Armoured warfare - Knowledge

2496:. As the mechanisation progressed, slowly the French armour doctrine began to reflect the increased capacity, evolving from direct infantry support, to independent breakthrough and eventually envelopment with the Infantry, and to deep strategic exploitation with the Cavalry. Despite the increase in tank numbers, in all countries financial constraints prohibited a full mechanisation of the entire armed ground forces. Necessarily, most of the divisions still consisted of infantry that was not even motorised. As a result, tanks tended to be allotted to special armoured units, where the limited and expensive expert maintenance and training capacity could be concentrated. Only the Soviet Union had enough tanks to equip an organic tank battalion in each infantry division. Nevertheless, France was the first to create large armoured units: in 1934 two Mechanised Corps were formed of 430 tanks each. In July 1935, in France the 4th Cavalry Division was transformed into the 93: 2890: 3887: 3013: 45: 2176: 4040: 3704: 3747:") exposes only the top of its turret, with the gun and sensors, to the enemy, leaving the smallest possible target while allowing it to engage the enemy on the other side of the hill. Tanks are usually able to depress the main gun below the horizontal since modern kinetic energy (KE) rounds have nearly flat trajectories. Without this they would be unable to exploit such positions. However, upon cresting a hill, the tank may expose its thinly armoured underside to enemy weapons. 3530: 3277: 3716: 3097: 3685: 3227:

concentrated its production on warships, thus placing a low priority on armoured vehicle development, its tanks becoming quickly obsolete during the later years of the war. A number of designs that were equal to heavier foreign types were on the drawing board at the beginning of the war, but would only be built in small numbers towards the end, being placed in reserve, to be deployed for the defence of Japan itself.

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small-calibre high-velocity guns in turrets, giving tanks a good antitank capacity. Both France and Britain eventually built specialised infantry tanks, more heavily armoured to provide infantry support, and cavalry tanks that were faster and could exploit a breakthrough, seeking to bring about defeat of the enemy by severing his lines of communication and supply, as cavalry had done during the previous century.

3522: 2432: 2804: 2949:. The superior tactical and operational praxis, combined with an appropriate strategic implementation, enabled the Germans to defeat forces superior in armour (both quantitatively and qualitatively) in the battles of 1940, but just as Blitzkrieg became a deliberate military doctrine, in 1941, it ultimately failed on the eastern front, though initially attaining spectacular successes. 3207:. During the three-month-long war, Japanese armour had shown their weakness against Soviet tanks; and the resulting Japanese defeat prompted a series of complaints by the Imperial Army to incorporate improvements in future Japanese armour. This is the primary reason IJA tanks were not as successful while being used with IJA tactics. The tank forces of the U.S. Army consisted of the 3129:. Having studied the early German successes McNair came under the belief that U.S. forces would be faced with fast moving enemy forces who would seek to bypass, isolate and reduce U.S. forces in a replay of the Fall of France. To stem the flood of marauding panzers, fast moving powerfully armed tank destroyer battalions were created to be held back and used in the counter-attack. 3853: 3775:

quicker if carried out by combat engineers with bulldozers. Overhead protection, even if it is fairly thin, can also be very useful since it can help pre-detonate artillery shells and avoid direct hits from above which can be deadly to tanks, by striking them at their thinnest armour. In short, tank crews find as many ways as possible to augment the armour on their vehicles.

4089: 2611:, also deployed armoured divisions. At the time, the swift collapse of the Polish army was seen as the result of an armoured Blitzkrieg. However, later it has been argued that the campaign was largely an instance of the classical nineteenth century German concept of the "Annihilation Battle", in which the role of deep strategic armoured penetrations was limited. 2353:, theorised about a possible future use of independent armoured forces, containing a large concentration of tanks, to execute deep strategic penetrations. Especially Liddell Hart wrote many books about the subject, partly propagating Fuller's theories. Such doctrines were faced with the reality that during the 1920s the armoured vehicles, as early 2217:. Under these conditions, attacks usually advanced very slowly and incurred massive casualties. The developers of tanks aimed to return manoeuvre to warfare, and found a practical way to do so: providing caterpillar traction to machine guns allowing them to overcome trenches, while at the same time offering them armour protection against 2299:

question of whether to use a "swarm" of light tanks for this, or a limited number of potent heavy vehicles. Though in the Battle of Cambrai a large concentration of British heavy tanks effected a breakthrough, it was not exploited by armour. The manoeuvrability of the tank should at least in theory regain armies the ability to

2905:, "Blitzkrieg" was not defined on the strategic level. Guderian and von Manstein devised a strategy that entailed what later would be seen as the essence of Blitzkrieg: concentrated panzer divisions performing swift deep penetrations. This strategy was not initially accepted by German High Command. Nevertheless, the final 2764:, the British army in North Africa initially operated their armoured units with little infantry or artillery support. Meanwhile, the Germans had integrated their armour with mechanised infantry and artillery. Only after undoing their misplaced emphasis on armour were the British able to restore their combat effectiveness. 3782:, as the reaction time is most important when meeting enemy tanks, to get the first shot (and possibly the first kill). If troops or light vehicles are encountered, the usual response is to fire this round at them, despite it not being ideal—it is difficult and time-consuming to remove a round which is already in the 3549:

One important development was the transition of the Second World War use of Cavalry-Mechanised Group (CMG) into the Cold War Operational Manoeuvre Group (OMG) that was designed to exploit breakthroughs to penetrate NATO's defences in depth. This was a culmination of the Deep Battle theory dating to the 1930s.

3763:), or target all external visual aids with rubbery cohesive substances such as melted rubber or blackened high viscosity epoxy resins. Once a tank is disabled it is easier to destroy. This is why side-skirts are an important feature; they can deflect heavy machine-gun bullets and trigger the detonation of 4069:

It takes a few weeks to transfer tanks and their supporting equipment by air or sea. Some tanks and armoured vehicles can be dropped by parachute, or carried by cargo airplanes or helicopters. The largest transports can only carry one or two main battle tanks. Smaller transports can only carry or air

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armoured doctrine was substantially influenced by the developments in the Soviet Army which sought to adopt its existing doctrine evolved during World War II to the nuclear battlefield. In the early 1960s this led to a number of important developments in the armoured forces and their supporting Arms.

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To be able get into position to counter-attack, the tank destroyers had to be fast. To achieve the desired mobility and agility from the engines available the armour protection was sacrificed, a measure of protection coming from being nimble and hopefully from being able to knock out the enemy before

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emerged from that war initially as avid proponents of continuing and developing an American armoured force, the rapid reduction of the forces and apathy and even antipathy towards funding and maintaining armed forces in the inter-war years led to relative stagnation of armoured doctrine in the United

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French, British and German tank production sharply increased, with both western allies out-producing Germany. However, the Anglo-French coalition proved unable to match the Germans in the number of armoured divisions, as it was impossible to quickly raise such large units. Though the French possessed

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and German experts collaborated in developing the use of tanks based on second generation vehicles with turreted main weapons, and experimenting to design different chassis configurations and drive trains. One important acquisition for the Red Army turned out to be the purchase of a T3 chassis, using

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Tanks and other armoured vehicles are vulnerable to attack from the air for several reasons. One is that they are easily detectable—the metal they are made of shows up well on radar, and is especially obvious if they are moving in formation. A moving tank also produces a lot of heat, noise and dust.

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Tanks can be decisive in city fighting, with the ability to demolish walls and fire medium and heavy machine guns in several directions simultaneously. However, tanks are especially vulnerable in urban combat. It is much easier for enemy infantry to sneak up behind a tank or fire at its sides, where

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Tanks rarely work alone; the usual minimum unit size is a platoon (a platoon is the smallest U.S. Army/Marine unit led by an officer, and a component of a company or troop) of three to five tanks. The tanks of the platoon work together providing mutual support: two might advance while covered by the

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Structure of a U.S. tank battalion in November 1944. Each battalion had 53 M4 Sherman medium tanks and 17 M5 Stuart light tanks. Heavy armoured divisions had 6 battalions (318 M4 Tanks, 102 M5 Tanks) while light armoured divisions had 3 (159 M4 Tanks, 51 M5 Tanks). Many U.S. infantry divisions had a

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for increased protection. The tanks can fire off a few shots from their defensive position, then retreat (reversing) to another prepared position further back and drive behind the berms or into the trenches there. These positions can be constructed by the tank crews, but preparations are better and

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and use their mobility and firepower to penetrate weak points in enemy lines. This is where the powerful engines, tracks and turrets come into play. The ability to rotate the turret by a full 360° allows coordinated movement within and between platoons, while defending against attacks from multiple

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fire from standard tank guns. The Soviet Union was also one of the countries that used two Main Battle Tanks: The high-quality T-80s and lower quality T-72s. Modern Soviet tanks, like the ones mentioned, are typically armed with 125 mm (5 in) smooth bore guns. Advancements in Soviet tanks

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While the infantry based part of the doctrine demanded "powerful tanks" (heavy tanks armed with infantry guns and machineguns) and "tankettes" (light, often amphibious tanks with machineguns), the shock army demanded "manoeuvre tanks" (fast tanks with medium guns) used in conjunction with motorised

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highlighted the weaknesses of the British approach: the small number of infantry and artillery in each armoured division was sufficient when attacking the immobile and uncoordinated Italian troops, but against the highly mobile, well-coordinated German units, the undermanned Commonwealth formations

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on the European continent, but also seemed to vindicate the theories of Fuller and Liddell-Hart. Confronted with the undeniable potential of armoured manoeuvre warfare, from the summer of 1940 onwards the armed forces of all surviving major powers adapted their tactical doctrine, unit organisation,

