1167:
1905:
1900:
1202:
2244:
1024:
2367:
1595:
2569:
1680:
2191:
1451:
1314:
1128:
2321:
2519:
1655:
2732:
2069:
1545:
1271:
1123:
1946:
2301:
1487:
2803:
1196:
1894:
2008:
2548:
2437:
1628:
1334:
1133:
1975:
2396:
128:
2264:
1507:
1742:
2491:
162:
1173:
2127:
1574:
584:
4877:
S.; Han, Y.; Hayashi, C.; Hilbrant, M.; Hughes, D.S.T.; Janssen, R.; Lee, S.L.; Maeso, I.; Murali, S.C.; Muzny, D.M.; da
Fonseca, R.N.; Paese, C.L.B.; Qu, J.; Ronshaugen, M.; Schomburg, C.; Schoenauer, A.; Stollewerk, A.; Torres-Oliva, M.; Turetzek, N.; Vanthournout, B.; Werren, J.H.; Wolff, C.; Worley, K.C.; Bucher, G.; Gibbs, R.A.; Coddington, J.; Oda, H.; Stanke, M.; Ayoub, N.A.; Prpic, N.M.; Flot, J.F.; Posnien, N.; Richards, S.; McGregor, A.P. (July 2017).
2106:
1415:
2978:
2748:
780:
1849:
1383:. The authors favoured relationships shown by more slowly evolving genes, which demonstrated the monophyly of Chelicerata, Euchelicerata and Arachnida, as well as of some clades within the arachnids. The diagram below summarizes their conclusions, based largely on the 200 most slowly evolving genes; dashed lines represent uncertain placements.
1234:
The extant chelicerates comprise two marine groups: Sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and the terrestrial arachnids. These have been thought to be related as shown below. (Pycnogonida (sea spiders) may be excluded from the chelicerates, which are then identified as the group labelled "Euchelicerata".)
4876:
Schwager, E.E.; Sharma, P.P.; Clark, T.; Leite, D.J.; Wierschin, T.; Pechmann, M.; Akiyama-Oda, Y.; Esposito, L.; Bechsgaard, J.; Bilde, T.; Buffry, A.; Chao, H.; Dinh, H.; Doddapaneni, H.V.; Dugan, S.; Eibner, C.; Extavour, C.; Funch, P.; Garb., J.; Gonzalez, L.B.; Gonzalez, V.L.; Griffiths-Jones,
2829:
were treated as a single order, Acari. However, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups do not form a single clade, with morphological similarities being due to convergence. They are now usually treated as two separate taxa â Acariformes, mites, and
Parasitiformes, ticks â which
2712:
More recent phylogenomic analyses that have densely sampled both genomic datasets and morphology have supported horseshoe crabs as nested inside
Arachnida, suggesting a complex history of terrestrialization. Morphological analyses including fossils tend to recover the Tetrapulmonata, including the
992:
In addition to the eyes, almost all arachnids have two other types of sensory organs. The most important to most arachnids are the fine sensory hairs that cover the body and give the animal its sense of touch. These can be relatively simple, but many arachnids also possess more complex structures,
928:
Arachnids produce digestive enzymes in their stomachs, and use their pedipalps and chelicerae to pour them over their dead prey. The digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients, which the arachnid sucks into a pre-buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. Behind
701:
The cephalothorax is usually covered by a single, unsegmented carapace. The abdomen is segmented in the more primitive forms, but varying degrees of fusion between the segments occur in many groups. It is typically divided into a preabdomen and postabdomen, although this is only clearly visible in
4415:
Meusemann, Karen; Reumont, Björn M. von; Simon, Sabrina; Roeding, Falko; Strauss, Sascha; KĂŒck, Patrick; Ebersberger, Ingo; Walzl, Manfred; Pass, GĂŒnther; Breuers, Sebastian; Achter, Viktor; Haeseler, Arndt von; Burmester, Thorsten; Hadrys, Heike; WĂ€gele, J. Wolfgang & Misof, Bernhard (2010).
3779:
Potapov, Anton M.; Beaulieu, Frédéric; Birkhofer, Klaus; Bluhm, Sarah L.; Degtyarev, Maxim I.; Devetter, Miloslav; Goncharov, Anton A.; Gongalsky, Konstantin B.; Klarner, Bernhard; Korobushkin, Daniil I.; Liebke, Dana F.; Maraun, Mark; Mc
Donnell, Rory J.; Pollierer, Melanie M.; Schaefer, Ina;
775:
extend their knees by the use of highly elastic thickenings in the joint cuticle. Scorpions, pseudoscorpions and some harvestmen have evolved muscles that extend two leg joints (the femur-patella and patella-tibia joints) at once. The equivalent joints of the pedipalps of scorpions though, are
1366:
Discovering relationships within the arachnids has proven difficult as of March 2016, with successive studies producing different results. A study in 2014, based on the largest set of molecular data to date, concluded that there were systematic conflicts in the phylogenetic information,
867:
Arachnid blood is variable in composition, depending on the mode of respiration. Arachnids with an efficient tracheal system do not need to transport oxygen in the blood, and may have a reduced circulatory system. In scorpions and some spiders, however, the blood contains
1805:, and analyses support pseudoscorpions as the sister group of scorpions. Genetic analysis has not yet been done for Ricinulei, Palpigradi, or Solifugae, but horseshoe crabs have gone through two whole genome duplications, which gives them five Hox clusters with 34
1077:
relationships among the main subdivisions of arthropods have been the subject of considerable research and dispute for many years. A consensus emerged from about 2010 onwards, based on both morphological and molecular evidence; extant (living) arthropods are a
4460:
Regier, Jerome C.; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Zwick, Andreas; Hussey, April; Ball, Bernard; Wetzer, Regina; Martin, Joel W. & Cunningham, Clifford W. (2010). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences".
829:
with the air. While the tracheae are often individual systems of tubes, similar to those in insects, ricinuleids, pseudoscorpions, and some spiders possess sieve tracheae, in which several tubes arise in a bundle from a small chamber connected to the
698:, there is currently neither fossil nor embryological evidence that arachnids ever had a separate thorax-like division. Likewise, the 'abdomen' of many arachnids contains organs atypical of an abdomen, such as a heart and respiratory organs.
977:, which enhances the ability to collect light. With the exception of scorpions, which can have up to five pairs of lateral ocelli, there are never more than three pairs present. The median ocelli develop from a transverse fold of the
1060:, depending on species, and bear live young. Also some mites are ovoviviparous and viviparous, even if most lay eggs. In most arachnids only the females provide parental care, with harvestmen being one of the few exceptions.
5217:
3340:
1045:. The males in harvestmen and some mites have a penis. Complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female. Members of many orders exhibit sexual dimorphism.
1000:
Finally, slit sense organs are slit-like pits covered with a thin membrane. Inside the pit, a small hair touches the underside of the membrane, and detects its motion. Slit sense organs are believed to be involved in
4344:
Quesada-Hidalgo, Rosannette; Solano-Brenes, Diego; Requena, Gustavo S.; Machado, Glauco (April 2019). "The good fathers: efficiency of male care and the protective role of foster parents in a
Neotropical arachnid".
4816:
Gainett, Guilherme; GonzĂĄlez, Vanessa L.; Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Setton, Emily V. W.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Barolo
Gargiulo, Leonardo; Santibåñez-López, Carlos E.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Sharma, Prashant P. (2021).
920:
to kill prey or defend themselves. Their venom also contains pre-digestive enzymes that helps breaking down the prey. The saliva of ticks contains anticoagulants and anticomplements, and several species produce a
4564:
Campbell, Lahcen I.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Marchioro, Trevor; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Telford, Maximilian J.; Philippe, Hervé; Rebecchi, Lorena; Peterson, Kevin J. & Pisani, Davide (2011).
948:
extending throughout the body. The stomach and its diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. It extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised
1041:, which are located in the abdomen. The genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. In most species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or
3780:
Shrubovych, Julia; Semenyuk, Irina I.; Sendra, Alberto; Tuma, Jiri; TĆŻmovĂĄ, Michala; Vassilieva, Anna B.; Chen, Ting-Wen; Geisen, Stefan; Schmidt, Olaf; Tiunov, Alexei V.; Scheu, Stefan (2022).
