Faisal of Saudi Arabia

1188: 1067: 3215: 1963: 2193:, Egypt, at the Arab summit. At the time, Egypt had 40,000 troops in Yemen, with 10,000 civilians killed. The two leaders committed in their formal declaration to completely cooperate in resolving current disagreements between Yemen's diverse factions, collaborate in preventing armed clashes in Yemen, and to reach a peaceful conclusion. The declaration was widely praised in the Arab world, and Washington praised it as a "statesmanlike action" and a "major step toward eventual peaceful resolution of the long civil war." At Alexandria's airport, Nasser and Faisal exchanged heartfelt embraces and referred to each other as "brother." Faisal said he was leaving Egypt "with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser." 1000: 9561: 3623: 3425: 3566: 3161: 3372: 1755:'s coup that overthrew the monarchy in oil-rich Libya in 1969 was especially threatening for Saudi Arabia due to the similarity between the two sparsely-populated desert countries. As a result, Faisal undertook to build a sophisticated security apparatus and cracked down firmly on dissent. As in all affairs, he justified these policies in Islamic terms. Early in his reign, when faced with demands for a written constitution for the country, Faisal responded that "our constitution is the Qur'an". In the summer of 1969 he ordered the arrest of hundreds of military officers, including some generals, alleging that a military coup d'état was being planned. The 3389: 3285: 3232: 3267: 2405: 3407: 1262: 3525: 3001: 3496: 1679: 3594: 2822: 2859: 2393: 992: 1782: 3045: 3179: 3308: 1504: 1012: 685: 3034: 3327: 2942: 2931: 1306:

meeting of the elders of the royal family and the ulema was convened later that year, and the grand mufti decreed a second fatwa, calling on Saud to abdicate the throne in favor of his brother. Faisal believed that Saud's continued ill health compelled him to take the throne, thus absolving him of the oath. The royal family supported the fatwa and immediately informed Saud of their decision. Saud, by now shorn of all his powers, agreed, and Faisal was proclaimed king on 2 November 1964. Saud then went into exile, finding refuge in Egypt before eventually settling in Greece.

3016: 3478: 3095: 3131: 3507: 2983: 2903: 9435: 3605: 1607: 1890: 2831: 3443: 1143: 2639:, Faisal's grandson Amr bin Mohammed bin Faisal claims that the King had distanced himself from the world days before his death. Zaki Yamani claimed that King Faisal told his own relatives and friends about a dream he had in which his father, the late King Abdulaziz, was traveling in a car and asked him to get in. Yamani went on to say that Faisal felt that his death was approaching. According to Islamic beliefs, if a dead person takes a living person in a dream, the living person will most likely die within a short amount of time. 2248: 1347: 75: 2352: 3142: 2082: 10089: 2788: 1667: 3551: 3536: 3249: 3080: 3055: 2870: 3197: 9720: 2509:. Faisal's sons held important positions in the Saudi government. His eldest son, Abdullah, held governmental positions for a while. Faisal's son Khalid was the governor of Asir Province in southwestern Saudi Arabia for more than three decades before becoming governor of Makkah Province in 2007. Prince Saud was the Saudi foreign minister between 1975 and 2015. Prince Turki served as head of Saudi Intelligence, ambassador to the United Kingdom, and later ambassador to the United States. One of Faisal's sons, 3293: 3345: 9486: 9385: 3113: 1917:, arguing that the Ottoman structure should be preserved and new architectural designs created using the best methods of convergence. A new phase of construction began in 1969 with the addition of two new wings and repairs to the sanctuary's existing structure. During this phase, the surrounding roadways were developed and the squares were installed. At the time, the project cost approximately 800 million Saudi riyals. In 1962, he also ordered the reopening of the Kaaba Cloth Factory in Mecca due to 2885: 9066: 2968: 2957: 2309: 8215: 2214:, an Egyptian official, recognized that implementing the agreement would be difficult because it had been rejected by all Yemeni parties. Republican chairman Abdullah al-Sallal stated, "The agreement is a blatant interference in the independence of the Yemen Arab Republic, and a blatant attack on its sovereignty for all International laws." The royalists, on the other hand, backed the agreement at first before rejecting any attempt to terminate the war with the republicans. 9080: 707: 920: 9669: 2233:

troops from Yemen, Faisal agreed to stop delivering weapons to al-Badr, and three neutral Arab states agreed to send in observers. Al-Sallal felt that Nasser had betrayed him. Nasser unfroze approximately $ 100 million in Saudi assets in Egypt, and Faisal denationalized two Egyptian-owned banks he had taken over earlier that year. Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to give Egypt a $ 266 million annual subsidy, with Saudi Arabia contributing $ 154 million.