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The disposition of armour around a tank is not uniform; the front is typically better armoured than the sides or rear. Accordingly, normal practice is to keep the front towards the enemy at all times; the tank retreats by reversing instead of turning around. Driving backwards away from an enemy is

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assumed armoured warfare to be a dominant aspect of conventional ground warfare in Europe. Although the use of light tanks was largely discontinued, and heavy tanks were also mostly abandoned, the medium tank design evolved into heavier models due to increase in armour and larger sized main weapon

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as the best army in Europe, and consequently the U.S. Army frequently copied French uniforms (the American Civil War) and aeroplanes. Only when France was rapidly overrun in 1940 did the U.S. Army become "shocked" into re-thinking the influences by the perceived actions of German tanks in the 1939

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itself (and political support by Hitler) in the armoured formation as the key battlefield formation – although this view was before 1940 not shared by the other Arms of Service. A key part of this doctrine was improved communications by having radios in all tanks, although this ideal suffered from

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For the most part the NATO armoured doctrine remained defensive, and dominated by use of nuclear weapons as deterrence. Although most NATO nations began the Cold War period with a large number of U.S.-designed tanks in their fleets, there was a considerable degree of disagreement on the design of

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The conflict between Arab nations in the East Mediterranean region and Israel in particular would serve to become a testing ground for development in armoured warfare during the decades of the Cold War. Both sides in the Arab–Israeli series of conflicts made heavy use of tanks and other armoured

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Tactically, deployment plans for armour during the war typically placed a strong emphasis on direct support for infantry. The tank's main tasks were seen as crushing barbed-wire and destroying machine-gun nests, facilitating the advance of foot soldiers. Theoretical debate largely focused on the

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German tanks could carry with them enough fuel and supplies to go almost two hundred kilometers, and enough food to last three to nine days. This relative independence from supply lines proved effective, and allowed them to advance on critical targets much faster and without hesitation. Another

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Under this doctrine, U.S. tank crews of both armoured divisions and GHQ tank battalions were taught to fight tanks in tank on tank engagements. Armoured force personnel during and after the war criticised the infantry for using the GHQ tank battalions assigned to infantry divisions strictly as

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Technical development initially focussed on the improvement of the suspension system, transmission and engine, to create vehicles that were faster, more reliable and had a better range than their WW I predecessors. To save weight, such designs had thin armour plating and this inspired fitting

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At the outbreak of World War II, the German armoured forces benefited from a much more profound and more flexible training than that of the Allies on the tactical and operational level. German tanks operated while directed by radio communication, which allowed tank commanders to take greater

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As with all armour, maintenance was a continuous challenge; especially in tropical environments. When IJA and SNLF (Imperial marines) tanks did clash with the enemy they were quickly destroyed by concealed anti-tank guns or overwhelming numbers of hostile tanks. Japan was a naval power, and

2447:, and the country soon had more tanks than the rest of the world combined, thousands of them being produced per year. In this period, before the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany, German officers were sent to observe and participate in development of armoured doctrine in the USSR. 2985:

against entrenched enemy infantry, equipped with large numbers of antitank-guns, with the potential to completely halt tank assaults inflicting devastating losses to armoured units without infantry support. However, much of the AFV production was increasingly diverted away from the

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In France, the second largest tank producer, mechanisation was motivated by a need to compensate for severe manpower shortages due to a collapsed birth rate during World War I. This led to the development of a vast range of specialised armoured vehicles, not just tanks but also

2333: 4081:-armed light vehicles or in self-propelled gun style vehicles. The lack of armour protection is offset by the provision of a first-look/first-hit/first-kill capability through the mating of a powerful gun to superior targeting electronics, a concept similar to that of the US 2412:, argued that the British army, under budget and over-stretched during the interwar period, pursued innovation recklessly by betting on the combat effectiveness of armoured units operating with little infantry or artillery support. Doing so led to its initial setbacks in 3934:

are examples. Helicopters are very effective against armoured vehicles for many reasons. The AH-64D Longbow Apache, for example, is equipped with an improved sensor suite and weapon systems and the AN/APG-78 Longbow Fire Control Radar dome installed over the main rotor.

3573:, and defensive countermeasures (such as Shtora-1 and Arena). The most advanced Soviet tank, up until the end of the Cold War, was the T-80U, which shared similar characteristics with the M1A1(Turbine engine, advanced Fire Control Systems, strong armour, and firepower) 3754:

The tracks, wheels and suspension of a tank are outside the armoured hull and are some of the most vulnerable spots. The easiest way to disable a tank (other than a direct hit in a vulnerable area with a full-power anti-tank weapon) is to target the tracks for a

2316:, who envisaged using the expected vast increase in armour production during 1919 to execute deep strategic penetrations by mechanised forces consisting of tanks and infantry carried by trucks, supported by aeroplanes, to paralyse the enemy command-structure. 2557:

but these proved to be vulnerable to antitank guns due to their thin armour. Traditionalist elements within the Red Army used this to diminish the influence of proponents of mechanisation. Tukhachevsky himself was executed in 1937. Nevertheless, during the

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Despite the generally unpromising beginnings, the military and political leadership in both Britain and France during 1917 backed large investment into armoured-vehicle production. This led to a sharp increase in the number of available tanks for 1918. The

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vehicles capable of working in the same terrain to support them. These are operated by the appropriate branches of the army, e.g. recovery and maintenance vehicles by the REME and combat engineering vehicles by the RE in the British Army. These include:

2423:), the US, and Japan, would create their own experimental mechanised forces during the late 1920s, many using either French or British vehicle designs or even directly purchased vehicles, but largely borrowing from both to develop their own doctrines. 3402:

and could be operated by infantry without having extensive training, inflicted heavy losses on the Israeli armoured formations. Since then, ATGMs have played an important role within the Israeli Army, having developed advanced domestic-made versions

4786: 3942:. This is what the United States relies on most, which is demonstrated by their distinct lack of effective short-range, mobile air defence vehicles to accompany armoured units. Most other countries accompany their armoured forces with highly mobile 2357:

in general, were extremely unreliable, and could not be used in sustained operations. Mainstream thought on the subject was more conservative and tried to integrate armoured vehicles into the existing infantry and cavalry organisation and tactics.

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even safer than driving forwards towards them since driving forwards over a bump can throw the front of the tank up in the air, exposing the thin armour of the underside and taking the gun off the target due to its limited angle of depression.

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Between 1941 and 1942, the Allies struggled in armoured battles in the North African desert due to improper tactics; in particular, running armoured formations into opposing anti-tank positions; however, they achieved some notable successes at

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Strategic use of tanks developed only slowly during and immediately after World War I, partly due to these technical limits but also due to the prestige role traditionally accorded to horse-mounted cavalry. An exception, on paper, was the

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In response, the Soviet Union, the country with the largest armoured fleet in the world, strove to incorporate some anti-tank capability into almost every infantry weapon. By the 1960s, Soviet defense scientists were designing portable

3343:. This is an extreme example but exemplifies what has been fairly thoroughly documented since the Second World War: tanks and infantry work best by taking advantage of each other's strengths and combining to minimise the weaknesses. 3618:

proved effective in the terrain of Vietnam against enemy forces which, until 1968, rarely deployed their armour. Though they were soon countered with mines and RPGs, M-113's continued service during the war, primarily evolving into

2856:. The T-34 had an excellent combination of mobility, protection and firepower. Using wide tracks, the T-34 was also able to negotiate terrain in difficult weather conditions, something that persistently dogged the German designs. 3801:, highlight the growing vulnerability of tanks. Estimates from early 2024 indicate that Russia has lost around 3,000 tanks in the first two years of the conflict, with the actual number likely being higher. In contrast, during the 3794:, if aimed at the engine air intakes, can disable a tank. Because of these limits, tanks are difficult to use in city conflicts where civilians or friendly forces might be nearby, since their firepower can't be used effectively. 2340:

During the 1920s, a very limited number of tanks were produced. There were however, important theoretical and technical developments. Various British and French commanders who had contributed to the origin of the tank, such as

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enemy lines. In practice, tank warfare during most of World War I was hampered by the technical immaturity of the new weapon system, limiting speed, operational range, and reliability, and a lack of effective armoured tactics.

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propounded a thorough mechanisation of the German forces. By 1942, increased AFV-production allowed a fuller implementation of this ideal. Now extensive armoured combined arms team could be formed, distinct from a purely

2871:, initiated under strict secrecy and using the Principle of Surprise. Furthermore, to improve the fighting capabilities of armoured units, all heavy and medium tanks are to be commanded by officers and crewed by NCOs. 3346:

In many conflicts, it was usual to see infantry riding on the back of tanks, ready to jump off and provide support when necessary. Unfortunately, the design of many modern tanks makes this a dangerous practice. The

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and the Cavalry – and "active" infantry divisions to break the Polish defensive lines and pursue the defeated enemy forces. The more limited and dispersed Polish armoured units were quickly destroyed. The Red Army,

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speed, mobility, and communication shocked the French, and ultimately were the deciding factors in the battle. It overcame their inferiority in armour and armament relative to the main French materiel such as the

2837:. The Red Army tank fleet was extremely large, consisting of some 24,000 vehicles, but many were obsolete or unfit for service due to difficulties with supplying spare parts and lack of qualified support staff. 3767:(HEAT) rounds before they strike the running gear. Other vulnerable parts of a typical tank include the engine deck (with air intakes, radiators, etc.) and the turret ring, where the turret joins the hull. 4995: 2268:

tanks were produced during the entire conflict, compared to over 4,400 French and over 2,500 British tanks of various kinds. Nonetheless, World War I saw the first tank-versus-tank battle, during the

3845:) hitting them from the top can be deadly even if it has a small warhead. Even a small automatic cannon is powerful enough to penetrate the rear and top sections of the engine compartment of a tank. 2917:

factor was the ability of commanders to make strategic decisions in the field and without much consultation with their headquarters, the orders of which were often simply ignored. A prime example is

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were eventually created. To complement the T-34, heavy tanks, self-propelled artillery, and tank destroyers were also designed. The Red Army's armoured forces were used in concentrations during all

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forces and "mechanised cavalry" that would operate in depth as "strategic cavalry" combined with nascent airborne troops. These ideas culminated in the "PU-36" or the 1936 Field Service Regulations.