4515:
Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Campbell, Lahcen; Brinkmann, Henner; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pisani, Davide; Philippe, Hervé & Telford, Maximilian J. (2010).
1904:
1166:
3131:
4930:"Spectacular alterations in the female reproductive system during the ovarian cycle and adaptations for matrotrophy in chernetid pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae)"
860:, emptying into the gut. Many arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, although several do have both. The primary nitrogenous waste product in arachnids is
603:
which all have six legs. However, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. The first pair, the
5034:
Shingate, Prashant; Ravi, Vydianathan; Prasad, Aravind; Tay, Boon-Hui; Garg, Kritika M.; Chattopadhyay, Balaji; Yap, Laura-Marie; Rheindt, Frank E.; Venkatesh, Byrappa (2020).
3502:
Sensenig, Andrew T. & Shultz, Jeffrey W. (February 15, 2003). "Mechanics of
Cuticular Elastic Energy Storage in Leg Joints Lacking Extensor Muscles in Arachnids".
892:, feeding on the pre-digested bodies of insects and other small animals. But ticks, and many mites, are parasites, some of which are carriers of disease. The diet of
908:, are also the only arachnids able to ingest solid food, which exposes them to internal parasites, although it is not unusual for spiders to eat their own silk. And
4318:
4631:
Sharma, Prashant P.; Kaluziak, Stefan T.; PĂ©rez-Porro, Alicia R.; GonzĂĄlez, Vanessa L.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Wheeler, Ward C. & Giribet, Gonzalo (2014-01-11).
4380:
Nazareth, Tais M.; Machado, Glauco (March 2010). "Mating system and exclusive postzygotic paternal care in a
Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones)".
5156:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Santibåñez-LĂłpez, Carlos E.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Benavides, Ligia R.; Cunha, Tauana J.; Gainett, Guilherme; et al. (2022-02-03).
1379:, which have had much faster evolutionary rates. Analyses of the data using sets of genes with different evolutionary rates produced mutually incompatible
806:
There are characteristics that are particularly important for the terrestrial lifestyle of arachnids, such as internal respiratory surfaces in the form of
6230:
1801:
to produce a clade called
Arachnopulmonata was also well supported. Pseudoscorpiones may also belong here, as all six orders share the same ancient whole
989:
and, if present, the tapetum. In most arachnids, the retina probably does not have enough light sensitive cells to allow the eyes to form a proper image.
2912:(also called Thelyphonida) â whip scorpions or vinegaroons, forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip (120 species)
6463:
652:
3895:
Machado, Glauco; Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo & Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco & Giribet, Gonzalo (eds.).
1809:, the highest number found in any invertebrate, yet it is not clear if the oldest genome duplication is related to the one in Arachnopulmonata.
714:. At the base of the flagellum in the two latter groups there are glands which produce acetic acid as a chemical defense. Except for a pair of
6489:
900:, where we will find predators, decomposers and omnivores feeding on decaying plant and animal matter, droppings, animals and mushrooms. The
845:
modified for more efficient locomotion on land, internal fertilisation, special sensory organs, and water conservation enhanced by efficient
1086:
crustaceans plus insects and their allies), and myriapods (centipedes, millipedes and allies). The three groups are related as shown in the
5467:
Selden, P.A.; Shear, W.A. & Sutton, M.D. (2008), "Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets, and a proposed arachnid order",
4721:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2001). "Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology".
348:
985:
of the eye also acts as a lens, and is continuous with the cuticle of the body. Beneath this is a transparent vitreous body, and then the
6584:
2830:
may be ranked as orders or superorders. The arachnid subdivisions are listed below alphabetically; numbers of species are approximate.
4567:"MicroRNAs and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda"
3188:"Morphological support for a clade comprising two vermiform mite lineages: Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) and Nematalycidae (Acariformes)"
1899:
1201:
834:. This type of tracheal system has almost certainly evolved from the book lungs, and indicates that the tracheae of arachnids are not
5101:"Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi"
3555:
Shultz, Jeffrey W. (February 6, 2005). "Evolution of locomotion in arachnida: The hydraulic pressure pump of the giant whipscorpion,
2790:
Uraraneida, some 200 million years after other known fossils with tails. The fossil resembles the most primitive living spiders, the
1793:, as the sister group to Ricinulei. It also grouped pseudoscorpions with mites and ticks, which the authors considered may be due to
6437:
3313:
6476:
3228:
760:
4987:"Taxonomic sampling and rare genomic changes overcome long-branch attraction in the phylogenetic placement of Pseudoscorpions"
3880:
1789:, a combination not found in most other studies. In early 2019, a molecular phylogenetic analysis placed the horseshoe crabs,
6589:
5546:
4328:
3908:
3763:
3350:
3323:
3296:
3263:
3238:
3170:
3141:
136:
6481:
5577:
5099:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Santibåñez LĂłpez, Carlos E.; KovĂĄÄ, ÄœubomĂr; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (2019-12-18).
3869:
1090:
below. Including fossil taxa does not fundamentally alter this view, although it introduces some additional basal groups.
142:
5878:
1777:
was not included in the study), received strong support. Somewhat unexpectedly, there was support for a clade comprising
3937:"Transcriptomic Analysis of Pseudoscorpion Venom Reveals a Unique Cocktail Dominated by Enzymes and Protease Inhibitors"
4517:"A congruent solution to arthropod phylogeny: phylogenomics, microRNAs and morphology support monophyletic Mandibulata"
562:
4777:"A critical appraisal of the placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with account of known sources of phylogenetic error"
3454:
Kovoor, J. (1978). "Natural calcification of the prosomatic endosternite in the
Phalangiidae (Arachnida:Opiliones)".
3061:
763:
joints of their appendages. Spiders and whip scorpions extend their limbs hydraulically using the pressure of their
6551:
6416:
4985:
Ontano, A.Z.; Gainett, G.; Aharon, S.; Ballesteros, J.A.; Benavides, L.R.; Corbett, K.F.; et al. (June 2021).
4147:"Molecular basis of anticoagulant and anticomplement activity of the tick salivary protein Salp14 and its homologs"
981:. The ancestors of modern arachnids probably had both types, but modern ones often lack one type or the other. The
2966:
It is estimated that 110,000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be over a million in total.
6494:
6429:
4043:
Delgado-Prudencio, G.; Cid-Uribe, J. I.; Morales, J. A.; Possani, L. D.; Ortiz, E.; Romero-Gutiérrez, T. (2022).
3504:
880:
is located in the forward part of the abdomen, and may or may not be segmented. Some mites have no heart at all.
141:
3661:"Elastic energy storage in the pedipedal joints of scorpions and sun-spiders (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Solifugae)"
5550:
4094:
Walter, A.; Bechsgaard, J.; Scavenius, C.; Dyrlund, T. S.; Sanggaard, K. W.; Enghild, J. J.; Bilde, T. (2017).
2243:
3782:"Feeding habits and multifunctional classification of soil-associated consumers from protists to vertebrates"
529:. In some species the frontmost pair of legs has converted to a sensory function, while in others, different
5334:
Garwood, R.J.; Dunlop, J.A.; Selden, P.A.; Spencer, A.R.T.; Atwood, R.C.; Vo, N.T.; Drakopoulos, M. (2016).
2366:
1594:
140:
5158:"Comprehensive species sampling and sophisticated algorithmic approaches refute the monophyly of Arachnida"
691:
139:
138:
135:
134:
5157:
3923:
3829:
Powell, Erin C.; Painting, Christina J.; Hickey, Anthony J.; Machado, Glauco; Holwell, Gregory I. (2021).
