101:
1453:
12639:
12938:
12591:
12926:
12628:
12659:
884:
12742:
6533:
366:
12669:
12649:
905:
1471:, the latter of which it shares much with. In the earlier stages of Demotic, such as those texts written in the early Demotic script, it probably represented the spoken idiom of the time. However, as its use became increasingly confined to literary and religious purposes, the written language diverged more and more from the spoken form, leading to significant
11057:
1211:), many of the principles of hieroglyphic writing were regularized. From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2,000 years.
8115:
Vowels and other consonants are added to the root to derive different meanings, as Arabic, Hebrew, and other
Afroasiatic languages still do. However, because vowels and sometimes glides are not written in any Egyptian script except Coptic, it can be difficult to reconstruct the actual forms of words.
1640:
Egyptian scholar Gamal
Mokhtar noted that the inventory of hieroglyphic symbols derived from "fauna and flora used in the signs are essentially African", reflecting the local wildlife of North Africa, the Levant and southern Mediterranean. In "regards to writing, we have seen that a purely Nilotic,
10070:
The
Egyptian-Coptic language is attested in a vast corpus of written texts that almost uninterruptedly document its lifetime over more than 4,000 years, from the invention of the hieroglyphic writing system in the late 4th millennium BCE, up to the 14th century CE. Egyptian is thus likely to be the
6330:
The term Old Coptic refers to any Coptic texts produced before the standardization of the Coptic alphabet and the emergence of the major literary dialects. These texts exhibit a variety of orthographic and dialectal features and notably make use of several letters of
Demotic origin which are not
1671:
Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants. Egyptian also contrasted voiceless and emphatic consonants, as with other
Afroasiatic languages, but exactly how the emphatic consonants were realised is unknown. Early research had
7927:
Earlier
Egyptian has the syllable structure CV(ː)(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. In addition, CVːC or CVCC can occur in word-final, stressed position. However, CVːC occurs only in the infinitive of biconsonantal verbal roots, CVCC only in some plurals.
1570:
Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in
Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. Written Coptic has five major dialects, which differ mainly in graphic
7956:
As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in
English: the consonants are given fixed values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel
1360:
Late
Egyptian is not completely distinct from Middle Egyptian, as many "classicisms" appear in historical and literary documents of this phase. However, the difference between Middle and Late Egyptian is greater than the difference between Middle and Old Egyptian. Originally a
653:
The
Egyptian language has many biradical and perhaps monoradical roots, in contrast to the Semitic preference for triradical roots. Egyptian is probably more conservative, and Semitic likely underwent later regularizations converting roots into the triradical pattern.
1699:
The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. For all other purposes, the Egyptological pronunciation is used, but it often bears little resemblance to what is known of how Egyptian was pronounced.
7939:
Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. According to some scholars, that is a development from a stage in Proto-Egyptian in which the third-last syllable could be stressed, which was lost as open posttonic syllables lost their vowels:
9389:
As with other Afroasiatic languages, Egyptian uses two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. It also uses three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural. However, later Egyptian has a tendency to lose the dual as a productive form.
1695:
Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems.
1659:
is unknown, and there are varying opinions on how to classify the individual phonemes. In addition, because Egyptian is recorded over a full 2,000 years, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates
10101:
The liturgy of the present day Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt is written in a mixture of Arabic, Greek, and Bohairic Coptic, the ancient dialect of the Delta and the great monasteries of the Wadi Natrun. Coptic is no longer a living
11045:
1287:
Original Old Egyptian and Middle Egyptian texts were still used after the 14th century BCE. And an emulation of predominately Middle Egyptian, but also with characteristics of Old Egyptian, Late Egyptian and Demotic, called
916:
The term "Archaic Egyptian" is sometimes reserved for the earliest use of hieroglyphs, from the late fourth through the early third millennia BC. At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC, hieroglyphs were not a fully developed
6339:
are sometimes grouped under the Old Coptic umbrella, however, strictly speaking Dialect I is written with a modified version of the Sahidic alphabet which it shares with Akhmimic, rather than a genuine Old Coptic
8202:
to form the stative and are regarded by some linguists as a "fourth" set of personal pronouns. They bear close resemblance to their Semitic counterparts. The three main sets of personal pronouns are as follows:
8027:"). Experts have assigned generic sounds to these values as a matter of convenience, which is an artificial pronunciation and should not be mistaken for how Egyptian was ever pronounced at any time. So although
11070:
suddenly begins to be employed in a very inconsistent manner. It is often omitted or added without etymological justification. I take this as an indication that the phoneme /ʕ/ was lost from the spoken
1713:
The following consonants are reconstructed for Archaic (before 2600 BC) and Old Egyptian (2686–2181 BC), with IPA equivalents in square brackets if they differ from the usual transcription scheme:
11054:, p. 85, After the New Kingdom, confusion between both series of stops becomes very frequent in Egyptian writing. A phonetic merger of some kind is certainly the cause of this phenomenon..
8094:
Egyptian is fairly typical for an Afroasiatic language in that most of its vocabulary is built around a root of three consonants, though there are sometimes only two consonants in the root:
11980:
8777:
535:
and characteristic personal verbal affixes. Of the other Afroasiatic branches, linguists have variously suggested that the Egyptian language shares its greatest affinities with
1357:
became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, which took the form of advice on proper behavior. Late Egyptian was also the language of New Kingdom administration.
673:
before it was recorded; or the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semitocentric approach; or, as G. W. Tsereteli suggests, Afroasiatic is an
1197:
to indicate the plural. Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect.
1265:
The Middle Egyptian stage is taken to have ended around the 14th century BC, giving rise to Late Egyptian. This transition was taking place in the later period of the
12198:, an online service available from October 2004 which is associated with various German Egyptological projects, including the monumental Altägyptisches Wörterbuch
12160:
1571:
conventions, most notably the southern Saidic dialect, the main classical dialect, and the northern Bohairic dialect, currently used in Coptic Church services.
12207:
1517:. It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. Coptic survives as the liturgical language of the
12963:
10744:
1227:. As the classical variant of Egyptian, Middle Egyptian is the best-documented variety of the language, and has attracted the most attention by far from
1373:
Written Late Egyptian was seemingly a better representative than Middle Egyptian of the spoken language in the New Kingdom and beyond: weak consonants
8106:, "sun"--the is thought to have been something like a voiced pharyngeal fricative). Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants:
10745:"The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, Volume 1: Hieroglyphic Transliteration, Translation, and Commentary | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures"
10014:
6431:
is not indicated orthographically unless it follows a stressed vowel; then, it is marked by doubling the vowel letter (except in Bohairic): Akhmimic
1641:
hence African origin not only is not excluded, but probably reflects the reality" that the geographical location of Egypt is, of course, in Africa.
1492:
is the name given to the late Egyptian vernacular when it was written in a Greek-based alphabet, the Coptic alphabet; it flourished from the time of
11550:
1475:
between the late Demotic texts and the spoken language of the time, similar to the use of classical Middle Egyptian during the Ptolemaic Period.
12285:
11607:
10720:
Semitic Papyrology in Context: A Climate of Creativity: Papers from a New York University Conference Marking the Retirement of Baruch A. Levine
1513:
Coptic survived into the medieval period, but by the 16th century was dwindling rapidly due to the persecution of Coptic Christians under the
12250:
1154:
12705:
9922:
1611:. Additionally, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic, known as "lapidary hieratic". In the language's final stage of development, the
6365:
More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st or 3rd – c. 19th centuries AD). In Sahidic
12311:
11742:
9570:
The Hebrew Bible also contains some words, terms, and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. An example of this is
429:
9755:
638:
in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. They also agree that original
1607:; it was simpler to write than the hieroglyphs in stone inscriptions, but it was not as cursive as hieratic and lacked the wide use of
1189:
are the largest body of literature written in this phase of the language. One of its distinguishing characteristics is the tripling of
1419:
which had both prospective (he shall hear) and perfective (he heard) aspects. The past tense was also formed using the auxiliary verb
12383:
1369:. The relationship between Middle Egyptian and Late Egyptian has been described as being similar to that between Latin and Italian.
422:
551:. However, other scholars have argued that the Egyptian language shared closer linguistic ties with northeastern African regions.
12612:
12440:
12042:
9610:
1056:
1031:
1010:
989:
554:
There are two theories that seek to establish the cognate sets between Egyptian and Afroasiatic, the traditional theory and the
80:
1059:
965:
75:
64:
1061:
991:
968:
963:
72:
69:
12172:
12136:
12055:
12019:
11939:
11814:
11806:
11728:
11670:
11523:
11502:
11445:
11426:
11402:
10414:
9879:
2223:
In Middle Egyptian (2055–1650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. By the beginning of the Middle Kingdom period,
1054:
1032:
970:
78:
66:
1035:
1034:
1012:
12968:
12558:
11888:
11627:
11591:
1243:
10718:
10046:
Grossman, Eitan; Richter, Tonio Sebastian (2015). "The Egyptian-Coptic language: its setting in space, time and culture".
9744:
were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as
12672:
12430:
12425:
12306:
9661:
7012:
7001:
6550:
6252:
6235:
6218:
6201:
6184:
6167:
6150:
6133:
6116:
6099:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5838:
5826:
5814:
5802:
5702:
2835:
2809:
2154:
2130:
2038:
2031:
1650:
1634:
1224:
383:
7931:
In later Egyptian, stressed CVːC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides.
2452:(unaspirated), although there is evidence that aspirates merged with their tenuis counterparts in certain environments.
12958:
12278:
10728:
10199:
8198:(called "dependent" by Egyptologists) and independent pronouns. There are also a number of verbal endings added to the
803:
678:
2377:
The most important source of information about Demotic phonology is Coptic. The consonant inventory of Demotic can be
12395:
12154:
12121:
12106:
12098:
12076:
12004:
11989:
11969:
11961:
11921:
11913:
11863:
11837:
11829:
11483:
11464:
10852:
10780:
10246:
10157:
10094:
10063:
8479:
Demonstrative pronouns have separate masculine and feminine singular forms and common plural forms for both genders:
1544:
of their author. As a result, dialectical differences are not apparent in written Egyptian until the adoption of the
12698:
12548:
12316:
6922:
5112:
5090:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5030:
5018:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4876:
4856:
4360:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4186:
3669:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3533:
3521:
3500:
2718:
2645:
2459:
transcription, followed by a transliteration of the corresponding Demotic "alphabetical" sign(s) in angle brackets
1939:
17:
10501:
Werning, Daniel A. (2008). "Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian
9494:
2455:
The following table presents the consonants of Demotic Egyptian. The reconstructed value of a phoneme is given in
12580:
12526:
12378:
9601:
6900:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4604:
2694:
2456:
1923:
12779:
12774:
12652:
12553:
12227:
have long been considered obsolete by Egyptologists, even though these books are still available for purchase.
10825:
10271:
5294:
5274:
2754:
1971:
9923:"Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Writing: The Basic Languages of Christian Nubia: Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, and Arabic"
9399:
2135:
has no independent representation in the hieroglyphic orthography, and it is frequently written as if it were
12339:
12334:
12271:
11029:
9948:
7799:
in Bohairic and Fayyumic word-finally), but pretonic unstressed /a/ occurs as a reflex of earlier unstressed
2444:
is not a contrastive feature; all obstruents are voiceless and all sonorants are voiced. Stops may be either
749:
669:
in particular. There are multiple possibilities: perhaps Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from
353:
9428:
in Egyptian Arabic appears in certain aspects of syntax and to a lesser degree in vocabulary and phonology.
6546:
2385:. The Demotic "alphabetical" signs are mostly inherited from the hieroglyphic script, and due to historical
379:
286:
12486:
12361:
12329:
11285:
10005:
9404:
The Egyptian language survived through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period in the form of the
8019:
6911:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4730:
2706:
2234:
1930:
817:
293:
11013:
10971:
10955:
9365:. However, that changed in the later stages of the language, including Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic.
7991:
7973:
7969:
7962:
7958:
7945:
7941:
7914:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7878:
7873:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7800:
7788:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7576:
7572:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7526:
7511:
7490:
7486:
7462:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7431:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7393:
7345:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7284:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7254:
7242:
7238:
7225:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7199:
7195:
7183:
7179:
7164:
7156:
7148:
7140:
7127:
7115:
7110:
6619:
6585:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6457:
6435:
2355:
2340:
2320:
2306:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
639:
619:
615:
611:
585:
575:
520:
32:
This article is about the languages spoken in ancient Egypt. For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see
12691:
12570:
12533:
12481:
12400:
10445:
9830:
9631:
9626:
7998:
7787:
Most Coptic dialects have two phonemic vowels in unstressed position. Unstressed vowels generally became
6946:
6386:
6270:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5474:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5232:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5106:
5078:
5012:
4996:
2847:
2766:
2730:
2401:
2393:. However, the Demotic script does feature certain orthographic innovations, such as the use of the sign
2014:
1979:
1949:
1534:
1338:
1266:
892:
512:
10995:
8146:
can be masculine or feminine (the latter is indicated, as with other Afroasiatic languages, by adding a
1589:("writing of the gods' words"). In antiquity, most texts were written on the quite perishable medium of
100:
12916:
12420:
11543:
11371:
9805:, for a review of the history of thinking on the subject; his reconstructions of words are nonstandard.
9741:
8074:
in modern Egyptological pronunciation, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *
7023:
6741:
6723:
6485:
6081:
6064:
6047:
6030:
6013:
5996:
5979:
5962:
5945:
5928:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3393:
3381:
3364:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3251:
3239:
3222:
2823:
2633:
2250:
2170:
2047:
1961:
1819:
1812:
1604:
1593:
though a few have survived that were written in hieratic and (later) demotic. There was also a form of
1334:
571:
440:. It is also the longest-attested human language, with a written record spanning over 4,000 years. Its
1633:
As the phonetic realization of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of
1294:" or "Neo-Middle Egyptian" by scholars, was used as a literary language for new texts since the later
1231:. While most Middle Egyptian is seen written on monuments by hieroglyphs, it was also written using a
12543:
12511:
12496:
12491:
12390:
12344:
9828:
6977:
6966:
6934:
6759:
6483:
6474:
6472:
6464:
6424:
6416:
6398:
6396:
6384:
5648:
5636:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5552:
5540:
5256:
5244:
5220:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5124:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4348:
4328:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3657:
3640:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2807:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2764:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2525:
2516:
2378:
2344:
2332:
2256:
2248:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2084:
2012:
1997:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1937:
1886:
1830:
1828:
1447:
1258:
inflection remained open to revision until the mid-20th century, notably due to the contributions of
12244:
880:, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era.
