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He gave up a lucrative legal practice for a modest salary, but never regretted the exchange, since it allowed him to devote his energies to the pursuit that he liked best. He at once married and settled down in
Cambridge, and (unlike Hamilton) enjoyed a home life of great happiness. Sylvester, his
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began the publication of his collected papers, which he appreciated very much. He edited seven of the quarto volumes himself, though suffering from a painful internal malady. He died 26 January 1895 at age 74. His funeral at
Trinity Chapel was attended by the leading scientists of Britain, with
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At first the
Sadleirian professor was paid to lecture over one of the terms of the academic year, but the university financial reform of 1886 freed funds to extend his lectures to two terms. For many years his courses were attended only by a few students who had finished their examination
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As for his duty to the advancement of mathematical science, he published a long and fruitful series of memoirs ranging over all of pure mathematics. He also became the standing referee on the merits of mathematical papers to many societies both at home and abroad.
468:. His next step was to take the M.A. degree, and win a Fellowship by competitive examination. He continued to reside at Cambridge University for four years; during which time he took some pupils, but his main work was the preparation of 28 memoirs to the
1037: : 24 : "I have verified the theorem, in the next simplest case, of a matrix of the order 3, ... but I have not thought it necessary to undertake the labour of a formal proof of the theorem in the general case of a matrix of any degree."
689:. The meeting was held at Southport, in the north of England. As the President's address is one of the great popular events of the meeting, and brings out an audience of general culture, it is usually made as little technical as possible.
403:. The young Cayley enjoyed complex maths problems, and the school's master observed indications of his mathematical genius. He advised the father to educate his son not for his own business, as he had intended, but at the
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666:, where Sylvester was then professor of mathematics, an invitation to deliver a course of lectures. He accepted the invitation, and lectured at Baltimore during the first five months of 1882 on the subject of the
716:, his successor as Sadleirian professor, in total thirteen quarto volumes and 967 papers. His work continues in frequent use, cited in more than 200 mathematical papers in the 21st century alone.
388:. His mother was Maria Antonia Doughty, daughter of William Doughty. According to some writers she was Russian, but her father's name indicates an English origin. His brother was the linguist
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In 1872, he was made an honorary fellow of
Trinity College, and three years later an ordinary fellow, a paid position. About this time his friends subscribed for a presentation portrait.
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A. Cayley, Collected
Mathematical Papers, Cambridge (1891), v. 4, 446−455. W. V. D. Hodge and D. Pedoe, Methods of Algebraic Geometry, Cambridge (1952), v. 2, p. 388.
647:. He took great interest in the movement for the university education of women. At Cambridge the first women's colleges were Girton and Newnham. In the early days of
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friend from his bachelor days, once expressed his envy of Cayley's peaceful family life, whereas the unmarried
Sylvester had to fight the world all his days.
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Cayley retained to the last his fondness for novel-reading and for travelling. He also took special pleasure in paintings and architecture, and he practiced
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301:; 16 August 1821 – 26 January 1895) was a British mathematician who worked mostly on algebra. He helped found the modern British school of
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preparation, but after the reform the attendance numbered about fifteen. He generally lectured on his current research topic.
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437:. To this journal, at the age of twenty, Cayley contributed three papers, on subjects that had been suggested by reading the
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591:; Memoir on the theory of Matrices; Memoirs on skew surfaces, otherwise Scrolls; and On the delineation of a Cubic Scroll.
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professorship, using funds bequeathed by Lady
Sadleir, with the 42-year-old Cayley as its first holder. His duties were
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549:"to explain and teach the principles of pure mathematics and to apply himself to the advancement of that science."
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392:. Arthur spent his first eight years in Saint Petersburg. In 1829 his parents were settled permanently at
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wrote an address praising Cayley's principal works, including his
Chapters on the Analytical Geometry of
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324:, and verified it for matrices of order 2 and 3. He was the first to define the concept of an abstract
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and covariants. During these fourteen years, Cayley produced between two and three hundred papers.
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Because of the limited tenure of his fellowship it was necessary to choose a profession; like
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The
Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn Vol II, Admission Register 1420 - 1893
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he gave direct help in teaching, and for some years he was chairman of the council of
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1212:(1996) , "Presidential address to the British Association", in Ewald, William (ed.),
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From Kant to
Hilbert: a source book in the foundations of mathematics. Vol. I, II
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885:(and consequently the Cayley Formation, a geological unit named after the crater)
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of all curves in projective 3-space. He founded the algebro-geometric theory of
368:, England, on 16 August 1821. His father, Henry Cayley, was a distant cousin of
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Crilly, Tony (1995), "A Victorian Mathematician: Arthur Cayley (1821–1895)",
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1057:(42) : 40–47. However, see also the criticism of this definition in:
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1048:"On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θ = 1,"
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419:, where he excelled in Greek, French, German, and Italian, as well as
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655:, in the progress of which he took the keenest interest to the last.