6359:
6346:
1023:
137:
4096:"Characterisation of protein families in spider digestive fluids and their role in extra-oral digestion"
2518:
1654:
132:
2731:
896:
also include tiny animals, fungi, plant juices and decomposing matter. Almost as varied is the diet of
6543:
1082:
group and are divided into three main clades: chelicerates (including arachnids), pancrustaceans (the
544:, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the
161:
6504:
6364:
4986:
3456:
3115:
3006:
2568:
1679:
20:
5036:"Chromosome-level assembly of the horseshoe crab genome provides insights into its genome evolution"
2190:
1450:
6556:
5570:
3900:
3038:
3001:
2320:
1313:
1127:
133:
5871:
3368:"Homeosis in a scorpion supports a telopodal origin of pectines and components of the book lungs"
3034:
2068:
1544:
756:
702:
scorpions, and in some orders, such as the mites, the abdominal sections are completely fused. A
1945:
1270:
1122:
6530:
6299:
4879:"The house spider genome reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication during arachnid evolution"
4145:
Denisov, S. S.; Ippel, J. H.; Castoldi, E.; Mans, B. J.; Hackeng, T. M.; Dijkgraaf, I. (2021).
3831:"Diet, predators, and defensive behaviors of New Zealand harvestmen (Opiliones: Neopilionidae)"
3665:
1794:
131:
5216:
Wang, B.; Dunlop, J.A.; Selden, P.A.; Garwood, R.J.; Shear, W.A.; MĂŒller, P.; Lei, X. (2018).
4819:"The genome of a daddy-long-legs (Opiliones) illuminates the evolution of arachnid appendages"
2802:
2300:
1486:
706:
is present in scorpions, where it has been modified to a stinger, and into a flagellum in the
6525:
3614:"Muscle Firing Patterns in Two Arachnids Using Different Methods of Propulsive Leg Extension"
3561:
1893:
1746:
1195:
831:
788:
6517:
3026:
647:. However, mites are variable: as well as eight, there are adult mites with six or, like in
6468:
6385:
5476:
5288:
5233:
5047:
4941:
4830:
4730:
4685:
4633:"Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal"
4578:
4470:
3999:
3379:
2726:
1014:
807:
27:
5522:
737:, to which certain muscle groups are attached. The endosternite is even calcified in some
8:
6337:
5563:
5555:
3027:
2782:
750:
5480:
5292:
5237:
5051:
4945:
4734:
4689:
4582:
4474:
4003:
3383:
6579:
5864:
5499:
5411:
5384:
5360:
5335:
5311:
5276:
5257:
5190:
5133:
5100:
5076:
5035:
5011:
4962:
4929:
4905:
4878:
4853:
4818:
4754:
4601:
4566:
4541:
4516:
4494:
4397:
4362:
4294:
4259:
4235:
4208:
4173:
4146:
4122:
4095:
4071:
4044:
4020:
3987:
3963:
3936:
3852:
3811:
3690:
3594:
3537:
3481:
3402:
3367:
3209:
2996:
2959:
1802:
835:
541:
156:
4674:"Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies"
2182:
2007:
686:. However, there are questions about the validity of the latter terms. While the term
6512:
6190:
5504:
5452:
5435:
5416:
5365:
5316:
5249:
5195:
5177:
5138:
5120:
5081:
5063:
5016:
4967:
4910:
4858:
4798:
4746:
4703:
4654:
4606:
4546:
4486:
4439:
4324:
4320:
Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features
4299:
4281:
4240:
4178:
4127:
4076:
4025:
3968:
3904:
3856:
3815:
3803:
3759:
3682:
3635:
3586:
3578:
3529:
3521:
3473:
3407:
3346:
3319:
3292:
3259:
3234:
3166:
3137:
3057:
2983:
1380:
909:
857:
822:
659:
4401:
4366:
3694:
3598:
3541:
3485:
3213:
3082:"Grand challenges in research on arachnid diversity, conservation, and biogeography"
2547:
2436:
1627:
1333:
1132:
734:
6273:
5494:
5484:
5447:
5406:
5396:
5355:
5347:
5306:
5296:
5261:
5241:
5185:
5169:
5128:
5112:
5071:
5055:
5006:
4998:
4957:
4949:
4900:
4890:
4848:
4840:
4788:
4758:
4738:
4693:
4644:
4596:
4586:
4536:
4528:
4498:
4478:
4429:
4389:
4354:
4289:
4271:
4230:
4220:
4168:
4158:
4117:
4107:
4066:
4056:
4015:
4007:
3958:
3948:
3842:
3793:
3721:
3674:
3625:
3570:
3513:
3465:
3434:
3426:
3397:
3387:
3288:
3199:
3093:
2934:
2740:
2121:
1568:
1376:
639:
of mites and Ricinulei have only six legs; a fourth pair usually appears when they
635:, the palps are quite leg-like, so that these animals appear to have ten legs. The
443:
291:
113:
5436:"A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters"
5385:"Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders"
4393:
4358:
3660:
2395:
1974:
1052:, which hatch into immatures that resemble adults. Scorpions, however, are either
6351:
5336:"Almost a spider: A 305 million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins"
3988:"From father to son: Transgenerational effect of tetracycline on sperm viability"
3281:
2818:
1970:
974:
905:
667:
644:
592:
434:
328:
4195:
2263:
1506:
1018:
912:
of spider is mostly herbivorous. Scorpions, spiders and pseudoscorpions secrete
6424:
6411:
6278:
6182:
6172:
6167:
6027:
6002:
5937:
5059:
4953:
3098:
3081:
2941:
2927:
2879:
2873:
2490:
2409:
2391:
2064:
1754:
1741:
1608:
1540:
1372:
1002:
499:
341:
335:
309:
284:
5301:
5245:
4895:
4835:
4163:
4112:
3726:
3709:
3613:
3392:
658:
Arachnids are further distinguished from insects by the fact they do not have
6573:
5784:
5779:
5749:
5656:
5181:
5173:
5124:
5067:
5002:
4285:
3935:
Santibåñez-López, C. E.; Ontano, A. Z.; Harvey, M. S.; Sharma, P. P. (2018).
3686:
3639:
3582:
3525:
3439:
2991:
1988:
1819:
1293:
1172:
1053:
1049:
1042:
994:
784:
679:
588:
556:
526:
522:
206:
76:
5489:
5098:
4793:
4776:
4649:
4632:
4591:
4434:
4417:
3574:
6208:
5789:
5764:
5754:
5725:
5508:
5420:
5369:
5351:
5320:
5253:
5199:
5142:
5116:
5085:
5020:
4971:
4914:
4862:
4844:
4802:
4750:
4707:
4658:
4610:
4550:
4532:
4490:
4443:
4303:
4244:
4182:
4131:
4080:
4061:
4029:
3972:
3953:
3807:
3590:
3533:
3411:
1189:
970:
933:, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the
826:
648:
612:
545:
537:
394:
4343:
3986:
Zeh, J. A.; Bonilla, M. M.; Adrian, A. J.; Mesfin, S.; Zeh, D. W. (2012).
3630:
2126:
1573:
6450:
6331:
6322:
6195:
6159:
5912:
5769:
5683:
5634:
5155:
3847:
3830:
3477:
3339:
Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007-02-28).
2839:
2753:
2105:
2101:
2003:
1941:
1927:
1888:
1844:
1414:
1410:
1368:
1265:
1243:
1146:
1113:
1029:
945:
873:
869:
853:
726:
675:
663:
583:
533:
can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs.
479:
278:
260:
216:
51:
4482:
4042:
3315:
The Colonisation of Land: Origins and Adaptations of Terrestrial Animals
3204:
3187:
2906:â solpugids, windscorpions, sun spiders or camel spiders (1,200 species)
6268:
6086:
5945:
5817:
5759:
5735:
5646:
5618:
4698:
4673:
4563:
4514:
4276:
4225:
3469:
2955:
2948:
2894:â "split middle" whip scorpions with divided exoskeletons (350 species)
2891:
2867:
2810:
2791:
2787:
2762:
2543:
2453:
2362:
2239:
1798:
1774:
1590:
1098:
1057:
934:
922:
901:
772:
707:
620:
401:
373:
297:
96:
61:
5401:
4928:
Garbiec, Arnold; ChristophoryovĂĄ, Jana; JÄdrzejowska, Izabela (2022).