12836:
12662:
12538:
12459:
12410:
12199:
12090:
9425:
7977:
1845:
1672:
assumed that the opposition in stops was one of voicing, but it is now thought to be either one of
1608:
1514:
1323:
658:
480:
347:
1438:
The Late Egyptian stage is taken to have ended around the 8th century BC, giving rise to Demotic.
9435:, so that a number of Egyptian loanwords into Greek survive into modern usage. Examples include:
8182:, both definite and indefinite, do not occur until Late Egyptian but are used widely thereafter.
6860:
6777:
6466:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4474:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3809:
3797:
3776:
2669:
1877:
1870:
1838:
1623:
1220:
1148:
777:
453:
41:
12903:
12728:
12642:
12575:
12415:
11778:
10770:
10546:
9558:
9417:
9413:
8108:
6814:
2484:
1888:
1734:
1522:
1518:
745:
703:
Early Egyptian, Early Old Egyptian, Archaic Old Egyptian, Pre-Old Egyptian, or archaic Egyptian
504:
488:
457:
170:
166:
10189:
9850:
12607:
12185:
11720:
11039:
11023:
10981:
10965:
10571:
10396:
Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blage Shubert.
9522:
7982:
7047:
6825:
6692:
6681:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5748:
5736:
5724:
5712:
5690:
5678:
5666:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3080:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2797:
2527:
2518:
2146:
2138:
2071:
1779:
1772:
1541:
1282:
1254:'s work. Middle Egyptian has been well-understood since then, although certain points of the
1163:
846:
500:
410:
187:
2151:. That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which
1548:. Nevertheless, it is clear that these differences existed before the Coptic period. In one
600:'door'. The traditional theory instead disputes the values given to those consonants by the
12930:
12632:
12590:
12447:
12356:
12349:
12012:
Hieroglyphic Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Literature of the Middle Kingdom
9646:
9025:
7171:
6873:
2499:
1896:
1754:
1580:
1319:
1299:
1295:
854:
781:
763:
579:
556:
433:
240:
11549:. Vol. 2. Acts of the X International Congress of Egyptologists. pp. 1537–1546.
2405:/, which allow it to represent sounds that were not present in earlier forms of Egyptian.
219:
8:
12452:
12373:
12190:, an online searchable dictionary of ancient Egyptian words (translations are in German).
12064:
9409:
9345:
9326:
9218:
9067:
8939:
8930:
8922:
8786:
7292:
6836:
6783:
6765:
6747:
6729:
3814:
3781:
3674:
3645:
3538:
3505:
3398:
3369:
3256:
3227:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2550:
2445:
2086:
1681:
1655:
While the consonantal phonology of the Egyptian language may be reconstructed, the exact
1594:
1259:
1232:
484:
464:
244:
162:
12840:
12714:
12506:
12469:
12368:
12224:
11770:
11762:
11738:
11676:
11601:
11513:
10316:
9350:
9264:
8809:
8741:
8733:
6649:
6288:
2479:
2382:
2118:
1729:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1549:
1497:
1493:
1464:
1452:
1362:
1349:
1111:
516:
441:
252:
10086:
Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises & Vocabularies
9871:
6569:
before vowels in Coptic. Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops (
6490:
after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare
339:
12877:
12405:
12257:
12168:
12150:
12132:
12117:
12102:
12094:
12072:
12051:
12015:
12000:
11985:
11965:
11957:
11935:
11917:
11909:
11901:
11884:
11859:
11845:
11833:
11825:
11810:
11802:
11774:
11724:
11696:
11680:
11666:
11648:
11623:
11587:
11519:
11498:
11479:
11460:
11441:
11422:
11412:
11398:
11390:
10858:
10848:
10821:
10815:
10776:
10724:
10410:
10308:
10267:
10242:
10195:
10153:
10090:
10059:
9942:
9875:
9651:
9536:
9488:
9474:
9358:
9037:
8934:
8749:
8737:
8384:
8179:
6955:
6847:
6664:
6654:
2504:
2489:
2441:
2381:
on the basis of evidence from the Coptic dialects. Demotic orthography is relatively
1988:
1863:
1759:
1739:
1366:
1327:
1219:
Middle Egyptian was spoken for about 700 years, beginning around 2000 BC, during the
1087:
1075:
865:
is the name of the script derived from the hieratic beginning in the 7th century BC.
785:
670:
666:
657:
Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its
540:
508:
437:
11267:
Wortakzent und Silbenstruktur: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der ägyptischen Sprache
12887:
12856:
12769:
12521:
12435:
12213:
12082:
11851:
11754:
11716:
11712:
11658:
10300:
10051:
9867:
9575:
9571:
9460:
9362:
9308:
9230:
9170:
9138:
8944:
8917:
8758:
8745:
8370:
8358:
8191:
8036:
6644:
2623:
2474:
2449:
1749:
1724:
1673:
1665:
1599:
1559:), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a
1343:
1318:
Late Egyptian was spoken for about 650 years, beginning around 1350 BC, during the
877:
536:
406:
9827:
In other dialects, the graphemes are used only for clusters of a stop followed by
9552:
8688:
7738:
has acquired phonemic status, as is evidenced by minimal pairs like 'to approach'
1668:, significant phonetic changes must have occurred during that lengthy time frame.
12942:
12861:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12764:
12203:
11927:
11652:
11416:
10398:
10147:
10084:
9788:
9704:
9641:
9636:
9432:
9421:
9405:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9103:
9079:
9055:
8673:
8613:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8377:
8351:
8344:
8325:
8096:
7187:
7035:
6659:
6540:
2511:
2494:
2433:
2063:
1744:
1612:
1545:
1489:
1484:
1468:
1337:
and later. Late Egyptian is represented by a large body of religious and secular
1246:
in the early 19th century. The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by
1099:
869:
831:
821:
725:
548:
472:
445:
421:
of surviving texts, which were made accessible to the modern world following the
373:
323:
298:
256:
179:
158:
136:
37:
33:
11572:
Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift, 7th rev. ed
9468:
9408:. Coptic survived past the 16th century only as an isolated vernacular and as a
925:; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as
12882:
12501:
12142:
12037:
11758:
11688:
11639:
Takács, Gábor (2011). "Semitic-Egyptian Relations". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.).
11615:
11579:
9592:
9248:
7510:
However, in the presence of guttural fricatives, Sahidic and Bohairic preserve
6592:
consonants. In Bohairic, the allophones are written with the special graphemes
6511:
1496:, but Egyptian phrases written in the Greek alphabet first appeared during the
1182:
926:
918:
873:
862:
264:
233:
36:. For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see
10320:
10288:
9530:
9516:
9454:
9440:
8612:
Finally, interrogative pronouns bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and
12952:
12831:
12811:
12294:
11975:
11692:
11367:"Rameses of the Exodus narratives is the 13th B.C. Royal Ramesside Residence"
10862:
10312:
10055:
9764:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo (MDAIK)
9745:
9582:
9446:
9286:
8900:
8881:
8781:
calls "negatival complement". There are two main tenses/aspects in Egyptian:
8470:
7861:
7376:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1194:
1186:
1170:
937:
922:
909:
799:
737:
414:
260:
147:
128:
106:
10820:. Vol. 2 (Abridged ed.). London: J. Currey. 1990. pp. 11–12.
9502:
9482:
1383:
were increasingly dropped, apparently because they stopped being pronounced.
12747:
12563:
11932:
Egyptian: An Introduction to the Writing and Language of the Middle Kingdom
11906:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
11395:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
9508:
8851:
8832:
8658:
8456:
8444:
8418:
8332:
8292:
8260:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8127:
8118:
7151:'man'), but they can be either short or long in closed stressed syllables (
6792:
6426:
6418:
6282:
2386:
2346:
2334:
2258:
2162:
1854:
1637:
to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph.
932:
Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a
12114:
English-Egyptian Index of Faulkner's Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian
11662:
11436:
Christidēs, Anastasios-Phoivos; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (2007).
9782:
9736:
In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of
9698:
9545:
6395:). Bohairic and Akhmimic are more conservative and have a velar fricative
319:
314:
12033:
11855:
10529:
9856:
9721:
9335:
9200:
9176:
9165:
9151:
9126:
9091:
9007:
8961:
8895:
8869:
8709:
8637:
8574:
8567:
8560:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8522:
8515:
8508:
8463:
8437:
8430:
8411:
8404:
8318:
8278:
8247:
8234:
8154:
8148:
8131:
8014:
7868:
7851:
7388:
7371:
7105:
7093:
6991:
2778:
2429:
2025:
1307:
1247:
1124:
1118:
1104:
1080:
933:
876:, with adaptations for Egyptian phonology. It was first developed in the
825:
662:
468:
418:
11954:
How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-Step Guide to Teach Yourself
11766:
11366:
12602:
12263:
12216:, a searchable dictionary of ancient Egyptian words, arranged by glyph.
11847:
Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language
9368:
The early stages of Egyptian have no articles, but the later forms use
9340:
9330:
8995:
8983:
8971:
8846:
8820:
8782:
8772:
8285:
8199:
7909:
7856:
7426:
7381:
7122:
7098:
6671:
6626:
is unaspirated when the next word begins with a glottal stop: Bohairic
2898:
1766:
1538:
1507:
1463:
Demotic is a later development of the Egyptian language written in the
1228:
1092:
674:
561:
449:
10842:
8756:
morphemes attached to the verb: For example, the basic conjugation is
1622:
to represent the idea depicted by the pictures and, more commonly, as
1579:
Most surviving texts in the Egyptian language are written on stone in
1242:
Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the
12683:
8805:
8771:
Non-finite verbs occur without a subject and are the infinitive, the
7887:
7803:
near an etymological pharyngeal, velar or sonorant ('to become many'
7404:
7175:
6889:
6883:
6712:
6350:
2686:
2544:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2409:
1916:
1910:
1805:
1661:
1656:
1627:
1472:
842:
332:
307:
278:
11457:
Language Typology and Language Universals: An International Handbook
10877:
2351:
at the end of a stressed syllable and eventually null word-finally:
267:
in scholars' transliterations and several hieroglyphic dictionaries)
157:
Late fourth millennium BC – 19th century AD (with the extinction of
12937:
12474:
11981:
Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs
10304:
9656:
9354:
8915:
Attributive adjectives in phrases are after the nouns they modify:
8778:
Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs
8102:
8076:
7706:
7702:
6801:
6589:
2425:
1619:
1564:
1560:
1236:
1190:
1181:
Extensive texts appear from about 2600 BC. An early example is the
858:
248:
115:
10241:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 25–27.
7287:
was borrowed into Hebrew as *ṣuʕn but would become transcribed as
12516:
11438:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
9749:
9726:
Quibell, James Edward (1901). "When did Coptic become extinct?".
9424:, which replaced Coptic as the main daily language in Egypt; the
9120:
Adverbs, in Egyptian, are at the end of a sentence: For example:
8123:
6706:
6577:), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops
2413:
2390:
1799:
1590:
1167:
883:
12240:
Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae: Dictionary of the Egyptian language
11872:
Vergote, Jozef, "Problèmes de la «Nominalbildung» en égyptien",
7624:
in Sahidic and are preserved in other dialects, are in Bohairic
2408:
The Demotic consonants can be divided into two primary classes:
11708:
11704:
11322:
10289:"The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian?"
8794:
8790:
8195:
2324:
1457:
1354:
1330:, and was also the language of the New Kingdom administration.
1306:
as a religious language survived until the Christianisation of
853:
Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian were all written using both the
736:
The Egyptian language is conventionally grouped into six major
544:
476:
111:
10502:
9905:
9903:
9814:
There is evidence of Bohairic having a phonemic glottal stop:
9687:
9681:
9333:. For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be
9291:
9269:
9235:
9205:
9042:
9012:
8763:
8693:
8642:
8297:
8265:
8252:
8239:
8081:
8048:
8028:
6611:
Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older
6261:
6090:
5919:
5793:
5657:
5531:
5405:
5265:
5139:
5133:
4987:
4981:
4847:
4721:
4595:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4177:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
3907:
3767:
3631:
3491:
3355:
3349:
3213:
3071:
2945:
2394:
1584:
1434:
Adjectives as attributes of nouns are often replaced by nouns.
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1302:
and hieratic texts in preference to Late Egyptian or Demotic.
589:
400:
90:
9737:
9587:
8753:
8057:
8042:
7280:
7250:
7082:
Here is the vowel system reconstructed for earlier Egyptian:
6423:
after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels.
132:
12239:
12206:
of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (
11699:; Rubin, Aaron D.; Schwarzwald, Ora R.; Zewi, Tamar (eds.).
11316:
Zur Rekonstruktion deverbalen Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen
2199:⟩ word-medially immediately before a stressed vowel (
904:
507:
features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its
12245:
The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages
12230:
More book information is available at Glyphs and Grammars.
12193:
11435:
9900:
9614:
9325:
Old Egyptian, Classical Egyptian, and Middle Egyptian have
8606:
this, that, these, those (colloquial & Late Egyptian)
8143:
8063:
8024:
7830:
Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400:
1618:
Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as
1533:
Most hieroglyphic Egyptian texts are written in a literary
1347:, the love poems of the Chester–Beatty I papyrus, and the
912:, containing the oldest known complete sentence in Egyptian
888:
467:, the spoken language had evolved into Demotic, and by the
2207:'you will appear') and are unmarked word-finally (⟨
2187:'father') and immediately after a stressed vowel (⟨
661:
repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the
11236:
11234:
11232:
11217:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11154:
11139:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11083:
11081:
11079:
11077:
10945:
10943:
10941:
10939:
10926:
10924:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10844:
Semitic languages : outline of a comparative grammar
10604:. Vol. 2. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
10572:"Earliest Egyptian Glyphs – Archaeology Magazine Archive"
10469:
10467:
10432:
Deixis in Egyptian: The Close, the Distant, and the Known
10356:
10354:
10220:
10218:
8952:"great god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify.