2628:("battle tank battalions") for infantry support. In early 1940, the German command had concluded that it could not win a war of attrition and embarked on a high-risk strategy. They approved the 3505:, which was a somewhat lighter design, conforming to German doctrine that emphasised speed over protection. From the same initial collaborative project as the Leopard I, the French series of 3417:, while Israeli infantry were able to easily defeat opposing ATGM teams, tanks operating on their own suffered several hits from the latest advanced Russian tandem-warhead types (such as the 3339:

tanks, operating independently in large numbers, were decimated by Egyptian anti-tank teams, well-distributed amongst regular infantry, and often equipped with new, first-generation portable

3223:'s, the IJA and U.S. light tanks were comparable to each other, and seemingly performed well for their respective forces during jungle combat operations; during their phase of World War II. 3809:(APS) showed improved survivability against anti-tank missiles. Additionally, using tanks in pairs with overlapping APS provided extra defense and enhanced their overall effectiveness. 2710:

In the deserts of North Africa, the British developed the alternative approach of combining the armoured, infantry and artillery together to form a 'balanced, combined arms team'. The

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and France began to rearm in the early thirties. In the Soviet Union, the mechanisation of the armed forces was part of a massive general industrialisation programme, the successive

3436:, to intercept and destroy anti tank missiles. The system was successfully deployed in combat on March 1, 2011, when it intercepted an anti tank missile during an engagement on the 2585:. Partly as a result of the experiences in Spain, the Soviet Union began the development of a new generation of medium and heavy tanks, sporting much stronger armour and armament. 2373:, which was formed on 1 May 1927, under infantry Colonel R. J. Collins, after Fuller (was) refused the function. Its sub-units were entirely mobile and consisted of reconnaissance 2660:

of the crossing points. In the original plan, the armoured divisions were again supposed to closely cooperate with the infantry divisions. In reality, armour commanders like

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tanks also emphasised manoeuvre over protection. By the 21st century, most advanced western main battle tanks were built around powerful engines, large 120 mm guns and

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by the main mass of German infantry divisions, spearheaded by seven armoured divisions, while the main mobile French reserve consisting of three Cavalry armoured divisions (

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Following the First World War, the technical and doctrinal aspects of armoured warfare became more sophisticated and diverged into multiple schools of doctrinal thought.

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Tanks usually go into battle with a round in the gun, ready to fire, to minimise reaction time when encountering an enemy. The US doctrine calls for this round to be a

2981:(howitzers fitted on a tank chassis). This allowed the panzer division to become an independent combat force, in principle able to overcome the problems of attaining a 4288: 4005: 4002:(ARV)—many of these are based on the chassis for the vehicle they support. E.g. the ARV for the UK Challenger tank is a Challenger hull onto which a winch is added. 2913:

at Sedan, and was assigned to such forces. The great success of this operation led to Blitzkrieg being integrated with strategic planning for the rest of the war.

3136:) medium tanks rather than a smaller number of unreliable heavy tanks. It was decided therefore to slow the production of the U.S. heavy tank designs such as the 4093: 2512:

were formed. Though some tank brigades were part of the Cavalry or Infantry arm, most German tanks were concentrated into a special branch, from 1936 called the

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SAM missiles). The usage of anti-aircraft rounds fired from the main gun of a tank has been increasing over the years. An example is the HE-FRAG round from the

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strategic planning and tank production plans. According to Frieser, this was even true for Germany itself, that only now officially adopted Blitzkrieg tactics.

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Harding, David P. (1994). "Heinz Guderian As the Agent of Change: His Significant Impact on the Development of German Armored Forces Between the World Wars".

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Its Armored Combat Arm was not created until 1940 when the Armored Force was born on 10 July 1940, with the Headquarters, Armor Force and the Headquarters,

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strategy, operational methods and tactics, the Red Army concluded that it should return to the use of operational methods developed before the war, so the

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One important development took place shortly before the war, which influenced Soviet armoured doctrine and tank design for a decade: the creation of the

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in the mid to late 1930s. This was as part of the two-directioned concepts, one being infantry-centred "broad front" and the other being a "shock army".

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was produced which for the first time used an automatic loader, reducing the crew of the tank to three crewmen. Subsequently, this model, and the later

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companies. Despite lowering their formal organic strength, from the summer of 1943 onwards, the armoured divisions were structurally short of tanks.

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it is most vulnerable. In addition, firing down from multi-story buildings allows shots at the thin upper turret armour and even basic weapons like

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on 15 September 1916, but did not manage to break the deadlock of trench warfare. The first French employment of tanks, on 16 April 1917, using the

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Hofmann, George F. and Starry, Donn A., eds. "Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces." 1999; University Press of Kentucky.

3355:, for example, has such hot exhaust gas that nearby infantry have to be careful where they stand. Tanks can also be very vulnerable to well aimed 2518:. The precise interpretation of this phenomenon has proven controversial among military historians. Traditionally, it has been seen as part of a " 4678:

From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations - December 1942–August 1943, 1984 Art of War symposium, a transcript of proceedings, Col.

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were also introduced as M35 trucks fitted with armour and guns to protect convoys. In 1968, Communist forces primarily deployed the Soviet built

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was the country's only mechanised division during the war. The 200th used pre-war tanks acquired from Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union.

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capable of acting as conventional or anti-aircraft artillery, and a motorised company of field engineers. The unit carried out operations on

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tanks introduced further innovations that influenced armoured warfare by introducing guided missiles into the tank ammunition mix, allowing

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or Mechanised Light Divisions) – the only armoured units organised on the lines of the German armoured divisions – would be lured into the

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Armoured warfare is mechanically and logistically intensive and requires extensive support mechanisms. Armoured fighting vehicles require

5184: 3864:, also known as the "Warthog". Although able to carry a number of different missiles and bombs (including anti-tank ordnance such as the 4154:

has resulted in the application of armour to light vehicles and the continued use of armoured transports, fighting vehicles and tanks.

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medium tank, but this was sometimes compensated by a high muzzle velocity. The IJA's use of tanks in China exemplifies its doctrine:

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At the start of the Second World War much of the Red Army, including its armoured forces, was in transition and recovering from the

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The other major reason is that most armoured vehicles have thinner armour on the roof of the turret and on the engine deck, so an

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While attempts to defeat the tank were made before and during the Second World War, through the use of conventional high velocity

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light tank. This was an air-portable tank capable of destroying heavier tanks using the revolutionary (for the time) 152 mm

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tanks, a motorised machine-gun battalion, a mechanised artillery regiment, which had one battery of fully tracked self-propelled

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artillery, this proved increasingly difficult in the post-war period due to increased armour protection and mobility of tanks.

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The Japanese doctrine was mainly French in concept but with some purely Japanese elements. Due to Japan's naval priorities in

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tanks were lightly armoured. As with most armour during the 1930s, the main guns were small in calibre: 37 mm for their

2295:(August 1918), which ended the stalemate imposed by trench warfare on the Western Front, and thus effectively ended the war. 3587:, for the first time allowing supporting infantry to accompany tanks on a battlefield when nuclear weapon use was expected. 4298: 3886: 3711:

in a hull-down position. Note the observation periscope which would allow the commander to observe in turret-down position.

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p.38, Race to the swift: Thoughts on the Twenty-first century warfare, Brig. Richard E. Simpkin, Brassey's, London, 1985

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In Germany, in-depth research through theoretical approaches, wargaming and exercises developed a confidence within the

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Certain aircraft have been developed to attack armoured vehicles. Most notable is the purpose-built Fairchild-Republic

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future MBTs among the NATO major nations. Both the U.S. and Germany experimented with, but abandoned the missile-armed

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In 2022, Kendrick Kuo, assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College, wrote that due to factors emanating from the

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a superior number of tanks, often better armoured and armed, half of these were allotted at army-level to independent

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began the conversion of its cavalry from horse to tanks and all but a few regiments were fully converted by 1939. The

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The desire to create air-portable armoured vehicles that can still take on conventional MBTs has usually resulted in

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An Experimental Mechanised Force For the 21st Century? Boyd, S.F. 1999 British Army Review, 121. 1999(Apr), pp 17-22

4140: 3786:. In this case, after the KE round is fired, a HEAT round would normally be loaded next to continue the engagement. 3012: 3943: 3597:

capable of firing anti-tank missiles entering production in 1970 which were built and theorised as "flying tanks".

3157: 2676:, lacked sufficient strategic mobility to prevent this. The strategic envelopment surrounded the Belgian army, the 2488:, armoured tractors, armoured supply vehicles, armoured artillery observation vehicles, armoured command vehicles, 2419:

All major European states (with the exception of Germany that was forbidden to possess armoured vehicles under the

1551: 2864: 2553:

actual use of armoured fighting vehicles was limited. Both sides used Italian, German and Soviet tanks during the

2342: 4189: 3425: 2718:, being ill-armed and inadequately led, soon gave way to this approach by the Commonwealth troops of the British 1896: 1534: 1321: 141: 17: 4600: 4147: 3947: 3834: 3639: 3612: 2783:

Much of the Red Army development in tank use was based on the theoretical work carried out by such officers as

1660: 3676:

Armoured Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicles; by 1970 over 200 Sheridan tanks were operating in Vietnam.