4258:
McLean, Callum J.; Garwood, Russell J.; Brassey, Charlotte A. (2018).
4011:
3798:
3781:
3517:
2977:
2848:â "blunt rump" tail-less whip scorpions with front legs modified into
6455:
6398:
6127:
6064:
6010:
5975:
5958:
5906:
5794:
5715:
5710:
5700:
5692:
5664:
5624:
5612:
5606:
5587:
4742:
2923:
2903:
2885:
2861:
2845:
2747:
2714:
2514:
2486:
2316:
2296:
2259:
2186:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1762:
1650:
1502:
1482:
1446:
1308:
1161:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
950:
941:. In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump.
897:
889:
846:
842:
815:
811:
801:
764:
738:
730:
719:
632:
628:
624:
616:
604:
530:
511:
507:
503:
430:
367:
358:
272:
266:
253:
247:
193:
173:
101:
45:
6293:
4672:
Legg, David A.; Sutton, Mark D. & Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2013).
2852:-like sensory structures as long as 25 cm or more (250 species)
779:
6442:
6403:
6377:
6372:
6316:
6052:
5983:
5856:
5804:
5744:
5705:
3758:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 596â604.
3678:
2945:
2897:
2766:
1806:
978:
819:
768:
715:
608:
487:
315:
117:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
4927:
3934:
3708:
Garwood, Russell J. & Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011).
3186:
Bolton, Samuel J.; Chetverikov, Philipp E.; Klompen, Hans (2017).
619:
the pedipalps end in a pair of pinchers, while in whip scorpions,
6094:
5822:
5812:
5774:
4630:
4521:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2909:
2786:, has spinnerets (to produce silk); it also has a tail, like the
2770:
2564:
2432:
1766:
1670:
1623:
938:
930:
861:
711:
683:
671:
640:
572:
549:
515:
379:
231:
106:
81:
4815:
4093:
548:, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named
6039:
5900:
5827:
5600:
5275:
Garwood, R.J.; Dunlop, J.A.; Knecht, B.J.; Hegna, T.A. (2017).
4418:"A Phylogenomic Approach to Resolve the Arthropod Tree of Life"
2855:
1758:
986:
982:
966:
703:
695:
600:
483:
407:
183:
4984:
1848:
852:
The excretory glands of arachnids include up to four pairs of
6538:
6140:
3778:
2777:
1038:
917:
913:
877:
636:
560:
6390:
4414:
3894:
3338:
2930:, the group including spiders and whip scorpions (1 species)
2717:, but recover other ordinal relationships with low support.
6200:
5765:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
3828:
2864:â phalangids, harvestmen or daddy-long-legs (6,700 species)
2849:
2826:
2822:
954:
893:
651:, even four legs. While the adult males in some members of
495:
491:
470:
446:
5585:
5523:"'Extraordinary' fossil sheds light on origins of spiders"
5333:
2958:â extinct spider-like arachnids, but with a "tail" and no
655:
have six legs, the adult females have only a single pair.
2817:
The subdivisions of the arachnids are usually treated as
1235:
A 2019 analysis nests Xiphosura deeply within Arachnida.
965:
Arachnids have two kinds of eyes: the lateral and median
849:
structures as well as a waxy layer covering the cuticle.
599:
Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, unlike adult
587:
Basic characteristics of arachnids include four pairs of
571:, 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver
464:
455:
26:"Arachnida" redirects here. For the arachnida curve, see
5790:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
5274:
4875:
4144:
3283:
Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach
3185:
5340:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5215:
5105:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4823:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4720:
4459:
3710:"Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty"
3165:] (in German). Westarp Wissenschaften. p. 75.
2765:
are an extinct order of spider-like arachnids from the
856:
along the side of the prosoma, and one or two pairs of
4207:
McLean, C. J.; Garwood, R. J.; Brassey, C. A. (2018).
3985:
2937:â extinct arachnids of uncertain affinity (30 species)
5033:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4510:
4508:
4455:
4453:
3659:
Sensenig, Andrew T. & Shultz, Jeffrey W. (2004).
3427:"Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets"
3025:
Cracraft, Joel & Donoghue, Michael, eds. (2004).
461:
458:
151:
Representatives of the 12 extant orders of arachnids
4257:
4206:
2973:
872:, a copper-based pigment with a similar function to
611:, have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and/or
467:
452:
4671:
607:, serve in feeding and defense. The next pair, the
449:
4617:
4557:
4505:
4450:
4408:
3280:
3129:
3056:. Springer International Publishing. p. 237.
5466:
5376:
5327:
5268:
5211:
5209:
4774:
4251:
3365:
6571:
3707:
3366:Di, Z.; Edgecombe, G. D.; Sharma, P. P. (2018).
3278:
3024:
2776:A fossil arachnid in 100 million year old (mya)
5469:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4571:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4379:
3881:How do harvestmen hunt? - BBC Wildlife Magazine
3497:
3495:
3130:Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (2021-07-08).
2888:â ricinuleids, hooded tickspiders (100 species)
1840:
944:The stomach is tubular in shape, with multiple
130:
5460:
5206:
4714:
4665:
3658:
3501:
3279:Ruppert, E.; Fox, R. & Barnes, R. (2007).
729:, and they also have an internal structure of
615:functions. In scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and
5872:
5571:
5382:
4770:
4768:
3258:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 23.
3133:Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach
5670:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
5222:gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins"
4196:Tick Paralysis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
3890:
3888:
3652:
3492:
3254:Shultz, Stanley; Shultz, Marguerite (2009).
3253:
2379: Pantetrapulmonata
883:
841:Further adaptations to terrestrial life are
3424:
2926:â extinct arachnids apparently part of the
2351: Arachnopulmonata
722:in spiders, the abdomen has no appendages.
595:: the cephalothorax (2) and the abdomen (3)
5879:
5865:
5578:
5564:
5427:
4765:
4260:"Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders"
4209:"Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders"
3605:
3548:
552:, of which 51,000 are species of spiders.
5498:
5488:
5451:
5440:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5410:
5400:
5359:
5310:
5300:
5189:
5132:
5075:
5010:
4961:
4904:
4894:
4852:
4834:
4792:
4697:
4648:
4600:
4590:
4540:
4433:
4293:
4275:
4234:
4224:
4172:
4162:
4121:
4111:
4070:
4060:
4019:
3962:
3952:
3885:
3846:
3797:
3725:
3629:
3438:
3401:
3391:
3247:
3203:
3097:
3079:
3054:Foraging-Inspired Optimisation Algorithms
2420: Serikodiastida
1063:
1015:Spider § Reproduction and life cycle
4775:Ballesteros, J.A.; Sharma, P.P. (2019).
4316:
3150:
3051:
2801:
2746:
2730:
2474: Schizotarsata
1958: Euchelicerata
1740:
1022:
778:
582:
4045:"The Enzymatic Core of Scorpion Venoms"
3870:Common harvestman | The Wildlife Trusts
3701:
3226:
3156:
2531: Thelyphonida
725:Like all arthropods, arachnids have an
6572:
5520:
5433:
5277:"The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders"
3753:
3612:Shultz, Jeffrey W. (January 1, 1992).
3611:
3554:
3453:
3311:
6298:
6297:
6257:
5925:
5860:
5770:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
5559:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3425:Selden, Paul; Shear, William (2008).
1164:(centipedes, millipedes, and allies)
929:the mouth is a muscular, sclerotised
6544:03A187BF-FF84-2F30-A830-475753AEFB31
6505:f0103375-2af6-46ee-bd57-d3bdb3ca6ced
6430:a6a90e0c-bf48-4a67-8d69-4d993c3785f0
5886:
3897:Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones
3342:Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones
3227:Dhooria, Manjit Singh (2016-12-14).
3159:Giftige und gefÀhrliche Spinnentiere
3075:
3073:
2503: Pedipalpi
482:. Arachnida includes, among others,
4151:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2870:â microwhip scorpions (130 species)
666:. Their body is organized into two
13:
5823:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
5383:Garwood, R.J.; Dunlop, J. (2014).
