 12274: 12216: 12211: 11966: 11897: 11890: 11707: 11702: 11216: 11060: 10941: 10896: 9919:

Duarte, C. M.; Marba, N.; Holmer, M. (2007). "ECOLOGY: Rapid Domestication of Marine Species".

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Aquaculture is also currently one of the fastest-growing areas of food production in the U.S.

12105: 11885: 11199: 11186: 11086: 11035: 10936: 10868: 10751: 9758: 9724: 7607: 5950: 5681:"Information Memorandum, 2013 Ranching of Greenlip Abalone, Flinders Bay – Western Australia" 5629: 5008:

Zhang, Lizhu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).

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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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While some forms of aquaculture can be devastating to ecosystems, such as shrimp farming in

1614:

Other groups include aquatic reptiles, amphibians, and miscellaneous invertebrates, such as

12407: 12350: 12186: 11976: 11835: 11788: 11442: 11307: 11209: 11181: 11161: 11146: 11136: 11096: 11091: 10916: 10901: 10858: 10163: 10134: 9975: 9899: 9251: 8510: 8434: 8287: 8222: 7938: 7619: 7563: 7475: 7436: 7396: 7268: 6983: 6915: 6821: 6358: 6302: 6094: 5517: 5051: 4750:. Hui Huang, PingSun Leung. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4620: 4507: 4419: 4155: 3803: 3789: 3586: 3528: 3503: 3483: 3468: 3433: 3413: 3408: 3362: 3324: 3023:, can aggravate the problem by modify the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment. 2951: 2801: 2468: 1386: 696: 449: 402: 71: 10474: 9464:

Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de Corbeil, de l'Essonne et du Hurepoix

9180: 6602: 2563:, or foreign pathogens, particularly if unprocessed fish are used to feed more marketable 8: 12374: 11803: 11327: 11111: 11050: 11040: 11025: 10863: 10735: 10604: 10464: 9093: 9028: 8979:. Monterey, CA: Middlebury Institute of International Studies. 2007-08-01. Archived from 8669: 8070: 6033: 4284:," Carl Marziali, University of Southern California Trojan Family Magazine, May 17, 2009. 3988: 3866: 3618: 3453: 3428: 3305: 2947: 2176: 1584: 1548: 1332: 1227: 1215: 1209: 417: 10167: 10138: 9979: 9903: 9255: 8514: 8438: 8291: 8226: 7942: 7623: 7567: 7501:

Paperna I (1991). "Diseases caused by parasites in the aquaculture of warm water fish".

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Samoa Fishing and Aquaculture Industry Handbook - Strategic Information and Regulations

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Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

8377: 8342: 8323: 8256: 7970: 7750: 7670: 7653: 7448: 7284: 6999: 6709: 6676: 6627:"The Use of Uncrewed Vehicles in Coastal Aquaculture | NC State Extension Publications" 6318: 5855: 5367: 5326: 5318: 5165:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

5075: 4913: 4843: 4778: 4662: 4586: 4448: 4407: 4353: 4179: 3930: 3597:. Evidence indicates they developed about 100 km (39 sq mi) of volcanic 3266: 3162:, does not help the problem because they need to eat products from other fish, such as 2596: 2527: 2154: 1509: 1508:, exceeding 1.86 billion dollars. Additionally, China produced about 370,000 tonnes of 908: 775: 686: 650: 239: 121: 10175: 10146: 9987: 7711: 7575: 7487: 7408: 7280: 7114:"How to avoid fish introductions in Brazil: education and information as alternatives" 6927: 6512: 6370: 5923: 4519: 3708: 1035: 12357: 11954: 11927: 11875: 11845: 11460: 11364: 11312: 11292: 11015: 10501: 10424: 10262:

Changing the Face of the Waters: The Promise and Challenge of Sustainable Aquaculture

10112: 10073: 10056: 10001: 9936: 9911: 9864: 9522: 9277: 8886: 8673: 8648: 8571: 8450: 8382: 8364: 8327: 8315: 8260: 8248: 8173: 8132: 8041: 8005: 7962: 7954: 7911: 7775: 7742: 7678: 7657: 7645: 7514: 7372: 7355: 7175: 7066: 7017: 6839: 6714: 6696: 6526: 6516: 6454: 6422: 6314: 6112: 5859: 5845: 5659: 5558: 5441: 5390: 5330: 5283: 5200: 5067: 4965: 4957: 4917: 4903: 4835: 4796: 4786: 4761: 4751: 4654: 4646: 4590: 4576: 4453: 4435: 4385: 4345: 4258: 4183: 4171: 4017: 3953: 3807: 3672: 3277: 3076: 3072: 3068: 2792:. About 20 percent of mangrove forests have been destroyed since 1980, partly due to 2789: 2724: 2464: 2396: 2390: 1490: 1459: 1060: 568: 541: 489: 459: 308: 251: 214: 11235: 10085: 9995: 9948: 8896: 8743: 7974: 7754: 7698:

Nickerson, DJ (1999). "Trade-offs of mangrove area development in the Philippines".

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Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

8561: 8551: 8518: 8477: 8442: 8372: 8354: 8305: 8295: 8238: 8230: 8165: 8124: 8033: 7997: 7946: 7903: 7734: 7707: 7635: 7627: 7579: 7571: 7510: 7483: 7444: 7404: 7367: 7340: 7336: 7276: 7238: 7234: 7206: 7202: 7165: 7125: 7092: 6991: 6923: 6829: 6704: 6688: 6573: 6508: 6414: 6366: 6310: 6266:"Marine Aquaculture in the United States: Environmental Impacts and Policy Options" 6102: 5837: 5550: 5525: 5357: 5310: 5273: 5218:

Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

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Duarte, C. M; Marba, N; Holmer, M (2007). "Rapid Domestication of Marine Species".

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regulated temperature, sufficient oxygen and minimal waste products. In some cases

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populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions and can be contrasted with

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Neushul, Peter (1989). "Seaweed for War: California's World War I Kelp Industry".

9127:"Ancient Indigenous aquaculture site Budj Bim added to UNESCO World Heritage list" 7547:

Johansen L.H.; Jensen I.; Mikkelsen H.; Bjorn P.A.; Jansen P.A.; Bergh O. (2011).

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Wang, Taiping; Yang, Zhaoqing; Davis, Jonathan; Edmundson, Scott J. (2022-05-01).

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and attempted to manage supply around 1900, later labeling it a wartime resource.

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World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by main producers (2018), from

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Global aquaculture production in million tonnes, 1950–2010, as reported by the FAO

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Corpron, K.E.; Armstrong, D.A. (1983). "Removal of nitrogen by an aquatic plant,

9823: 9808: 9516: 9493: 9441: 8912:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

8880: 8764: 8640: 8066: 7950: 7801: 7769: 7461: 6995: 5491: 4877: 4782:

The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020 : sustainability in action

4281: 4216: 4126: 4007: 3750: 3714: 3676: 3662: 3629: 3341: 3118: 3020: 2936: 2559:, competition between farmed and wild animals, and the potential introduction of 1519:

is the freshwater farming of crayfish (mostly in the US, Australia, and Europe).

1455: 1398: 1362:. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are, in order, 1164: 1128: 1086: 945: 900: 896: 516: 288: 273: 209: 192: 10677: 10649: 6384: 5899:"Company says FDA is nearing decision on genetically engineered Atlantic salmon" 1385:

are netted at sea and towed slowly towards the shore. They are then interned in

1021: 980: 12122: 11607: 11576: 11551: 11541: 11533: 11412: 11374: 11337: 11065: 11045: 10725: 10659: 10526: 10459: 10454: 10404: 10379: 9408: 9263: 7130: 7113: 5026: 5009: 4870: 3978: 3973: 3943: 3779: 3634: 3624: 3319:

In the United States, land-based and nearshore aquaculture is regulated at the

3143: 3051: 2940: 2915: 2894: 2825: 2612: 2128: 1544: 1418: 1157: 936: 884: 880: 842: 767: 315: 10035: 8735: 8540:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 8300: 8275: 8234: 7738: 6440: 6438: 6436: 5807:"Wild product's versatility could push price beyond $ 2 for Alaska dive fleet" 5554: 5314: 5260:"Dollars without sense: The bait for big-money tuna ranching around the world" 5167:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 4831: 4800: 4765: 923:

Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by FAO, 1990–2030

12401: 12316: 12181: 12139: 12085: 11907: 11728: 11427: 11030: 10926: 10921: 10730: 10584: 10574: 10551: 10516: 10434: 10419: 10227:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

10203: 9112: 8575: 8556: 8539: 8368: 8045: 8009: 7958: 7915: 7608:"Physical enrichment research for captive fish: Time to focus on the DETAILS" 7527: 6861: 6700: 6477:

At a Crossroads: Will Aquaculture Fulfill the Promise of the Blue Revolution?

6426: 5287: 5204: 5185: 5166: 5071: 4961: 4722: 4650: 4439: 4377: 4228: 3874: 3847: 3680: 3270: 3218: 3183: 3112: 3055: 2882: 2797: 2673: 2436: 2345: 2333:) is combined with inorganic extractive and organic extractive (for example, 2246: 1480: 1244: 1095: 857: 853: 834: 826: 755: 588: 521: 303: 204: 197: 10069: 9932: 8947: 8800:"Aquaculture: Issues and Opportunities for Sustainable Production and Trade" 7546: 6692: 6544: 4431: 4333: 4079:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

969:, that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human 12236: 12095: 12070: 11912: 11870: 11815: 11773: 11566: 11561: 11546: 11513: 11302: 10989: 10931: 10911: 10883: 10793: 10761: 10639: 10496: 10491: 10217: 10195: 10077: 9940: 9772: 9281: 9208: 9035:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023-03-21. 8869: 8454: 8386: 8343:"World Aquaculture: Environmental Impacts and Troubleshooting Alternatives" 8319: 8252: 8169: 8128: 7966: 7746: 7649: 7179: 7170: 7153: 6843: 6718: 6545:"Commercial and research fish farming and aquaculture netting and supplies" 6530: 6433: 6216: 6116: 5604: 4969: 4952: 4935: 4839: 4780: 4745: 4658: 4457: 4349: 4175: 3916: 3882: 3878: 3732: 3606: 2990: 2842: 2774: 2766: 2741: 2659: 2577: 2440: 2146: 1698: 1626: 1595: 1470:

problems, repeated disease outbreaks, and pressure and criticism from both

1394: 1349: 1255:; the rest are eaten after limited processing. Seaweeds are different from 888: 876: 795: 791: 526: 484: 429: 387: 344: 320: 10337: 9997:

Assessment and communication of environmental risks in coastal aquaculture

8359: 7111: 6675:

Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel; Sonnenschein, Eva C.; Gram, Lone (September 2016).