2370: 2077: 1524: 3335:(1973) illustrated the problems that can arise if armoured and infantry units do not work closely together. 4234: 4150:) rarely involve direct combat between armoured vehicles, the need to defend against insurgent attacks and 3313:

vehicles due to the practicality of tanks in the desert environment these conflicts largely took place in.

2906: 2014: 713: 473: 53: 38: 4151: 3907: 3798: 3246: 3152:

they could get a shot in. Although they usually had guns of either 75 mm or 76 mm calibre (the

2754: 2559: 2522:

strategy" of swift world conquest by means of armoured forces. Later it has been argued, among others by

2206: 2156: 2024: 1211: 1008: 879: 417: 2602:

during September 1939, German forces applied a narrow cooperation between large armoured units – of the

3615: 3429: 3390:

In 1973, the Israeli Army failed to anticipate the importance of these new weapon systems. Hundreds of

3288: 2750: 2493: 1488: 3160:, rounds which made their guns much more powerful than a simple comparison of calibres would suggest. 5534: 5504: 3999: 3819: 3806: 3635: 3620: 3576: 3570: 2608: 2288: 2133: 2106: 1598: 1106: 450: 324: 158: 4894: 5359: 4293: 4078: 3826: 3764: 3380: 3340: 3022: 2978: 2733: 2644:

by a feint attack with a lesser force, including three armoured divisions. In May 1940, during the

2245: 2195: 2137: 2049: 1916: 1463: 1156: 969: 817: 4371: 2569:

in the summer of 1939 combined mass tank manoeuvres with artillery and air attacks, to defeat the

44: 4048: 3842: 3433: 2982: 2574: 2292: 2280: 2002: 1984: 1740: 1299: 1221: 1166: 1046: 759: 422: 301: 3421:). This highlighted that tanks operating solely, in the era of ATGMs, are extremely vulnerable. 3132:

It was also calculated that U.S. interests would be better served by large numbers of reliable (

5407: 4929: 3955: 3177: 3173: 3156:

used a 90mm calibre gun), the tank destroyer units were issued with the ancestor of the modern

2809: 2788: 2672:, which was reached within a week. The French reserve of four Infantry armoured divisions, the 2570: 2477: 2378: 1869: 1844: 1566: 1478: 1351: 1226: 822: 799: 225: 124: 5363: 5272: 4881: 4802: 4564:

L'Arme Blindée Française. Tome 1. Mai-juin 1940 ! Les blindés français dans la tourmente

4229: 4174: 4112: 3783: 3387:

infantry fighting vehicle. They were in use with Soviet forces before the end of the decade.

3383:. These new weapons were to be either carried by infantry, or fired from the newly developed 3041: 2681: 2382: 1458: 1391: 1344: 993: 956: 919: 837: 789: 673: 483: 276: 180: 4544:

p.32, Design and development of fighting vehicles, R.M. Ogorkiewicz, Macdonald, London, 1968

3723:

is a well protected infantry fighting vehicle capable of delivering troops to the frontline.

3552:

In 1964 a significant breakthrough in tank design was achieved in the Soviet Union when the

2829:, and relied instead on lessons from politically selected officers who were veterans of the 2175: 5291: 4862:"Of Tank and Infantry: Lessons of Heavy-Light Integration Learned, Forgotten and Relearned" 4692: 4318: 4224: 3779: 3360: 3324:(1967), Israeli armoured units typically had the advantage, mainly due to good tactics and 3082: 3046: 3037: 2719: 2485: 2465: 2457: 2420: 1849: 1751: 1608: 1603: 1421: 1386: 1121: 936: 794: 730: 584: 554: 131: 5075:

p.37 Race to the swift, Thoughts on Twenty-first century warfare, Brig. Richard E. Simpkin

2117:. The premise of armored warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional 8: 5239: 4815: 4194: 4100: 3861: 3732: 2970: 2845: 2453: 2237: 1700: 1685: 1561: 1448: 1426: 1401: 1361: 1271: 1081: 981: 931: 698: 688: 653: 445: 435: 185: 109: 4062:

is required, the inability to perform rapid deployment has always been a limit of heavy

2648:, the German feint resulted in a number of undecided armour engagements, among them the 2464:

of fast tanks. The Red Army tactics were influenced by the theoretical works of Marshal

4842: 4764: 4527: 4308: 4283: 4278: 4127:. The latest iteration of the mobile anti-tank gun platform in American service is the 4021:

are used, since AFVs are prone to malfunction and their tracks also ruin the highways.

3895: 3846: 3661: 3461:(MBT) which came into existence, combining most of the different types of tanks during 3153: 3058: 2925:

which allowed him a flexible response to the battlefield situation, an instance of the

2902: 2746: 2599: 2523: 2481: 2346: 2272:

in April 1918, when a group of three German A7V tanks engaged a group of three British

2118: 2034: 1889: 1809: 1730: 1675: 1650: 1571: 1517: 1483: 1414: 1331: 1241: 1146: 1091: 976: 941: 894: 769: 740: 693: 631: 606: 440: 234: 153: 5042: 4715: 3590:

The T-64s and BMP-1s were also joined by the self-propelled guns and more importantly

3117:

team included air support, artillery, engineers, and a tank component supplemented by

5479: 5464: 5449: 5432: 5418: 5415:

Der Panzer und die Mechanisierung des Krieges: Eine deutsche Geschichte 1890 bis 1945

5391: 5373: 5348: 5333: 5315: 5301: 5276: 4834: 4768: 4756: 4739:

Samuels, Martin (July 2017). "Erwin Rommel and German Military Doctrine, 1912–1940".

4596: 4531: 4438: 4263: 4124: 3979: 3830: 2830: 2711: 2693:

The spectacular and unexpected success not only caused a sudden change in the global

2554: 2439:

During the 1930s, political tensions between the world powers quickly increased. The

2409: 2199: 2164: 2070: 1979: 1926: 1829: 1819: 1814: 1784: 1767: 1762: 1735: 1680: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1276: 1266: 1261: 1236: 1206: 1096: 1066: 1061: 1051: 1041: 1031: 946: 899: 869: 708: 501: 478: 412: 3743:

elements (such as small hills) for cover. A tank sitting just behind a hill crest ("

3196:

supported the infantry and assaulted deeper objectives, but did not fight en masse.

2039: 5442: 5369: 5163: 4865: 4748: 4519: 4063: 4059: 4018: 3915: 3876: 3802: 3791: 3510: 3489:, which proved to be highly successful and was not fully replaced until the 1970s. 3458: 3414: 3126: 2715: 2649: 2645: 2550: 2248:(November to December 1917) British tanks were more successful, and broke a German 2229: 2191: 2160: 2122: 2114: 2098: 2044: 2009: 1941: 1834: 1772: 1665: 1593: 1586: 1443: 1376: 1326: 1316: 1191: 1111: 1071: 1056: 1018: 1003: 874: 859: 812: 720: 621: 616: 574: 397: 374: 266: 190: 119: 102: 5016: 3657:

medium tanks were fielded, proving themselves susceptible to the M-72 LAW rocket,

2993: 5325: 4258: 4039: 3869: 3865: 3838: 3770:

When used defensively, tanks are often sunk into trenches or placed behind earth

3600:

The Soviet tank troops, as they were known in the USSR, included armoured units,

3506: 3407: 3062: 2669: 2531: 2508: 2390: 2350: 2313: 2253: 2187: 2141: 1854: 1839: 1757: 1713: 1655: 1311: 1306: 1196: 1186: 1101: 1076: 1013: 854: 784: 774: 626: 611: 534: 506: 296: 291: 271: 114: 4861: 3703: 2159:, and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and 5400: 5287: 4268: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4164: 4082: 4034: 3911: 3486: 3332: 3185: 3118: 3030: 2953: 2927: 2773: 2753:

and under Montgomery finally achieved decisive victories, in particular at the

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launcher. The combat effectiveness of this tank was limited by the unreliable

3970:, or combine both on the same vehicle (the Tunguska for example can also host 3736:

directions and engaging troops and vehicles without stopping or slowing down.

3501:

decided to develop their own tank in the 1960s, and in the 1970s produced the

3125:. The latter is most closely identified with the Chief of Army Ground Forces, 3000: 2852:

for the first time, the T-34 proved a shock to the German forces in the first

5528: 5297: 5189: 4838: 4760: 4752: 4323: 4179: 4116: 4111:. Most such US projects to create such vehicles have been abortive, e.g. the 3951: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3756: 3673: 3485:

in the 1980s. The British Army also retained a World War II tank design, the

3325: 3317: 3220: 3208: 3181: 3114: 2849: 2641: 2629: 2566: 2394: 2365:

The British were the first to create a larger fully mechanised unit when the

2264:, on the contrary, produced only a few tanks, late in the war. Twenty German 2261: 2241: 2233: 1876: 1864: 1720: 1640: 1556: 1539: 1396: 1251: 1231: 909: 904: 884: 864: 779: 750: 725: 601: 579: 564: 539: 379: 286: 244: 239: 136: 2562:

of 1938 and 1939, the Soviet forces tested modern armoured warfare tactics.