3734:
2428:
2044:
1367:particularly affecting the orders
1116:(sea spiders, horseshoe crabs and
969:. The lateral ocelli evolved from
376: â short-tailed whipscorpions
126:
14:
6601:
6585:Extant Silurian first appearances
5785:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
5540:
5521:Briggs, Helen (5 February 2018).
3924:Rare Vegetarian Spider Discovered
3714:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3230:Fundamentals of Applied Acarology
3163:Poisonous and dangerous arachnids
3070:
2882:â pseudoscorpions (4,000 species)
2720:
957:in the hind part of the abdomen.
6238:are possibly paraphyletic groups
5453:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
4317:Auerbach, Paul S. (2011-10-31).
3192:Systematic and Applied Acarology
2976:
2567:
2546:
2517:
2489:
2435:
2394:
2365:
2319:
2299:
2262:
2242:
2189:
2125:
2104:
2067:
2006:
1973:
1944:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1847:
1733: Arachnopulmonata
1678:
1653:
1626:
1593:
1572:
1543:
1505:
1485:
1449:
1413:
1332:
1312:
1269:
1200:
1194:
1171:
1165:
1131:
1126:
1121:
627:, and most harvestmen, they are
591:(1) and a body divided into two
575:, who was turned into a spider.
442:
160:
49:
5514:
5162:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5149:
5092:
5027:
4991:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4978:
4921:
4869:
4809:
4637:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4422:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4373:
4337:
4310:
4200:
4189:
4138:
4087:
4036:
3979:
3928:
3917:
3874:
3863:
3822:
3772:
3618:Journal of Experimental Biology
3505:Journal of Experimental Biology
3447:
3418:
3359:
3332:
3305:
3272:
1008:
5551:Natural History Museum, London
5226:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3318:. Cambridge University Press.
3220:
3179:
3123:
3106:
3045:
3018:
1037:Arachnids may have one or two
710:, Schizomida (very short) and
631:and used for prey capture. In
1:
4394:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.026
4359:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.007
3086:Frontiers in Arachnid Science
3012:
1005:, and possibly also hearing.
795:
744:
578:
555:The term is derived from the
6590:Llandovery first appearances
6229:Classification is based on
4323:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3345:. Harvard University Press.
3312:Little, Colin (1983-12-15).
3256:The Tarantula Keeper's Guide
1068:
1048:Arachnids usually lay yolky
1019:Scorpion § Reproduction
904:and some mites, such as the
776:extended by elastic recoil.
7:
6258:
6089:(shorttailed whipscorpions)
5755:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
5665:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
3029:Assembling the Tree of Life
2969:
2900:â scorpions (2,700 species)
2797:
1385:
1192:(crustaceans and hexapods)
521:Adult arachnids have eight
300: â micro-whipscorpions
10:
6606:
5926:
5060:10.1038/s41467-020-16180-1
4954:10.1038/s41598-022-10283-z
3835:The Journal of Arachnology
3754:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
3099:10.3389/frchs.2023.1101141
3052:Brabazon, Anthony (2018).
2858:â spiders (51,000 species)
2724:
1012:
799:
748:
678:, also referred to as the
561:
25:
18:
6306:
6264:
6253:
6225:
6181:
6158:
6139:
6123:
6114:
6076:
6067:(tailless whip scorpions)
6060:
6051:
6035:
6026:
5995:
5968:
5957:
5936:
5932:
5921:
5895:
5844:
5803:
5733:
5724:
5691:
5682:
5655:
5647:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
5642:
5633:
5595:
5302:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1
5246:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3
4896:10.1186/s12915-017-0399-x
4836:10.1101/2021.01.11.426205
4164:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100865
4113:10.1186/s12864-017-3987-9
3727:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y
3457:Calcified Tissue Research
3393:10.1186/s12862-018-1188-z
3157:Schmidt, GĂŒnther (1993).
3116:Oxford English Dictionary
3007:List of extinct arachnids
2562:
2540:
2533:
2512:
2505:
2483:
2476:
2450:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2388:
2381:
2360:
2353:
2314:
2294:
2286:
2257:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2119:
2099:
2091:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2000:
1993:
1967:
1960:
1939:
1932:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1668:
1648:
1641:
1621:
1613:
1588:
1566:
1558:
1538:
1500:
1480:
1473:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1408:
1400:
1327:
1306:
1298:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1187:
1159:
1151:
1111:
1103:
960:
884:Diet and digestive system
810:, or modification of the
733:-like tissue, called the
244:
239:
157:Scientific classification
155:
150:
125:
37:
21:Arachnid (disambiguation)
5818:Collembola (springtails)
5745:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
5281:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3901:Harvard University Press
3557:Mastigoproctus giganteus
3440:10.1038/npre.2008.2088.1
3372:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3080:Agnarsson, Ingi (2023).
3002:Glossary of spider terms
2876:â ticks (12,000 species)
2842:â mites (32,000 species)
818:, an internal series of
256: â horseshoe crabs
5849:are paraphyletic groups
5490:10.1073/pnas.0809174106
4592:10.1073/pnas.1105499108
3575:10.1002/jmor.1052100103
3035:Oxford University Press
838:with those of insects.
312: â pseudoscorpions
287: â mites and ticks
5760:Branchiura (fish lice)
5716:Diplopoda (millipedes)
5701:Chilopoda (centipedes)
5352:10.1098/rspb.2016.0125
5174:10.1093/molbev/msac021
5117:10.1098/rspb.2019.2426
5003:10.1093/molbev/msab038
4845:10.1098/rspb.2021.1168
4533:10.1098/rspb.2010.0590
4062:10.3390/toxins14040248
3954:10.3390/toxins10050207
3666:Journal of Arachnology
2814:
2758:
2744:
1795:long branch attraction
1751:
1064:Taxonomy and evolution
1034:
1027:Courtship behavior of
792:
718:in scorpions, and the
596:
145:
6526:Paleobiology Database
5948:(microwhip scorpions)
5434:Shultz, J.W. (2007).
5218:"Cretaceous arachnid
5040:Nature Communications
4794:10.1093/sysbio/syz011
4678:Nature Communications
4650:10.1093/molbev/msu235
4435:10.1093/molbev/msq130
3631:10.1242/jeb.162.1.313
3562:Journal of Morphology
3119:(2nd ed.). 1989.
2805:
2750:
2737:Goniotarbus angulatus
2734:
2725:Further information:
2292:
2235:
2227:
2052:
1884:
1757:, here consisting of
1747:Hubbardia pentapeltis
1744:
1026:
888:Arachnids are mostly
789:Kunstformen der Natur
782:
586:
275: â camel spiders
263: - sea scorpions
144:
6425:Fauna Europaea (new)
6130:(hooded tickspiders)
5590:classes by subphylum
3848:10.1636/JoA-S-20-002
3756:Invertebrate Zoology
2727:Evolution of spiders
876:in vertebrates. The
755:Most arachnids lack
370: â whip spiders
28:Sectrix of Maclaurin
19:For other uses, see
5813:Protura (coneheads)
5481:2008PNAS..10520781S
5475:(52): 20781â20785,
5293:2017BMCEE..17..105G
5238:2018NatEE...2..614W
5220:Chimerarachne yingi
5052:2020NatCo..11.2322S
4946:2022NatSR..12.6447G
4735:2001Natur.413..157G
4690:2013NatCo...4.2485L
4583:2011PNAS..10815920C
4577:(38): 15920â15924.
4483:10.1038/nature08742
4475:2010Natur.463.1079R
4469:(7284): 1079â1083.
4004:2012NatSR...2E.375Z
3384:2018BMCEE..18...73D
3205:10.11158/saa.22.8.2
2783:Chimerarachne yingi
751:Arachnid locomotion
478:) of the subphylum
382: â vinegaroons
16:Class of arthropods
6003:Pseudoscorpionida
5346:(1827): 20160125.
5111:(1917): 20192426.