519:, resident in London; they used to walk together round the courts of
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968:, Cambridge Library Collection – Mathematics, vol. 14 volumes,
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I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera
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Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century
1471:"Arthur Cayley. Born August 16th, 1821. Died January 26th, 1895"
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Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century
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460:. He finished his undergraduate course by winning the place of
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Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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official representatives from as far as Russia and America.
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1428:, 1859–1863. Available online through Lehigh University's
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Arthur Cayley. Mathematician laureate of the Victorian age
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on 20 April 1846 at the age of 24. He made a specialty of
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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See Cayley (1858) "A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices",
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took for his subject the Progress of Pure Mathematics.
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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515:, his senior by five years at Cambridge, was then an
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Reprinted in collected mathematical papers volume 11
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A number of mathematical terms are named after him:
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1218:, Oxford Science Publications, The Clarendon Press
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687:British Association for the Advancement of Science
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376:engineer innovator, and descended from an ancient
2532:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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332:operation satisfying certain laws, as opposed to
2442:People educated at King's College School, London
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1160:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
673:In 1893, Cayley became a foreign member of the
1435:
1136:"To the Committee of the Cayley Portrait Fund"
996:The principles of book-keeping by double entry
675:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2492:Presidents of the British Science Association
2376:This article incorporates text from the 1916
1968:
1519:
2497:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
2487:Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
934:An elementary treatise on elliptic functions
2482:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
1094:. London: Lincoln's Inn. 1896. p. 226.
712:The remainder of his papers were edited by
598:, Cayley made fundamental contributions to
415:At the age of 17 Cayley began residence at
396:, where Arthur attended a private school.
1975:
1961:
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1180:"Trinity College, University of Cambridge"
633:labeled vertices by the pioneering use of
2527:Sadleirian Professors of Pure Mathematics
1486:
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1339:, Mathematical monographs, vol. 17,
1982:
1011:List of things named after Arthur Cayley
484:, Cayley chose law, and was admitted to
1441:"Science Worthies. XXII.—Arthur Cayley"
1384:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1107:
1070:
696:
312:He postulated what is now known as the
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1820:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
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543:'s chair) was supplemented by the new
2457:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
1956:
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1103:
1101:
1059:MacTutor: The abstract group concept
685:In 1883, Cayley was President of the
492:. It was while he was a pupil at the
2452:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1182:. BBC Your Paintings. Archived from
535:Around 1860, Cambridge University's
352:are named in his honour, as well as
19:For Sir Arthur Cayley, Baronet, see
2417:19th-century British mathematicians
433:had been instituted by Gregory and
13:
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14:
2543:
1366:
965:The Collected Mathematical Papers
537:Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
16:English mathematician (1821–1895)
2369:
1125:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1121:Dictionary of National Biography
1108:Forsyth, Andrew Russell (1901).
530:
452:Cayley's tutor at Cambridge was
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1488:10.1090/s0002-9904-1895-00261-x
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2502:Recipients of the Copley Medal
1306:Johns Hopkins University Press
1172:
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1141:
1129:
1082:
1064:
1040:
1023:
937:, Cornell University Library,
738:An 1874 portrait of Cayley by
681:British Association presidency
658:In 1881, he received from the
430:Cambridge Mathematical Journal
1:
1399:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1016:
606:discovered the 27 lines on a
587:dimensions; On the theory of
475:
359:
2462:Fellows of the Royal Society
1409:"Cayley, Arthur (1821–1895)"
1260:The Mathematical Association
999:, Cambridge University Press
900:Chasles–Cayley–Brill formula
873:Cayley's ruled cubic surface
868:Cayley's nodal cubic surface
410:
7:
1076:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1004:
798:Cayley–Dickson construction
668:Abelian and Theta Functions
594:In addition to his work on
427:had now triumphed, and the
144:Cayley–Dickson construction
10:
2548:
2447:Newnham College, Cambridge
1764:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
1740:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
1341:Cornell University Library
1202:
1078:. University of Cambridge.