2540:, son of Faisal's half-brother Sultan by a concubine. The marriage of Princess Haifa and Prince Bandar forced Prince Sultan to recognize Bandar as a legitimate prince. Another daughter of Faisal, Lolowah, is a prominent activist for women's education in Saudi Arabia. In 1962 his daughter Sara founded one of the first charitable organizations, Al Nahda, which won the first Chaillot prize for human rights organisations in the Gulf in 2009. Her spouse was 9094: 3584: 9959: 2032: 1865:, he decreased the ulema's power and influence. Unlike his successor Khalid, Faisal attempted to prevent radical clerics from controlling religious institutions such as the Council of Senior Ulema, the highest religious institution in Saudi Arabia, or taking religious offices such as Grand Mufti, responsible for preserving Islamic law. But his advisers warned that, once religious zealots had been motivated, disastrous effects would result. 1913:, which would be the first substantial enlargement in a thousand years. This massive project began in 1955, during the reign of King Saud, and continued for twenty years during the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid. In 1967, a conference in Mecca brought together a significant number of Muslim architects to discuss possible design alternatives. Faisal objected to the conference's recommendation to demolish a significant portion of the 2138: 3355: 9123: 2050:, Prince Faisal was recognized for his support for the Palestinian cause. His involvement with the Palestinian cause began in 1938, when he represented his father in the London Conference on the Palestine issue, where he delivered an important address opposing the partition plan. He wrote a message to the Saudi people in 1948 in which he discussed the Palestinian struggle and the suffering of the Palestinian people. 9108: 2017:, in a correspondence that he was not "the Shah of France" and that he should keep in mind that Iran was a majority Muslim country. This was in response to a provocative letter from Mohammad Reza asking Faisal to modernise Saudi Arabia, urging him to allow women to wear miniskirts and permitting the disco among other things. Otherwise, the Shah felt, he could not guarantee that the King would stay on the throne. 3461: 2279:, Faisal ordered the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces to be on alert, canceling all vacations and mobilizing forces in the Kingdom's north. Following that, orders were issued for a force of 20,000 Saudi soldiers to travel to Jordan to participate alongside the Arab forces. After the war, he directed that a Saudi force be stationed inside Jordanian territory to provide support and assistance as needed for ten years. 9135: 2921: 1663:

social affairs amounted to 591 million riyals. The kingdom implemented a strategic planning system within its five-year plan from 1970 to 1975. The number of doctors increased to 1,020, health assistants rose to 3,750, hospital beds witnessed a 30% increase, dispensaries expanded by 60%, and the number of health centers grew to 200, reflecting the Kingdom's commitment to enhancing healthcare services.

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agreements to exclusively granting oil investment concessions to state institutions. Following the declaration of bankruptcy within the government treasury, Faisal directed his focus towards revitalizing industrial, agricultural, financial, and economic enterprises, earning recognition for his instrumental role in the economic and administrative rejuvenation of the Kingdom.

9052: 1486:. To bolster the capabilities of state service institutions, he enlisted the aid of foreign consulting firms. Furthermore, he actively participated in the development of industries, agriculture, project initiatives, land investments, and the exploration of natural resources and sources of potable water. Faisal played a pivotal role in the establishment of the 6808: 1940:, Faisal gave an order to construct prayer areas to the west of the mosque following the completion of the first Saudi expansion, which opened in 1955 and due to an increase in the number of pilgrims. It was built in 1973 and stood until the second Saudi expansion, when it was decommissioned. The Saudi Binladin Group was also sent to 1450:

personnel. The attacker was the brother of Faisal's future assassin, and the incident is the most widely accepted motive for his assassination. Although there was some discontent with the social changes he carried out, the Arab world grew to respect Faisal as a result of his policies modernizing Saudi Arabia, his management of the