4934:Scientific Reports
4781:Systematic Biology
4699:10.1038/ncomms3485
4277:10.7717/peerj.5751
4226:10.7717/peerj.5751
3992:Scientific Reports
3786:Biological Reviews
3470:10.1007/BF02013269
2997:Endangered spiders
2815:
2807:Eukoenenia spelaea
2759:
2745:
2713:extinct group the
1803:genome duplication
1797:. The addition of
1752:
1381:phylogenetic trees
1311:(horseshoe crabs)
1035:
858:Malpighian tubules
793:
597:
323:Pantetrapulmonata
269: â harvestmen
146:
6567:
6566:
6513:Open Tree of Life
6300:Taxon identifiers
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6191:Opilioacariformes
6151:
6131:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6068:
6043:
6022:
6021:
6014:
6006:
6005:(pseudoscorpions)
5987:
5979:
5949:
5854:
5853:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5828:Insecta (insects)
5678:
5677:
5402:10.7717/peerj.641
4729:(6852): 157â161.
4643:(11): 2963â2984.
4527:(1703): 298â306.
4428:(11): 2451â2464.
4330:978-1-4557-3356-9
4012:10.1038/srep00375
3910:978-0-674-02343-7
3799:10.1111/brv.12832
3765:978-0-03-056747-6
3518:10.1242/jeb.00182
3431:Nature Precedings
3352:978-0-674-02343-7
3325:978-0-521-25218-8
3298:978-0-03-025982-1
3265:978-0-7641-3885-0
3240:978-981-10-1594-6
3172:978-3-89432-405-6
3143:978-1-4822-3582-1
2984:Arthropods portal
2880:Pseudoscorpionida
2709:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2464:
2463:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2275:
2274:
2202:
2201:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2080:
2079:
1916:
1915:
1860:
1859:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1462:
1461:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1282:
1281:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1212:
916:from specialized
783:"Arachnida" from
525:attached to the
424:
423:
318: â scorpions
303:Arachnopulmonata
235:
120:
6597:
6560:
6559:
6547:
6546:
6534:
6533:
6521:
6520:
6508:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6485:
6484:
6472:
6471:
6459:
6458:
6446:
6445:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6419:
6407:
6406:
6394:
6393:
6381:
6380:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6295:
6294:
6274:Phalangiotarbida
6255:
6254:
6237:
6202:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6129:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6096:
6088:
6066:
6058:
6057:
6041:
6033:
6032:
6012:
6004:
5985:
5977:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5947:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5731:
5730:
5689:
5688:
5640:
5639:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5502:
5492:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5404:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5363:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5304:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5014:
4997:(6): 2446â2467.
4982:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4838:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4743:10.1038/35093097
4718:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4628:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4594:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4457:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4382:Animal Behaviour
4377:
4371:
4370:
4347:Animal Behaviour
4341:
4335:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4279:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4228:
4204:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4166:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4023:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3932:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3801:
3792:(3): 1057â1117.
3776:
3770:
3769:
3751:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3633:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3289:Thomson Learning
3287:(7th ed.).
3286:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3022:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2944:â extinct (late
2935:Phalangiotarbida
2821:. Historically,
2757:(Trigonotarbida)
2741:Phalangiotarbida
2571:
2551:
2550:
2536:
2535:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2493:
2479:
2478:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2323:
2303:
2289:
2288:
2266:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2193:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2130:
2129:
2122:Pseudoscorpiones
2108:
2094:
2093:
2071:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1851:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1682:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1630:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1577:
1576:
1569:Pseudoscorpiones
1561:
1560:
1547:
1509:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1417:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:Pseudoscorpiones
1336:
1316:
1301:
1300:
1273:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1093:
690:implies a fused
566:
565:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
310:Pseudoscorpiones
292:Phalangiotarbida
230:
165:
164:
129:
112:
111:
48:
41:Temporal range:
35:
34:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6555:
6550:
6542:
6537:
6529:
6524:
6516:
6511:
6503:
6501:
6493:
6488:
6480:
6475:
6467:
6462:
6454:
6449:
6441:
6436:
6428:
6423:
6415:
6410:
6402:
6397:
6389:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6358:
6350:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6302:
6292:
6283:
6260:
6241:
6235:
6213:
6177:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6135:
6115:
6102:
6072:
6047:
6018:
6013:(camel spiders)
5991:
5959:
5953:
5928:
5917:
5891:
5885:
5855:
5850:
5832:
5799:
5720:
5674:
5651:
5629:
5591:
5584:
5543:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5519:
5515:
5465:
5461:
5432:
5428:
5381:
5377:
5332:
5328:
5273:
5269:
5214:
5207:
5154:
5150:
5097:
5093:
5032:
5028:
4983:
4979:
4926:
4922:
4874:
4870:
4814:
4810:
4773:
4766:
4719:
4715:
4670:
4666:
4629:
4618:
4562:
4558:
4513:
4506:
4458:
4451:
4413:
4409:
4378:
4374:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4315:
4311:
4256:
4252:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4190:
4143:
4139:
4092:
4088:
4041:
4037:
3984:
3980:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3827:
3823:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3752:
3735:
3706:
3702:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3610:
3606:
3553:
3549:
3500:
3493:
3452:
3448:
3423:
3419:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3050:
3046:
3023:
3019:
3015:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2800:
2729:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2542:
2465:
2342:
2333:
2276:
2203:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2124:
2081:
2028:
2022:
1971:Chasmataspidida
1917:
1891:
1861:
1824:
1818:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1571:
1528:
1519:
1463:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1283:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1193:
1170:
1071:
1066:
1021:
1011:
973:and may have a
963:
906:house dust mite
886:
804:
798:
759:muscles in the
753:
747:
581:
500:pseudoscorpions
445:
441:
410: â spiders
389:Serikodiastida
329:Douglassarachne
229:
159:
143:
127:
121:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6548:
6535:
6522:
6509:
6499:
6486:
6473:
6460:
6447:
6434:
6421:
6412:Fauna Europaea
6408:
6395:
6382:
6369:
6356:
6343:
6328:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6279:Trigonotarbida
6276:
6271:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6236:Items in green
6233:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6183:Parasitiformes
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6173:Trombidiformes
6170:
6168:Sarcoptiformes
6164:
6162:
6153:
6148:(ticks, mites)
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6092:
6083:
6081:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6036:
6030:
6028:Tetrapulmonata
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6008:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5981:
5972:
5970:
5963:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5940:
5938:Incertae sedis
5930:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5542:
5541:External links
5539:
5537:
5536:
5513:
5459:
5446:(2): 221â265.
5426:
5375:
5326:
5267:
5232:(4): 614â622.
5205:
5168:(2): msac021.
5148:
5091:
5026:
4977:
4920:
4868:
4808:
4787:(6): 896â917.
4764:
4713:
4664:
4616:
4556:
4504:
4449:
4407:
4388:(3): 547â554.
4372:
4336:
4329:
4309:
4250:
4199:
4188:
4137:
4086:
4035:
3978:
3927:
3916:
3909:
3884:
3873:
3862:
3821:
3771:
3764:
3733:
3720:(3): 489â501.
3700:
3679:10.1636/S02-73
3651:
3624:(1): 313â329.
3604:
3547:
3512:(4): 771â784.
3491:
3464:(3): 267â269.
3446:
3417:
3358:
3351:
3331:
3324:
3304:
3297:
3271:
3264:
3246:
3239:
3219:
3178:
3171:
3149:
3142:
3122:
3105:
3069:
3062:
3044:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2942:Trigonotarbida
2938:
2931:
2928:Tetrapulmonata
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:Parasitiformes
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2799:
2796:
2780:from Myanmar,
2722:
2721:Fossil history
2719:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2410:Tetrapulmonata
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2392:Trigonotarbida
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2065:Parasitiformes
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1811:
1769:(Thelyphonida
1755:Tetrapulmonata
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1673:(Thelyphonida
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1609:Tetrapulmonata
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1541:Parasitiformes
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1373:Parasitiformes
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1268:(sea spiders)
1262:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1010:
1007:
1003:proprioception
962:
959:
885:
882:
797:
794:
746:
743:
712:whip scorpions
580:
577:
540:arachnids are
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
414:
413:
412:
411:
405:
398:
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
377:
371:
362:
354:Schizotarsata
352:
342:Tetrapulmonata
339:
336:Trigonotarbida
332:
321:
320:
319:
313:
306:Panscorpiones
301:
295:
288:
285:Parasitiformes
282:
276:
270:
264:
257:
250:
242:
241:
237:
236:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
153:
152:
148:
147:
123:
122:
114:Early Silurian
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6602:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6558:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6256:
6252:
6234:
6232:
6231:Shultz (2007)
6228:
6227:
6224:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6113:
6099:
6097:(vinegaroons)
6093:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6077:Thelyphonida
6075:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5848:
5843:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:Tantulocarida
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:Mystacocarida
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5657:Euchelicerata
5654:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5589:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4769:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4157:(1): 100865.