2224:

Britain and France first developed tanks in 1915 as a way of navigating the

57: 4679: 4303: 4273: 4253: 3903: 3708: 3580: 3493: 3474: 3462: 3418: 3399: 3200: 3137: 3074: 2918: 2881: 2784: 2737: 2727: 2694: 2661: 2539: 2502:, the first French armoured division of the Cavalry. In Germany, after the 2440: 2402: 2273: 2063: 1989: 1969: 1964: 1859: 1804: 1438: 1433: 1256: 1171: 914: 648: 549: 346: 230: 5365:

Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War

5167: 3739:

When on the defensive, they wait in prepared positions or use any natural

3529: 4523: 4136: 4108: 3919: 3899: 3872: 3693: 3545: 3534: 3391: 3321: 3193: 3189: 3145: 3053: 3033: 3017:

permanent tank battalion attached during the length of the war in Europe.

2818: 2668:

immediately broke out of the bridgeheads, initiating a drive towards the

2514: 2503: 2469: 2225: 2210: 2180: 2149: 1974: 1725: 1690: 1529: 1216: 1181: 889: 832: 735: 519: 220: 215: 49: 5151: 4846: 4508:"Dangerous Changes: When Military Innovation Harms Combat Effectiveness" 3890:

AH-64 Apache, an attack helicopter designed to destroy armoured vehicles

3276: 3101: 4869: 4313: 4169: 4030: 3720: 3669: 3665: 3628: 3594: 3497: 3478: 3348: 3141: 3096: 3026: 2974: 2860: 2834: 2620: 2535: 2519: 2489: 2366: 2218: 1931: 1901: 1623: 987: 4099:

Vehicles which have put such considerations into practice include the

3684: 3668:. In January 1969, U.S. armoured cavalry units began exchanging their 4104: 3923: 3744: 3715: 3689: 3643: 3502: 3482: 3437: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3212: 3066: 2461: 2405:. Although its performance was recognised, it was disbanded in 1928. 2386: 2309: 2202: 1921: 1745: 1695: 1645: 1635: 1630: 1495: 1286: 1281: 1246: 683: 369: 336: 205: 5497: 3728:

others then stop and provide cover for the remainder to move ahead.

3069:. On July 15, 1940, the 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanised) became the 5043:"Anti-tank missile defense system stops attack ... JPost - Defense" 4915: 4913: 4052: 4044: 3697: 3538: 3449: 3215:

light tanks up until 1941, although these vehicles were five years

3204: 2962: 2822: 2698: 2686: 2633: 2582: 2578: 2448: 2374: 2300: 2145: 2144:, as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units. The 1936: 1911: 1544: 1176: 1151: 764: 319: 261: 173: 5512:

Historic films showing tank warfare during the First World War at

3569:

include improved Fire Control Systems, strong armour protected by

3424:

Responding to the serious tank losses suffered against Hezbollah,

3192:

were used for scouting or acted as mobile infantry support, while

2977:

to be protected from small-arms fire while being transported) and

2128:

Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of

30:

This article is about the military doctrine. For the vehicle, see

5146: 5144: 5142: 4132: 3898:

have been designed mainly to engage enemy armoured vehicles. The

3879:

armour-piercing rounds per minute. The Russian equivalent is the

3740: 3169: 2966: 2943: 2563: 2398: 2209:

by the effectiveness of entrenched defensive infantry armed with

1946: 1906: 1670: 1504: 1500: 842: 827: 703: 364: 359: 329: 248: 210: 5269:

Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II.

4910: 3849:(suicide drone) is also used to attack tanks in modern warfare. 3410:

missile), which have been widely exported throughout the world.

2506:

started open rearmament in March 1935, on 15 October 1935 three

3521: 3470: 3336: 3172:

construction and inter-service feuds (the marine branch of the

2893:

Heinz Guderian (right edge) guiding an armoured force in Poland

2826: 2431: 2249: 2148:

of armored warfare was developed to break the static nature of

1453: 849: 666: 402: 5139: 3978:

which can be detonated at a set distance as determined by its

3822:

system easy and the dust is a good visual cue during the day.

5185:"Russia's vast stocks of Soviet-era weaponry are running out" 4682:

ed., Centre for land warfare, US Army war college, March 1984

4088: 3971: 3967: 3880: 3647: 3591: 3584: 3395: 3384: 3073:; the 7th Provisional Tank Brigade, an infantry tank unit at 2653: 2332: 924: 460: 455: 3394:

man-portable anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), supplied to

2803: 4120: 4071: 3975: 3963: 3959: 3771: 3658: 3654: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3481:

main battle tank was replaced with the gas-turbine powered

3453: 2841: 2132:

and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as

2129: 200: 195: 3938:

Airborne threats can be countered in several ways. One is

3852: 3627:(Armoured Cavalry Assault Vehicle); and functioning as a " 37:"Armored Brigade" redirects here. For the video game, see 5461:

Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II.

3477:

basic design of the United States would evolve until the

2265: 2232:

while remaining protected from machine-gun fire. British

73: 2931:(reliance on subordinates to make their own decisions). 2546:

was formed, as the "Mobile Division", in November 1937.

2468:

who advocated "large scale tank warfare" as part of the

2283:

of 21 March to 18 July 1918, the Entente deployed tanks

2886:

technical limits as most tanks had receiver sets only.

2408:

In 2022, Kendrick Kuo, assistant professor at the U.S.

5123:"10 Tanks That Changed the History of Armored Warfare" 4397:"10 Tanks That Changed the History of Armored Warfare" 4345:"10 Tanks That Changed the History of Armored Warfare" 2969:

formation. The panzer divisions integrated tanks with

4435:

Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle

3432:

developed a missile defence system for tanks, called

4593:

The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West

4092:

Graphic representation of the U.S. Army's cancelled

3797:

Some analysts argue that recent conflicts, like the

2898:

advantage of the manoeuvrability of their vehicles.

2869:

strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

5518:Educational video of how armored vehicles are used 5330:

Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank.