5530: 5505: 4936:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet" 1073: 12226: 12161: 12144: 12117: 12090: 12051: 11922: 11763: 11691: 11571: 11498: 11470: 11417: 11332: 10961: 10848: 10702: 10564: 10536: 10531: 10439: 10284: 9105: 8591:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 8446: 8310: 6883:"World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture Highlights of Special Studies" 5220:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 3938: 3862: 3826: 3775: 3762: 3602: 3578: 3573:

Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi

3354: 3248: 3179: 3155: 3096: 2932: 2931:. Aquaculture is also associated with environmental risks; for instance, 2898: 2805: 2793: 2701: 2589: 2353: 2349: 2278: 2234: 2229: 1576: 1463: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1240: 1146: 1099: 1082: 892: 865: 783: 536: 362: 293: 278: 187: 172: 146: 40: 9811:

2010. "A brief history of the American Fish Culture Company 1877–1997".

8882:

Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble

8803: 8566: 7844:"Chile's salmon farms lose $ 800m as algal bloom kills millions of fish" 7584: 5322: 5195: 4294: 3707:

sticks; newer methods utilizing nets replaced them in the 19th century.

3050:, other forms can be beneficial. Shellfish aquaculture adds substantial 11917: 11865: 11860: 11743: 11493: 10891: 10818: 10682: 10609: 10511: 10506: 9856: 9581: 9521:. Washington DC: International Business Publications, USA. p. 37. 8523: 8498: 8482: 8469: 8402:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 7640: 7327:

Ashley, Paul J. (2007). "Fish welfare: Current issues in aquaculture".

6418: 5371: 5264: 5137: 4341: 3793: 3736: 3691: 3598: 3241: 3210: 3091: 2600: 2556: 2505: 2404: 2377: 2318: 2250: 2242: 1630: 1615: 1440: 1260: 1203: 1091: 966: 931:

World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990–2016

830: 814: 763: 743: 531: 479: 474: 367: 357: 246: 224: 219: 11347: 9416: 8243: 7631: 7426: 6834: 6809: 5753:"Abalone grown in world-first sea ranch in WA 'as good as wild catch'" 4641: 4293:"The Economist: 'The promise of a blue revolution', Aug. 7, 2003. < 2403:, and marine plants in rivers, ponds, lakes, canals located within an 2344:"Multi-trophic" refers to the incorporation of species from different 12127: 11855: 11592: 11556: 11488: 11369: 10946: 10589: 9065:

Australian Government. Dept of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

8931:

SDG 14 – Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

8645:

Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach

8598:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

8470:"Top-down control of phytoplankton by oysters in Chesapeake Bay, USA" 6107: 6082: 5841: 5389:(Second ed.). Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. p. 2. 5227:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

4899: 4632: 4572: 4167: 4106:

Fishery Statistical Collections, FAO, Rome. Retrieved 2 October 2011.

3766: 3746: 3229: 3163: 3151: 3104: 3064: 3047: 2838: 2752:

that can have severe effects on internal organs and nervous systems.

2697: 2627: 2616: 2603:

that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with forage fish like

2564: 2432: 2400: 2361: 2334: 2258: 1619: 1566: 1535: 1451: 1355: 1271: 1263:, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering. 1256: 861: 810: 806: 779: 771: 469: 10619: 10205:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

9848: 9573: 8037: 8001: 7907: 7158:

Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

5362: 5345: 5151: 3735:

bred fish in ponds and farmed oysters in coastal lagoons before 100

3661:, were trapped in lakes. Early aquaculturists fed their brood using 2360:

benefits, which could potentially lead to significant shifts in the

11820: 11518: 10687: 10629: 10599: 10414: 9204:"Aquaculture may be the future of seafood, but its past is ancient" 8847: 8845: 8613:"Regenerative Ocean Farming: How Can Polycultures Help Our Coasts?" 6132:"Chinese Misreporting Masks Dramatic Decline In Ocean Fish Catches" 5831: 4889: 3811: 3666: 3222: 3206: 3167: 3080: 2814: 2749: 2620: 2501: 2485: 2238: 1580: 1527: 1497: 1406: 1359: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1191: 1141: 970: 962: 822: 787: 434: 8917: 8341:

Martinez-Porchas, Marcel; Martinez-Cordova, Luis R. (2012-04-29).

8156:. In Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.). 8115:. In Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.). 7079:

Azevedo-Santos, V. M. D.; Rigolin-Sá, O.; Pelicice, F. M. (2011).

5571: 3107:

shellfish will also be preyed on. This moves energy directly from

3015:

Sediment from abandoned aquaculture farms can remain hypersaline,

2804:

of shrimp aquaculture built on mangrove ecosystems found that the

1436:

Brazil is the largest producer. Thailand is the largest exporter.

12176: 12132: 12100: 11450: 11432: 11356: 11279: 11270: 11266: 10634: 10614: 10559: 10521: 9061:"National Heritage Places – Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape" 8930: 6760:"Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us" 4785:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4037:"Answers – The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions" 3958: 3910: 3718: 3258: 3237: 3214: 3202: 3182:

that need to be caught to feed them. Fish that are higher on the

3147: 3100: 2846: 2608: 2604: 2588:

Some carnivorous and omnivorous farmed fish species are fed wild

2489: 2408: 2357: 2281: 2266: 2254: 2218: 1686:

In 2012, the total world production of fisheries was 158 million

1572: 1467: 1444: 1375: 1371: 1221: 1175: 1172: 1111: 794:

is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain

747: 283: 229: 10308: 10275:

Aquaculture topic page from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

8842: 8666:

The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild And Farmed Salmon

8340: 7671:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1997).

7251: 7078: 4779:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020).

3877:

operated both in both Canada and in the United States. When the

3232:

through minimizing fish stress, fallowing netpens, and applying

3131:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

2544: 2211: 1331:

recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.

1329:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

12154: 12080: 11748: 11738: 10644: 10569: 10541: 9489: 7225:

Conte, F.S. (2004). "Stress and the welfare of cultured fish".

6451:

Cities and Agriculture: Developing Resilient Urban Food Systems

5718:"First wild abalone farm in Australia built on artificial reef" 4500: 3830: 3799: 3722: 3700: 3684: 3642: 3281: 3198: 3190: 3159: 3059: 2850: 2460: 2448: 2330: 2270: 2262: 1558: 1554: 1462:, account for about 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial 1432: 1367: 973:

of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.

182: 11660: 9637:. URI Alumni Magazine, University of Rhode Island. 22 May 2015 8196:", page 6. Netherlands Business Support Office (Dalian), 2010. 7892: 7807:

Atlas of Population and Environment. Retrieved 4 January 2010.

6409:

Bunting, Stuart; Little, David C (2007). "Urban Aquaculture".

4609: 3083:

to reestablish themselves and further increase oxygen levels.

2957: 2194: 1594:

After trials in 2012, a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in

12171: 8273: 6674: 6507:. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 47. pp. 215–52. 4230:

FAO's work on climate change Fisheries & aquaculture 2019

3726: 3696: 3653: 3621:, is one of the oldest known aquaculture sites in the world. 3311: 2983: 2890: 2810: 2639: 2497: 2493: 2428: 1687: 1505: 1496:

The global annual production of freshwater prawns (excluding

1303: 1287: 1267: 1107: 1064:

Aquaculture fish farming in the fjords south of Castro, Chile

751: 298: 9237: 9047:"Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production Effluent Guidelines" 8710:"Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders" 8154:"Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of" 8113:"Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of" 7987: 7771:

Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies

6784:"Making Fish Farming More Sustainable – State of the Planet" 6474:

White, Kathryn; O'Neill, Brendan; Tzankova, Zdravka (2004).

6291: 5010:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years" 4933: 4724:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

3683:

about 1,500 BCE (about 3,500 BP), and they traded them with

3247:

Onshore recirculating aquaculture systems, facilities using

3217:

can extract nutrients as they feed on particulates, such as

1317:

As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine aquaculture.

1160:(Indonesia) gathers edible seaweed that has grown on a rope. 790:

habitats and lagoons, as opposed to freshwater aquaculture.

12062: 11850: 10298: 10248:

Swimming in Circles: Aquaculture and the End of Wild Oceans

5279:

10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0301:DWSTBF]2.0.CO;2

3896: 3658: 3194: 3054:

capacity to an environment which can significantly improve

3016: 2854: 2452: 2444: 2326: 2322: 2274: 2200: 1501: 1363: 1252: 1186: 1168: 739: 464: 164: 6347: 5040: 4408:"A deep-sea bacterium related to coastal marine pathogens" 2777:

may be used in small doses to calm fish before transport.

1077:

Cultivating emergent aquatic plants in floating containers

10624: 10579: 9159:

Australian Government. Dept of the Environment and Energy

6878: 6857: 6181: 5877:

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 (SOFIA)

5872: 5034: 5001: 3704: 3610: 3594: 2910:

A type of salmon called the AquAdvantage salmon has been

2203:

are one of the dominant fishes in freshwater aquaculture.

9959:

Ferreira, J. G.; Hawkins, A.J.S.; Bricker, S.B. (2007).

6473: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5506:"A review of astaciculture: freshwater crayfish farming" 4144:"Systematic distortions in world Fisheries catch trends" 4141: 3613:, and to preserve them to eat all year round. The local 2922: 9394: 9033:

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

8496: 6186:"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOPHIA)" 5579:"Belgians Start Growing Mussels on Offshore Wind Farms" 5042:

exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".