6588:
are allophonically aspirated before stressed vowels and
2159:
had merged with other sonorants. Also, the rare cases of
595:
10397:
10171:
10169:
10112:
10110:
6331:
found in the standard Coptic script. The minor dialects
697:
Earlier Egyptian, Older Egyptian, or Classical Egyptian
11949:, 4th, updated edition – Biblical Institute; Rome, 1984
11535:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
10698:
10484:
10482:
10327:
10029:
10027:
9987:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9979:
7987:
7976:
is then inserted. Thus, for example, the Egyptian name
7439:
In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed
2933:
1597:, used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the
1583:. The native name for Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is
12165:
Vocalised Dictionary of Ancient Egyptian (Open Access)
11346:
11334:
11303:. Deutsches archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo.
11246:
11229:
11205:
11182:
11151:
11127:
11110:
11093:
11074:
10936:
10921:
10909:
10892:
10464:
10378:
10351:
10215:
10048:
Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective
9720:
The language may have survived in isolated pockets in
7355:
7349:
7315:
7262:
7229:
7203:
6600:, but other dialects did not mark aspiration: Sahidic
6514:
loanwords, with rare exceptions triggered by a nearby
2359:
2310:
456:
and remained the literary language of Egypt until the
12914:
12208:
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
11544:"What happened to the voiced consonants of Egyptian?"
10878:"Champollion, Hieroglyphs, and Coptic Magical Papyri"
10366:
10166:
10107:
9758:[Pi-Solsel, a village with Coptic tradition]
9728:
Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde
8066:
8054:
7298:
Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1322:. Late Egyptian succeeded but did not fully supplant
12737:
12129:
Dictionnaire des hiéroglyphes: Hiéroglyphes-Français
11265:
Fecht, Gerhard (1960). "§§ 112 A. 194, 254 A. 395".
10479:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10024:
9976:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9680:
Whence the designation Kemic for Egypto-Coptic with
8045:
8039:
1365:, Egyptian by the Late Egyptian phase had become an
222:
214:
208:
11908:, first edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
10796:
10339:
9400:
Coptic language § Influence on other languages
8060:
8051:
1456:10th century stela with Coptic inscription, in the
11799:The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study
11743:"The oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt"
11563:Einführung in die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft
11418:The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study
10686:
9756:"Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung"
2870:/ʕ/ was lost near the end of the Ptolemaic period.
2263:word-initially in an unstressed syllable (⟨
2102:
1333:Texts written wholly in Late Egyptian date to the
936:, which has been found. Discovered in the tomb of
11318:. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. pp. 212, 214, 247.
11170:
10191:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics
10122:
9955:
9431:In antiquity, Egyptian exerted some influence on
8729:Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms.
7267:). Later, probably 1000–800 BC, a short stressed
7135:Vowels are always short in unstressed syllables (
1506:, with the first known Coptic text, still pagan (
483:, although Bohairic Coptic remains in use as the
12950:
12032:
11641:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
11565:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
11476:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
10403:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
10146:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (31 May 2012).
9909:
9862:Huehnergard, John (2007). "Qiṭṭa: Arabic Cats".
8013:all represent consonants. For example, the name
7720:after nasals and occasionally other consonants:
7070:Various orthographic representations; see above.
12089:, 2nd ed., 2 vols., B. C. Scribe Publications,
11701:Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics
10145:
10045:
8929:However, when they are used independently as a
2923:
27:Extinct language family spoken in ancient Egypt
11269:. J. J. Augustin, Glückstadt–Hamburg–New York.
9929:. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009
9864:Classical Arabic Humanities in Their Own Terms
9792:and appears to have been a literary invention.
9708:and appears to have been a literary invention.
8122:("to choose"), for example, can represent the
7951:
7143:'first') and long in open stressed syllables (
6633:The consonant system of Coptic is as follows:
12699:
12279:
12127:Bonnamy, Yvonne and Sadek, Ashraf-Alexandre,
9686:*/kū́m˘t/ "black land, Egypt", as opposed to
8126:(whose endings can be left unexpressed), the
2294:In Late Egyptian (1069–700 BC), the phonemes
12147:Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte
12050:] (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
11984:, Griffith Institute, Oxford, 3rd ed. 1957.
11584:Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte
11279:
9591:, ultimately from the Late Egyptian name of
8793:forms. The latter are determined from their
7990:is the one who bore him") and pronounced as
1289:
601:
565:
499:The Egyptian language branch belongs to the
423:decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts
12964:Languages attested from the 27th century BC
11822:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
11515:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
10405:. Routledge. p. 274f. (in the section
10152:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
9915:
9861:
9606:
9563:
9299:
9277:
9255:
8949:
7455:, but are unchanged in the other dialects:
2389:they do not always map neatly onto Demotic
2167:occurring are not represented. The phoneme
689:The Egyptian language can be grouped thus:
12706:
12692:
12286:
12272:
11999:, Benben Publications, Mississauga, 1997.
11737:
11606:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11454:
10768:
10473:
9860:, but some authorities dispute this, e.g.
9724:as late as the 19th century, according to
9353:combines two or more nouns to express the
8017:(1341–1323 BC) was written in Egyptian as
2179:⟩ in the initial position (⟨
1680:, as in many Semitic languages, or one of
891:of Egyptian by time period and linguistic
646:in some environments and are preserved as
99:
11541:
11518:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11492:
11364:
10775:. Oxford University Press. p. 1119.
10717:Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1 January 2003).
10716:
10704:
9716:
9714:
7237:In the Early New Kingdom, short stressed
12293:
12014:, University of California Press, 2013.
11721:10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000721
11569:
11560:
11511:
11352:
11313:
11252:
11240:
11223:
11211:
11199:
11164:
11145:
11133:
11121:
11104:
11087:
10949:
10930:
10915:
10903:
10840:
10599:
10584:
10429:
10384:
10360:
10224:
10175:
10116:
10033:
9991:
9836:
9815:
9693:
9420:. Coptic also had an enduring effect on
8839:
7701:may also have different reflexes before
2298:gradually merge with their counterparts
1467:, following Late Egyptian and preceding
1451:
1276:
903:
882:
12069:A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian
11881:La Vocalisation de la Langue Égyptienne
11620:La Vocalisation de la Langue Égyptienne
11614:
11578:
11340:
11328:
11009:(4). Gregorian Biblical Press: 338–375.
10993:
10500:
10286:
9753:
9725:
9193:Here are some common Egyptian adverbs:
8888:
8812:and number with the nouns they modify:
6551:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6471:was probably pronounced as a fricative
2247:are used interchangeably. In addition,
1413:(he heard) of the verb was replaced by
887:Diagram showing the use of the various
744:Archaic Egyptian (before 2600 BC), the
384:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
12951:
12713:
12179:
12167:, Projectis Publishing, London, 2022.
11964:) and University of California Press (
11945:J. Cerny, S. Israelit-Groll, C. Eyre,
11638:
11532:
10875:
10372:
10345:
10333:
10261:
10082:
10071:longest-attested human language known.
10020:from the original on 12 December 2017.
9711:
8190:Egyptian has three different types of
8101:
8075:
2275:"colour") and after a stressed vowel (
618:. Both schools agree that Afroasiatic
475:. These were eventually supplanted by
12687:
12267:
12223:The old grammars and dictionaries of
11843:
11695:; Bolozky, Shmuel; Fassberg, Steven;
11687:
11647:
11411:
11389:
11365:Hoffmeier, James K (1 October 2007).
11298:
11264:
11176:
11063:
11051:
11035:
11019:
10977:
10961:
10802:
10769:Shaw, Ian; Bloxam, Elizabeth (2020).
10692:
10589:. Cairo: Société d'Archéologie Copte.
10525:
10488:
10236:
10187:
10133:
10003:
9970:
9835:and were not used for aspirates: see
9802:
7980:is most accurately transliterated as
2878:Demotic–Coptic sound correspondences
1404:(pl.) were used as definite articles.
547:(which is spoken in Egypt today) and
40:. For the book by Alan Gardiner, see
12648:
12071:, Griffith Institute, Oxford, 1962.
11824:, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
11801:, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
11556:from the original on 15 August 2014.
11473:
10888:(1). Interview with Bill Manley: 17.
10390:
9786:is only attested in versions of the
9702:is only attested in versions of the
9599:, a continuation of Middle Egyptian
9566:"great house", via Hebrew and Greek)
7776:and after etymological pharyngeals:
2218:
135:(especially during the times of the
12668:
12048:Dictionary of the Egyptian Language
10266:. New York: Routledge. p. 10.
9662:Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian
8775:and the negative infinitive, which
8580:this, that, these, those (archaic)
8077:[təˈwaːtəʔˈʕaːnəχʔaˈmaːnəʔ]
7501:Akhmimic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic
7474:Akhmimic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic
6622:'horn'. Also, the definite article
2928:
1651:Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian
1615:replaced the older writing system.
921:, being at a transitional stage of
24:
12043:Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache
11691:(2013). "Egyptian and Hebrew". In
11301:Die Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen
9854:("tomcat") suffixed with feminine
9349:("opens he door"). The so-called
7834:Sahidic vowel system circa 400 AD
7531:Sahidic, Akhmimic and Lycopolitan
2289:
1574:
1341:, comprising such examples as the
1214:
1200:In the period of the 3rd dynasty (
25:
12980:
12396:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
12233:
11952:Collier, Mark, and Manley, Bill,
10772:The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology
10519:
10089:. Peeters Publishers. p. 1.
10050:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 70.
9872:10.1163/ej.9789004165731.i-612.89
9848:Possibly the precursor of Coptic
7364:Egyptian vowel system c. 1000 BC
7348:(earlier Akkadian transcription:
7289:⟨ṣe-e'-nu/ṣa-a'-nu⟩
7046:
7022:
7011:
7000:
6976:
6965:
6945:
6933:
6921:
6910:
6899:
6872:
6859:
6835:
6824:
6813:
6791:
6782:
6776:
6764:
6758:
6746:
6740:
6728:
6722:
6691:
6680:
6287:
6281:
6269:
6251:
6234:
6217:
6200:
6183:
6166:
6149:
6132:
6115:
6098:
6080:
6063:
6046:
6029:
6012:
5995:
5978:
5961:
5944:
5927:
5909:
5897:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5837:
5825:
5813:
5801:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5701:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5647:
5635:
5623:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5539:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5413:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5293:
5273:
5255:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5159:
5147:
5123:
5111:
5105:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5053:
5041:
5029:
5017:
5011:
4995:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4875:
4855:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4473:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4327:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4185:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3808:
3796:
3780:
3775:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3639:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3532:
3520:
3504:
3499:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3363:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3221:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3079:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2913:
2400:
2070:
2046:
2037:
2030:
1996:
1978:
1929:
1922:
1895:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1818:
1811:
1778:
1771:
1703:
1494:Early Christianity (c. 31/33–324)
1377:, as well as the feminine ending
908:Seal impression from the tomb of
845:, and the liturgical language of
841:), the vernacular at the time of
816:– 400 AD), the vernacular of the
494:
417:. It is known today from a large
12936:
12924:
12740:
12667:
12657:
12647:
12638:
12637:
12626:
12589:
11066:, p. 102, In Roman Demotic
10547:"Hieroglyph | writing character"
10446:"What Is the Egyptian Language?"
10007:Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary
9692:"red land, desert". Proposed by
8752:. Each is indicated by a set of
8035:
6531:
2938:
2908:
2903:
2323:, but they are retained in many
1313:
951:
929:formation can be seen to occur.
776:– 1350 BC), the language of the
762:– 2000 BC), the language of the
430:earliest known written languages
364:
12658:
12026:
11383:
11358:
11307:
11292:
11273:
11258:
10987:
10869:
10834:
10817:Ancient Civilizations of Africa
10808:
10762:
10737:
10710:
10673:
10660:
10647:
10634:
10621:
10608:
10593:
10578:
10564:
10539:
10494:
10438:
10423:
10401:; Steven Blake Shubert (1999).
10280:
10255:
10230:
10181:
10139:
10076:
10039:
9842:
9821:
9808:
9795:
8955:
7922:
7616:, which normally have reflexes
7064:
6553: instead of Coptic letters.
6343:
6324:
2918:
2864:
1136:
899:
564:Otto Rössler. According to the
386: instead of Coptic letters.
263:in government translations and
12780:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
12775:Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
12258:Interlinear Morphemic Glossing
11657:. Cambridge University Press.
11440:. Cambridge University Press.
11421:. Cambridge University Press.
11397:. Cambridge University Press.
10841:Lipiński, E. (Edward) (2001).
10264:The Egyptians: an introduction
9997:
9774:
9674:
7674:(etymological or from lenited
7666:Sahidic and Bohairic preserve
7086:Earlier Egyptian vowel system
2372:
2239:had merged, and the graphemes
1250:in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by
947:), the seal impression reads:
13:
1:
12251:Ancient Egyptian in the wiki
12116:, Undena Publications, 1977.
12087:A Dictionary of Late Egyptian
11786:
11747:Accounting Historians Journal
10407:Egyptian language and writing
10013:. London: Harrison and sons.
9893:
9574:, the Egyptian name given to
8800:
8089:
7552:In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan,
7514:, and Fayyumic renders it as
1708:
1553:
1500:
1201:
941:
835:
810:
792:
770:
756:
523:, a nominal feminine suffix *
12871:Immigrant minority languages
11934:, two vols., Peeters, 2010.
11876:51 (1976), pp. 261–285.
11791:
11280:Vergote, Jozef (1973–1983).
10503:
10430:Kupreyev, Maxim N. (2022) .
10004:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1920).
9910:Erman & Grapow 1926–1961
9688:
9682:
9292:
9270:
9236:
9206:
9043:
9013:
8764:
8718:Independent & Dependent
8694:
8643:
8298:
8266:
8253:
8240:
8082:
8029:
7972:. Between other consonants,
7815:. Pretonic is underlyingly
7628:(in non-final position) and
7595:⟨ioore, iôôre⟩
7356:
7350:
7316:
7263:
7230:
7204:
7114:
7109:
6262:
6091:
5920:
5794:
5658:
5532:
5406:
5266:
5140:
5134:
4988:
4982:
4848:
4722:
4596:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4178:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
3908:
3768:
3632:
3492:
3356:
3350:
3214:
3072:
2946:
2467:Demotic Egyptian consonants
2395:
2367:
2360:
2358:> Akkadian transcription
2311:
2309:> Akkadian transcription
1644:
1585:
1510:), from the 1st century AD.