1302:(edict) calling on the King to accede to his brother's demands. Faisal, on the other hand, urged that Saud keep the royal title. He was said to have felt bound by his oath to his father that he would recognize Saud as king. All that mattered, he maintained, was that Saud leave power in Faisal's hands and stay out of public life. 4719: 6743:. Vol.1 (2002): p.977. "Egypt immediately began sending —military supplies and troops to assist the Republicans... On the royalist side Jordan and Saudi Arabia were furnishing military aid, and Britain lent diplomatic support. In addition to Egyptian aid, the Soviet Union supplied 24 Mig-19s to the republicans." 2344:) to nearly $ 12 per barrel ($ 75/m) globally; US prices were much higher. The embargo triggered an oil crisis, or "shock", with numerous short- and long-term implications for world politics and the economy. This was regarded as the defining act of Faisal's career, and gained him lasting prestige among many 2623:

King Faisal was quickly taken to Central Hospital in Riyadh. He was still alive as doctors massaged his heart and gave him a blood transfusion. Their efforts were unsuccessful, and he died shortly afterward. Both before and after the attack the assassin was reported to be calm. Following the killing,

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In the waiting room, Prince Faisal talked to Kuwaiti representatives who were also waiting to meet King Faisal. When the prince went to embrace him, King Faisal leaned to kiss his nephew in accordance with Saudi custom. At that instant, Prince Faisal took out a pistol and shot him. The first shot hit

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suggested that Egypt and Saudi Arabia renew their 1965 Jeddah Agreement. Faisal was pleased with Nasser's offer, and Imam al-Badr pledged to deploy his troops to fight alongside Egypt against Israel if Nasser kept his word. Nasser and Faisal signed a deal in which Nasser agreed to withdraw his 20,000

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Faisal is recognized for his significant contributions to women's education in Saudi Arabia, starting from his time as crown prince. In 1956, he established the first regular government school for girls in the country, known as Dar Al Hanan. This school was established under the patronage of his wife

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throughout the Kingdom, enlisting the expertise of international companies for their implementation. These developments facilitated connections with neighboring countries such as Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Kuwait. Additionally, he prioritized the development of agricultural roads, enabling villages and

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and laid the foundation for a comprehensive network of power plants. Additionally, he spearheaded the creation of essential industries such as petrochemicals, iron, steel, cement, and mining. Recognizing the significance of skill development, Faisal advocated for sending students to Western countries

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The livers are torn apart, and the wings are torn apart when we hear or see our brothers in religion, in the homeland, and in blood, their sanctities are violated, they are displaced and abused daily, not for something they committed, nor for the aggression they attacked, but for the love of control

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Faisal was known for his integrity, extreme humility, kindness, and tact with everyone. As a result, he was ascetic, avoiding displays of extravagance and luxury. He had many hobbies, some of which were falconry, hunting, literature, reading, and poetry. He was also a big admirer of the yearly Najdi

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Faisal seemed to hold the pluralist view, favouring limited, cautious accommodation of popular demands for inclusive reform, and made repeated attempts to broaden political representation, harking back to his temporarily successful national integration policy from 1965 to 1975. The King acknowledged

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in Riyadh. Furthermore, in 1967, he established the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. In 1974, he ordered the Council of Ministers to merge the university with the government, converting it to a public university and offering free education to Saudi students. In 1975, the College of Petroleum and

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In response, Faisal called a meeting of all senior members of the royal family, excluding Saud, as well as ulema and tribal elders. Faisal had convened the tribe chiefs in response to Saud's demand that his full powers be restored. As a result, the assembly supported Faisal and proposed that Saud be

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to consult with the British government in London on the partition of Palestine. The conference began on 7 February 1939 and ended on 17 March 1939, at St. James's Palace in London. In light of the Woodhead Commission's report, both the Arabs and the British government rejected the partition plan as

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that aligned with the prevailing needs and demands of the era. Recognizing the necessity of a distinguished institution capable of accommodating a substantial number of Saudi students and providing them with top-tier training, he embarked on the task of finding a suitable college. Consequently, the

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In 1965, the Ministry of Agriculture collaborated with multinational consulting firms to establish a comprehensive program for water exploration. This initiative aimed to systematically search for water resources by extraction. The Ministry dedicated its endeavors to enhance agricultural practices,

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As a last-ditch attempt to reclaim executive powers, Saud ordered the deployment of the Royal Guard at Nasriyah Palace, prompting Faisal to order the National Guard to surround Saud's palace. His loyalists outnumbered and outgunned, Saud relented, and on 4 March 1964, Faisal was appointed regent. A