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3136:. CRC Press.
3135:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3063:9783319591568
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Arachnophobia
2990:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:Early Permian
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2917:Extinct forms
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1989:Sclerophorata
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1820:Panarthropoda
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:Euchelicerata
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1260:
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1129:
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1097:
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1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:ovoviviparous
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:spermatophore
1040:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
998:
996:
995:trichobothria
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:compound eyes
968:
958:
956:
952:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
919:
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903:
899:
895:
891:
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871:
865:
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850:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
790:
786:
785:Ernst Haeckel
781:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
688:cephalothorax
685:
681:
680:cephalothorax
677:
673:
670:, called the
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
653:Podapolipidae
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
590:
585:
576:
574:
570:
564:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
527:cephalothorax
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:camel spiders
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
475:
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317:
314:
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308:
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293:
289:
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283:
281: â mites
280:
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271:
268:
265:
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258:
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251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
238:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Arachnomorpha
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
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179:
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124:
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83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
36:
33:
29:
22:
6307:
6209:Mesostigmata
6078:
5996:Haplocnemata
5978:(harvestmen)
5969:Stomothecata
5887:
5846:
5734:
5726:Pancrustacea
5669:
5623:Superphylum
5527:. Retrieved
5516:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5043:
5039:
5029:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4886:
4882:
4871:
4826:
4822:
4811:
4784:
4780:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4640:
4636:
4574:
4570:
4559:
4524:
4520:
4466:
4462:
4425:
4421:
4410:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4319:
4312:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4191:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4103:
4100:BMC Genomics
4099:
4089:
4052:
4048:
4038:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3919:
3896:
3876:
3865:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3789:
3785:
3774:
3755:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3670:
3664:
3654:
3643:. Retrieved
3621:
3617:
3607:
3569:(1): 13â31.
3566:
3560:
3559:(Uropygi)".
3556:
3550:
3509:
3503:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3430:
3420:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3307:
3282:
3274:
3255:
3249:
3233:. Springer.
3229:
3222:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3132:
3125:
3114:
3113:"Arachnid".
3108:
3089:
3085:
3053:
3047:
3028:
3020:
2965:
2834:Extant forms
2816:
2806:
2781:
2775:
2760:
2752:
2736:
2711:
2563:
2541:
2513:
2484:
2451:
2431:
2389:
2361:
2315:
2295:
2258:
2238:
2185:
2120:
2100:
2063:
2023:
2001:
1968:
1940:
1887:
1843:
1770:
1753:
1750:(Schizomida)
1745:
1674:
1669:
1649:
1622:
1589:
1567:
1539:
1501:
1481:
1445:
1409:
1395:
1365:
1329:
1328:
1307:
1264:
1233:
1190:Pancrustacea
1188:
1160:
1117:
1112:
1084:paraphyletic
1080:monophyletic
1075:phylogenetic
1072:
1047:
1036:
1028:
1009:Reproduction
999:
991:
964:
943:
927:
887:
866:
854:coxal glands
851:
840:
827:gas exchange
805:
754:
735:endosternite
724:
700:
687:
657:
649:Eriophyoidea
613:reproductive
598:
568:
554:
546:pelagic zone
535:
520:
512:whip spiders
437:
426:
425:
395:Idmonarachne
393:
347:
327:
226:
200:
32:
6451:iNaturalist
6332:Wikispecies
6196:Holothyrida
6160:Acariformes
6116:Acaromorpha
6087:Schizomida
5986:(scorpions)
5984:Scorpiones
5946:Palpigradi
5913:Chelicerata
5911:Subphylum:
5684:Mandibulata
5635:Chelicerata
5619:Protostomia
5617:(unranked)
5611:(unranked)
5605:Subkingdom
5046:(1): 2322.
4940:(1): 6447.
4883:BMC Biology
4353:: 147â155.
3673:(1): 1â10.
3198:(8): 1096.
2962:(2 species)
2840:Acariformes
2754:Kreischeria
2102:Acariformes
2004:Eurypterida
1942:Pycnogonida
1928:Chelicerata
1889:Mandibulata
1845:Onychophora
1411:Acariformes
1369:Acariformes
1266:Pycnogonida
1244:Chelicerata
1147:Mandibulata
1114:Chelicerata
1030:Thelyphonus
946:diverticula
910:one species
890:carnivorous
874:haemoglobin
870:haemocyanin
727:exoskeleton
694:(head) and
676:opisthosoma
617:ricinuleids
542:terrestrial
536:Almost all
516:vinegaroons
480:Chelicerata
279:Acariformes
261:Eurypterida
217:Chelicerata
213:Subphylum:
44:435â0
6574:Categories
6128:Ricinulei
6065:Amblypygi
6011:Solifugae
5976:Opiliones
5907:Arthropoda
5588:Arthropoda
5287:(1): 105.
4106:(1): 600.
4055:(4): 248.
3947:(5): 207.
3645:2012-05-19
3037:. p.
3013:References
2960:spinnerets
2956:Uraraneida
2898:Scorpiones
2892:Schizomida
2868:Palpigradi
2811:Palpigradi
2792:mesotheles
2788:Palaeozoic
2763:Uraraneida
2751:Fossil of
2544:Schizomida
2454:Uraraneida
2363:Scorpiones
2240:Palpigradi
1799:Scorpiones
1775:Schizomida
1591:Scorpiones
1099:Arthropoda
1058:viviparous
1013:See also:
935:oesophagus
923:neurotoxin
902:harvestmen
898:harvestmen
843:appendages
836:homologous
800:See also:
796:Physiology
773:harvestmen
749:See also:
745:Locomotion
720:spinnerets
708:Palpigradi
621:Schizomida
605:chelicerae
579:Morphology
531:appendages
504:harvestmen
431:arthropods
402:Uraraneida
374:Schizomida
364:Pedipalpi
349:Xenarachne
316:Scorpiones
298:Palpigradi
194:Arthropoda
6580:Arachnids
6352:Arachnida
6338:Arachnida
6308:Arachnida
6269:Haptopoda
6053:Pedipalpi
6042:(spiders)
5960:Dromopoda
5888:Arachnida
5795:Remipedia
5736:Crustacea
5711:Pauropoda
5693:Myriapoda
5625:Ecdysozoa
5613:Bilateria
5607:Eumetazoa
5182:0737-4038
5125:0962-8452
5068:2041-1723
4889:(1): 62.
4286:2167-8359
4270:: e5751.
4219:: e5751.
3857:234364795
3816:246078291
3687:0161-8202
3640:1477-9145
3583:1097-4687
3526:1477-9145
3378:(1): 73.