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1386:The demonstrative pronouns
1379:
590:
425:in the early 19th century.
401:
91:
7:
12969:Extinct languages of Africa
12581:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
12401:Population history of Egypt
12195:Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae
11895:
11570:Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012).
11561:Schenkel, Wolfgang (1990).
11493:Callender, John B. (1975).
11455:Haspelmath, Martin (2001).
10287:Mc Call, Daniel F. (1998).
10237:Ehret, Christopher (1996).
10194:. OUP Oxford. p. 264.
9632:Ancient Egyptian literature
9627:Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae
9620:
9450:, via Greek and then Latin)
8185:
7952:Egyptological pronunciation
7659:⟨eroi, erôou⟩
7641:⟨eroi, eroou⟩
6360:
1528:
1267:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1244:decipherment of hieroglyphs
513:nonconcatenative morphology
501:Afroasiatic language family
471:, diversified into various
10:
12985:
12260:of Ancient Egyptian texts)
12253:Glossing Ancient Languages
12214:Mark Vygus Dictionary 2018
12131:, Actes Sud, Arles, 2010.
11850:. Peust & Gutschmidt.
11759:10.2308/0148-4184.29.1.195
11654:Ancient Egyptian Phonology
11542:Satzinger, Helmut (2008).
11512:Loprieno, Antonio (1995).
10534:Frühägyptisches Wörterbuch
9397:
9115:
8152:) and singular or plural (
7653:⟨elai, elau⟩
7647:⟨arai, arau⟩
7608:Similarly, the diphthongs
7601:⟨iaal, iaar⟩
6562:are preserved as ejective
6460:'has become'. The phoneme
6438:, Sahidic and Lycopolitan
1717:Early Egyptian consonants
1648:
1482:
1445:
1441:
1335:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
1298:in official and religious
1280:
1225:Second Intermediate Period
1046:
1023:
1002:
981:
955:
684:
665:languages in general, and
56:
31:
12959:Ancient Egyptian language
12896:
12870:
12849:
12804:
12788:
12757:
12735:
12721:
12621:
12598:
12587:
12325:
12302:
12256:(recommendations for the
12149:, Peeters, Leuven, 1984.
11474:Bard, Kathryn A. (1999).
10149:The Afroasiatic Languages
10083:Layton, Benjamin (2007).
9947:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
9581:The etymological root of
9393:
9320:
8528:this, that, these, those
8493:
8490:
8487:
8451:
8396:
8391:
8365:
8310:
8305:
8273:
8229:
8224:
8211:
8083:təwā́təʾ-ʿā́nəkh-ʾamā́nəʾ
7934:
7913:
7840:
7784:'street' (Semitic loan).
7682:),: Sahidic and Bohairic
7645:Akhmimic and Lycopolitan
7430:
7261:(Akkadian transcription:
7228:(Akkadian transcription:
7202:(Akkadian transcription:
7126:
7077:
7034:
6990:
6882:
6705:
6670:
6641:
6411:in Akhmimic). Pharyngeal
2892:
2887:
2882:
2777:
2703:
2639:⟨d ḏ t ṯ ṱ⟩
2630:
2567:
2543:
2524:
2510:
2478:
2471:
2062:
2024:
1909:
1798:
1765:
1721:
1478:
1448:Demotic Egyptian language
1161:
804:Third Intermediate Period
346:
330:
305:
276:
271:
230:
201:
176:
153:
143:
123:
98:
54:
49:
12837:Sinai Peninsula (Sinawi)
12633:Ancient Egypt portal
12202:14 December 2020 at the
11956:, British Museum Press (
11533:Meyers, Eric M. (1997).
11331:, pp. 10, 224, 250.
10600:Polotsky, H. J. (1965).
10585:Polotsky, H. J. (1944).
10536:, Part 1 (2002), p. 229.
10532:, Markus Bretschneider,
10056:10.1515/9783110346510.69
9754:Vycichl, Werner (1936).
9696::1). Note that the name
9667:
9418:Coptic Catholic Churches
8785:and temporally-unmarked
8724:
8137:
7583:⟨eioor(e)⟩
7314:(Akkadian transcription
7212:, therefore, changes to
6415:had merged into glottal
543:languages, particularly
481:Muslim conquest of Egypt
432:, first recorded in the
171:Coptic Catholic Churches
11997:Middle Egyptian Grammar
11947:A Late Egyptian Grammar
11844:Peust, Carsten (1999).
11497:. Undena Publications.
10876:Eiland, Murray (2020).
10587:Études de syntaxe copte
10551:Encyclopædia Britannica
10262:Morkot, Robert (2005).
9855:
9849:
9600:
9557:
9535:
9521:
9507:
9493:
9487:
9473:
9459:
9445:
9381:
9375:
9369:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9307:
9285:
9263:
9247:
9229:
9217:
9199:
9175:
9169:
9164:
9150:
9148:
9137:
9136:
9125:
9124:
9102:
9090:
9078:
9066:
9054:
9036:
9024:
9006:
8994:
8982:
8970:
8943:
8938:
8921:
8916:
8899:
8894:
8880:
8879:
8868:
8867:
8850:
8845:
8831:
8830:
8819:
8818:
8757:
8708:
8687:
8672:
8657:
8636:
8620:Interrogative pronouns
8599:
8592:
8585:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8483:Demonstrative pronouns
8469:
8462:
8455:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8417:
8410:
8403:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8259:
8246:
8233:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8117:
8107:
8095:
8018:
7981:
7678:or tonic-syllable coda
6615:: Sahidic and Bohairic
1123:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
784:and continuing on as a
596:
531:, an adjectival suffix
519:, a three-vowel system
454:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
428:Egyptian is one of the
127:Originally, throughout
110:detailing treatment of
42:Egyptian Grammar (book)
12904:Egyptian Sign Language
12758:Spoken Arabic dialects
12729:Modern Standard Arabic
12161:de Vartavan, Christian
9551:
9544:
9529:
9515:
9501:
9481:
9467:
9453:
9439:
8960:Egyptian makes use of
6539:This article contains
6506:'horn'). The phonemes
2195:'bad') and as ⟨
2175:is written as ⟨
1523:Coptic Catholic Church
1519:Coptic Orthodox Church
1460:
1290:
913:
896:
746:reconstructed language
602:
566:
411:Afro-Asiatic languages
372:This article contains
259:(later, occasionally,
12307:Glossary of artifacts
12187:The Beinlich Wordlist
11976:Gardiner, Sir Alan H.
11883:, IFAO, Cairo, 1990.
11663:10.1017/9781108751827
11459:. Walter de Gruyter.
11314:Schenkel, W. (1983).
10994:Depuydt, Leo (1993).
10188:Allan, Keith (2013).
9398:Further information:
8977:"in, as, with, from"
7961:. Yodh is pronounced
7821:⟨hibôi⟩
7760:ẖnw. An etymological
7733:⟨noute⟩
7689:'to you (fem.)' <
7495:Sahidic and Bohairic
7468:Sahidic and Bohairic
7277:⟨ḏꜥn.t⟩
2675:⟨q k g⟩
2663:⟨g k q⟩
2315:'dbn-weight'). Also,
2201:⟨ḫꜥjjk⟩
1649:Further information:
1504: 3rd century BC
1455:
1431:(he has accused him).
1304:Égyptien de tradition
1291:Égyptien de tradition
1283:Egyptien de tradition
1277:Egyptien de tradition
907:
886:
872:was derived from the
847:Egyptian Christianity
788:into the 4th century,
750:Early Dynastic Period
706:standard Old Egyptian
648:⟨k g q⟩
644:⟨ṯ j ḏ⟩
622:merged with Egyptian
606:, instead connecting
161:); still used as the
12789:Historical languages
12065:Faulkner, Raymond O.
11856:10.11588/diglit.1167
11781:on 31 December 2019.
11643:. de Gruyter Mouton.
10293:Current Anthropology
9866:. pp. 407–418.
9647:Egyptian hieroglyphs
8732:Finite verbs convey
8112:("be upside-down").
8080:, transliterable as
7805:⟨ašai⟩
7751:⟨houn⟩
7569:⟨jtrw⟩
7560:before etymological
7539:⟨tʰba⟩
2829:⟨y ı͗⟩
2736:⟨h̭ ḫ⟩
2353:⟨pḏ.t⟩
2277:⟨ḥjpw⟩
1550:Late Egyptian letter
1320:New Kingdom of Egypt
1310:in the 4th century.
681:group of languages.
603:neuere Komparatistik
567:neuere Komparatistik
557:neuere Komparatistik
12453:Cursive hieroglyphs
12247:by Helmut Satzinger
12210:, Berlin, Germany).
12180:Online dictionaries
12010:Selden, Daniel L.,
11928:Borghouts, Joris F.
11820:Loprieno, Antonio,
11739:Mattessich, Richard
11574:. Tübingen: Pagina.
10434:. Brill. p. 3.
9410:liturgical language
9327:verb-subject-object
8621:
8484:
8208:
8116:Thus, orthographic
7835:
7811:) or an unstressed
7778:⟨hir⟩
7740:⟨hôn⟩
7722:⟨nṯr⟩
7709:and in diphthongs.
7630:⟨ôou⟩
7589:⟨ior⟩
7545:⟨tbe⟩
7533:⟨tba⟩
7523:⟨ḏbꜥ⟩
7503:⟨ren⟩
7497:⟨ran⟩
7476:⟨san⟩
7470:⟨son⟩
7365:
7338:⟨wꜥw⟩
7304:⟨nfr⟩
7293:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7247:⟨mnj⟩
7218:⟨šnj⟩
7192:⟨ḥrw⟩
7153:⟨jnn⟩
7145:⟨rmṯ⟩
7137:⟨tpj⟩
7087:
6638:
6353:of /pʰ/ in Demotic.
2879:
2815:⟨l r⟩
2748:⟨ẖ ḫ⟩
2651:⟨ḏ ṯ⟩
2576:⟨t ṯ⟩
2468:
2304:⟨dbn⟩
1718:
1686:ejective consonants
1678:emphatic consonants
1626:to represent their
1595:cursive hieroglyphs
1260:Hans Jakob Polotsky
1223:and the subsequent
570:, in Egyptian, the
527:, a nominal prefix
517:emphatic consonants
485:liturgical language
465:classical antiquity
434:hieroglyphic script
413:that was spoken in
245:cursive hieroglyphs
163:liturgical language
12805:Minority languages
12715:Languages of Egypt
12426:Funerary practices
12225:E. A. Wallis Budge
11874:Chronique d'Égypte
11697:Rendsburg, Gary A.
11299:Osing, J. (1976).
10996:"On Coptic Sounds"
10679:Christidēs et al.
10452:. 11 December 2019
9780:However, the name
8619:
8482:
8207:Personal pronouns
8206:
8023:("living image of
7948:'transformation'.
7833:
7768:often surfaces as
7684:⟨ne⟩
7626:⟨ôi⟩
7483:⟨rn⟩
7460:⟨sn⟩
7363:
7194:'(the god) Horus'
7178:, around 1200 BC,
7161:⟨mn⟩
7085:
6637:Coptic consonants
6636:
2877:
2466:
2117:Possibly unvoiced
1716:
1690:Cushitic languages
1563:man with a man of
1498:Hellenistic period
1461:
1363:synthetic language
1350:Instruction of Any
1235:, and the related
1193:, phonograms, and
914:
897:
809:Demotic Egyptian (
594:'portal', Semitic
574:voiced consonants
12912:
12911:
12850:Foreign languages
12796:Egyptian language
12722:Official language
12681:
12680:
12436:Great Royal Wives
12406:Prehistoric Egypt
12173:978-1-913984-16-8
12137:978-2-7427-8922-1
12083:Lesko, Leonard H.
12057:978-3-05-002264-2
12020:978-0-520-27546-1
11940:978-9-042-92294-5
11879:Vycichl, Werner,
11815:978-1-107-66467-8
11807:978-1-107-03246-0
11797:Allen, James P.,
11730:978-90-04-17642-3
11672:978-1-108-48555-5
11525:978-0-521-44384-5
11504:978-0-89003-006-6
11447:978-0-521-83307-3
11428:978-1-107-66467-8
11404:978-0-521-65312-1
11226:, pp. 47–48.
11148:, pp. 40–42.
11068:⟨ꜥ⟩
10749:isac.uchicago.edu
10416:978-0-415-18589-9
9881:978-90-04-16573-1
9652:Egyptian numerals
9426:Coptic substratum
9318:
9317:
9189:" god went there"
9113:
9112:
9073:"behind, around"
8935:adjectival phrase
8722:
8721:
8610:
8609:
8477:
8476:
8192:personal pronouns
8011:⟨u⟩
8007:⟨i⟩
8003:⟨a⟩
7920:
7919:
7819:: Sahidic 'ibis'
7797:⟨i⟩
7793:⟨e⟩
7749:ẖnn vs. 'inside'
7636:"to me, to them"
7516:⟨e⟩
7437:
7436:
7133:
7132:
7060:
7059:
6958:
6892:
6850:
6804:
6715:
6547:rendering support
6376:(most often from
6320:
6319:
2860:
2859:
2853:⟨ꜥ⟩
2841:⟨w⟩
2803:⟨r⟩
2791:⟨b⟩
2772:⟨h⟩
2760:⟨ḥ⟩
2724:⟨š⟩
2712:⟨s⟩
2700:⟨f⟩
2689:
2626:
2612:⟨k⟩
2600:⟨k⟩
2588:⟨ṯ⟩
2564:⟨p⟩
2553:
2461:⟨ ⟩
2245:⟨z⟩
2241:⟨s⟩
2098:
2097:
1991:
1919:
1866:
1808:
1605:Twentieth Dynasty
1535:prestige register
1367:analytic language
1328:literary language
1177:
1176:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
999:
998:
995:
994:
978:
977:
974:
973:
786:literary language
769:Middle Egyptian (
671:Proto-Afroasiatic
667:Semitic languages
636:⟨j⟩
632:⟨ꜣ⟩
628:⟨r⟩
624:⟨n⟩
608:⟨ꜥ⟩
583:⟨ꜥ⟩
572:Proto-Afroasiatic
448:," served as the
438:4th millennium BC
393:Egyptian language
380:rendering support
360:
359:
148:Ancient Egyptians
88:
87:
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
12976:
12941:
12940:
12929:
12928:
12927:
12920:
12750:
12745:
12744:
12743:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12685:
12684:
12671:
12670:
12661:
12660:
12651:
12650:
12641:
12640:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12593:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12265:
12264:
12112:Shennum, David,
12093:, 2002 et 2004.