1266:

The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are

9958: 9737: 9703: 8691:"Salmon Farming May Doom Wild Populations, Study Says" 8424: 7356:"Dynamics of intracohort cannibalism in cultured fish" 7154:"Science-based assessment of welfare: Aquatic animals" 5833:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021

5673: 5135: 5097:. Philippines: FMC BioPolymer Corporation. p. 52. 4891:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

4814:

Qian, Pei-Yuan; Xu, Ying; Fusetani, Nobushino (2009).

4564:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021

4404: 3010: 2820: 1443:

is shipped worldwide. Virtually all farmed shrimp are

786:, commonly known as marine farming, is aquaculture in 11265: 9155:"World heritage Places – Budj Bim Cultural Landscape" 8823: 8022: 7606:

Jones, N.A.R.; Webster, M.; Salvanes, A.G.V. (2021).

6287: 6285: 5739: 5709: 5344:

Goldburg, Rebecca; Naylor, Rosamond (February 2005).

5106: 5104: 4929: 4927: 4078: 3869:. By 1866, with the involvement of W. W. Fletcher of 3836:

Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse

3331:

waters. In June 2011, the Department of Commerce and

2919:

significant impact (FONSI) on the U.S. environment."

10788: 10053: 9076:

See also attached documents: National Heritage List

8855:. USDA Agricultural Research Service. February 2009. 7605: 7192: 6467: 6343: 6341: 5485:

FAO Fisheries Global Aquaculture Production Database

4308:

The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau: The Act of life

3906: 3711:

have been used for mass production since the 1920s.

3605:

into a complex of channels and dams, and used woven

2599:, but instead accumulate them from either consuming 2158:

aquaculture data, apart from the rest of the world.

10257:. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, 2005. 9657:"The cultivation of ice (1855) - on Newspapers.com" 9183:. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations 8058:Mcleod C, J Grice, H Campbell and T Herleth (2006) 7805:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

6505:

Marine biofouling on fish farms and its remediation

5086: 3888:By the 1920s, the American Fish Culture Company of 3633:, as long ago as 2000–2100 BCE (around 4,000 years 3323:and state levels; however, no national laws govern 3067:, or nutrient-rich, conditions known for their low 10014:. Organic Farming, Winter 2002 © Soil Association. 9738: 9704: 9635:"A Brief History of Oystering in Narragansett Bay" 9440: 8026:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 7990:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 7896:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 7386: 6733:Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed, 6282: 6083:"China caught out as model shows net fall in fish" 5211: 5158: 5129: 5101: 4924: 4269: 4267: 4259:http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIM 4029: 3627:in China tells of the culture of the common carp, 1644:World capture fisheries and aquaculture production 9918: 8537: 7869:"Wave of dead sea creatures hits Chile's beaches" 7151: 6502: 6338: 5544: 5164: 5007: 4319: 4313: 3209:extract nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and 2954:and required their replacement by other species. 2723:Optimal stocking density is often defined by the 12418:Buildings and structures used to confine animals 12399: 9881: 8864: 8862: 8769:"Environmental impacts of shellfish aquaculture" 8497:Peterson, CH; Grabowski, JH; Powers, SP (2003). 7819:"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme 7724: 7152:Håstein, T.; Scarfe, A. D.; Lund, V. L. (2005). 3841:On the Artificial Production of Trout and Salmon 2788:Aquaculture is becoming a significant threat to 1710:The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 10220:work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 10198:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 8707: 8688: 7691: 6166:China disputes claim it over reports fish catch 6000: 5657: 4264: 4137: 4135: 3721:by providing bamboo poles and, later, nets and 3340:are required to obtain permits pursuant to the 3333:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3086:Aquaculture in an area can provide for crucial 2946:In the 1990s, disease wiped out China's farmed 2849:(seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly 948:" could take place in aquaculture, just as the 734:, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of 10230:, United Nations Environment Programme. 10153: 10101:University of North Carolina Press (June 1997) 8689:Eilperin, Juliet; Kaufman, Marc (2007-12-14). 8588: 8084:Would you eat AquAdvantage salmon if approved? 6447:"Urban aquaculture for resilient food systems" 5990:"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture" 5343: 5217: 5144:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 4813: 3817:In the first half of the 18th century, German 3146:are in decline, with valuable habitat such as 2966: 1339:publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation. 11676: 11251: 10353: 10099:Piscinae: Artificial Fishponds in Roman Italy 8859: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8202: 6445:Bunting, Stuart W.; Little, David C. (2015). 6444: 6408: 6034:"Life below water | SDG 14: Life below water" 5387:World Fish Farming: Cultivation and Economics 5346:"Future Seascapes, Fishing, and Fish Farming" 3370: 2976:(from which the antigens were collected) and 2337:) aquaculture to create balanced systems for 2325:) for another. Fed aquaculture (for example, 704: 10216: This article incorporates text from a 10194: This article incorporates text from a 9552: 7353: 7245: 6008:"Fisheries and aquaculture have good future" 4132: 3834: 3273:that will produce the healthiest fish, etc. 3213:directly from the water, and filter-feeding 2897:in freshwater systems, were measured in the 903:. Particular methods include aquaponics and 11398:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 11323:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 10410:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 10367: 9094:Aborigines may have farmed eels, built huts 8885:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 199. 8657: 8399: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 6898: 6570:"Aquaculture Netting by Industrial Netting" 6496: 6449:. In de Zeeuw, Henk; Drechsel, Pay (eds.). 6411:Annotated bibliography on urban agriculture 6329: 6038:Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023 5964: 5943:"Fish Farming's Bounty Isn't Without Barbs" 5477: 5440:; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 428, 2002. 3969:List of commercially important fish species 3949:Certification for Aquaculture Professionals 3186:are less efficient sources of food energy. 2958:Needs of the aquaculture sector in vaccines 1625:Commercially harvested echinoderms include 1171:farming is the practice of cultivating and 11683: 11669: 11258: 11244: 10360: 10346: 10309:The University of Hawaiʻi's AquacultureHub 10124: 8763: 8757: 8663:Knapp G, Roheim CA and Anderson JL (2007) 8617:School of Marine and Environmental Affairs 8199: 7767: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 6050: 5896: 5866: 5715: 5428: 5095:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook 4940:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4865: 4863: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4000: 3725:shells to serve as anchoring-surfaces for 3384: 3377: 3363: 3312:National laws, regulations, and management 3150:in critical condition. The aquaculture or 2984:Recent vaccines development in aquaculture 2877:Whole-lake experiments carried out at the 2707: 2237:is the cultivation of marine organisms in 2221:is another commonly farmed freshwater fish 2136: 711: 697: 10243:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2008. 9438: 9271: 9023: 9021: 8952:National Aquaculture Legislation Overview 8948:"Fisheries & Aquaculture Fact Sheets" 8826:"Marine Aquaculture in the United States" 8824:Pew Oceans Commission (January 6, 2005). 8725: 8565: 8555: 8522: 8481: 8376: 8358: 8309: 8299: 8242: 7928: 7810: 7697: 7639: 7583: 7500: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7371: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7169: 7129: 7105: 7096: 6973: 6833: 6708: 6106: 5547:Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment 5529: 5361: 5277: 5257: 5194: 5184: 5025: 5014:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 4988:Point Reyes National Seashore Association 4951: 4640: 4534:"DEPOMOD and AutoDEPOMOD — Ecasa Toolbox" 4472:"Aquatic animal disease and human health" 4447: 4016:(4th ed.), Oxford University Press, 3695:cultivation is the oldest aquaculture in 2296:) are prominent in the U.S. mariculture. 1636: 1282:(4.19%). Other notable producers include 10250:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006. 9773:http://penbay.org/cof/cof_1872_1873.html 9514: 9451: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 7138: 6862:"Aquaculture Production Trends Analysis" 6593:Southern Regional Aquaculture Center at 6129: 5940: 5804: 5350:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5301:Asche, Frank (2008). "Farming the Sea". 3741: 3568: 2935:has caused the destruction of important 2872: 2824: 2543: 2153:China disputed this claim. The official 2127: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1778: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1534: 1526: 1151: 1134: 1106:, constitute the majority of cultivated 1072: 1059: 1047: 979: 926: 918: 911:or disease transfer to wild populations. 875:Particular kinds of aquaculture include 9834: 9457: 8973:"U.S. Aquaculture Legislation Timeline" 7309: 6807: 6757: 6572:. Industrialnetting.com. Archived from 6147: 6080: 5924:"Wired 12.05: The Bluewater Revolution" 5503: 5461:. Wiley Blackwell. 2010. Archived from 5413:. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from 4860: 4194: 4120:Global Aquaculture Production 1950–2019 3240:are being used more and more to reduce 2905: 2583: 2161: 1553:Aquacultured shellfish include various 1454:), and just two species of shrimp, the 856:to enhance production, such as regular 14: 12400: 10106:Tide and Current: Fishponds of Hawai'I 10017: 9486:"Fishpond Network in the Trebon Basin" 9364: 9233: 9231: 9195: 9147: 9053: 9018: 8929:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. " 8467: 7415: 7326: 7213: 6940: 6814:Environmental Science & Technology 5750: 5716:Fitzgerald, Bridget (28 August 2014). 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4006: 3035: 2455:products (Spectra, Thorn-D, Dyneema), 11664: 11239: 10787: 10377: 10341: 9288: 9202:Smith, Kiona N. (17 September 2019). 9201: 8868: 8212: 8151: 8110: 7224: 5972:"Environmental Impact of Aquaculture" 5759:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5724:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5660:"Sustainable Seafood, Farmed Seafood" 5611:from the original on 13 November 2007 5384: 5300: 5241:"HDPE Pipe used for Aquaculture pens" 5110: 4739: 4737: 4295:http://www.economist.com/node/1974103 3358: 2923:Fish diseases, parasites and vaccines 2783: 2686:Freedom from pain, disease, or injury 2104:Per capita apparent consumption (kg) 1980:Total world fisheries and aquaculture 754:and other organisms of value such as 12369: 10184: 9759:participating institution membership 9725:participating institution membership 9603:"Ein Lipper macht sich Gedanken ..." 9124: 8923: 8906: 8610: 8582: 6735:Viking Press, 2005, pp. 479–485 6503:Braithwaite, RA; McEvoy, LA (2005). 5809:. National Fisherman. Archived from 4882: 4275:The Case for Fish and Oyster Farming 4114: 4112: 3026: 2841:." There is also an accumulation of 2755: 2623:production is fed to farmed salmon. 2422: 2383: 2315:Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture 2310:Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture 905:integrated multi-trophic aquaculture 762:). Aquaculture involves cultivating 12381: 10264:. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007. 9323: 9228: 8647:. Page 28. Pearson/Addison Wesley. 8531: 7768:Hinrichsen, Don (1 February 1999). 7727:Journal of Environmental Management 6943:"The Bane of Unsustainable Fishing" 6877: 6856: 6810:"Fish farms harm local food supply" 6649: 6180: 6150:"Something fishy about the figures" 6130:Heilprin, John (29 November 2001). 5640:from the original on 4 January 2007 5092: 4743: 4704: 4142:Watson, Reg; Pauly, Daniel (2001). 3675:might have farmed fish (especially 3011:Salinization/acidification of soils 2821:Pollution from sea cage aquaculture 2769:to remove lice from farmed salmon. 2689:Freedom to express normal behaviour 2145:In 2001, scientists Reg Watson and 24: 12232:Environmental impact of irrigation 10378: 10233: 9365:Anitei, Stefan (30 January 2007). 9106:Lake Condah Sustainability Project 8802:. ITCSD. July 2006. Archived from 8194:An Overview of China's Aquaculture 7449:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00893.x 5897:Blumenthal, Les (August 2, 2010). 5798: 4734: 3280:for aquaculture, including China, 1121: 25: 12434: 10834:Geothermal energy and aquaculture 10693:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers 10283:. Waitt Institute. Archived from 10268: 10255:Aquaculture: An Introductory Text 10176:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.049 9988:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.017 8853:"Growing Premium Seafood-Inland!" 8400:Environment, U. N. (2021-10-21). 7576:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.014 7488:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.032 7281:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x 6928:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015 6551:from the original on 26 July 2010 6371:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.015 5974:. August 20, 2004. Archived from 4520:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.033 4238:Food and Agriculture Organization 4109: 3792:practised "a traditional form of 3699:. Early cultivation methods used 3255:Recirculating aquaculture systems 2997: 2653: 2561:invasive plant and animal species 1311:Food and Agriculture Organization 1068: 1006: 850:Food and Agriculture Organization 12380: 12368: 12356: 12345: 12344: 11643: 11642: 11630: 11346: 10473: 10211: 10189: 9828: 9802: 9778: 9765: 9731: 9697: 9673: 9649: 9627: 9595: 9591:from the original on 2022-10-09. 9546: 9508: 9478: 9432: 9423: 9388: 9358: 9173: 9118: 9099: 9096:ABC Science News, 13 March 2003. 9087: 9039: 8994: 8977:National Ocean Economics Program 8965: 8940: 8817: 8792: 8701: 8682: 8634: 8604: 8490: 8461: 8427:Journal of Environmental Quality 8418: 8393: 8334: 8267: 8186: 8145: 8104: 8092: 8076: 8052: 8016: 7981: 7922: 7886: 7861: 7836: 7788: 7761: 7718: 7664: 7599: 7595:from the original on 2022-10-09. 7540: 7521: 7494: 7455: 7380: 7373:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00732.x 7347: 7329:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 7254:"Current issues in fish welfare" 7227:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 7195:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 7186: 7072: 7059: 7037: 7024: 7010: 6967: 6953: 6934: 6315:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01137.x 6148:Reville, William (14 Mar 2002). 5111:Jones, Nicola (March 15, 2023). 4476:Department of Primary Industries 4247:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3984:Recirculating aquaculture system 3923: 3909: 3125:crop, with a high potential for 2650:, out-competing native species. 