4638:Harris, John Paul, 1995, "The Myth of Blitzkrieg", 4058:While tanks are integral to armoured warfare, when 4017:For transporting tracked AFVs over highways, heavy 2825:, which had been successfully conducted by General 5215:"To see the future of urban warfare, look at Gaza" 4024: 2998:units and infantry divisions were given their own 5388:Tank Warfare: Combat Development in World War Two 4577:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two 2921:'s lead-from-the-front approach while commanding 2393:and was observed by the other major nations, the 2244:, also failed to live up to expectations. In the 5526: 5345:Firepower: A History of the American Heavy Tank. 4366: 4364: 3140:and concentrate resources on mass-producing the 4372:"tactics - The armoured offensive | Britannica" 3366: 2619:In the wake of the Polish campaign, during the 5358: 4246: 3537:, produced by Podpolianske strojárne Detva in 2190:of 1914–1918. Strategists wanted to break the 5368:(First Ballantine Books ed.). New York: 4361: 3696:and a logistical convoy advancing during the 3237:Tanks in the Chinese Army during World War II 2684:and the ultimate fall of France in operation 2071: 5296:(Da Capo Press Reissue ed.). New York: 4992:"Israel unveils defense shield for Merkavas" 3731:Normally, multiple platoons coordinate with 3642:would be based on experience with the M113. 2991: 2854:German encounter of Soviet T-34 and KV tanks 4575:Steven J. Zaloga and James Grandsen, 1984, 4423:, R.M. Ogorkiewicz, Macdonald, London, 1968 4421:Design and development of fighting vehicles 3579:were first developed in the 1960s with the 2833:. The result was a poor showing during the 4587: 4585: 4501: 4499: 3868:), the A-10's main weapon is a 30 mm 2680:and the best French troops. It led to the 2460:, which served as the basis of the Soviet 2413: 2078: 2064: 4950: 4948: 4859: 3081:". The Tank Battalion was established at 2697:situation, gaining Germany a position of 5286: 4087: 4038: 3885: 3851: 3714: 3702: 3683: 3533:Czechoslovak armoured personnel carrier 3528: 3520: 3363:artillery units can help overcome this. 3095: 3011: 2888: 2821:. The Red Army ignored the lessons from 2802: 2705: 2430: 2331: 2186:Modern armored warfare began during the 2174: 1037:List of military strategies and concepts 43: 4828: 4738: 4582: 4579:, Arms and Armour Press, London, p. 106 4496: 4432: 3176:favoured all-around protective armour) 27:Use of armored fighting vehicles in war 14: 5527: 5040: 4945: 4784: 4595:, Naval Institute Press; 1st edition, 4185:Comparison of early World War II tanks 4146:Though limited conflicts (such as the 4129:M1134 anti-tank guided missile vehicle 4070:drop light tanks and APCs such as the 3985: 3261: 5209: 5207: 5179: 5177: 4930:"U.S. Army Armor Center & School" 4787:"When France Defied Hitler's Panzers" 4780: 4778: 4710: 4708: 3856:Close-up of an A-10 GAU-8 Avenger gun 3307: 3271: 3052:The United States Army regarded the 3036:heavy tanks, and some officers like 3021:Though the U.S. had established the 2859:Assessing the success of the German 2819:1937 repression of the officer corps 2632:, envisaging an advance through the 2113:. It is a major component of modern 5360:von Mellenthin, Major General F. W. 5120: 4981:Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 13, 14, 33 4907:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 1-4 4629:Zaloga & Grandsen (1984) p. 110 4611:Zaloga & Grandsen (1984) p. 109 4505: 4394: 4342: 4205:Lists of armoured fighting vehicles 3812: 3664:light tanks, as well as the larger 3359:; well-coordinated air support and 3199:In 1939, the Japanese Army engaged 3184:light tanks and 47 mm for the 2909:in 1940 hinged on the element of a 2270:Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 32:Lists of armoured fighting vehicles 24: 5417:, Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn. 5204: 5174: 4972:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 15 4963:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 45 4942:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 46 4919:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 13 4876:from the original on June 3, 2018. 4775: 4705: 3108: 3100:M10 tank destroyer in action near 2322: 25: 5546: 5491: 5390:, Arms and Armour Press, London. 5017:"Trophy Active Protection System" 4860:Hutcheson, John M. (1990-04-05). 4200:Light tanks of the United Kingdom 4139:; most modern militaries operate 4115:. The most common was the flawed 3944:self-propelled anti-aircraft guns 3875:which is capable of firing 3,900 3268:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 2807:A T-34-85 tank on display at the 5240:"125mm APERS And Special Rounds" 5152:"The future of armoured warfare" 3818:The heat makes seeing them on a 3604:and other formations and units. 3275: 3158:armour-piercing discarding sabot 3144:and tank destroyers such as the 3007: 2907:plans for the invasion of France 91: 5506:Japanese Tanks and Tank Tactics 5246:from the original on 2010-12-04 5232: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5049:from the original on 2011-08-30 5034: 5023:from the original on 2011-12-30 5009: 4998:from the original on 2011-06-05 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4936: 4922: 4901: 4853: 4822: 4732: 4685: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4569: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4487: 4190:Comparison of World War I tanks 4025:Light tanks and tank destroyers 3679: 3525:Warsaw Pact "Big Seven" threats 3426:Rafael Advanced Defense Systems 2990:. The Artillery formed its own 2767: 2588: 2369:sanctioned the creation of the 5041:Maital, Shlomo (30 May 2011). 4797:: 30–37 – via EBSCOhost. 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4426: 4413: 4388: 4336: 4240:Tanks of the post–Cold War era 3835:unmanned combat aerial vehicle 3805:, Israeli tanks equipped with 3640:M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle 3607: 3516: 2312:of the British Army's Colonel 2170: 13: 1: 5260: 5066:Hunnicutt/1984/p. 6, 149, 408 3256: 2626:Bataillons de Chars de Combat 2544:British 1st Armoured Division 2416:during the Second World War. 2381:, a battalion of forty-eight 2371:Experimental Mechanized Force 2343:Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne 2276:which they met accidentally. 5102:Starry, p. 24/Zumbro, p. 470 4235:Tanks of the interwar period 4094:XM1202 Mounted Combat System 3415:2006 conflict with Hezbollah 3367:Emergence of guided missiles 3025:in World War I using French 2638:Divisions Légères Mécaniques 2499:1e Division Légère Mécanique 2205:forced on commanders on the 2179:A British heavy tank during 54:Strong Europe Tank Challenge 39:Armored Brigade (video game) 7: 4562:Gérard Saint-Martin, 1998, 4247:Theorists and practitioners 4157: 4011:Combat engineering vehicles 3908:HAL Light Combat Helicopter 3799:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3616:armoured personnel carriers 3602:armoured training regiments 3247:National Revolutionary Army 2755:Second Battle of El Alamein 2678:British Expeditionary Force 2609:invading the east of Poland 2560:Soviet-Japanese Border Wars 2494:armoured personnel carriers 1535:Military–industrial complex 1009:Operational manoeuvre group 48:A shooting contest between 10: 5551: 5405:Mounted Combat In Vietnam. 4028: 4000:Armoured recovery vehicles 3636:infantry fighting vehicles 3621:infantry fighting vehicles 3577:Infantry fighting vehicles 3430:Israel Aircraft Industries 3265: 3234: 2874: 2798: 2778: 2771: 2761: 2741:were proving inadequate. 2725:The arrival of the German 2134:infantry fighting vehicles 2107:armoured fighting vehicles 36: 29: 5242:. Fofanov.armor.kiev.ua. 5121:Nye, Logan (2018-12-14). 4395:Nye, Logan (2018-12-14). 4343:Nye, Logan (2018-12-14). 3954:, short and medium-range 3820:forward-looking infra-red 3807:active protection systems 3780:kinetic energy (KE) round 3381:anti-tank guided missiles 3341:anti-tank guided missiles 3123:tank destroyer battalions 2992: 2714:of Maresciallo (Marshal) 2614: 2593: 2291:(18 to 22 July 1918) and 1599:Loss-of-strength gradient 451:Combat information center 4753:10.1177/0968344515623982 4330: 4006:Armoured supply vehicles 3827:anti-tank guided missile 3765:high-explosive anti-tank 3230: 3163: 3121:formed into independent 2979:self-propelled artillery 2734:General der Panzertruppe 2426: 2327: 2281:German spring offensives 2138:self-propelled artillery 2103:see spelling differences 1917:Military science fiction 1402:Technology and equipment 818:List of military tactics 5463:2008. Stackpole Books. 5446:Japanese Tanks 1939–45. 5413:Pöhlmann, Markus 1990, 4994:. UPI.com. 2010-04-06. 4049:Operation Desert Shield 3894:Similarly, a number of 3443: 2575:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 2236:first went into action 2228:and other obstacles of 1985:Wartime sexual violence 1741:Full-spectrum dominance 1552:Supply-chain management 5514:europeanfilmgateway.eu 5410:; First printing 1978. 5408:Department of the Army 5386:Perrett, Bryan, 1990, 5347:1988; Presidio Press. 5332:1984; Presidio Press. 5162:(8): 1–2. 1998-10-01. 5019:. Defense-update.com. 4889:Cite journal requires 4642:November 1995: 335–352 4512:International Security 4506:Kuo, Kendrick (2022). 4135:variant equipped with 4096: 4055: 4013:(CEV), e.g. bulldozers 3956:surface-to-air missile 3891: 3857: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3541: 3526: 3105: 3089:was also established. 3018: 2894: 2814: 2656:, assisted by massive 2571:Japanese Imperial Army 2436: 2337: 2183: 1897:Awards and decorations 1870:Peace through strength 1845:Low-intensity conflict 1479:Conscientious objector 1352:Area of responsibility 61: 5273:Naval Institute Press 5168:10.1080/1356788980485 4785:Koster, John (2017). 4720:Spartacus Educational 4651:Perrett (1990), p. 18 4591:Frieser, K-H., 2005, 4457:Perrett (1990), p. 12 4319:Tukhachevski, Mikhail 4230:Tanks in World War II 4113:M8 Armored Gun System 4091: 4042: 3889: 3855: 3718: 3706: 3687: 3532: 3524: 3099: 3042:George S. Patton, Jr. 3015: 2934:The effect of German 2892: 2806: 2706:North African theatre 2682:Evacuation of Dunkirk 2530:gave priority to the 2434: 2383:Vickers Medium Mark I 2335: 2221:as they were moving. 2178: 2121:lines through use of 484:Torpedo data computer 474:Ship gun fire-control 47: 5478:1998, Pocket Books. 5427:Stockwell, David B. 4864:. Fort Belvoir, VA. 4524:10.1162/isec_a_00446 4493:Perrett (1990) p. 14 4433:Hammond, B. (2009). 4294:Patton, George Smith 4225:Tanks in World War I 3958:systems such as the 3688:A combined force of 3653:By 1971, the larger 3595:Rotary-wing aircraft 3428:in cooperation with 3219:than the 1935 built 3087:Armored Force School 3079:2nd Armored Division 3071:1st Armored Division 3047:Adna R. Chaffee, Jr. 3038:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2720:Western Desert Force 2674:Divisions cuirassées 2492:, and fully tracked 2486:mechanised artillery 2466:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2458:John Walter Christie 2435:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2421:Treaty of Versailles 2015:Military occupations 1850:Military engineering 1752:Unrestricted Warfare 1609:Force multiplication 502:Military manoeuvrers 5520:on the battlefield. 