12061:
11995:Hoch, James E.,
11889:9782-7247-0096-1
11869:
11782:
11777:. Archived from
11734:
11713:Brill Publishers
11684:
11644:
11633:
11629:9782-7247-0096-1
11611:
11605:
11597:
11593:9782-7247-0096-1
11575:
11566:
11557:
11555:
11548:
11538:
11529:
11508:
11489:
11470:
11451:
11432:
11408:
11377:
11376:
11362:
11356:
11350:
11344:
11338:
11332:
11326:
11320:
11319:
11311:
11305:
11304:
11296:
11290:
11289:
11277:
11271:
11270:
11262:
11256:
11250:
11244:
11238:
11227:
11221:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11197:
11180:
11174:
11168:
11162:
11149:
11143:
11137:
11131:
11125:
11119:
11108:
11102:
11091:
11085:
11072:
11069:
11061:
11055:
11049:
11043:
11033:
11027:
11017:
11011:
11010:
11000:
10991:
10985:
10975:
10969:
10959:
10953:
10947:
10934:
10928:
10919:
10913:
10907:
10901:
10890:
10889:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10812:
10806:
10800:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10766:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10741:
10735:
10734:
10714:
10708:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10684:
10677:
10671:
10664:
10658:
10651:
10645:
10638:
10632:
10625:
10619:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10543:
10537:
10523:
10517:
10516:
10506:
10498:
10492:
10486:
10477:
10471:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10399:Bard, Kathryn A.
10394:
10388:
10382:
10376:
10370:
10364:
10358:
10349:
10343:
10337:
10336:, p. 13-14.
10331:
10325:
10324:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10234:
10228:
10222:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10185:
10179:
10173:
10164:
10163:
10143:
10137:
10131:
10120:
10114:
10105:
10104:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10043:
10037:
10031:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10012:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9974:
9968:
9953:
9952:
9946:
9938:
9936:
9934:
9927:ancientsudan.org
9919:
9913:
9907:
9887:
9885:
9846:
9840:
9834:
9825:
9819:
9812:
9806:
9799:
9793:
9778:
9772:
9771:
9761:
9742:passive speakers
9735:
9718:
9709:
9691:
9685:
9678:
9608:
9572:Zaphnath-Paaneah
9565:
9363:Berber languages
9301:
9295:
9279:
9273:
9258:"which moment")
9257:
9239:
9209:
9196:
9195:
9046:
9016:
8967:
8966:
8951:
8948:(" god great",
8926:(" great god").
8890:
8841:
8767:
8697:
8646:
8622:
8618:
8485:
8481:
8301:
8269:
8256:
8243:
8209:
8205:
8134:("a choosing").
8130:forms or even a
8105:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8032:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7993:
7975:
7971:
7964:
7960:
7947:
7943:
7916:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7880:
7875:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7513:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7477:
7471:
7464:
7461:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7433:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7395:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7290:
7286:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7129:
7117:
7112:
7088:
7084:
7071:
7068:
7050:
7044:
7026:
7020:
7015:
7009:
7004:
6998:
6980:
6974:
6969:
6963:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6876:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6846:
6839:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6800:
6795:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6711:
6695:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6597:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6567:
6535:
6534:
6521:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6470:
6463:
6459:
6448:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6422:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6390:
6383:
6372:
6369:had merged into
6354:
6347:
6341:
6328:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6265:
6255:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5797:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5661:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5535:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5409:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5143:
5137:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4985:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4599:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3503:
3495:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2893:Coptic reflexes
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2854:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2816:
2813:
2804:
2801:
2792:
2789:
2773:
2770:
2761:
2758:
2749:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2722:
2713:
2710:
2701:
2698:
2685:
2676:
2673:
2664:
2661:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2598:
2589:
2586:
2577:
2574:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2531:
2522:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2404:
2398:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2122:
2115:
2090:
2074:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2018:
2000:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1926:
1915:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1873:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1822:
1815:
1804:
1782:
1775:
1719:
1715:
1600:Book of the Dead
1588:
1558:
1555:
1537:rather than the
1505:
1502:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1344:Story of Wenamun
1293:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1138:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1007:
1006:
1003:
986:
985:
982:
960:
959:
956:
952:
946:
943:
878:Ptolemaic period
843:Christianisation
840:
837:
815:
812:
797:
794:
775:
772:
761:
758:
722:Demotic Egyptian
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
599:
593:
587:
584:
577:
569:
522:
444:form, known as "
404:
397:Ancient Egyptian
368:
367:
356:
342:
317:
310:
296:
290:
289:
281:
236:
224:
216:
210:
182:
103:
94:
61:
60:
57:
47:
46:
21:
18:Archaic Egyptian
12984:
12983:
12979:
12978:
12977:
12975:
12974:
12973:
12949:
12948:
12947:
12935:
12925:
12923:
12915:
12913:
12908:
12892:
12866:
12845:
12800:
12784:
12765:Egyptian Arabic
12753:
12746:
12741:
12739:
12733:
12717:
12712:
12682:
12677:
12627:
12625:
12617:
12594:
12585:
12321:
12298:
12292:
12236:
12221:Important Note:
12204:Wayback Machine
12182:
12143:Vycichl, Werner
12058:
12038:Grapow, Hermann
12029:
11902:Allen, James P.
11898:
11866:
11794:
11789:
11731:
11689:Rubin, Aaron D.
11673:
11649:Allen, James P.
11630:
11622:. Cairo: IFAO.
11616:Vycichl, Werner
11599:
11598:
11594:
11580:Vycichl, Werner
11553:
11546:
11526:
11505:
11495:Middle Egyptian
11486:
11467:
11448:
11429:
11413:Allen, James P.
11405:
11391:Allen, James P.
11386:
11381:
11380:
11372:Trinity Journal
11363:
11359:
11351:
11347:
11339:
11335:
11327:
11323:
11312:
11308:
11297:
11293:
11286:Peters, Louvain
11282:Grammaire Copte
11278:
11274:
11263:
11259:
11251:
11247:
11239:
11230:
11222:
11218:
11210:
11206:
11198:
11183:
11175:
11171:
11163:
11152:
11144:
11140:
11132:
11128:
11120:
11111:
11103:
11094:
11086:
11075:
11067:
11062:
11058:
11050:
11046:
11034:
11030:
11018:
11014:
10998:
10992:
10988:
10976:
10972:
10960:
10956:
10948:
10937:
10929:
10922:
10914:
10910:
10902:
10893:
10874:
10870:
10855:
10839:
10835:
10828:
10814:
10813:
10809:
10801:
10797:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10767:
10763:
10753:
10751:
10743:
10742:
10738:
10731:
10715:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10691:
10687:
10678:
10674:
10665:
10661:
10652:
10648:
10639:
10635:
10626:
10622:
10613:
10609:
10602:Egyptian Tenses
10598:
10594:
10583:
10579:
10570:
10569:
10565:
10555:
10553:
10545:
10544:
10540:
10524:
10520:
10509:Lingua Aegyptia
10499:
10495:
10487:
10480:
10474:Mattessich 2002
10472:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10444:
10443:
10439:
10428:
10424:
10417:
10395:
10391:
10383:
10379:
10371:
10367:
10359:
10352:
10344:
10340:
10332:
10328:
10285:
10281:
10274:
10260:
10256:
10249:
10239:Egypt in Africa
10235:
10231:
10223:
10216:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10186:
10182:
10174:
10167:
10160:
10144:
10140:
10132:
10123:
10115:
10108:
10097:
10081:
10077:
10066:
10044:
10040:
10032:
10025:
10017:
10010:
10002:
9998:
9990:
9977:
9969:
9956:
9940:
9939:
9932:
9930:
9921:
9920:
9916:
9908:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9890:
9882:
9847:
9843:
9826:
9822:
9813:
9809:
9800:
9796:
9789:Story of Sinuhe
9779:
9775:
9759:
9719:
9712:
9705:Story of Sinuhe
9679:
9675:
9670:
9642:Egyptian Arabic
9637:Coptic language
9623:
9609:"temple of the
9585:is the same as
9433:Classical Greek
9422:Egyptian Arabic
9414:Coptic Orthodox
9406:Coptic language
9402:
9396:
9351:construct state
9323:
9191:
9162:
9146:
9134:
9118:
8958:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8892:
8877:
8863:
8862:
8843:
8828:
8803:
8762:("to hear") is
8727:
8393:
8307:
8226:
8188:
8140:
8103:[riːʕa]
8092:
8038:
8034:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7954:
7937:
7925:
7820:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7777:
7750:
7739:
7732:
7721:
7683:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7629:
7625:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7568:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7525:'ten thousand'
7522:
7515:
7502:
7496:
7482:
7475:
7469:
7459:
7337:
7303:
7288:
7276:
7246:
7217:
7191:
7188:Canaanite shift
7160:
7152:
7144:
7136:
7080:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7045:
7042:
7021:
7018:
7010:
7007:
6999:
6996:
6975:
6972:
6964:
6961:
6944:
6941:
6931:
6928:
6920:
6917:
6909:
6906:
6898:
6895:
6871:
6868:
6858:
6855:
6834:
6831:
6823:
6820:
6812:
6809:
6790:
6775:
6772:
6757:
6754:
6739:
6736:
6721:
6718:
6690:
6687:
6679:
6676:
6630:'the account'.
6628:ⲡ + ⲱⲡ > ⲡⲱⲡ
6627:
6623:
6616:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6580:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6545:Without proper
6536:
6532:
6519:
6499:
6491:
6480:
6461:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6408:
6404:
6381:
6370:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6348:
6344:
6329:
6325:
6277:
6247:
6243:
6230:
6226:
6213:
6209:
6196:
6192:
6179:
6175:
6162:
6158:
6145:
6141:
6128:
6124:
6111:
6107:
6076:
6072:
6059:
6055:
6042:
6038:
6025:
6021:
6008:
6004:
5991:
5987:
5974:
5970:
5957:
5953:
5940:
5936:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5833:
5821:
5809:
5779:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5697:
5685:
5673:
5643:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5559:
5547:
5517:
5505:
5493:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5421:
5391:
5379:
5367:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5215:
5203:
5191:
5179:
5167:
5155:
5119:
5101:
5097:
5085:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5037:
5025:
5007:
5003:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4707:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4581:
4569:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4481:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3664:
3652:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3388:
3376:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3246:
3234:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2460:
2375:
2370:
2352:
2303:
2292:
2276:
2244:
2240:
2221:
2219:Middle Egyptian
2200:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2103:
1711:
1706:
1653:
1647:
1635:transliteration
1613:Coptic alphabet
1577:
1575:Writing systems
1556:
1546:Coptic alphabet
1531:
1503:
1487:
1485:Coptic language
1481:
1450:
1444:
1324:Middle Egyptian
1316:
1285:
1279:
1233:cursive variant
1217:
1215:Middle Egyptian
1208:
1204:
1162:"He has united
1060:
1055:
1033:
1011:
990:
969:
964:
944:
902:
870:Coptic alphabet
838:
813:
795:
791:Late Egyptian (
773:
759:
734:
716:Later Egyptian
711:Middle Egyptian
687:
647:
643:
635:
631:
627:
623:
607:
582:
578:developed into
497:
473:Coptic dialects
463:By the time of
446:Middle Egyptian
389:
388:
387:
378:Without proper
369:
365:
352:
338:
313:
306:
292:
285:
284:
277:
237:
232:
220:Coptic dialects
197:
183:
180:Language family
178:
167:Coptic Orthodox
137:Nubian kingdoms
119:
89:
79:
65:
45:
38:Coptic language
34:Egyptian Arabic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12982:
12972:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12946:
12945:
12933:
12910:
12909:
12907:
12906:
12900:
12898:
12897:Sign languages
12894:
12893:
12891:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12874:
12872:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12864:
12859:
12853:
12851:
12847:
12846:
12844:
12843:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12808:
12806:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12798:
12792:
12790:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12770:Upper Egyptian
12767:
12761:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12751:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12731:
12725:
12723:
12719:
12718:
12711:
12710:
12703:
12696:
12688:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12675:
12665:
12655:
12645:
12635:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12567:
12566:
12561:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12478:
12477:
12472:
12462:
12457:
12456:
12455:
12445:
12444:
12443:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12387:
12386:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12365:
12364:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12332:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12303:
12300:
12299:
12291:
12290:
12283:
12276:
12268:
12262:
12261:
12248:
12242:
12235:
12234:External links
12232:
12218:
12217:
12211:
12191:
12181:
12178:
12177:
12176:
12158:
12140:
12125:
12110:
12080:
12062:
12056:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12008:
11993:
11973:
11950:
11943:
11925:
11897:
11894:
11893:
11892:
11877:
11870:
11864:
11841:
11818:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11784:
11783:
11753:(1): 195–208.
11735:
11729:
11693:Khan, Geoffrey
11685:
11671:
11645:
11635:
11634:
11628:
11612:
11592:
11576:
11567:
11558:
11539:
11530:
11524:
11509:
11503:
11490:
11484:
11471:
11465:
11452:
11446:
11433:
11427:
11409:
11403:
11385:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11357:
11345:
11343:, p. 215.
11333:
11321:
11306:
11291:
11272:
11257:
11245:
11228:
11216:
11204:
11181:
11169:
11150:
11138:
11126:
11109:
11092:
11073:
11056:
11044:
11028:
11012:
10986:
10970:
10954:
10935:
10920:
10908:
10891:
10868:
10853:
10833:
10826:
10807:
10795:
10781:
10761:
10736:
10730:978-9004128859
10729:
10709:
10705:Satzinger 2008
10697:
10685:
10672:
10659:
10646:
10633:
10620:
10607:
10592:
10577:
10563:
10538:
10518:
10493:
10491:, p. 2f..
10478:
10463:
10437:
10422:
10415:
10389:
10377:
10375:, p. 8-9.
10365:
10350:
10338:
10326:
10321:10.1086/204702
10305:10.1086/204702
10299:(1): 139–144.