2611:, or, as is the case with fatty 2389:This section is an excerpt from 2210: 2193: 2175: 2132:Aquaculture production by region 1701:, Chile's fastest-growing city. 1664: 1650: 1323:crop, with a high potential for 1127:This section is an excerpt from 1118:over 30 million tonnes in 2016. 1034: 1020: 680: 47: 12300:Agriculture and the environment 12037:British Agricultural Revolution 11690: 11631: 10000:FAO Reports and Studies No 76. 9606:Lippisches Landesmuseum Detmold 9555:"Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii" 8623:from the original on 2021-03-16 8406:UNEP – UN Environment Programme 8280:Fish & Shellfish Immunology 8215:Fish & Shellfish Immunology 7816: 7098:10.1590/S1679-62252011000400024 6961:"OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook" 6892: 6871: 6850: 6801: 6776: 6758:le Page, Michael (2016-11-10). 6751: 6738: 6725: 6668: 6643: 6619: 6587: 6562: 6537: 6487: 6453:. 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Food & Agriculture Org. 7503:Annual Review of Fish Diseases 7341:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.001 7239:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.02.003 7207:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.02.004 6748:Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. 6010:. Herald Globe. Archived from 5751:Murphy, Sean (23 April 2016). 4221: 4097: 4072: 4047: 3857:In 1859, Stephen Ainsworth of 3806:. A remarkable example is the 3424:Federated States of Micronesia 3298:small island developing states 2692:Freedom from fear and distress 2680:Freedom from hunger and thirst 2540:Issues with salmon aquaculture 2166: 1412: 112:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 13: 1: 10147:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00465-4 9301: 9115:. Retrieved 18 February 2010. 8611:Carr, Gabriela (2021-03-15). 7712:10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00044-5 7409:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00476-2 6513:10.1016/S0065-2881(04)47003-5 5605:"Abalone Farming Information" 5113:"Banking on the Seaweed Rush" 5064:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 5044:European Journal of Phycology 4104:Global Aquaculture Production 4013:Garner's Modern English Usage 3994: 3974:Maggots used as food for fish 3646: 3589:, Australia, may have raised 3347: 3263:Agricultural Research Service 3099:could enhance an ecosystem's 2889:lake, dramatic reductions in 2511: 2504:) and they therefore prevent 2427:Various materials, including 2303: 1472:nongovernmental organizations 984:Aquaculture production (2019) 778:, which is the harvesting of 12022:Arab Agricultural Revolution 10299:The Coastal Resources Center 10241:Aquaculture in the Ecosystem 10222:license statement/permission 10200:license statement/permission 10012:Taking Aquaculture Seriously 9912:10.1016/0044-8486(83)90232-6 9397:Journal of Field Archaeology 8347:The Scientific World Journal 7951:10.1126/science.184.4139.897 7515:10.1016/0959-8030(91)90028-I 6996:10.1080/10641262.2011.597890 6976:Reviews in Fisheries Science 6941:Urbina, Ian (19 June 2020). 6240:. April 2018. Archived from 6058:"Output of Aquatic Products" 4984:"Seaweeds: Plants or Algae?" 4478:. 2016-04-26. Archived from 3895:Californians harvested wild 3583:Aboriginal Australian people 3137: 2476:Copper alloys in aquaculture 2339:environmental sustainability 1504:) in 2007 was about 460,000 1381:In the Mediterranean, young 1056:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 117:Arab Agricultural Revolution 27:Farming of aquatic organisms 7: 11298:Fish diseases and parasites 10907:Fish diseases and parasites 9608:(in German). Archived from 9553:Costa-Pierce, B.A. (1987). 9342:(in Korean). Archived from 8544:Frontiers in Marine Science 8160:. Academic Press. pp. 8119:. Academic Press. pp. 8069:CSaFe, Discussion paper 5, 7354:Baras E, Jobling M (2002). 6191:. p. 5. Archived from 5630:"Abalone Farming on a Boat" 5172:Frontiers in Marine Science 4129:. Retrieved 2 February 2022 3902: 3639:The Classic of Fish Culture 3615:Budj Bim Cultural Landscape 2967:Development of new vaccines 2670:Farm Animal Welfare Council 2626:Farmed salmon consume more 1522: 914: 10: 12439: 11982:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 10980:Microalgal bacterial flocs 10104:Wyban, Carol Araki (1992) 9874: 9409:10.1179/009346979791489014 9264:10.1038/s41598-018-32468-1 9125:Neal, Matt (6 July 2019). 7131:10.1016/j.ncon.2015.06.002 7118:Natureza & Conservação 6744:Costa-Pierce, B.A., 2002, 5585:. Navingo BV. June 2, 2017 5504:Holdich, David M. (1993). 5027:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2 4412:Environmental Microbiology 4118:FAO FIGIS Database (2022) 3784:UNESCO World Heritage Site 3645:, written around 475 BCE ( 3564: 3276:Some 16 countries now use 3234:integrated pest management 3170:. Studies have shown that 3039: 2829:Salmon aquaculture, Norway 2734:food conversion efficiency 2657: 2537: 2473: 2388: 2307: 2227: 1542: 1416: 1347: 1185:The seven most cultivated 1126: 1080: 899:), and the cultivation of 77:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 29: 12341: 12332:Universities and colleges 12308: 12252: 12200: 12061: 11965: 11950:Universities and colleges 11762: 11755: 11721: 11698: 11616: 11585: 11532: 11504:Gathering seafood by hand 11479: 11441: 11388: 11355: 11344: 11278: 11074: 11003: 10960: 10882: 10804: 10800: 10783: 10744: 10701: 10658: 10550: 10482: 10471: 10390: 10386: 10373: 10330:Resources in your library 9746:Oxford English Dictionary 9712:Oxford English Dictionary 9458:Wilmart, Mickaël (2001). 9317:Academy of Korean Studies 9078:Location and Boundary Map 8736:10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1 8301:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.002 8235:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.066 7739:10.1007/s00267-003-0286-9 6808:Thacker, Paul D. 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(2005). 8557:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 5510:Aquatic Living Resources 5483:Data extracted from the 5186:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 4206:Seafood Choices Alliance 3881:fish hatchery opened in 3593:as early as about 4,580 3352:Aquaculture by Country: 2443:, plastic-coated welded 2399:is aquaculture of fish, 2182:Finfish mariculture off 1671:By main producers (2019) 1487:Freshwater prawn farming 1423:Freshwater prawn farming 589:Agriculturist profession 408:Agricultural engineering 393:Agricultural cooperative 12423:Sustainable food system 12222:Agricultural wastewater 11945:Sustainable food system 11940:Sustainable agriculture 11831:Animal-free agriculture 11799:Agricultural technology 10814:Aquaculture engineering 10368:Fishing industry topics 10281:"Aquaculture Factsheet" 10224:). Text taken from 10202:). Text taken from 10070:10.1126/science.1064875 10036:10.1093/envhis/11.3.527 9933:10.1126/science.1138042 9751:Oxford University Press 9717:Oxford University Press 9339:Encyclopædia Britannica 7674:Aquaculture Development 7612:Journal of Fish Biology 7429:Journal of Fish Biology 7261:Journal of Fish Biology 7085:Neotropical Ichthyology 7032:The Future of Aquafeeds 6746:Ecological Aquaculture, 6693:10.1111/1751-7915.12392 6681:Microbial Biotechnology 6081:Pearson, Helen (2001). 5459:"Freshwater Prawn Book" 5385:Brown, E. Evan (1983). 4538:www.ecasatoolbox.org.uk 4432:10.1111/1462-2920.15629 4334:10.1126/science.1138042 4059:Global Seafood Alliance 3833:. He wrote an article " 3329:exclusive economic zone 3042:Nitrate vulnerable zone 2974:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 2879:Experimental Lakes Area 2708:Common welfare concerns 2683:Freedom from discomfort 2516:Uncrewed vessels, like 2292:) and Atlantic salmon ( 2137:Over-reporting by China 1343: 839:diel vertical migration 726:(less commonly spelled 559:Sustainable food system 554:Sustainable agriculture 445:Animal-free agriculture 413:Agricultural technology 12322:Agricultural machinery 12280:History of agriculture 12265:Agriculture by country 12260:Agricultural machinery 12217:Agricultural pollution 12212:Agricultural expansion 11987:Austronesian expansion 11898:Mechanised agriculture 10208:, FAO, FAO. 10018:Kinsey, D. S. 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D. (2001). 8111:Black, K. D. (2001). 7850:. Reuters. 2016-03-10 7018:"USDA Grains Project" 5887:$ 86 thousand million 5658:World Wildlife Fund. 5411:"About Seafood Watch" 4744:Cai, Junning (2019). 4210:It's all about salmon 4085:oceanservice.noaa.gov 3819:Stephan Ludwig Jacobi 3745: 3572: 2978:Caligus rogercresseyi 2885:cage farm in a small 2873:Freshwater ecosystems 2828: 2664:Pain in invertebrates 2547: 2290:Mercenaria mercenaria 2131: 1538: 1530: 1447:(i.e., shrimp of the 1391:southern bluefin tuna 1319:Seaweed farming is a 1274:(28.6%); followed by 1198:Kappaphycus alvarezii 1155: 1138: 1076: 1063: 1051: 983: 930: 922: 796:fish products as food 636:Agriculture companies 599:Government ministries 398:Agricultural supplies 235:Convertible husbandry 32:Aquaculture (journal) 30:For the journal, see 12413:Domesticated animals 11977:Neolithic Revolution 11836:Cellular agriculture 11789:Agricultural science 11308:Fisheries management 10253:Stickney, Robert R. 9813:Rhode Island History 9346:on February 24, 2021 9216:on 17 September 2019 8447:10.2134/jeq2010.0203 7821:Oncorhynchus kisutch 7360:Aquaculture Research 6631:content.ces.ncsu.edu 6547:. Sterlingnets.com. 6295:Journal of Phycology 5549:. pp. 155–215. 5142:(Technical report). 4953:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190 4599:– via fao.org. 3782:are maintained as a 3325:offshore aquaculture 3088:ecological functions 2912:genetically modified 2906:Genetic modification 2802:total economic value 2584:Impacts on wild fish 2469:corrosion resistance 2284:. Channel catfish ( 2162:Aquacultural methods 1456:Pacific white shrimp 1156:A seaweed farmer in 1041:Minor species groups 450:Cellular agriculture 403:Agricultural science 72:Neolithic Revolution 11466:Fishing tournaments 11328:Sustainable fishery 10605:Fish protein powder 10168:2006Aquac.259..342K 10139:2003Aquac.226...35P 10097:Higginbotham James 9980:2007Aquac.264..160F 9904:1983Aquac..32..347C 9886:, in recirculating 9790:Pittsburgh Dispatch 9749:(Online ed.). 9715:(Online ed.). 9256:2018NatSR...814086G 8695:The Washington Post 8670:World Wildlife Fund 8600:. pp. 447–587. 8515:2003MEPS..264..249P 8439:2011JEnvQ..40..271H 8360:10.1100/2012/389623 8292:2021FSI...108..116T 8227:2019FSI....90..210A 8100:AquAdvantage Salmon 8087:Scientific American 8071:University of Otago 7943:1974Sci...184..897S 7624:2021JFBio..99..704J 7568:2011Aquac.315..167J 7480:2008Aquac.274..292R 7441:2002JFBio..61..493E 7401:2001Aquac.193..139G 7273:2006JFBio..68..332H 6988:2011RvFS...19..257T 6920:2008Aquac.285..146T 6826:2006EnST...40.3444T 6788:State of the Planet 6389:The RUAF Foundation 6385:"Urban Aquaculture" 6363:2004Aquac.231..361N 6307:2001JPcgy..37..975C 6171:, 17 December 2002. 6137:. 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Rome: FAO. 2020. 4625:2000Natur.405.1017N 4619:(6790): 1017–1024. 4512:2014Aquac.424...18I 4424:2021EnvMi..23.5349L 4310:, World Pub: 1973." 4306:"Jacques Cousteau, 4160:2001Natur.414..534W 3989:Resource decoupling 3867:Rochester, New York 3808:"Menehune" fishpond 3778:in the present-day 3619:World Heritage Site 3601:in the vicinity of 3071:which can decimate 3036:Ecological benefits 2597:omega-3 fatty acids 2286:Ictalurus punctatus 1585:World Wildlife Fund 1549:Geoduck aquaculture 1477:sustainable farming 1335:, Oceans 2050, and 1333:World Wildlife Fund 1239:are attractive for 1228:Sargassum fusiforme 1216:Undaria pinnatifida 1210:Saccharina japonica 1027:Main species groups 331:Steam sterilization 12111:Rotational grazing 12027:Columbian exchange 11408:Commercial fishing 11380:History of fishing 10757:Fishing by country 10400:Commercial fishing 10239:Holmer, Marianne. 10010:Hepburn, J. 2002. 9890:culture systems". 9822:2013-12-03 at the 9244:Scientific Reports 9082:Government Gazette 9049:. EPA. 2023-06-22. 8524:10.3354/meps264249 8483:10.3354/meps341293 8065:2013-05-05 at the 7800:2011-06-24 at the 7530:Zoological Studies 6650:ECO (2021-06-01). 6155:. The Irish Times. 5697:on 10 October 2016 5490:2005-09-27 at the 5258:Volpe, J. (2005). 4681:"Turning the tide" 4506:. 424–425: 18–23. 4378:New York, New York 4280:2009-05-12 at the 4215:2015-09-24 at the 4125:2022-01-19 at the 3931:Marine life portal 3821:experimented with 3804:oceanic fish ponds 3765:, early Christian 3759: 3575: 3267:parts per thousand 3007:general vaccines. 2831: 2790:coastal ecosystems 2784:Coastal ecosystems 2549: 2528:Biofloc technology 2155:Xinhua News Agency 2134: 2035:Human consumption 1541: 1533: 1510:Chinese river crab 1162: 1150: 1079: 1066: 1058: 986: 933: 925: 909:nutrient pollution 776:commercial fishing 240:Rotational grazing 122:Columbian exchange 12395: 12394: 11955:Urban agriculture 11928:Rice-duck farming 11876:Intensive farming 11846:Extensive farming 11658: 11657: 11461:Catch and release 11365:Artisanal fishing 11313:Fisheries science 11293:Diversity of fish 11233: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11021:Freshwater prawns 10779: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10502:Fish preservation 10425:Midwater trawling 10316:Library resources 10246:Molyneaux, Paul. 10185:Free content work 10117:978-0-8248-1396-3 10006:978-92-5-105947-0 9927:(5823): 382–383. 