5508:Chapter II: Tactics 5267:Goldman, Stuart D. 4669:Goldman p. 123, 167 4620:Goldman p. 123, 124 4475:Perrett (1990) p. 7 4466:Perrett (1990) p. 9 4309:Schwarzkopf, Norman 4289:Montgomery, Bernard 4284:von Manstein, Erich 4279:Liddell Hart, B. H. 4195:History of the tank 4141:comparable vehicles 4101:Stingray light tank 3986:Engineering support 3946:such as the German 3896:helicopter gunships 3862:A-10 Thunderbolt II 3733:mechanised infantry 3634:More heavily armed 3262:Indo-Pakistani wars 3085:, Md., and a small 2971:mechanised infantry 2846:Christie suspension 2844:. Developed on the 2482:self-propelled guns 2456:, from US designer 2454:Christie suspension 2125:by armoured units. 1701:Penal military unit 1686:Rules of engagement 1362:Command and control 982:Operations research 446:Director (military) 436:Fire-control system 186:Command and control 67:Part of a series on 5499:Tanks Encyclopedia 5429:Tanks In The Wire. 5156:Strategic Comments 4870:10.21236/ada235149 4566:, Economica, Paris 4376:www.britannica.com 4264:de Gaulle, Charles 4148:insurgency in Iraq 4097: 4056: 3980:laser range finder 3892: 3858: 3847:Loitering munition 3725: 3713: 3701: 3662:M41 Walker Bulldog 3542: 3527: 3287:. You can help by 3106: 3093:infantry support. 3034:Mark V and Mark V* 3019: 2903:conquest of Poland 2895: 2848:chassis and using 2815: 2600:Invasion of Poland 2524:Karl-Heinz Frieser 2437: 2347:B. H. Liddell Hart 2338: 2289:Battle of Soissons 2184: 1810:Counter-insurgency 1731:Command of the sea 1676:Jewish laws on war 1651:Geneva Conventions 1187:Divide and conquer 977:Military operation 942:Tactical objective 441:Fire-control radar 418:Electronic-warfare 62: 60:, Germany, in 2018 5476:The Iron Cavalry. 5469:978-0-8117-0424-3 5454:978-1-84603-091-8 5443:Zaloga, Steven J. 5423:978-3-506-78355-4 5343:Hunnicutt, R. P. 5281:978-1-61251-098-9 4693:"Ranks and Posts" 4640:War in History II 4444:978-0-7538-2605-8 4437:. London: Orion. 4085:of World War II. 4064:main battle tanks 3920:Ka-50 Black Shark 3839:ground-attack jet 3831:attack helicopter 3829:or bomb (from an 3792:Molotov cocktails 3457:resulting in the 3308:Arab–Israeli wars 3305: 3304: 3243:Republic of China 3134:battle-worthiness 2923:7.Panzer-Division 2831:Spanish Civil War 2810:Musée des Blindés 2731:under command of 2712:10th Italian Army 2555:Spanish Civil War 2410:Naval War College 2250:trenchline system 2246:Battle of Cambrai 2165:military strategy 2105:), is the use of 2088: 2087: 1980:Horses in warfare 1927:Anti-war movement 1830:Gunboat diplomacy 1820:Disaster response 1768:Philosophy of war 1763:Principles of war 1736:Deterrence theory 1681:Right of conquest 1604:Lanchester's laws 1372:Principles of war 1062:Counter-offensive 1042:Military campaign 947:Target saturation 870:Counterinsurgency 479:Gun data computer 413:Close air support 375:Aircraft carriers 52:tanks during the 16:(Redirected from 5542: 5535:Armoured warfare 5459:Zaloga, Steven. 5383: 5370:Ballantine Books 5311: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5148: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5084:Stockwell, p. 10 5082: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4798: 4791:Military History 4782: 4773: 4772: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4503: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4340: 4299:Rawlinson, Henry 4259:Fuller, J. F. C. 4060:power projection 3916:Eurocopter Tiger 3877:depleted uranium 3813:Airborne threats 3803:Israel-Hamas war 3511:composite armour 3459:main battle tank 3331:Conversely, the 3300: 3297: 3279: 3272: 3127:Lesley J. McNair 3059:Polish Campaign. 3029:light tanks and 2997: 2996: 2952:Before the war, 2940: 2716:Rodolfo Graziani 2650:Battle of Hannut 2646:Battle of France 2551:Second World War 2509:Panzerdivisionen 2445:Five Years Plans 2293:Battle of Amiens 2279:After the final 2099:American English 2091:Armoured warfare 2080: 2073: 2066: 1835:Humanitarian aid 1773:Security dilemma 1594:Power projection 1377:Economy of force 1357:Chain of command 1072:Defence in depth 1057:Commerce raiding 875:Defeat in detail 191:Defense ministry 95: 86: 85: 76: 64: 63: 21: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5525: 5524: 5494: 5489: 5474:Zumbro, Ralph. 5401:Starry, Donn. A 5380: 5326:Hunnicutt, R. P 5308: 5288:Guderian, Heinz 5263: 5258: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5224: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5194: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5150: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5129: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4858: 4854: 4827: 4823: 4811: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4783: 4776: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4590: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4403: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4269:Guderian, Heinz 4249: 4244: 4160: 4083:tank destroyers 4037: 4029:Main articles: 4027: 3988: 3870:GAU-8/A Avenger 3866:AGM-65 Maverick 3815: 3682: 3623:, known as the 3610: 3519: 3446: 3369: 3361:counter-battery 3310: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3285:needs expansion 3270: 3264: 3259: 3239: 3233: 3166: 3119:tank destroyers 3111: 3109:Tank destroyers 3065:established at 3063:I Armored Corps 3010: 2958:Achtung–Panzer! 2938: 2901:Even after the 2877: 2801: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2762:interwar period 2708: 2670:English Channel 2617: 2596: 2591: 2532:Royal Air Force 2429: 2391:Salisbury Plain 2351:J. F. C. Fuller 2336:J. F. C. Fuller 2330: 2325: 2323:Interwar period 2314:J. F. C. Fuller 2254:Hindenburg Line 2188:First World War 2173: 2161:decisive battle 2142:combat vehicles 2095:armored warfare 2084: 2055: 2054: 2005: 1995: 1994: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1892: 1882: 1881: 1855:Multilateralism 1840:Law enforcement 1800: 1790: 1789: 1758:Just war theory 1716: 1706: 1705: 1656:Geneva Protocol 1626: 1616: 1615: 1589: 1579: 1578: 1520: 1510: 1509: 1417: 1407: 1406: 1347: 1337: 1336: 1302: 1292: 1291: 1222:Network-centric 1142: 1132: 1131: 1034: 1024: 1023: 972: 962: 961: 910:Rapid dominance 815: 805: 804: 760:Electromagnetic 669: 659: 658: 645: 598: 546: 522: 512: 511: 507:Combat training 488: 465: 431:Combat systems: 427: 389: 385:Auxiliary ships 351: 311: 253: 176: 166: 165: 105: 79: 78: 77: 72: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Armoured troops 15: 12: 11: 5: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5493: 5492:External links 5490: 5488: 5487: 5472: 5457: 5448:2007; Osprey. 5440: 5425: 5411: 5398: 5384: 5378: 5356: 5341: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5284: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5231: 5221:. 18 July 2024 5203: 5173: 5138: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5033: 5008: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4944: 4935: 4921: 4909: 4900: 4891:|journal= 4852: 4821: 4774: 4747:(3): 308–335. 4741:War in History 4731: 4704: 4684: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4553:Goldman p. 123 4546: 4537: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4425: 4412: 4387: 4360: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4324:Zhukov, Georgy 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4220:Modern warfare 4217: 4215:Mobile Warfare 4212: 4210:Mobile Defence 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4175:Cold War Tanks 4172: 4167: 4165:Armoured corps 4161: 4159: 4156: 4125:MGM-51 missile 4035:Tank destroyer 4026: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4003: 3987: 3984: 3950:or the Soviet 3912:Denel Rooivalk 3814: 3811: 3681: 3678: 3672:tanks for the 3609: 3606: 3518: 3515: 3445: 3442: 3413:In the recent 3368: 3365: 3333:Yom Kippur War 3309: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3296:September 2019 3282: 3280: 3266:Main article: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251:200th Division 3232: 3229: 3165: 3162: 3110: 3107: 3009: 3006: 2954:Heinz Guderian 2928:Auftragstaktik 2876: 2873: 2800: 2797: 2780: 2777: 2774:Deep operation 2772:Main article: 2769: 2766: 2707: 2704: 2666:Heinz Guderian 2658:carpet bombing 2616: 2613: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2528:United Kingdom 2428: 2425: 2355:road transport 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2215:trench warfare 2172: 2169: 2153:trench warfare 2115:methods of war 2111:modern warfare 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2020:Military terms 2017: 2012: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1778:Tripwire force 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1300:Administrative 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1227:New generation 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1202:Fleet in being 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1140:Grand strategy 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1127:Scorched earth 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999:Deep operation 996: 991: 984: 979: 973: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 846: 845: 840: 835: 825: 816: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 800:Unconventional 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 748: 746:Disinformation 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 717: 716: 711: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 670: 665: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 651: 644: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 597: 596: 595: 594: 593: 592: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 545: 544: 543: 542: 537: 532: 523: 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 499: 497:Basic training 494: 487: 486: 481: 476: 471: 464: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 426: 425: 423:Reconnaissance 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 350: 349: 344: 342:Special forces 339: 334: 333: 332: 322: 317: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 252: 251: 242: 237: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 177: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 156: 146: 145: 144: 139: 129: 128: 127: 120:Post-classical 117: 112: 106: 101: 100: 97: 96: 88: 87: 69: 68: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5547: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5484:0-671-01390-4 5481: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5437:0-515-10333-0 5434: 5430: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:0-85368-993-8 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5379:0-345-24440-0 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5353:0-89141-304-9 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338:0-89141-230-1 5335: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 