10279:
10272:
10254:
10247:
10229:
10214:
10201:978-0199585847
10200:
10180:
10165:
10158:
10138:
10121:
10106:
10095:
10075:
10064:
10038:
10023:
9996:
9975:
9954:
9914:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9880:
9841:
9837:Loprieno (1995
9820:
9816:Loprieno (1995
9807:
9794:
9773:
9710:
9694:Schenkel (1990
9672:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9622:
9619:
9568:
9567:
9549:
9541:
9527:
9513:
9499:
9479:
9465:
9451:
9395:
9392:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9304:
9303:
9296:
9282:
9281:
9274:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9214:
9213:
9210:
9147:
9135:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9099:
9098:
9095:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9075:
9074:
9071:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9051:
9050:
9047:
9033:
9032:
9029:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8957:
8954:
8906:woman good.FEM
8878:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8829:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8802:
8799:
8768:("he hears").
8726:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8662:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8616:counterparts:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8571:
8564:
8556:
8555:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8475:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8427:
8423:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8257:
8244:
8231:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8187:
8184:
8139:
8136:
8091:
8088:
8033:is pronounced
7953:
7950:
7936:
7933:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7823:< h(j)bj.w
7664:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7632:respectively:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7541:
7535:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7472:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7016:
7005:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6970:
6959:
6951:
6950:
6939:
6926:
6915:
6904:
6893:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6866:
6864:
6853:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6829:
6818:
6807:
6805:
6797:
6796:
6788:
6770:
6752:
6734:
6716:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6685:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6549:, you may see
6537:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6510:occur only in
6362:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6342:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6275:
6266:
6258:
6257:
6240:
6223:
6206:
6189:
6172:
6155:
6138:
6121:
6104:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6069:
6052:
6035:
6018:
6001:
5984:
5967:
5950:
5933:
5924:
5916:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5807:
5798:
5790:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5753:
5741:
5729:
5717:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5629:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5536:
5528:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5431:
5419:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5279:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5144:
5130:
5129:
5117:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5001:
4992:
4978:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4861:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4479:
4470:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4333:
4324:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4191:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4056:
4024:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3802:
3786:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3662:
3650:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3526:
3510:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3386:
3374:
3360:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3244:
3232:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3085:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2291:
2288:
2220:
2217:
2124:
2123:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1666:Modern Italian
1646:
1643:
1576:
1573:
1557: 1200 BC
1542:speech variety
1530:
1527:
1483:Main article:
1480:
1477:
1465:Demotic script
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1425:(make), as in
1405:
1384:
1315:
1312:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1269:(known as the
1221:Middle Kingdom
1216:
1213:
1209: 2575 BC
1195:determinatives
1183:Diary of Merer
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1115:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
966:
945: 2690 BC
919:writing system
901:
898:
874:Greek alphabet
851:
850:
829:
807:
789:
778:Middle Kingdom
767:
755:Old Egyptian (
753:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
720:
714:
713:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
691:
686:
683:
677:rather than a
642:palatalise to
515:, a series of
496:
495:Classification
493:
407:extinct branch
382:, you may see
370:
363:
362:
361:
358:
357:
350:
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
311:
303:
302:
282:
274:
273:
272:Language codes
269:
268:
238:
234:Writing system
231:
228:
227:
226:
225:
217:
211:
203:
199:
198:
196:
195:
186:
184:
177:
174:
173:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
125:
121:
120:
104:
96:
95:
86:
85:
82:
81:
76:
73:
70:
67:
55:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12981:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12956:
12954:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12932:
12931:Ancient Egypt
12922:
12921:
12918:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12895:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12875:
12873:
12869:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12809:
12807:
12803:
12797:
12794:
12793:
12791:
12787:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12756:
12749:
12738:
12730:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12709:
12704:
12702:
12697:
12695:
12690:
12689:
12686:
12674:
12666:
12664:
12656:
12654:
12646:
12644:
12636:
12634:
12624:
12623:
12620:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12608:Egyptologists
12606:
12604:
12601:
12600:
12597:
12592:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12519:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12467:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12449:
12446:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12385:
12382:
12381:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12355:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12327:
12324:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12301:
12296:
12295:Ancient Egypt
12289:
12284:
12282:
12277:
12275:
12270:
12269:
12266:
12259:
12255:
12254:
12249:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12237:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12222:
12215:
12212:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12196:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12184:
12183:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12159:
12156:
12155:2-8017-0197-1
12152:
12148:
12144:
12141:
12138:
12134:
12130:
12126:
12123:
12122:0-89003-054-5
12119:
12115:
12111:
12108:
12107:0-930548-15-9
12104:
12100:
12099:0-930548-14-0
12096:
12092:
12088:
12084:
12081:
12078:
12077:0-900416-32-7
12074:
12070:
12066:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12044:
12040:(1926–1961).
12039:
12035:
12031:
12030:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12006:
12005:0-920168-12-4
12002:
11998:
11994:
11991:
11990:0-900416-35-1
11987:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11974:
11972:), both 1998.
11971:
11970:0-520-21597-4
11967:
11963:
11962:0-7141-1910-5
11959:
11955:
11951:
11948:
11944:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11923:
11922:0-521-77483-7
11919:
11915:
11914:0-521-65312-6
11911:
11907:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11875:
11871:
11867:
11865:3-933043-02-6
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11848:
11842:
11839:
11838:0-521-44849-2
11835:
11831:
11830:0-521-44384-9
11827:
11823:
11819:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11795:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11726:
11722:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11655:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11625:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11603:
11595:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11568:
11564:
11559:
11552:
11545:
11540:
11536:
11531:
11527:
11521:
11517:
11516:
11510:
11506:
11500:
11496:
11491:
11487:
11485:0-415-18589-0
11481:
11478:. Routledge.
11477:
11472:
11468:
11466:3-11-017154-6
11462:
11458:
11453:
11449:
11443:
11439:
11434:
11430:
11424:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11387:
11374:
11373:
11368:
11361:
11355:, p. 65.
11354:
11353:Loprieno 1995
11349:
11342:
11337:
11330:
11325:
11317:
11310:
11302:
11295:
11287:
11283:
11276:
11268:
11261:
11255:, p. 37.
11254:
11253:Loprieno 1995
11249:
11243:, p. 48.
11242:
11241:Loprieno 1995
11237:
11235:
11233:
11225:
11224:Loprieno 1995
11220:
11214:, p. 47.
11213:
11212:Loprieno 1995
11208:
11202:, p. 39.
11201:
11200:Loprieno 1995
11196:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11178:
11173:
11167:, p. 36.
11166:
11165:Loprieno 1995
11161:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11147:
11146:Loprieno 1995
11142:
11136:, p. 43.
11135:
11134:Loprieno 1995
11130:
11124:, p. 42.
11123:
11122:Loprieno 1995
11118:
11116:
11114:
11107:, p. 46.
11106:
11105:Loprieno 1995
11101:
11099:
11097:
11090:, p. 41.
11089:
11088:Loprieno 1995
11084:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11065:
11060:
11053:
11048:
11041:
11037:
11032:
11025:
11021:
11016:
11008:
11004:
10997:
10990:
10983:
10979:
10974:
10967:
10963:
10958:
10952:, p. 38.
10951:
10950:Loprieno 1995
10946:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10933:, p. 35.
10932:
10931:Loprieno 1995
10927:
10925:
10918:, p. 34.
10917:
10916:Loprieno 1995
10912:
10906:, p. 33.
10905:
10904:Loprieno 1995
10900:
10898:
10896:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10872:
10864:
10860:
10856:
10854:90-429-0815-7
10850:
10846:
10845:
10837:
10829:
10823:
10819:
10818:
10811:
10805:, p. 13.
10804:
10799:
10784:
10782:9780192596987
10778:
10774:
10773:
10765:
10750:
10746:
10740:
10732:
10726:
10722:
10721:
10713:
10707:, p. 10.
10706:
10701:
10694:
10689:
10682:
10676:
10669:
10663:
10656:
10650:
10643:
10637:
10630:
10624:
10617:
10611:
10603:
10596:
10588:
10581:
10573:
10567:
10552:
10548:
10542:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10522:
10514:
10510:
10505:
10497:
10490:
10485:
10483:
10475:
10470:
10468:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10433:
10426:
10418:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10393:
10387:, p. 52.
10386:
10385:Loprieno 1995
10381:
10374:
10369:
10363:, p. 31.
10362:
10361:Loprieno 1995
10357:
10355:
10347:
10342:
10335:
10330:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10283:
10275:
10269:
10265:
10258:
10250:
10248:0-936260-64-5
10244:
10240:
10233:
10227:, p. 51.
10226:
10225:Loprieno 1995
10221:
10219:
10203:
10197:
10193:
10192:
10184:
10177:
10176:Loprieno 1995
10172:
10170:
10161:
10159:9780521865333
10155:
10151:
10150:
10142:
10135:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10118:
10117:Loprieno 1995
10113:
10111:
10103:
10098:
10096:9789042918108
10092:
10088:
10087:
10079:
10072:
10067:
10065:9783110346510
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10042:
10035:
10034:Loprieno 1995
10030:
10028:
10016:
10009:
10008:
10000:
9993:
9992:Loprieno 1995
9988:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9972:
9967:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9950:
9944:
9928:
9924:
9918:
9911:
9906:
9904:
9899:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9852:
9845:
9838:
9832:
9824:
9817:
9811:
9804:
9798:
9791:
9790:
9785:
9784:
9777:
9769:
9766:(in German).
9765:
9757:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9717:
9715:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9684:
9677:
9673:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9577:
9573:
9561:
9560:
9555:
9554:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9540:, via Greek))
9539:
9538:
9533:
9532:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9391:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9372:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9329:as the basic
9328:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9306:
9305:
9297:
9294:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9283:
9280:"like-what")
9275:
9272:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9261:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9245:
9241:
9238:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9227:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9203:
9202:
9198:
9197:
9194:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9121:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9101:
9100:
9096:
9094:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9077:
9076:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9040:
9039:
9035:
9034:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9010:
9009:
9005:
9004:
9000:
8998:
8997:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8910:
8909:" good woman"
8907:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8861:
8858:
8857:man good.MASC
8855:
8854:
8853:
8849:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8730:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8640:
8639:
8635:
8634:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8617:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8486:
8480:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8399:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8304:
8300:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8168:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8104:
8099:
8098:
8087:
8084:
8078:
8071:
8031:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8000:
7999:transcription
7995:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7968:
7949:
7932:
7929:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7825:*/hijˈbaːj?w/
7791:, written as
7785:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7481:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7352:
7318:
7296:
7294:
7282:
7265:
7252:
7235:
7232:
7206:
7189:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7083:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7017:
7014:
7006:
7003:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6971:
6968:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6927:
6924:
6916:
6913:
6905:
6902:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6830:
6827:
6819:
6816:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6686:
6683:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6634:
6631:
6614:
6609:
6591:
6568:
6561:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6527:
6525:
6524:ꜥ.t n.t sbꜣ.w
6520:ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ
6513:
6487:
6476:
6468:
6455:
6452:'to be' <
6451:
6444:
6428:
6420:
6414:
6407:in Bohairic,
6400:
6394:
6388:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6352:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6241:
6237:
6224:
6220:
6207:
6203:
6190:
6186:
6173:
6169:
6156:
6152:
6139:
6135:
6122:
6118:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6070:
6066:
6053:
6049:
6036:
6032:
6019:
6015:
6002:
5998:
5985:
5981:
5968:
5964:
5951:
5947:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5606:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2881:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2387:sound changes
2384:
2380:
2379:reconstructed
2365:
2362:
2348:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2319:often become
2318:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2290:Late Egyptian
2287:
2260:
2252:
2236:
2228:
2216:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1688:, as in many
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1586:zẖꜣ n mdw-nṯr
1582:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1407:The old form
1406:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:Late Egyptian
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1271:Amarna Period
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Alan Gardiner
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Pyramid Texts
1184:
1172:
1169:
1166:for his son,
1165:
1164:the Two Lands
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:nsw.t-bj.t(j)
1109:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
967:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
948:
939:
938:Seth-Peribsen
935:
930:
928:
924:
923:proto-writing
920:
911:
910:Seth-Peribsen
906:
894:
890:
885:
881:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
848:
844:
839: 200 AD
833:
830:
827:
823:
819:
814: 700 BC
808:
805:
801:
800:Amarna period
790:
787:
783:
779:
768:
765:
754:
751:
747:
743:
742:
741:
739:
738:chronological
727:
724:
721:
719:Late Egyptian
718:
717:
715:
710:
705:
702:
701:
700:Old Egyptian
699:
698:
696:
695:
693:
692:
690:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:morphological
655:
651:
610:with Semitic
604:
598:
592:
581:
573:
568:
563:
560:, founded by
559:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
489:Coptic Church
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:ancient Egypt
412:
408:
403:
398:
394:
385:
381:
377:
375:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
309:
304:
300:
295:
288:
283:
280:
275:
270:
266:
262:
261:Arabic script
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
229:
221:
218:
212:
206:
205:
204:
200:
194:
191:
190:
189:
185:
181:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:and parts of
130:
129:Ancient Egypt
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
108:
107:Ebers Papyrus
102:
97:
93:
77:
74:
71:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
12795:
12748:Egypt portal
12464:
12335:Architecture
12252:
12229:
12220:
12219:
12194:
12186:
12164:
12146:
12128:
12113:
12086:
12068:
12047:
12041:
12034:Erman, Adolf
12027:Dictionaries
12011:
11996:
11979:
11953:
11946:
11942:(paperback).
11931:
11924:(paperback).
11905:
11880:
11873:
11846:
11840:(paperback).
11832:(hardback),
11821:
11817:(paperback).
11809:(hardback),
11798:
11779:the original
11750:
11746:
11700:
11653:
11640:
11619:
11583:
11571:
11562:
11534:
11514:
11494:
11475:
11456:
11437:
11417:
11394:
11384:Bibliography
11370:
11360:
11348:
11341:Vycichl 1990
11336:
11329:Vycichl 1983
11324:
11315:
11309:
11300:
11294:
11284:. two vols.
11281:
11275:
11266:
11260:
11248:
11219:
11207:
11172:
11141:
11129:
11059:
11047:
11031:
11015:
11006:
11002:
10989:
10973:
10957:
10911:
10885:
10881:
10871:
10843:
10836:
10816:
10810:
10798:
10786:. Retrieved
10771:
10764:
10752:. Retrieved
10748:
10739:
10719:
10712:
10700:
10695:, p. 3.