9757:(Subscription or 9723:(Subscription or 9661:The Baltimore Sun 9515:IBP Inc. (2015). 9496:on 3 October 2015 8892:978-0-393-32831-8 8678:978-0-89164-175-9 8653:978-0-321-30504-6 8179:978-0-12-227430-5 8138:978-0-12-227430-5 8032:(11): 1936–1948. 7996:(11): 2485–2495. 7937:(4139): 897–899. 7902:(11): 1852–1861. 7781:978-1-55963-383-3 7632:10.1111/jfb.14773 6947:The Safina Center 6835:10.1021/es0626988 6460:978-1-317-50662-1 5851:978-92-5-134332-6 5396:978-0-87055-427-8 5093:Ask, E.I (1990). 4909:978-92-5-133394-5 4871:FishStat database 4792:978-92-5-132692-3 4757:978-92-5-131280-3 4582:978-92-5-134332-6 4391:978-0-393-06131-4 4328:(5823): 382–383. 3954:Fisheries science 3673:Ancient Egyptians 3591:short-finned eels 3585:in south-western 3561: 3560: 3278:geothermal energy 3134:reef ecosystems. 3109:primary producers 3073:species diversity 3027:Plastic pollution 2756:Improving welfare 2725:carrying capacity 2465:material strength 2423:Netting materials 2405:urban environment 2397:Urban aquaculture 2391:Urban aquaculture 2384:Urban aquaculture 2126: 2125: 1943:Total aquaculture 1491:giant river prawn 1460:giant tiger prawn 1237:K. alvarezii 848:According to the 736:aquatic organisms 730:), also known as 721: 720: 569:Urban agriculture 542:Rice-duck farming 490:Intensive farming 460:Extensive farming 16:(Redirected from 12430: 12384: 12383: 12372: 12371: 12360: 12348: 12347: 12192:Wildlife farming 12042:Green Revolution 11993:Ancient history 11933:Rice-fish system 11841:Contract farming 11826:Animal husbandry 11685: 11678: 11671: 11662: 11661: 11646: 11645: 11634: 11633: 11603:Fishing villages 11542:Artificial flies 11509:Handline fishing 11456:Big-game fishing 11350: 11260: 11253: 11246: 11237: 11236: 11152:Papua New Guinea 11132:Marshall Islands 10802: 10801: 10794:farmed fisheries 10785: 10784: 10673:Shrimp marketing 10595:Fish hydrolysate 10477: 10392:Fishing industry 10388: 10387: 10375: 10374: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10304:NOAA aquaculture 10295: 10293: 10292: 10215: 10193: 10179: 10162:(1–4): 342–353. 10150: 10089: 10064:(5547): 1655–6. 10050: 10048: 10047: 10038:. Archived from 9991: 9974:(1–4): 160–174. 9965: 9952: 9915: 9898:(3–4): 347–360. 9869: 9868: 9832: 9826: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9754: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9720: 9708: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9559: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9537: 9535: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9492:. Archived from 9482: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9373:. Archived from 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9299: 9286: 9285: 9275: 9235: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9212:. Archived from 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9137: 9122: 9116: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9025: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8944: 8938: 8927: 8921: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8895:. Archived from 8878: 8866: 8857: 8856: 8849: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8831:. Archived from 8830: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8780: 8774:. Archived from 8773: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8729: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8686: 8680: 8661: 8655: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8595: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8569: 8559: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8380: 8362: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8313: 8303: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8246: 8210: 8197: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8080: 8074: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8020: 8014: 8013: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7823:(Walbaum, 1792)" 7814: 7808: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7774:. Island Press. 7765: 7759: 7758: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7643: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7587: 7562:(3–4): 167–186. 7553: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7474:(2–4): 292–299. 7459: 7453: 7452: 7424: 7413: 7412: 7395:(1–2): 139–147. 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7335:(3–4): 199–235. 7324: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7297: 7291:. Archived from 7258: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7233:(3–4): 205–223. 7222: 7211: 7210: 7201:(3–4): 225–250. 7190: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7149: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7051:. Archived from 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6914:(1–4): 146–158. 6905: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6736: 6731:Diamond, Jared, 6729: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6601:. Archived from 6600: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6442: 6431: 6430: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6357:(1–4): 361–391. 6345: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6178: 6172: 6169:Associated Press 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6108:10.1038/35107216 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6062:China Statistics 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5949:. Archived from 5938: 5932: 5931: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5842:10.4060/cb4477en 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5748: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5690:. Archived from 5685: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5583:offshoreWIND.biz 5575: 5569: 5568: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5501: 5495: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5243:. Archived from 5237: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5188: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4955: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4900:10.4060/cb1329en 4886: 4880: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4719: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4686:. Archived from 4685: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4644: 4633:10.1038/35016500 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4573:10.4060/cb4477en 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4540:. Archived from 4530: 4524: 4523: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4418:(9): 5349–5363. 4402: 4396: 4395: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4271: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4192: 4191: 4186:. Archived from 4168:10.1038/35107050 4139: 4130: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4008:Garner, Bryan A. 4004: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3838: 3651: 3648: 3489:Papua New Guinea 3464:Marshall Islands 3379: 3372: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3176:negative impacts 3103:by 2.57 kg 3069:dissolved oxygen 2948:Farrer's scallop 2937:mangrove forests 2738:Dissolved oxygen 2574:dissolved oxygen 2457:galvanized steel 2418: 2370:ecosystem health 2214: 2197: 2179: 1720: 1719: 1668: 1657:By species group 1654: 1278:(5.09%) and the 1104:planktonic algae 1038: 1024: 955:Jacques Cousteau 950:Green Revolution 941:overexploitation 713: 706: 699: 685: 684: 683: 547:Rice-fish system 455:Contract farming 440:Animal husbandry 178:Animal husbandry 137:Green Revolution 88:Ancient history 51: 37: 36: 21: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12304: 12295:Poultry farming 12248: 12203: 12196: 12167:Poultry farming 12057: 12033:Modern history 12013:Post-classical 11961: 11960: 11959: 11903:Organic farming 11758: 11757: 11753: 11717: 11694: 11689: 11659: 11654: 11612: 11608:Marine habitats 11581: 11552:Bite indicators 11528: 11475: 11437: 11384: 11351: 11342: 11274: 11264: 11234: 11221: 11167:Solomon Islands 11070: 10999: 10985:Photobioreactor 10956: 10878: 10796: 10771: 10740: 10697: 10668:Live fish trade 10654: 10546: 10484:Fish processing 10478: 10469: 10460:Fishing vessels 10430:Bottom trawling 10382: 10369: 10366: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10290: 10288: 10279: 10271: 10236: 10234:Further reading 10187: 10182: 10045: 10043: 9963: 9877: 9872: 9849:10.2307/3105951 9833: 9829: 9824:Wayback Machine 9807: 9803: 9794: 9792: 9784: 9783: 9779: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9702: 9698: 9689: 9687: 9685:Oakland Tribune 9679: 9678: 9674: 9665: 9663: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9640: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9615: 9613: 9601: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9574:10.2307/1310688 9557: 9551: 9547: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9513: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9484: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9467: 9456: 9452: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9393: 9389: 9380: 9378: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9307: 9300: 9289: 9236: 9229: 9219: 9217: 9200: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9135: 9133: 9123: 9119: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9084:, 20 July 2004. 9069: 9067: 9059: 9058: 9054: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9027: 9026: 9019: 9010: 9008: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8984: 8971: 8970: 8966: 8957: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8928: 8924: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8893: 8876: 8867: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8727:10.1.1.457.7375 8706: 8702: 8687: 8683: 8662: 8658: 8641:Tietenberg, Tom 8639: 8635: 8626: 8624: 8609: 8605: 8593: 8587: 8583: 8536: 8532: 8495: 8491: 8466: 8462: 8423: 8419: 8410: 8408: 8398: 8394: 8339: 8335: 8272: 8268: 8211: 8200: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8109: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8081: 8077: 8067:Wayback Machine 8057: 8053: 8038:10.1139/F09-121 8021: 8017: 8002:10.1139/f08-155 7986: 7982: 7927: 7923: 7908:10.1139/F10-106 7891: 7887: 7878: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7853: 7851: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7815: 7811: 7802:Wayback Machine 7793: 7789: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7723: 7719: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7669: 7665: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7526: 7522: 7499: 7495: 7460: 7456: 7425: 7416: 7385: 7381: 7352: 7348: 7325: 7310: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7223: 7214: 7191: 7187: 7150: 7139: 7110: 7106: 7077: 7073: 7064: 7060: 7049:davidsuzuki.org 7043: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7011: 6972: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6939: 6935: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881:(August 2018). 6876: 6872: 6864: 6855: 6851: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6766: 6756: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6730: 6726: 6673: 6669: 6660: 6658: 6648: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6596:"Caged Culture" 6594: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6554: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6523: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6443: 6434: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6290: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6179: 6175: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6079: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5903:Washington Post 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5871: 5867: 5852: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5816: 5814: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5760: 5749: 5740: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5543: 5539: 5502: 5498: 5492:Wayback Machine 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5433: 5429: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5383: 5379: 5363:10.2307/3868441 5342: 5338: 5299: 5295: 5256: 5252: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5163: 5159: 5152:10.2172/1874372 5134: 5130: 5121: 5119: 5109: 5102: 5091: 5087: 5039: 5035: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4932: 4925: 4910: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4878:Wayback Machine 4868: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4812: 4808: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4758: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4705: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4282:Wayback Machine 4272: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4217:Wayback Machine 4204: 4195: 4154:(6863): 534–6. 4140: 4133: 4127:Wayback Machine 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3875:fish-hatcheries 3763:medieval Europe 3751:La Cambre Abbey 3715:Japanese people 3677:gilt-head bream 3649: 3630:Cyprinus carpio 3567: 3562: 3557: 3509:Solomon Islands 3386: 3383: 3350: 3342:Clean Water Act 3314: 3290: 3140: 3123:carbon negative 3119:Seaweed farming 3044: 3038: 3029: 3013: 3000: 2986: 2969: 2960: 2925: 2908: 2875: 2823: 2786: 2758: 2710: 2666: 2656: 2586: 2542: 2536: 2514: 2478: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2417:semi-intensive. 