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Faisal has received numerous honours from the countries he visited both before and after assuming power. The honours and awards given to Faisal are displayed at the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh which was established by the King Faisal Foundation in 1983. The awards

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Faisal held pro-Palestinian views. Throughout his career, he supported the Palestinian cause, and he was noted for his strong criticism of Israel. He was also anti-communist, and Saudi Arabia under Faisal continued to be allied with the United States against the Soviet Union. Faisal also supported

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or a casting office in Hollywood." He was around six feet tall, above average height, but not quite as tall as his father Abdulaziz and his brother Saud. Compared to other Muslim rulers such as Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, who almost exclusively wore European-styled outfits, Faisal was

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Faisal's grandson, Prince Amr bin Mohammed Al Faisal, said "I am told by my relatives, my other relatives, after 1967 and the fall of Jerusalem to the Israelis, that was a turning point in his life. He never smiled again, according to them. I didn't see him smile much, and he became very quiet and

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as one of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy tools which differentiated him from King Abdulaziz and King Saud. However, he continued the close alliance with the United States begun by King Abdulaziz, and relied on the US heavily for arming and training his armed forces. Faisal's first official visit as

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Due to his status as a pious Muslim, Faisal was able to implement careful social reforms such as female education. Despite this, religious conservatives staged large protests. By holding talks with the conservatives, he was able to persuade them of the importance of progress in the coming years by

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During his reign, Faisal oversaw the establishment of the first advanced military cities. These cities were designed as modern complexes, encompassing military bases, training and shooting fields, warehouses for storing ammunition and combat equipment vehicles, as well as residential neighborhoods

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was fostered to develop government health programs. Notably, significant investments were allocated to the healthcare sector, with funding reaching 3.4% of the budget, aimed at advancing the foundational components of the healthcare system. In 1973 alone, the allocated budget for public health and

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Tarfa bint Abdullah died in 1906, when Faisal was six months old. He then began to live with his maternal grandparents, Abdullah bin Abdullatif and Haya bint Abdul Rahman Al Muqbel, who educated their grandson. Under the mentorship of his grandfather, Prince Faisal completed his studies of reading

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The Haradh conference was conducted on November 23, 1965, under the auspices of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, to put the Saudi-Egyptian declaration between the two parties of the Yemeni conflict into effect. Judge Abd al-Rahman al-Iryani led the republican delegation, while Ahmed Muhammad al-Shami, the

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Faisal took advantage of Saud's absence from the country for medical reasons in early 1963 to amass greater power for himself as Saudi Arabia's political and economic circumstances worsened. He removed many of Saud's loyalists from their posts and appointed like-minded princes in key military and

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One theory for the King's murder was avenging the death of Prince Khalid bin Musaid, the brother of Prince Faisal bin Musaid. King Faisal instituted secular reforms that led to the installation of television, which provoked violent protests. Prince Khalid led an attack on a television station in

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housed inside a crystal pillar with a silver lid. Faisal agreed and issued an order putting the plan in motion. Buildings were demolished to make the circumambulation rituals easier. By 1967, the area around Maqam Ibrahim had grown, and crowds were able to perform the circumambulation rituals in

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Education received paramount attention and underwent significant improvements during Faisal's reign. Reforms were implemented in the curricula, accompanied by an increase in foreign educational missions. Special provisions were made to financially support families who lacked resources to educate

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cultural cooperation protocols with foreign and corporate archives that kept records about mid-twentieth century Arabia. Television broadcasts officially began in 1965. In the same year, a nephew of Faisal attacked the newly established headquarters of Saudi television but was killed by security

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Early in his rule, Faisal issued an edict that all Saudi princes had to school their children inside the country, rather than sending them abroad; this had the effect of making it popular for upper-class families to bring their sons back to study in the Kingdom. He also introduced the country's

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Establishing a program for economic recovery, strengthening the financial position of the Kingdom, developing a program to raise the standard of living of citizens, establishing a road network linking parts of the Kingdom and its cities, providing water sources for drinking and agriculture, and

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in the southern region. Subsequently, the King Abdulaziz Military City was established in the northwestern region and was officially inaugurated by King Faisal in 1973. These military cities represented significant developments in infrastructure and provided comprehensive facilities to support

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Faisal's children were well educated and had prominent roles in Saudi society and government. His daughters were educated abroad and they went on to graduate from a variety of schools and universities around the world. His sons were likewise educated abroad. Comparatively, only six of the 108