10688:
10680:
10675:
10667:
10662:
10654:
10653:Haspelmath,
10649:
10641:
10636:
10628:
10623:
10615:
10610:
10601:
10595:
10586:
10580:
10566:
10554:. Retrieved
10550:
10541:
10533:
10521:
10512:
10508:
10496:
10454:. Retrieved
10449:
10440:
10431:
10425:
10406:
10402:
10392:
10380:
10368:
10348:, p. 8.
10341:
10329:
10296:
10292:
10282:
10263:
10257:
10238:
10232:
10205:. Retrieved
10190:
10183:
10178:, p. 5.
10148:
10141:
10119:, p. 1.
10100:
10085:
10078:
10069:
10047:
10041:
10036:, p. 7.
10006:
9999:
9994:, p. 8.
9973:, p. 2.
9931:. Retrieved
9926:
9917:
9863:
9844:
9823:
9810:
9803:Peust (1999)
9797:
9787:
9781:
9776:
9767:
9763:
9731:
9727:
9703:
9697:
9676:
9596:
9586:
9580:
9569:
9526:, via Greek)
9512:, via Greek)
9498:, via Greek)
9478:, via Greek)
9464:, via Latin)
9430:
9403:
9388:
9367:
9324:
9302:"for what")
9192:
9188:
9184:
9182:
9174:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9149:
9143:
9131:
9119:
8962:prepositions
8959:
8956:Prepositions
8928:
8914:
8908:
8905:
8893:
8886:
8874:
8859:
8856:
8844:
8837:
8825:
8804:
8787:imperfective
8776:
8770:
8731:
8728:
8703:Independent
8667:Independent
8611:
8554:that, those
8478:
8220:Independent
8189:
8178:
8164:), or dual (
8141:
8128:imperfective
8114:
8093:
8030:twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn
7996:
7966:
7955:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7923:Phonotactics
7829:
7786:
7716:surfaces as
7711:
7665:
7607:
7551:
7509:
7438:
7297:
7236:
7170:In the Late
7169:
7167:'to stay').
7134:
7081:
7066:
6632:
6612:
6610:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6538:
6523:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6412:
6392:
6391:(most often
6377:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6345:
6336:
6332:
6326:
2866:
2454:
2430:approximants
2407:
2376:
2328:
2316:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2222:
2127:
1735:Postalveolar
1712:
1704:Old Egyptian
1698:
1694:
1670:
1654:
1639:
1632:
1617:
1598:
1578:
1569:
1532:
1512:
1488:
1462:
1437:
1398:(fem.), and
1374:
1359:
1355:Instructions
1348:
1342:
1332:
1317:
1303:
1300:hieroglyphic
1286:
1264:
1241:
1218:
1199:
1180:
1142:land.two for
1128:
931:
915:
900:Old Egyptian
867:
855:hieroglyphic
852:
735:
688:
656:
652:
555:
553:
532:
528:
524:
511:morphology,
503:. Among the
498:
462:
458:Roman period
436:in the late
427:
396:
392:
390:
371:
348:Linguasphere
331:
265:Latin script
192:
188:Afro-Asiatic
114:(written in
105:
29:
12673:WikiProject
12487:Mathematics
12448:Hieroglyphs
12362:Portraiture
12330:Agriculture
12317:Main topics
12079:(hardback).
12022:(hardback).
11916:(hardback)
10847:. Peeters.
10530:Jochem Kahl
10528::2) citing
10526:Allen (2013
10373:Takács 2011
10346:Takács 2011
10334:Takács 2011
9722:Upper Egypt
9061:"on, upon"
8860:" good man"
8773:participles
8664:who / what
8649:who / what
8631:Dependency
8132:verbal noun
8020:twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn
8015:Tutankhamun
7942:*/ˈχupiraw/
7844:Unstressed
7324:changes to
7291:during the
7271:changes to
7241:changes to
7222:*/ʃuːn(?)j/
7182:changes to
7172:New Kingdom
6992:Approximant
6608:'the sun'.
6604:, Bohairic
6498:'gold' and
6479:, becoming
6445:, Bohairic
2779:Approximant
2284:/ˈħeʔp(Vw)/
2255:had become
2215:'father').
2211:⟩ =
2191:⟩ =
2183:⟩ =
2026:Approximant
1581:hieroglyphs
1565:Elephantine
1428:jr.f saḥa.f
1308:Roman Egypt
1296:New Kingdom
1248:Adolf Erman
1205: 2650
934:finite verb
826:Roman Egypt
818:Late Period
798:– 700 BC),
796: 1350
782:New Kingdom
774: 2000
764:Old Kingdom
760: 2600
740:divisions:
675:allogenetic
663:Afroasiatic
650:in others.
588:: Egyptian
505:typological
241:Hieroglyphs
12953:Categories
12603:Egyptology
12571:Technology
12534:Philosophy
12482:Literature
12374:Chronology
12091:Providence
11787:Literature
11586:. Leuven.
11177:Allen 2013
11071:language..
11064:Peust 1999
11052:Peust 1999
11038:, p.
11036:Allen 2020
11022:, p.
11020:Allen 2020
11003:Orientalia
10980:, p.
10978:Allen 2020
10964:, p.
10962:Allen 2020
10827:0852550928
10803:Allen 2000
10693:Allen 2020
10627:Loprieno,
10556:5 December
10489:Allen 2013
10456:15 October
10273:0415271045
10134:Rubin 2013
9971:Allen 2000
9894:References
9770:: 169–175.
9602:ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ
9556:(Egyptian
9534:(Egyptian
9520:(Egyptian
9506:(Egyptian
9486:(Egyptian
9472:(Egyptian
9458:(Egyptian
9444:(Egyptian
9331:word order
8989:"to, for"
8806:Adjectives
8801:Adjectives
8682:Dependent
8652:Dependent
8217:Dependent
8200:infinitive
8194:: suffix,
8090:Morphology
7946:*/ˈχupraw/
7758:*/ˈçaːnaw/
7747:*/ˈçaːnan/
7726:*/ˈnaːcar/
7577:*/jaʔr(ə)/
7573:*/ˈjatraw/
7465:'brother'
7340:'soldier'
7308:*/ˈnaːfir/
7285:*/ˈɟuʕnat/
7186:(like the
7149:*/ˈraːmac/
6564:t' c' k' k
6526:'school'.
6496:*/ˈnaːbaw/
2899:Old Coptic
2438:semivowels
2422:fricatives
2418:affricates
2410:obstruents
2356:*/ˈpiːɟat/
2307:*/ˈdiːban/
2286:' Apis').
2280:*/ˈħujpVw/
2205:*/χaʕˈjak/
2193:*/ˈbaːjin/
2185:*/ˈjaːtVj/
1755:Pharyngeal
1709:Consonants
1624:phonograms
1539:vernacular
1508:Old Coptic
1339:literature
1229:Egyptology
1207: – c.
861:scripts.
824:and early
580:pharyngeal
562:Semiticist
479:after the
450:vernacular
12507:Mythology
12431:Geography
12421:Dynasties
12369:Astronomy
12109:(vol. 2).
12101:(vol.1),
11792:Overviews
11775:160704269
11681:216256704
11602:cite book
10863:783059625
10723:. BRILL.
10618:, p. 209.
10450:GAT Tours
10313:0011-3204
10102:language.
9611:ka (soul)
9543:possibly
9492:, Coptic
9314:"before"
9183:went god
9001:"to, at"
8931:predicate
8808:agree in
8797:context.
8795:syntactic
8488:Singular
8397:singular
8311:singular
8230:singular
8142:Egyptian
7992:/rɑmɛssu/
7841:Stressed
7809:*/ʕiˈʃiʀ/
7807:< ꜥšꜣ
7795:or null (
7707:sibilants
7703:sonorants
7657:Bohairic
7651:Fayyumic
7599:Fayyumic
7593:Akhmimic
7587:Bohairic
7543:Fayyumic
7537:Bohairic
7354:, later:
7342:*/wiːʕiw/
7312:*/ˈnaːfə/
7259:*/maˈneʔ/
7255:*/maˈnij/
7176:Ramses II
7157:*/jaˈnan/
7141:*/taˈpij/
6890:voiceless
6884:Fricative
6713:voiceless
6458:/ˈχapraw/
6351:allophone
2885:spelling
2687:fricative
2545:Obstruent
2446:aspirated
2426:sonorants
2373:Phonology
2273:*/ʔaˈwin/
2267:⟩
2213:/ˈjaːtVj/
2119:ejectives
1917:voiceless
1911:Fricative
1806:voiceless
1682:aspirated
1662:Old Latin
1657:phonetics
1645:Phonology
1620:ideograms
1609:ligatures
1473:diglossia
1392:(masc.),
1191:ideograms
1168:Dual King
1149:sedge-bee
822:Ptolemaic
780:to early
694:Egyptian
469:Roman era
442:classical
405:), is an
333:Glottolog
308:ISO 639-3
279:ISO 639-2
144:Ethnicity
12943:Language
12878:Armenian
12643:Category
12564:District
12559:Capitals
12544:Religion
12527:Titulary
12517:Pharaohs
12497:Military
12492:Medicine
12475:Hieratic
12465:Language
12391:Clothing
12345:Obelisks
12200:Archived
11896:Grammars
11767:40698264
11741:(2002).
11651:(2020).
11618:(1990).
11582:(1983).
11551:Archived
11415:(2013).
11393:(2000).
10882:Antiqvvs
10657:, p.1743
10644:, p. 209
10640:Meyers,
10616:op. cit.
10614:Meyers,
10015:Archived
9943:cite web
9783:r n km.t
9699:r n km.t
9657:Hieratic
9621:See also
9597:Hikuptah
9412:for the
9357:, as in
9355:genitive
9254:"when" (
9242:"where"
9212:"there"
9109:"since"
9085:"under"
8628:Meaning
8625:Pronoun
8494:Meaning
8196:enclitic
8186:Pronouns
8180:Articles
7983:rꜥ-ms-sw
7978:Ramesses
7772:next to
7730:/ˈnuːte/
7639:Sahidic
7581:Sahidic
7571:'river'
7556:becomes
7451:becomes
7443:becomes
7346:*/weːʕə/
7328:next to
7317:-na-a-pa
7226:*/ʃeːnə/
7200:*/ħoːrə/
7196:*/ħaːra/
7174:, after
6802:ejective
6613:*d ḏ g q
6598:⟩
6594:⟨
6590:sonorant
6583:⟩
6579:⟨
6575:⟩
6571:⟨
6560:*d ḏ g q
6558:Earlier
2890:phoneme
2551:aspirate
2500:Pharyng.
2485:Postalv.
2480:Alveolar
2391:phonemes
2331:becomes
2312:ti-ba-an
2269:/jaˈwin/
1730:Alveolar
1628:phonetic
1529:Dialects
1521:and the
1237:hieratic
1171:Peribsen
893:register
859:hieratic
509:fusional
402:r n km.t
354:11-AAA-a
340:egyp1246
249:Hieratic
202:Dialects
193:Egyptian
116:hieratic
92:r n km.t
50:Egyptian
12917:Portals
12888:Italian
12857:English
12663:Outline
12653:Commons
12613:Museums
12549:Scribes
12539:Pottery
12470:Demotic
12460:History
12411:Cuisine
12340:Revival
10788:14 June
10754:18 July
10683:, p.811
10681:op.cit.
10670:, p.275
10668:op.cit.
10655:op.cit.
10642:op.cit.
10629:op.cit.
10504:sḏm.n⸗f
9933:9 March
9750:Dendera
9593:Memphis
9583:"Egypt"
9553:pharaoh
9359:Semitic
9298:"why" (
9276:"how" (
9271:mı͗-ı͗ḫ
9224:"here"
9116:Adverbs
9097:"atop"
9049:"like"
9031:"with"
8754:affixal
8491:Plural
8452:plural
8394:person
8366:plural
8308:person
8274:plural
8227:person
8214:Suffix
8124:stative
7862:Central
7782:*/χuːr/
7705:, near
7695:*/ˈnic/
7691:*/ˈnet/
7670:before
7527:*/ˈbaʕ/
7485:'name'
7377:Central
7306:'good'
7264:ma-né-e
7220:'tree'
7165:*/maːn/
6707:Plosive
6665:Glottal
6655:Palatal
6596:ⲫ ⲑ ϭ ⲭ
6581:ⲡ ⲧ ϫ ⲕ
6340:system.
2888:Demotic
2883:Demotic
2505:Glottal
2490:Palatal
2368:Demotic
2364:'bow'.
2343:become
2325:lexemes
1800:Plosive
1760:Glottal
1740:Palatal
1630:value.
1603:of the
1591:papyrus
1552:(dated
1515:Mamluks
1442:Demotic
1410:sḏm.n.f
1375:ꜣ, w, j
1157:.their
1145:son.his
1076:d(m)ḏ.n
940:(dated
863:Demotic
834:(after
748:of the
685:History
679:genetic
541:Semitic
487:of the
452:of the
409:of the
253:Demotic
213:Lower?
207:Upper?
165:of the
12862:French
12841:others
12827:Nobiin
12822:Domari
12817:Coptic
12512:People
12379:Cities
12297:topics
12171:
12153:
12135:
12120:
12105:
12097:
12075:
12054:
12018:
12003:
11988:
11968:
11960:
11938:
11920:
11912:
11887:
11862:
11836:
11828:
11813:
11805:
11773:
11765:
11727:
11709:Boston
11705:Leiden
11679:
11669:
11626:
11590:
11522:
11501:
11482:
11463:
11444:
11425:
11401:
10861:
10851:
10824:
10779:
10727:
10666:Bard,
10515:: 289.
10413:
10319:
10311:
10270:
10245:
10207:7 June
10198:
10156:
10093:
10062:
9878:
9839::248).
9752:, see
9746:Abydos
9576:Joseph
9469:natron
9394:Legacy
9321:Syntax
8933:in an
8810:gender
8791:aorist
8742:aspect
8734:person
8715:which
8614:Berber
8499:Masc.
8400:masc.
8314:masc.