2416: 2394: 2386: 2312: 2306: 2288:), hard clams ( 2232: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2169: 2164: 2139: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1612: 1551: 1525: 1429: 1415: 1399:South Australia 1352: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1321:carbon negative 1165:Seaweed farming 1145:farming in the 1132: 1129:Seaweed farming 1124: 1122:Seaweed farming 1089: 1087:Seaweed farming 1071: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1009: 946:Blue Revolution 917: 901:ornamental fish 897:seaweed farming 887:, mariculture, 854:rearing process 843:nutrient cycles 717: 681: 679: 674: 673: 672: 671: 670: 661:Poultry farming 618: 610: 609: 608: 583: 575: 574: 573: 517:Organic farming 382: 374: 373: 372: 347: 337: 336: 335: 167: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 128:Modern history 108:Post-classical 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12436: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12378: 12366: 12354: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12208: 12206: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12125: 12123:Insect farming 12120: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12067: 12065: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12004: 12002:Ancient Greece 11999: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11971: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11688: 11687: 11680: 11673: 11665: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11640: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11485: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11447: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11394: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11375:Fishing vessel 11372: 11367: 11361: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11338:Wild fisheries 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11284: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11263: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11240: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11196:United States 11194: 11192:United Kingdom 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11007: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10888: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10854:Antimicrobials 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10824:Best practices 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10798: 10797: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10748: 10746: 10745:Area fisheries 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10726:English Market 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10664: 10662: 10660:Fish marketing 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10527:Salmon cannery 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10488: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10405:Fish slaughter 10402: 10396: 10394: 10384: 10383: 10380:Wild fisheries 10371: 10370: 10365: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10342: 10333: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10277: 10270: 10269:External links 10267: 10266: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10235: 10232: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10151: 10133:(1–4): 35–44. 10122: 10119: 10102: 10095: 10090: 10051: 10030:(3): 527–566. 10015: 10008: 9994:GESAMP (2008) 9992: 9956: 9916: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9843:(3): 561–583. 9827: 9801: 9777: 9764: 9730: 9696: 9672: 9648: 9626: 9622:Fischaufzucht. 9594: 9568:(5): 320–331. 9545: 9527: 9507: 9477: 9450: 9431: 9422: 9403:(4): 391–411. 9387: 9357: 9322: 9287: 9227: 9194: 9172: 9146: 9117: 9111:2013-01-03 at 9098: 9086: 9052: 9038: 9017: 8993: 8964: 8939: 8922: 8905: 8902:on 2007-09-26. 8891: 8872:, ed. (2006). 8858: 8841: 8838:on 2005-01-06. 8816: 8791: 8756: 8700: 8681: 8656: 8633: 8603: 8581: 8530: 8489: 8460: 8417: 8392: 8333: 8266: 8198: 8185: 8178: 8144: 8137: 8103: 8091: 8082:Robynne Boyd, 8075: 8051: 8015: 7980: 7921: 7885: 7860: 7835: 7809: 7787: 7780: 7760: 7733:(4): 535–550. 7717: 7706:(2): 279–298. 7690: 7683: 7663: 7618:(3): 704–725. 7598: 7539: 7520: 7493: 7454: 7435:(3): 493–531. 7414: 7379: 7366:(7): 461–479. 7346: 7308: 7267:(2): 332–372. 7244: 7212: 7185: 7137: 7124:(2): 123–132. 7104: 7071: 7058: 7055:on 2016-05-15. 7036: 7023: 7009: 6966: 6952: 6933: 6891: 6870: 6849: 6820:(11): 3445–6. 6800: 6775: 6750: 6737: 6724: 6687:(5): 576–584. 6667: 6642: 6618: 6586: 6561: 6536: 6521: 6495: 6486: 6466: 6459: 6432: 6401: 6376: 6337: 6328: 6301:(6): 975–986. 6281: 6257: 6226: 6208: 6173: 6158: 6140: 6122: 6073: 6049: 6025: 5999: 5981: 5978:on 2004-08-20. 5963: 5933: 5915: 5889: 5880: 5865: 5850: 5823: 5805:Ess, Charlie. 5797: 5773: 5738: 5708: 5672: 5650: 5621: 5596: 5570: 5563: 5537: 5516:(4): 307–317. 5496: 5476: 5450: 5427: 5402: 5395: 5377: 5336: 5309:(4): 527–547. 5293: 5272:(4): 301–302. 5250: 5247:on 2019-01-09. 5232: 5210: 5157: 5128: 5117:Hakai Magazine 5100: 5085: 5050:(4): 391–406. 5033: 5000: 4975: 4946:(4): 855–861. 4923: 4908: 4881: 4859: 4826:(2): 223–234. 4806: 4791: 4771: 4756: 4733: 4703: 4672: 4602: 4581: 4554: 4525: 4493: 4463: 4397: 4390: 4363: 4312: 4299: 4286: 4263: 4250: 4220: 4193: 4190:on 2010-05-31. 4131: 4108: 4096: 4071: 4046: 4028: 4023:978-0190491482 4022: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:Oyster farming 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3944:Alligator farm 3941: 3935: 3934: 3920: 3904: 3901: 3848:sub-irrigation 3814:dwarf-people. 3780:Czech Republic 3709:Floating rafts 3625:Oral tradition 3566: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3544:United Kingdom 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3349: 3346: 3313: 3310: 3289: 3286: 3172:salmon farming 3144:wild fisheries 3139: 3136: 3113:trophic levels 3052:filter feeding 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3009: 2999: 2998:Economic gains 2996: 2985: 2982: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2941:southeast Asia 2933:shrimp farming 2924: 2921: 2916:Chinook salmon 2907: 2904: 2895:eutrophication 2874: 2871: 2822: 2819: 2794:shrimp farming 2785: 2782: 2767:cleaner wrasse 2757: 2754: 2709: 2706: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2655: 2654:Animal welfare 2652: 2613:predatory fish 2585: 2582: 2576:levels in the 2553:wild fisheries 2535: 2532: 2513: 2510: 2474:Main article: 2424: 2421: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2308:Main article: 2305: 2302: 2228:Main article: 2217:The adaptable 2216: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2181: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2138: 2135: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058:Non-food uses 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1708:report titled 1706:United Nations 1670: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1611: 1608: 1545:Oyster farming 1524: 1521: 1419:Shrimp farming 1414: 1411: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1251:is farmed for 1158:Nusa Lembongan 1133: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1070: 1069:Aquatic plants 1067: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007:Species groups 1005: 937:wild fisheries 916: 913: 885:oyster farming 881:shrimp farming 835:ocean currents 768:brackish water 756:aquatic plants 719: 718: 716: 715: 708: 701: 693: 690: 689: 676: 675: 669: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 622: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 544: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 508: 507: 502: 497: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 426: 425: 420: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 348: 343: 342: 339: 338: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 316:Slash-and-burn 313: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 249: 244: 243: 242: 237: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 201: 200: 195: 190: 185: 175: 169: 168: 163: 162: 159: 158: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 106: 105: 104: 99: 97:Ancient Greece 94: 86: 85: 84: 79: 74: 65: 64: 63: 62: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12435: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12389: 12388: 12379: 12377: 12376: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12355: 12353: 12352: 12343: 12340: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12290:Meat industry 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12275:Biotechnology 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12234: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12202:Environmental 12199: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12182:Sheep farming 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12086:Dairy farming 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12064: 12063:Farming Types 12060: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11997:Ancient Egypt 11995: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11908:Paludiculture 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11809:Biotechnology 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11767: 11765: 11761: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11729:Agriculturist 11727: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11693: 11686: 11681: 11679: 11674: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11651: 11650: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11615: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11598:Fishing banks 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11584: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11349: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11272: 11268: 11261: 11256: 11254: 11249: 11247: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11036:Marine shrimp 11034: 11032: 11031:Hirudiculture 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004:Other species 11002: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10952:US hatcheries 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927:Fish stocking 10925: 10923: 10922:Fish hatchery 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10874:Recirculating 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10839:Inland saline 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10829:Copper alloys 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10786: 10782: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10762:Fishing banks 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:Fish emulsion 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10575:Cod liver oil 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10552:Fish products 10549: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10517:Filleted fish 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10420:Pair trawling 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10363: 10358: 10356: 10351: 10349: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10287:on 2015-06-17 10286: 10282: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10058: 10052: 10042:on 2019-07-29 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9888:Macrobrachium 9885: 9880: 9879: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9815:68(1):20–35. 9814: 9810: 9805: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9774: 9768: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9741: 9740:"aquiculture" 9734: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9713: 9707: 9706:"aquaculture" 9700: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9612:on 2019-12-09 9611: 9607: 9604: 9598: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9530: 9528:9781514519486 9524: 9520: 9519: 9511: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9445: 9444: 9435: 9426: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9391: 9377:on 2021-09-29 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9326: 9318: 9315:(in Korean). 9314: 9313: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9283: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9232: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9182: 9176: 9161:. 6 July 2019 9160: 9156: 9150: 9143: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9113:archive.today 9110: 9107: 9102: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9079: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9048: 9042: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8983:on 2015-06-02 8982: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8806:on 2008-11-20 8805: 8801: 8795: 8781:on 2015-10-05 8777: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8749:September 26, 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714:Hydrobiologia 8711: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8660: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8311:11250/2830510 8307: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8195: 8189: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8088: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 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7164:(2): 529–47. 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7019: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6963:. OECD. 2014. 