2924:Haptopoda
2904:Solifugae
2886:Ricinulei
2862:Opiliones
2846:Amblypygi
2715:Haptopoda
2515:Amblypygi
2487:Haptopoda
2317:Xiphosura
2297:Ricinulei
2260:Solifugae
2187:Opiliones
2024:Arachnida
1807:Hox genes
1791:Xiphosura
1787:Solifugae
1783:Ricinulei
1779:Opiliones
1763:Amblypygi
1651:Amblypygi
1503:Solifugae
1483:Ricinulei
1447:Opiliones
1396:Arachnida
1330:Arachnida
1309:Xiphosura
1162:Myriapoda
1118:arachnids
1088:cladogram
1069:Phylogeny
951:intestine
847:excretory
825:used for
816:book lung
812:book gill
802:Hemolymph
771:and some
769:Solifuges
765:hemolymph
739:Opiliones
731:cartilage
633:Solifugae
629:raptorial
625:Amblypygi
609:pedipalps
488:scorpions
438:Arachnida
427:Arachnids
404:(extinct)
368:Amblypygi
361:(extinct)
359:Haptopoda
338:(extinct)
294:(extinct)
273:Solifugae
267:Opiliones
254:Xiphosura
248:Ricinulei
227:Arachnida
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
6373:BugGuide
6317:Wikidata
6201:Ixodida
6095:Uropygi
6040:Araneae
5905:Phylum:
5901:Animalia
5899:Kingdom
5805:Hexapoda
5775:Copepoda
5706:Symphyla
5601:Animalia
5599:Kingdom
5547:Arachnid
5509:19104044
5421:25405073
5395:: e641.
5370:27030415
5321:28431496
5254:29403075
5200:35137183
5143:31847768
5086:32385269
5021:33565584
4972:35440674
4915:28756775
4863:34344178
4829:(1956).
4803:30917194
4751:11557979
4708:24077329
4684:: 2485.
4659:25107551
4611:21896763
4551:20702459
4491:20147900
4444:20534705
4402:53166528
4367:73728615
4304:30416880
4245:30416880
4183:34118237
4132:28797246
4081:35448857
4030:22540028
3973:29783636
3808:35060265
3695:56461501
3599:46935000
3591:29865543
3542:40503319
3534:12517993
3486:23119386
3412:29783957
3214:90899467
2970:See also
2946:Silurian
2798:Taxonomy
2767:Devonian
2219:
2174:
2097:
2060:
2036:
2021:
1832:
1817:
1619:
1564:
1442:
1434:
1406:
1304:
1261:
1157:
1109:
979:ectoderm
832:spiracle
823:lamellae
820:vascular
808:tracheae
757:extensor
716:pectines
692:cephalon
660:antennae
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
38:Arachnid
6259:Extinct
6203:(ticks)
5586:Extant
5500:2634869
5477:Bibcode
5412:4232842
5361:4822468
5312:5399839
5289:Bibcode
5262:4239867
5234:Bibcode
5191:8845124
5134:6939912
5077:7210998
5048:Bibcode
5012:8136511
4963:9018881
4942:Bibcode
4906:5535294
4854:8334856
4831:bioRxiv
4759:4431635
4731:Bibcode
4686:Bibcode
4602:3179045
4579:Bibcode
4542:3013382
4499:4427443
4471:Bibcode
4295:6225839
4236:6225839
4174:8294578
4123:5553785
4072:9030722
4021:3337657
4000:Bibcode
3998:: 375.
3964:5983263
3403:5963125
3380:Bibcode
2910:Uropygi
2856:Araneae
2771:Permian
2735:Fossil
2705:
2565:Uropygi
2433:Araneae
2027:
1823:
1767:Uropygi
1759:Araneae
1671:Uropygi
1624:Araneae
993:called
975:tapetum
939:stomach
931:pharynx
862:guanine
814:into a
684:abdomen
672:prosoma
668:tagmata
601:insects
593:tagmata
573:Arachne
569:arĂĄchnÄ
550:species
484:spiders
433:in the
408:Araneae
380:Uropygi
240:Orders
232:Lamarck
223:Class:
118:present
6518:511967
6502:NZOR:
6404:1ARACC
5927:Extant
5890:orders
5847:italic
5529:9 June
5507:
5497:
5419:
5409:
5368:
5358:
5319:
5309:
5260:
5252:
5198:
5188:
5180:
5141:
5131:
5123:
5084:
5074:
5066:
5019:
5009:
4970:
4960:
4913:
4903:
4861:
4851:
4833:
4801:
4757:
4749:
4723:Nature
4706:
4657:
4609:
4599:
4549:
4539:
4497:
4489:
4463:Nature
4442:
4400:
4365:
4327:
4302:
4292:
4284:
4243:
4233:
4181:
4171:
4130:
4120:
4079:
4069:
4049:Toxins
4028:
4018:
3971:
3961:
3941:Toxins
3907:
3855:
3814:
3806:
3762:
3693:
3685:
3638:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3484:
3478:750069
3476:
3410:
3400:
3349:
3322:
3295:
3262:
3237:
3212:
3169:
3140:
3060:
2819:orders
1039:gonads
1017:, and
987:retina
983:cornea
967:ocelli
961:Senses
918:glands
791:, 1904
761:distal
704:telson
696:thorax
645:nymphs
637:larvae
563:áŒÏÎŹÏΜη
538:extant
234:, 1801
6552:WoRMS
6539:Plazi
6531:19008
6482:82708
6464:IRMNG
6456:47119
6417:10615
6323:Q1358
6142:Acari
5525:. BBC
5389:PeerJ
5258:S2CID
4755:S2CID
4495:S2CID
4398:S2CID
4363:S2CID
4264:PeerJ
4213:PeerJ
3853:S2CID
3812:S2CID
3691:S2CID
3595:S2CID
3538:S2CID
3482:S2CID
3433:: 1.
3210:S2CID
3161:[
2827:ticks
2823:mites
2778:amber
914:venom
894:mites
878:heart
664:wings
643:into
641:moult
559:word
557:Greek
496:mites
492:ticks
435:class
201:Clade
6557:1300
6495:6854
6490:NCBI
6477:ITIS
6469:1136
6438:GBIF
6399:EPPO
6360:BOLD
6079:s.l.
5531:2018
5505:PMID
5417:PMID
5366:PMID
5317:PMID
5250:PMID
5196:PMID
5178:ISSN
5139:PMID
5121:ISSN
5082:PMID
5064:ISSN
5017:PMID
4968:PMID
4911:PMID
4859:PMID
4799:PMID
4747:PMID
4704:PMID
4655:PMID
4607:PMID
4547:PMID
4487:PMID
4440:PMID
4325:ISBN
4300:PMID
4282:ISSN
4241:PMID
4179:PMID
4128:PMID
4077:PMID
4026:PMID
3969:PMID
3905:ISBN
3804:PMID
3760:ISBN
3683:ISSN
3636:ISSN
3587:PMID
3579:ISSN
3530:PMID
3522:ISSN
3474:PMID
3408:PMID
3347:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3058:ISBN
2850:whip
2825:and
2769:and
2761:The
1785:and
1771:s.s.
1765:and
1675:s.s.
1375:and
1073:The
1050:eggs
955:anus
953:and
937:and
682:and
674:and
589:legs
523:legs
514:and
429:are
52:Preê
6443:367
6391:165
6386:EoL
6347:AFD
5495:PMC
5485:doi
5473:105
5448:doi
5444:150
5407:PMC
5397:doi
5356:PMC
5348:doi
5344:283
5307:PMC
5297:doi
5242:doi
5186:PMC
5170:doi
5129:PMC
5113:doi
5109:286
5072:PMC
5056:doi
5007:PMC
4999:doi
4958:PMC
4950:doi
4901:PMC
4891:doi
4849:PMC
4841:doi
4827:288
4789:doi
4739:doi
4727:413
4694:doi
4645:doi
4597:PMC
4587:doi
4575:108
4537:PMC
4529:doi
4525:278
4479:doi
4467:463
4430:doi
4390:doi
4355:doi
4351:150
4290:PMC
4272:doi
4231:PMC
4221:doi
4169:PMC
4159:doi
4155:297
4118:PMC
4108:doi
4067:PMC
4057:doi
4016:PMC
4008:doi
3959:PMC
3949:doi
3843:doi
3794:doi
3722:doi
3675:doi
3626:doi
3622:162
3571:doi
3567:210
3514:doi
3510:206
3466:doi
3435:doi
3398:PMC
3388:doi
3200:doi
3094:doi
3039:297
1773:) (
1056:or
1033:sp.
925:.
787:'s
662:or
6576::
6554::
6541::
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6319::
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5364:.
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5240:.
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5194:.
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5176:.
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5164:.
5160:.
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