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4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4180:Combined arms 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4117:M551 Sheridan 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952:9K22 Tunguska 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940:air supremacy 3936: 3933: 3932:Westland Lynx 3929: 3928:A129 Mangusta 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3757:mobility kill 3752: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3677: 3675: 3674:M551 Sheridan 3671: 3667: 3666:M48A3 Pattons 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3326:unit cohesion 3323: 3319: 3318:1956 Suez War 3314: 3299: 3290: 3286: 3283:This section 3281: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:combined arms 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077:, became the 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3008:United States 3005: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2994:Sturmgeschütz 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2850:sloped armour 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813:in April 2007 2812: 2811: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2789:Triandafillov 2786: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Low Countries 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Manstein Plan 2627: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:Georgy Zhukov 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:armoured cars 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395:United States 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:armoured cars 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2274:Mark IV tanks 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:German Empire 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:no-man's land 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Western Front 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Western Front 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1907:Warrior caste 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1877:Show of force 1875: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865:Peacebuilding 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721:Air supremacy 1719: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1661:Islamic rules 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641:Court-martial 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1540:Arms industry 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1157:Broken-backed 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 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604: 603: 600: 599: 591: 588: 587: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Fortification 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 551: 548: 547: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 525: 524: 521: 516: 515: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 386: 383: 381: 380:Landing craft 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 331: 328: 327: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 250: 246: 245:Standing army 243: 241: 238: 236: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 175: 170: 169: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 143: 140: 138: 137:pike and shot 135: 134: 133: 130: 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Retrieved 5234: 5223:. Retrieved 5218: 5195:. Retrieved 5193:. 2024-07-16 5188: 5159: 5155: 5130:. Retrieved 5127:Military.com 5126: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5051:. Retrieved 5036: 5025:. Retrieved 5011: 5000:. Retrieved 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4938: 4924: 4903: 4882:cite journal 4855: 4831:Army History 4830: 4824: 4803:cite journal 4794: 4790: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4723:. Retrieved 4719: 4716:"Blitzkrieg" 4696:. Retrieved 4687: 4680:David Glantz 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4592: 4576: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4518:(2): 48–87. 4515: 4511: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4404:. Retrieved 4401:Military.com 4400: 4390: 4379:. Retrieved 4375: 4352:. Retrieved 4349:Military.com 4348: 4338: 4145: 4137:TOW missiles 4098: 4076: 4068: 4057: 4019:transporters 4016: 3991: 3989: 3937: 3904:AH-64 Apache 3893: 3859: 3824: 3816: 3796: 3788: 3777: 3769: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3709:Leclerc tank 3694:Bradley IFVs 3680:21st century 3670:M48A3 Patton 3652: 3650:light tank. 3638:such as the 3633: 3624: 3611: 3599: 3589: 3581:Soviet Union 3575: 3551: 3543: 3496: 3491: 3475:M26 Pershing 3467: 3463:World War II 3447: 3423: 3412: 3404: 3400:Soviet Union 3389: 3377: 3370: 3345: 3330: 3315: 3311: 3293: 3289:adding to it 3284: 3240: 3225: 3216: 3198: 3194:medium tanks 3167: 3150: 3138:M26 Pershing 3133: 3131: 3112: 3091: 3075:Fort Benning 3051: 3020: 2999: 2988:Panzertruppe 2987: 2983:breakthrough 2957: 2951: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2919:Erwin Rommel 2915: 2910: 2900: 2896: 2882:Panzertruppe 2880: 2878: 2858: 2839: 2816: 2808: 2793: 2785:Tukhachevsky 2782: 2768:Soviet Union 2759: 2743: 2738:Erwin Rommel 2732: 2728:Afrika Korps 2726: 2724: 2709: 2695:geostrategic 2692: 2685: 2673: 2662:Erwin Rommel 2637: 2625: 2618: 2603: 2597: 2589:World War II 2548: 2540:British Army 2513: 2507: 2497: 2474: 2441:Soviet Union 2438: 2418: 2414:North Africa 2407: 2403:Soviet Union 2364: 2360: 2339: 2318: 2306: 2297: 2284: 2278: 2258: 2242:Schneider CA 2238:at the Somme 2234:Mark I tanks 2223: 2211:machine guns 2185: 2163:outcomes in 2140:, and other 2127: 2094: 2090: 2089: 1990:Fifth column 1970:War resister 1965:Women in war 1860:Peacekeeping 1805:Arms control 1750: 1439:Mobilization 1434:Conscription 1392:Intelligence 1345:Organization 986: 915:Encirclement 795:Radiological 731:Conventional 678: 585:Subterranean 492:Development: 491: 468: 430: 392: 355:Naval units: 354: 347:Signal corps 314: 277:Intelligence 257:Specialties: 256: 181:Organization 132:Early modern 5403:, General. 4314:Tal, Israel 4109:B1 Centauro 3924:Mi-28 Havoc 3900:AH-1Z Viper 3873:Gatling gun 3719:The German 3608:Vietnam War 3546:Warsaw Pact 3535:OT-62 TOPAS 3517:Warsaw Pact 3494:West German 3448:During the 3392:AT-3 Sagger 3322:Six-Day War 3316:During the 3190:light tanks 3146:M18 Hellcat 3104:, June 1944 3054:French Army 3001:Panzerjäger 2973:(riding in 2956:had in his 2911:Schwerpunkt 2865:Tank Armies 2751:1st Alamein 2604:Panzerwaffe 2549:Before the 2515:Panzerwaffe 2504:Nazi Regime 2490:half-tracks 2470:deep battle 2226:barbed wire 2213:– known as 2196:operational 2181:World War I 2171:World War I 2150:World War I 1975:War studies 1798:Non-warfare 1726:Appeasement 1691:Martial law 1530:War economy 1469:Transgender 1422:Recruitment 1182:Containment 1067:Culminating 1047:Anti-access 970:Operational 890:Envelopment 833:Air assault 714:Air cavalry 674:Air defence 654:Information 555:Cold-region 520:Battlespace 469:Historical: 315:Land units: 221:Space force 216:Coast guard 149:Late modern 110:Prehistoric 50:Leopard 2A6 5261:References 5250:2011-12-28 5225:2024-08-14 5197:2024-08-14 5132:2022-01-28 5053:2011-12-28 5027:2011-12-28 5002:2011-12-28 4812:|url= 4725:2019-12-02 4698:2024-09-29 4601:1591142946 4406:2022-01-28 4381:2022-01-28 4354:2022-01-28 4170:Blitzkrieg 4031:Light tank 3644:Gun trucks 3629:light tank 3498:Bundeswehr 3349:turboshaft 3257:After 1945 3235:See also: 3203:armour at 3142:M4 Sherman 3083:Fort Meade 3027:Renault FT 3023:Tank Corps 2975:halftracks 2861:Blitzkrieg 2835:Winter War 2621:Phoney War 2536:Royal Navy 2520:Blitzkrieg 2472:doctrine. 2401:, and the 2387:Birch guns 2367:War Office 2219:small arms 2203:stalemates 2035:War crimes 2025:Operations 1932:Foot drill 1902:Battle cry 1815:deterrence 1474:Harassment 1449:Specialism 1272:Technology 1267:Succession 1212:Liberation 1147:Asymmetric 1082:Empty fort 988:Blitzkrieg 957:Withdrawal 920:Investment 699:Camouflage 694:Biological 632:Underwater 607:Amphibious 526:Aerospace 393:Air units: 370:Submarines 159:fourth-gen 154:industrial 142:napoleonic 58:Grafenwöhr 5362:(1971) . 5290:(2001) . 4839:1546-5330 4769:151367404 4761:0968-3445 4532:253225173 4105:AMX 10 RC 3841:or small 3745:hull-down 3690:M1 Abrams 3503:Leopard I 3487:Centurion 3483:M1 Abrams 3408:Spike/Gil 3373:anti-tank 3357:artillery 3353:M1 Abrams 3351:-powered 3213:M3 Stuart 3113:The U.S. 3067:Fort Knox 2598:In their 2462:BT series 2375:tankettes 2310:Plan 1919 2200:strategic 2123:manoeuvre 2119:defensive 1922:War novel 1825:Grey-zone 1785:War games 1746:Overmatch 1696:War crime 1646:Desertion 1636:Ceasefire 1631:Armistice 1518:Logistics 1496:Mercenary 1484:Volunteer 1415:Personnel 1387:Engineers 1332:Sociology 1287:World war 1282:Total war 1262:Strategic 1252:Religious 1237:Political 1232:Perpetual 1207:Irregular 1122:Offensive 1097:Defensive 1092:Deception 1052:Attrition 900:Guerrilla 895:Formation 838:Airbridge 770:Loitering 684:Artillery 337:Artillery 272:Engineers 235:Irregular 206:Air force 5529:Category 5244:Archived 5047:Archived 5021:Archived 4996:Archived 4874:Archived 4847:26304190 4158:See also 4053:Gulf War 4045:AMX-10RC 3992:armoured 3698:Gulf War 3539:Slovakia 3450:Cold War 3440:border. 3205:Nomonhan 3102:Saint-Lô 3045:States. 2963:infantry 2944:Char B1 2823:Nomonhan 2747:Crusader 2699:hegemony 2687:Fall Rot 2634:Ardennes 2583:Mongolia 2579:Nomonhan 2449:Red Army 2285:en masse 2192:tactical 2146:doctrine 1937:War song 1912:War film 1545:Materiel 1464:Children 1444:Training 1382:Medicine 1367:Doctrine 1322:Training 1257:Resource 1242:Princely 1192:Economic 1177:Conquest 1172:Colonial 1167:Cold war 1152:Blockade 1032:Strategy 1004:Maneuver 765:Infantry 721:Chemical 575:Mountain 535:Airborne 398:Fighters 365:Warships 320:Infantry 262:Rifleman 226:Reserves 174:Military 4814:value ( 4133:Stryker 4051:in the 4047:during 4043:French 3741:terrain 3692:tanks, 3398:by the 3337:Israeli 3221:Type 95 3186:Type 97 3182:Type 95 3170:warship 3031:British 2967:cavalry 2875:Germany 2799:Wartime 2779:Pre-war 2573:at the 2564:General 2399:Germany 2287:at the 2155:on the 2050:Writers 2045:Weapons 2010:Battles 1959:Related 1947:Wargame 1942:Uniform 1890:Culture 1671:Perfidy 1666:Justice 1587:Science 1572:Outpost 1525:History 1505:Warrior 1501:Soldier 1489:foreign 1427:counter 1327:Service 1277:Theater 1217:Limited 1197:Endemic 1112:Nuclear 880:Foxhole 855:Cavalry 843:Airdrop 828:Airlift 813:Tactics 785:Nuclear 775:Missile 704:Cavalry 689:Barrage 667:Weapons 627:Surface 408:Command 403:Bombers 360:Frogman 330:Cavalry 287:Medical 249:Militia 231:Regular 211:Marines 125:castles 115:Ancient 103:History 82:outline 5482: 5467: 5452: 5435: 5431:1990. 5421: 5394: 5376: 5351: 5336: 5318: 5304: 5279: 5271:2012, 5111:Starry 4954:Zaloga 4845: 4837: 4810:Check 4767: 4759: 4599: 4530: 4441: 4419:p.27, 3948:Gepard 3784:breech 3761:m-kill 3473:. The 3471:MBT-70 3434:Trophy 3419:Kornet 3201:Soviet 2939:'s 2936:Panzer 2827:Zhukov 2615:France 2594:Poland 2538:. 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