8009:, and
7935:Stress
7754:/huːn/
7743:/hoːn/
7724:'god'
7614:*/ˈaw/
7610:*/ˈaj/
7491:*/ren/
7487:*/rin/
7463:*/san/
7357:ú-e-eḫ
7184:*/ˈoː/
7180:*/ˈaː/
7159:'we',
7078:Vowels
6956:voiced
6929:(ϧ, ⳉ)
6848:voiced
6650:Dental
6645:Labial
6620:*/dib/
6586:/ptck/
6541:Coptic
6502:< *
6436:/xoʔp/
6380:) and
6361:Coptic
6349:is an
2624:tenuis
2475:Labial
2450:tenuis
2436:, and
2434:nasals
2424:) and
2383:opaque
2361:-pi-ta
2341:/trjw/
2339:; and
2083:ꜣ (ȝ)
2011:ꜥ (ʿ)
1989:voiced
1864:voiced
1750:Uvular
1725:Labial
1674:tenuis
1490:Coptic
1479:Coptic
1469:Coptic
1458:Louvre
1256:verbal
1185:. The
1153:house-
1135:unite.
1129:.sn(j)
832:Coptic
726:Coptic
640:*/kgḳ/
634:, and
576:*/dzð/
549:Hebrew
545:Arabic
537:Berber
477:Arabic
419:corpus
374:Coptic
324:Coptic
318:(also
299:Coptic
291:(also
257:Coptic
159:Coptic
124:Region
112:asthma
12883:Greek
12576:Trade
12554:Sites
12502:Music
12416:Dance
12350:Pylon
12312:Index
12046:[
11771:S2CID
11763:JSTOR
11677:S2CID
11554:(PDF)
11547:(PDF)
11040:74–75
10999:(PDF)
10631:, p.7
10317:JSTOR
10018:(PDF)
10011:(PDF)
9818::44).
9760:(PDF)
9738:Luxor
9734:: 87.
9689:ṭšr.t
9668:Notes
9588:Copts
9559:pr ꜥꜣ
9531:barge
9517:oasis
9495:hlēri
9455:ivory
9441:ebony
9293:r-mı͗
9265:mj-jḫ
9249:zy-nw
9185:there
9166:zı͗.n
9159:there
9127:zı͗.n
9019:"by"
8937:, as
8887:good.
8875:woman
8838:good.
8765:sḏm.f
8750:voice
8738:tense
8725:Verbs
8700:what
8695:ı͗šst
8679:what
8502:Fem.
8426:fem.
8340:fem.
8144:nouns
8138:Nouns
8109:sḫdḫd
8097:rꜥ(w)
7944:>
7869:Close
7852:Front
7780:<
7766:*/eː/
7764:>
7762:*/uː/
7756:<
7745:<
7728:>
7714:*/aː/
7693:<
7687:/neʔ/
7676:/trj/
7668:*/ˈe/
7622:/ˈow/
7618:/ˈoj/
7575:>
7562:/ʕ,ʔ/
7554:*/ˈa/
7512:*/ˈa/
7489:>
7449:*/ˈe/
7445:*/ˈo/
7441:*/ˈa/
7389:Close
7372:Front
7351:ú-i-ú
7344:>
7326:*/eː/
7322:*/iː/
7310:>
7281:Tanis
7273:*/ˈe/
7269:*/ˈu/
7257:>
7251:Menes
7243:*/ˈe/
7239:*/ˈi/
7231:-sini
7224:>
7214:*/eː/
7210:*/uː/
7205:-ḫuru
7198:>
7106:Close
7094:Front
7036:Trill
6773:ⲕ (ⲭ)
6755:ϫ (ϭ)
6737:ⲧ (ⲑ)
6719:ⲡ (ⲫ)
6672:Nasal
6660:Velar
6573:ⲧ ϫ ⲕ
6566:'
6543:text.
6522:<
6512:Greek
6508:/dgz/
6504:/dib/
6494:<
6477:]
6473:[
6454:ḫpr.w
6367:ẖ ḫ ḥ
6280:, ∅ /
5921:y, ı͗
2512:Nasal
2495:Velar
2442:Voice
2414:stops
2399:for /
2300:t ṯ k
2296:d ḏ g
2282:>
2271:>
2089:]
2085:[
2064:Trill
2017:]
2013:[
1974:]
1970:[
1964:]
1960:[
1952:]
1948:[
1942:]
1938:[
1891:]
1887:[
1833:]
1829:[
1767:Nasal
1745:Velar
1664:from
1561:Delta
1416:sḏm-f
1326:as a
1155:heart
1088:tꜣ-wj
927:nisba
889:lects
521:/aiu/
395:, or
376:text.
133:Nubia
12839:and
12832:Siwi
12812:Beja
12522:List
12441:List
12384:List
12169:ISBN
12151:ISBN
12133:ISBN
12118:ISBN
12103:ISBN
12095:ISBN
12073:ISBN
12052:ISBN
12016:ISBN
12001:ISBN
11986:ISBN
11966:ISBN
11958:ISBN
11936:ISBN
11918:ISBN
11910:ISBN
11885:ISBN
11860:ISBN
11834:ISBN
11826:ISBN
11811:ISBN
11803:ISBN
11725:ISBN
11707:and
11667:ISBN
11624:ISBN
11608:link
11588:ISBN
11520:ISBN
11499:ISBN
11480:ISBN
11461:ISBN
11442:ISBN
11423:ISBN
11399:ISBN
11375:: 1.
10859:OCLC
10849:ISBN
10822:ISBN
10790:2024
10777:ISBN
10756:2024
10725:ISBN
10558:2018
10458:2023
10411:ISBN
10309:ISSN
10268:ISBN
10243:ISBN
10209:2018
10196:ISBN
10154:ISBN
10091:ISBN
10060:ISBN
9949:link
9935:2017
9876:ISBN
9801:See
9748:and
9683:km.t
9617:").
9615:Ptah
9607:lit.
9564:lit.
9537:bꜣjr
9523:wḥꜣt
9503:ibis
9489:ḥrrt
9483:lily
9475:nṯrj
9447:hbnj
9416:and
9380:and
9361:and
9300:lit.
9287:r-mj
9278:lit.
9256:lit.
9237:ṯnı͗
9132:went
8950:lit.
8901:nfrt
8882:nfrt
8840:MASC
8789:and
8783:past
8748:and
8746:mood
8689:jšst
8471:ntsn
8385:ntṯn
8299:ı͗nn
8267:ı͗nk
8025:Amun
7970:/uː/
7963:/iː/
7959:/ɑː/
7910:Open
7857:Back
7817:/əj/
7813:*/a/
7801:*/e/
7770:/iː/
7736:/uː/
7718:/uː/
7712:Old
7699:*/e/
7558:/ˈo/
7453:/ˈa/
7447:and
7427:Open
7382:Back
7332:and
7300:*/ə/
7123:Open
7099:Back
7019:(ⲉ)ⲓ
6997:(ⲟ)ⲩ
6492:ⲛⲟⲩⲃ
6450:šoʔp
6443:šoʔp
6440:ϣⲟⲟⲡ
6433:ⳉⲟⲟⲡ
6335:and
5795:l, r
2583:t͡ʃʰ
2420:and
2321:/td/
2243:and
2231:and
1684:and
1676:and
1273:).
868:The
857:and
620:*/l/
614:and
597:dalt
591:ꜥr.t
539:and
391:The
322:for
297:for
255:and
169:and
12357:Art
11852:doi
11755:doi
11717:doi
11659:doi
10507:".
10409:).
10301:doi
10052:doi
9868:doi
9851:šau
9740:),
9613:of
9546:cat
9509:hbj
9461:ꜣbw
9309:ḫnt
9290:or
9268:or
9234:or
9231:ṯnj
9207:ı͗m
9204:or
9177:ı͗m
9171:nṯr
9152:ı͗m
9144:god
9139:nṯr
9044:mı͗
9041:or
9026:ḥnꜥ
9014:ı͗n
9011:or
8945:nṯr
8918:nṯr
8889:FEM
8852:nfr
8833:nfr
8826:man
8759:sḏm
8692:or
8659:ptr
8644:mı͗
8641:or
8457:.sn
8445:nts
8419:ntf
8392:3rd
8371:.ṯn
8359:ntṯ
8333:ntk
8306:2nd
8296:or
8293:jnn
8264:or
8261:jnk
8254:wı͗
8251:or
8241:.ı͗
8238:or
8225:1st
8176:).
8173:-tj
8167:-wj
8161:-wt
8119:stp
7997:In
7974:/ɛ/
7898:ooː
7893:eeː
7888:Mid
7789:/ə/
7774:/r/
7680:/w/
7672:/ʔ/
7410:eeː
7405:Mid
7360:).
7334:/j/
7330:/ʕ/
7320:).
7234:).
7208:).
7190:),
7128:aaː
7116:uuː
7111:iiː
6617:ⲧⲁⲡ
6606:ⲫⲣⲏ
6602:ⲡⲣⲏ
6516:/n/
6500:ⲧⲁⲡ
6447:ϣⲟⲡ
6393:ẖ ḥ
5706:/,
4361:t͡ʃ
4299:t͡ʃ
4287:t͡ʃ
4275:t͡ʃ
4263:t͡ʃ
4251:t͡ʃ
4239:t͡ʃ
4227:t͡ʃ
4215:t͡ʃ
4203:t͡ʃ
4187:t͡ʃ
3670:t͡ʃ
3623:t͡ʃ
3611:t͡ʃ
3599:t͡ʃ
3587:t͡ʃ
3575:t͡ʃ
3563:t͡ʃ
3551:t͡ʃ
3534:t͡ʃ
3522:t͡ʃ
3501:t͡ʃ
2646:t͡ʃ
2457:IPA
2448:or
2440:).
2317:ṯ ḏ
2265:jwn
2189:bjn
2143:or
1567:."
1173:."
1139:.he
1137:PRF
802:to
616:/ɣ/
612:/ʕ/
586:/ʕ/
525:-at
460:.
320:cop
315:egy
294:cop
287:egy
154:Era
12955::
12175:.
12163:,
12145:,
12085:,
12067:,
12036:;
11978:,
11930:,
11904:,
11858:.
11769:.
11761:.
11751:29
11749:.
11745:.
11723:.
11715:.
11711::
11703:.
11675:.
11665:.
11604:}}
11600:{{
11369:.
11231:^
11184:^
11153:^
11112:^
11095:^
11076:^
11024:76
11007:62
11005:.
11001:.
10982:28
10966:26
10938:^
10923:^
10894:^
10884:.
10880:.
10857:.
10747:.
10549:.
10513:16
10511:.
10481:^
10466:^
10448:.
10353:^
10315:.
10307:.
10297:39
10295:.
10291:.
10217:^
10168:^
10124:^
10109:^
10099:.
10068:.
10058:.
10026:^
9978:^
9957:^
9945:}}
9941:{{
9925:.
9902:^
9874:.
9857:-t
9762:.
9732:39
9730:.
9713:^
9595:,
9578:.
9562:,
9386:.
9383:nꜣ
9377:tꜣ
9374:,
9371:pꜣ
9346:ꜥꜣ
9336:wn
9219:ꜥꜣ
9201:jm
9104:ḏr
9092:tp
9080:ẖr
9068:ḥꜣ
9056:ḥr
9038:mj
9008:jn
8964:.
8940:ꜥꜣ
8923:ꜥꜣ
8896:zt
8870:zt
8744:,
8736:,
8710:zy
8674:jḫ
8638:mj
8601:nꜣ
8594:tꜣ
8587:pꜣ
8575:nw
8568:tw
8561:pw
8549:nf
8542:tf
8535:pf
8523:nn
8516:tn
8509:pn
8464:sn
8438:sj
8431:.s
8412:sw
8405:.f
8378:ṯn
8352:ṯn
8345:.ṯ
8326:ṯw
8319:.k
8279:.n
8248:wj
8235:.j
8170:/
8158:/
8155:-w
8149:-t
8086:.
8058:ɑː
8049:ən
8043:uː
8005:,
8001:,
7994:.
7988:Ra
7986:("
7965:,
7879:uː
7874:iː
7827:.
7697:.
7620:,
7612:,
7564::
7518::
7420:oː
7394:iː
7336::
7302::
7295:.
7283:"
7275::
7253:"
7245::
7216::
7163:=
7155:=
7147:=
7139:=
6938:)
6837:kʼ
6826:cʼ
6815:tʼ
6787:)
6784:kʰ
6769:)
6766:cʰ
6751:)
6748:tʰ
6733:)
6730:pʰ
6518::
6413:*ꜥ
6316:∅
6313:∅
6310:∅
6307:∅
6304:∅
6301:∅
6298:∅
6295:∅
6292:/
6274:/
6268:*/
6256:/
6239:/
6222:/
6205:/
6188:/
6171:/
6154:/
6137:/
6120:/
6103:/
6097:*/
6085:/
6068:/
6051:/
6034:/
6017:/
6000:/
5983:/
5966:/
5949:/
5932:/
5926:*/
5914:/
5902:/
5890:/
5878:/
5866:/
5854:/
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5830:/
5818:/
5806:/
5800:*/
5788:/
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5764:/
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5740:/
5728:/
5716:/
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5670:/
5664:*/
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5640:/
5628:/
5616:/
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5592:/
5580:/
5568:/
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5490:/
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5466:/
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5430:/
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5412:*/
5400:/
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5364:/
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5316:/
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5260:/
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5212:/
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5070:/
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5046:/
5034:/
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5006:,
5000:/
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4986:,
4983:h̭
4976:/
4964:/
4952:/
4940:/
4928:/
4916:/
4904:/
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4866:,
4860:/
4854:*/
4842:/
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4734:/
4728:*/
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4668:/
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4554:/
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4506:/
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4478:/
4472:*/
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4448:/
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4400:/
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4332:/
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3332:/
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3084:/
3078:*/
3066:/
3054:/
3042:/
3030:/
3018:/
3006:/
2994:/
2982:/
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2952:*/
2607:kʰ
2595:cʰ
2571:tʰ
2559:pʰ
2463:.
2432:,
2416:,
2396:h̭
2327:;
2209:jt
2203:=
2197:jj
2181:jt
2104:^
1968:ḥ
1958:ḫ
1946:ẖ
1936:š
1885:ḏ
1827:ṯ
1692:.
1554:c.
1525:.
1501:c.
1422:jr
1401:nꜣ
1395:tꜣ
1389:pꜣ
1380:.t
1353:.
1262:.
1239:.
1202:c.
1125:jb
1119:pr
1105:.f
1100:zꜣ
1081:.f
942:c.
836:c.
820:,
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