6962: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6765: 6764:New Scientist 6761: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6734: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6608:on 2010-11-19 6604: 6597: 6590: 6576:on 2010-05-29 6575: 6571: 6565: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6522:9780120261482 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6490: 6479: 6478: 6470: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6342: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6247:on 2017-05-18 6243: 6236: 6235:"FAO summary" 6230: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6198:on 2022-10-09 6194: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6167: 6162: 6151: 6144: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6093:(6863): 477. 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6014:on 2014-05-28 6013: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5953:on 2018-11-28 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5813:on 2009-01-22 5812: 5808: 5801: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5566: 5564:9780470960967 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5417:on 2013-05-11 5416: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5132: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693:on 2016-02-22 4689: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4544:on 2015-09-25 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4482:on 2019-11-13 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873:, artificial 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3681:Lake Bardawil 3678: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549:United States 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3271:stocking rate 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219:phytoplankton 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3056:water quality 3053: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2992: 2991:Nanoparticles 2981: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:rainbow trout 2880: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2813:build-up and 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798:extended cost 2795: 2791: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674:Five Freedoms 2671: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:copper alloys 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:polypropylene 2434: 2430: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2381: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247:phytoplankton 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2220: 2213: 2202: 2196: 2185: 2178: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2130: 2102: 2079: 2056: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1917: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1843:Total capture 1840: 1817: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1667: 1653: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:sea cucumbers 1623: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1539:Sturgeon farm 1537: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1517:astaciculture 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481:Seafood Watch 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1427:Astaciculture 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1302:, 0.5%), and 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270:(58.62%) and 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:gelling agent 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1130: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:phytoplankton 1093: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1037: 1023: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 982: 978: 974: 972: 968: 964: 958: 956: 951: 947: 942: 938: 929: 921: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:body of water 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 714: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 694: 692: 691: 688: 678: 677: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 656:Meat industry 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 641:Biotechnology 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 614: 613: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 579: 578: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 522:Paludiculture 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 424: 423:Biotechnology 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 378: 377: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 346: 341: 340: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 311: 307: 305: 304:Sharecropping 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 248: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 166: 161: 160: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 127: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 92:Ancient Egypt 90: 89: 87: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 67: 66: 60: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 33: 19: 12385: 12373: 12361: 12349: 12237:Overdrafting 12096:Goat farming 12075: 12007:Ancient Rome 11913:Permaculture 11871:Horticulture 11816:Agroforestry 11774:Agribusiness 11647: 11635: 11514:Spearfishing 11303:Fish farming 11287: 11172:South Africa 11056:Sea cucumber 11011:Brine shrimp 10990:Raceway pond 10932:Spawning bed 10912:Fish farming 10884:Fish farming 10805: 10789: 10721:Maine Avenue 10711:Billingsgate 10703:Fish markets 10678:Chasse-marée 10650:Surströmming 10640:Shrimp paste 10565:Fish as food 10497:Factory ship 10492:Fish factory 10320: 10289:. 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Retrieved 5415:the original 5405: 5386: 5380: 5356:(1): 21–28. 5353: 5349: 5339: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5269: 5263: 5253: 5245:the original 5235: 5226: 5213: 5196:10754/623247 5176: 5170: 5160: 5138: 5131: 5120:. Retrieved 5116: 5094: 5088: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5017: 5013: 5003: 4991:. Retrieved 4987: 4978: 4943: 4939: 4890: 4884: 4851:. Retrieved 4823: 4819: 4809: 4781: 4774: 4746: 4730:. FAO. 2018. 4723: 4695:. Retrieved 4688:the original 4675: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4594:. Retrieved 4563: 4557: 4546:. Retrieved 4542:the original 4537: 4528: 4503: 4502:salar L.)". 4496: 4484:. Retrieved 4480:the original 4475: 4466: 4415: 4411: 4400: 4372: 4366: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4289: 4253: 4229: 4223: 4188:the original 4151: 4147: 4099: 4088:. Retrieved 4084: 4074: 4063:. Retrieved 4061:. 2023-02-22 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4012: 4002: 3917:Water portal 3894: 3887: 3883:Newfoundland 3879:Dildo Island 3856: 3845: 3840: 3816: 3802:constructed 3798: 3788: 3776:Trebon Basin 3760: 3731: 3713: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3638: 3628: 3623: 3576: 3514:South Africa 3351: 3318: 3315: 3291: 3288:Global goals 3275: 3253: 3246: 3227: 3188: 3141: 3117: 3085: 3045: 3030: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2987: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2961: 2952:white shrimp 2945: 2926: 2909: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2843:heavy metals 2834:Salmon farms 2832: 2787: 2779: 2775:anaesthetics 2771: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2742:asphyxiation 2722: 2711: 2695: 2667: 2660:Pain in fish 2644: 2633: 2625: 2594: 2587: 2578:water column 2570: 2550: 2526: 2515: 2500:, and other 2479: 2467:, cost, and 2441:polyethylene 2426: 2374: 2343: 2313: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2233: 2152: 2147:Daniel Pauly 2144: 2140: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1879:Aquaculture 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1699:Puerto Montt 1696: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1624: 1613: 1610:Other groups 1604: 1599: 1596:Flinders Bay 1593: 1571: 1563: 1552: 1531:Abalone farm 1515:In addition 1514: 1495: 1485: 1464:monocultures 1438: 1430: 1403: 1395:Spencer Gulf 1383:bluefin tuna 1380: 1353: 1350:Fish farming 1314: 1308: 1265: 1248: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1163: 1140: 1116: 1090: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 987: 975: 959: 934: 889:pisciculture 877:fish farming 874: 847: 804: 800: 792:Pisciculture 731: 727: 723: 722: 527:Permaculture 485:Horticulture 430:Agroforestry 388:Agribusiness 352: 345:Hydroculture 321:Smallholding 309: 102:Ancient Rome 12408:Aquaculture 12387:Wikiproject 12227:Overgrazing 12162:Pig farming 12145:Paddy field 12118:Hydroponics 12091:Fur farming 12076:Aquaculture 12071:Agrivoltaic 12052:Monoculture 11973:Prehistory 11923:Polyculture 11744:Farm worker 11722:Occupations 11692:Agriculture 11499:Fishing net 11471:Fly fishing 11333:Overfishing 11288:Aquaculture 11273:topic areas 11177:South Korea 11157:Philippines 11142:New Zealand 11061:Sea sponges 10962:Algaculture 10849:Mariculture 10806:Aquaculture 10790:Aquaculture 10767:Other areas 10537:Smoked fish 10532:Salted fish 10465:Power block 10440:Gillnetting 10321:Aquaculture 10156:Aquaculture 10127:Aquaculture 9968:Aquaculture 9892:Aquaculture 9817:web version 8509:: 249–264. 8476:: 293–298. 8286:: 116–126. 8221:: 210–214. 7641:10023/23362 7556:Aquaculture 7509:: 155–194. 7468:Aquaculture 7389:Aquaculture 7030:NOAA/USDA: 7020:. USDA ARS. 6908:Aquaculture 6419:10625/32959 6351:Aquaculture 6221:www.fao.org 5930:. May 2004. 5908:26 November 4504:Aquaculture 4486:October 15, 4342:10261/89727 4041:Answers.com 3939:Agroecology 3863:brook trout 3827:brown trout 3796:ranching". 3767:monasteries 3717:cultivated 3650: 2475 3609:to capture 3603:Lake Condah 3599:floodplains 3579:Gunditjmara 3519:South Korea 3494:Philippines 3474:New Zealand 3249:polyculture 3180:forage fish 3158:fish, like 3156:piscivorous 3129:. The IPCC 3097:oyster reef 3092:crustaceans 3058:. A single 2939:throughout 2899:hypolimnion 2869:retention. 2702:nociceptors 2590:forage fish 2565:carnivorous 2557:antibiotics 2451:, patented 2413:environment 2358:synergistic 2354:polyculture 2350:nutritional 2319:fertilizers 2294:Salmo salar 2235:Mariculture 2230:Mariculture 2186:, Hong Kong 2184:High Island 2167:Mariculture 2017:Utilization 1631:sea urchins 1616:echinoderms 1577:Overfishing 1431:Commercial 1413:Crustaceans 1327:. The IPCC 1284:North Korea 1280:Philippines 1276:South Korea 1241:carrageenan 1147:Philippines 1139:Underwater 1100:microphytes 1083:Algaculture 893:algaculture 866:piscivorous 784:Mariculture 744:crustaceans 732:aquafarming 728:aquiculture 724:Aquaculture 537:Polyculture 363:Hydroponics 353:Aquaculture 294:Paddy field 279:Monoculture 173:Agrivoltaic 147:Monoculture 68:Prehistory 41:Agriculture 18:Aquafarming 12402:Categories 12253:Categories 11918:Plantation 11866:Free range 11861:Feed ratio 11593:Fish ponds 11494:Fishfinder 11481:Techniques 11443:Recreation 11423:Processing 11403:By country 11127:Madagascar 11102:East Timor 11075:By country 10975:Microalgae 10970:Giant kelp 10892:Broodstock 10819:Aquaponics 10683:Fishmonger 10610:Fish sauce 10512:Dried fish 10507:Slurry ice 10445:Longlining 10291:2015-06-08 10046:2019-07-29 9809:Rice, M.A. 9795:2015-12-10 9761:required.) 9727:required.) 9690:2015-12-10 9666:2015-12-10 9616:2019-09-18 9562:BioScience 9466:(71): 7–18 9381:2021-02-17 9187:August 23, 9070:30 January 9011:2015-06-08 8987:2015-06-08 8958:2021-07-25 8810:2008-09-01 8785:2009-10-08 8765:Rice, M.A. 8627:2021-10-29 8411:2022-03-23 8353:: 389623. 8244:1893/29828 7879:2016-05-07 7854:2016-05-07 7700:Ecol. 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10615:Gravlax 10560:Seafood 10542:Kippers 10522:Gibbing 10435:Seining 10164:Bibcode 10135:Bibcode 10057:Science 9976:Bibcode 9954:podcast 9921:Science 9900:Bibcode 9875:Sources 9857:3105951 9582:1310688 9302:강, 제원. 9273:6148281 9252:Bibcode 9136:14 July 8937:(2018). 8720:: 400. 8643:(2006) 8511:Bibcode 8435:Bibcode 8378:3353277 8288:Bibcode 8223:Bibcode 8162:1578–84 8121:1578–84 7939:Bibcode 7931:Science 7620:Bibcode 7564:Bibcode 7476:Bibcode 7437:Bibcode 7397:Bibcode 7269:Bibcode 6984:Bibcode 6916:Bibcode 6822:Bibcode 6710:4993175 6359:Bibcode 6303:Bibcode 6095:Bibcode 5994:fao.org 5875:(2014) 5665:May 30, 5518:Bibcode 5372:3868441 5052:Bibcode 4667:4411053 4621:Bibcode 4508:Bibcode 4449:8519021 4420:Bibcode 4322:Science 4208:(2005) 4156:Bibcode 3959:Fishery 3790:Samoans 3749:of the 3719:seaweed 3679:) from 3565:History 3554:Vanuatu 3394:Albania 3321:federal 3306:tourism 3292:The UN 3259:compost 3199:mussels 3191:oysters 3152:farming 3142:Global 3101:biomass 2929:disease 2847:benthos 2845:on the 2714:disease 2605:herring 2490:viruses 2409:species 2346:trophic 2282:finfish 2273:), and 2271:oysters 2267:lobster 2255:seaweed 2219:tilapia 1919:Marine 1896:Inland 1819:Marine 1796:Inland 1600:abitats 1573:Abalone 1376:catfish 1372:tilapia 1222:Pyropia 1176:seaweed 1112:seaweed 862:feeding 495:animals 418:Digital 381:Related 326:Terrace 310:Colonia 289:Organic 284:Orchard 274:Natural 257:animals 230:Grazing 210:Dryland 193:poultry 165:On land 142:Organic 59:History 12363:Portal 12204:impact 12155:Bocage 12081:Cattle 11749:Herder 11739:Farmer 11577:Sinker 11534:Tackle 11205:Hawaii 11200:Alaska 11187:Tuvalu 11087:Canada 10937:Salmon 10731:Scania 10716:Fulton 10645:Surimi 10620:Hákarl 10570:Caviar 10318:about 10115: 10084: 10076: 10004: 9947: 9939: 9863: 9855: 9580: 9525: 9490:UNESCO 9417:529424 9415: 9350:5 June 9331:"gim" 9304:"gim" 9280: 9270: 9080:, and 8889: 8742: 8724: 8676: 8651: 8574: 8453: 8385: 8375: 8367: 8326: 8318: 8259: 8251: 8176: 8135: 8044: 8008: 7973: 7965: 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