1072:"Cayley, Arthur (CLY838A)"
970:Cambridge University Press
748:Trinity College, Cambridge
706:Cambridge University Press
456:and his private coach was
417:Trinity College, Cambridge
399:At age 14, he was sent to
364:Arthur Cayley was born in
307:Trinity College, Cambridge
209:Trinity College, Cambridge
114:Trinity College, Cambridge
18:
1990:
1542:
1158:"A. Cayley (1821 - 1895)"
794:in mechanical engineering
790:– used for finding
783:Cayley–Menger determinant
746:are in the collection of
726:
610:. Cayley constructed the
445:and some of the works of
322:characteristic polynomial
305:, and was a professor at
261:
235:
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194:
187:
152:
121:
108:
98:
79:
53:
44:
30:
1405:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
1389:University of St Andrews
1251:The Mathematical Gazette
778:Grassmann–Cayley algebra
773:Cayley–Bacharach theorem
742:and an 1884 portrait by
731:Cayley is buried in the
660:Johns Hopkins University
640:In 1876, he published a
1708:Julius Robert von Mayer
1220:Oxford University Press
829:Cayley–Purser algorithm
764:Cayley–Hamilton theorem
618:. His contributions to
405:University of Cambridge
314:Cayley–Hamilton theorem
139:Cayley–Hamilton theorem
2004:James Joseph Sylvester
1780:James Joseph Sylvester
1596:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1556:Alexander von Humboldt
1467:Scott, Charlotte Angas
1111:"Cayley, Arthur"
1051:Philosophical Magazine
581:
502:William Rowan Hamilton
380:family. He settled in
2164:George Neville Watson
1884:George Gabriel Stokes
1788:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
1724:Hermann von Helmholtz
1692:Henri Victor Regnault
1572:Johannes Peter Müller
1564:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
1475:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1439:(20 September 1883).
1422:Arthur Cayley Letters
1331:Macfarlane, Alexander
1298:Crilly, Tony (2006),
721:water-colour painting
622:include counting the
582:
486:Lincoln's Inn, London
443:Joseph Louis Lagrange
401:King's College School
320:is a root of its own
103:King's College School
2512:De Morgan Medallists
2382:Alexander Macfarlane
2340:John Griggs Thompson
2332:Keith William Morton
2116:Godfrey Harold Hardy
1984:De Morgan Medallists
1868:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1836:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1700:James Prescott Joule
1612:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
1375:Robertson, Edmund F.
1222:, pp. 542–573,
740:Lowes Cato Dickinson
635:generating functions
571:
525:theory of invariants
470:Mathematical Journal
439:Mécanique analytique
390:Charles Bagot Cayley
2507:Royal Medal winners
2432:Algebraic geometers
1940:Marcellin Berthelot
1932:John William Strutt
1916:Albert von Kölliker
1844:Thomas Henry Huxley
1828:Franz Ernst Neumann
1676:Karl Ernst von Baer
1588:Henri Milne-Edwards
1373:O'Connor, John J.;
848:hyperbolic geometry
839:Cayley–Klein metric
435:Robert Leslie Ellis
423:. The cause of the
340:. In group theory,
2427:Linear algebraists
2384:, which is in the
1684:Charles Wheatstone
889:Cayley's mousetrap
853:Cayley's Ω process
844:Cayley–Klein model
733:Mill Road cemetery
644:Elliptic Functions
600:algebraic geometry
577:
425:Analytical Society
394:Blackheath, London
356:in combinatorics.
338:permutation groups
129:Algebraic geometry
2366:
2365:
2284:Albrecht Fröhlich
2244:C. Ambrose Rogers
2172:A. S. Besicovitch
2060:J. W. L. Glaisher
1950:
1949:
1756:James Dwight Dana
1535:Copley Medallists
1360:Project Gutenberg
1350:978-1-112-28306-2
1315:978-0-8018-8011-7
1229:978-0-19-853271-2
979:978-1-108-00507-4
944:978-1-112-28006-1
580:{\displaystyle n}
523:, discussing the
265:
264:
215:Academic advisors
189:Scientific career
2539:
2522:Senior Wranglers
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2324:Bryan John Birch
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2268:J. W. S. Cassels
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2180:E. C. Titchmarsh
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2140:J. E. Littlewood
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2124:Bertrand Russell
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2036:William Burnside
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2015:
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1900:Karl Weierstrass
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1123:(1st supplement)
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1038:
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1000:
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905:Hyperdeterminant
863:Cayley transform
834:Cayley's formula
792:cognate linkages
759:Cayley's theorem
744:William Longmaid
699:Collected Papers
586:
584:
583:
578:
496:that he went to
464:, and the first
382:Saint Petersburg
366:Richmond, London
354:Cayley's formula
350:Cayley's theorem
303:pure mathematics
300:
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236:Notable students
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2437:Graph theorists
2422:Group theorists
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2220:Mary Cartwright
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2132:E. T. Whittaker
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2044:A. G. Greenhill
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1924:William Huggins
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1772:Rudolf Clausius
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1379:"Arthur Cayley"
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1268:10.2307/3618297
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1007:
980:
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924:
919:
819:Cayley's sextic
788:Cayley diagrams
729:
702:
683:
653:Newnham College
572:
569:
568:
533:
513:J. J. Sylvester
504:'s lectures on
494:bar examination
478:
462:Senior Wrangler
458:William Hopkins
413:
384:, Russia, as a
362:
334:Évariste Galois
328:, a set with a
280:
276:
270:
257:
253:Charlotte Scott
231:
227:William Hopkins
183:
166:De Morgan Medal
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602:. Cayley and
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370:George Cayley
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346:Cayley graphs
343:
342:Cayley tables
339:
336:' concept of
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318:square matrix
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2356:Andrew Wiles
2300:R. A. Rankin
2292:W. K. Hayman
2188:G. I. Taylor
2092:E. W. Hobson
1995:
1795:
1548:Richard Owen
1478:
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1448:
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1414:ScienceWorld
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1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1174:
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922:Bibliography
915:Tetrahedroid
824:Cayley table
809:Cayley graph
752:
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672:
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642:Treatise on
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612:Chow variety
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589:Determinants
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490:conveyancing
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363:
316:—that every
311:
267:
266:
205:Institutions
188:
178:Copley Medal
134:Group theory
85:(1895-01-26)
25:
2407:1895 deaths
2402:1821 births
2308:J. A. Green
2228:Kurt Mahler
2212:Philip Hall
2084:W. H. Young
2068:Horace Lamb
2052:H. F. Baker
2020:Felix Klein
1812:Carl Ludwig
1537:(1851–1900)
1451:: 481–485.
1262:: 259–262,
1190:12 February
1116:Lee, Sidney
877:The crater
511:His friend
506:quaternions
421:mathematics
374:aeronautics
243:H. F. Baker
199:Mathematics
172:Royal Medal
2396:Categories
2260:K. F. Roth
2204:Max Newman
2028:S. Roberts
1017:References
805:(Octonion)
545:Sadleirian
476:Law career
360:Early life
116:(BA, 1842)
60:1821-08-16
2076:J. Larmor
1333:(2009) ,
1292:188006684
1276:0025-5572
962:(2009) ,
931:(2009) ,
664:Baltimore
482:De Morgan
411:Education
378:Yorkshire
99:Education
93:, England
91:Cambridge
74:, England
1469:(1895).
1164:19 April
1005:See also
993:(1894),
910:Quippian
895:Cayleyan
500:to hear
386:merchant
68:Richmond
1497:1557369
1407:(ed.).
1397:at the
1324:2284396
1284:3618297
1258:(485),
1238:1465678
1203:Sources
1118:(ed.).
984:archive
953:0124532
881:on the
596:algebra
565:Maxwell
517:actuary
447:Laplace
2374:
2358:(2019)
2350:(2016)
2342:(2013)
2334:(2010)
2326:(2007)
2318:(2004)
2310:(2001)
2302:(1998)
2294:(1995)
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2222:(1968)
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2038:(1899)
2030:(1896)
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2014:(1890)
2006:(1887)
1998:(1884)
1942:(1900)
1934:(1899)
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1638:(1862)
1630:(1861)
1622:(1860)
1614:(1859)
1606:(1858)
1598:(1857)
1590:(1856)
1582:(1855)
1574:(1854)
1566:(1853)
1558:(1852)
1550:(1851)
1495:
1445:Nature
1347:
1322:
1312:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1236:
1226:
1138:, 1874
976:
951:
941:
879:Cayley
727:Legacy
604:Salmon
541:Newton
498:Dublin
372:, the
348:, and
330:binary
195:Fields
180:(1882)
174:(1859)
168:(1884)
162:(1842)
153:Awards
72:Surrey
1288:S2CID
1280:JSTOR
1114:. In
627:trees
326:group
1345:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1272:ISSN
1224:ISBN
1192:2018
1166:2016
974:ISBN
939:ISBN
883:Moon
697:The
80:Died
54:Born
2380:by
1483:doi
1453:doi
1424:to
1358:at
1264:doi
1035:148
846:of
766:in
629:on
441:of
272:FRS
37:FRS
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1493:MR
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1473:.
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