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During this period, the struggle with King Saud continued in the background, with the royal princes meeting and asking Faisal to take over effective control from Saud. Saud had driven the country into serious debt and embarrassed the royal family by becoming embroiled in a plan to assassinate

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Gamal Abdel Nasser traveled to Jeddah on the Freedom ship in August 1965, marking his first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1954, when he came to perform Hajj. Faisal greeted Nasser warmly when he arrived. Despite their differences, the two countries' relations were restored. Both men came to an

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Faisal pursued strategies to maximize the utilization of oil revenue and initiated a thorough evaluation of the profit-sharing agreement with Aramco, which he deemed inequitable and requested its revision. Additionally, the government transitioned from engaging in oil reservoir exploitation

1521:, and provide guidance to farmers for improving date production. Furthermore, it actively encouraged the commercial sector to invest in the packaging and preservation of dates. Several significant projects were successfully accomplished during this period, including the construction of the 2062:

impractical. The British government issued a policy statement rejecting partition as impracticable due to "political, administrative, and financial difficulties." The conference was also unable to resolve the issue of Jewish immigration to Palestine, which had become more common following

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A power struggle ensued between Saud and Faisal, and on 18 December 1960, Faisal resigned as prime minister in protest, arguing that Saud was frustrating his financial reforms. Saud took back his executive powers and, having induced Prince Talal to return from Egypt, appointed him as

1877:, then rector of the Al Medina college of theology (later he would serve as the country's grand mufti). Faisal would not tolerate his criticism and had him removed from his position. However, the teachings of Bin Baz had already radicalized some of his students, one of which was 1125:, due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Abdulaziz recognized him as the most brilliant of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple 2286:, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to establish a fund worth $ 378 million to be distributed among countries affected by the June 1967 War. Saudi Arabia would contribute $ 140 million. However, Faisal did not attend himself and did not send a representative to the 2642:

Prince Faisal bin Musaid was captured directly after the attack. He was at first officially declared insane, but following the trial a panel of Saudi medical experts decided that he was sane when he shot the King. The nation's high religious court convicted him of

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in Washington, D.C., on 4 October 1962. The same year, Faisal announced the Ten Point Program, which outlined Saudi Arabia's path to becoming an industrialized nation by implementing economic, financial, political, and legal principles. Among the highlights were:

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with educational, healthcare, recreational, and commercial facilities. These military cities also featured landscaped gardens, green spaces, and sports clubs. The inaugural military city was the King Faisal Military City, established in 1971 near the city of

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The role and authority of the state clergy declined after Faisal became king in 1964, even though they had helped bring him to the throne. Despite his piety and biological relationship through his mother to the Al as Shaykh family, and his support for the

2078:. One of his policies on this issue was to refuse to recognize Israel, to unite Arab efforts while leaving differences aside, to donate money and fight, to establish a body representing Palestinians, and to involve Muslims in the defense of the cause. 867:

from 1930 and prime minister from 1954 until his death, except for a two-year break in both positions from 1960 to 1962. After his father died in 1953 and his half-brother Saud became king, Faisal became crown prince, and in that position he outlawed

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and reaching Jeddah. The delivery process concluded in September 1969, with the receipt of the final aircraft manufactured, bearing the serial number (53-700), on June 29, 1972. The Lightning fighters remained in active service until January 1986.

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Corruption in the royal family was taken very seriously by religious figures in the Islamic theological colleges. They challenged some of the accepted theological interpretations adopted by the Saudi regime. One such influential figure was Sheikh

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Improving the social level of the Saudi people, through free medical treatment, free education, and the exemption of many foodstuffs from customs duties. In addition, a social security system and a system to protect workers from unemployment were

2437:(1916–2000), who was born and raised in Turkey. Her ancestors were part of the Al Thunayan branch of the Al Saud family. They first met in Istanbul around 1932 while he was in Turkey for an official visit. They had nine children, including 7894: 1247:, a worldwide charity to which the Saudi royal family has reportedly since donated more than a billion dollars. In 1963 he established the country's first television station, though actual broadcasts would not begin for another two years. 971:

and doctrines at the age of nine. He also learned horseback riding and politics from his father. His father influenced him militarily and politically, and at a young age, Faisal was chosen to represent his father in international forums.

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before the visit. Therefore, Faisal was sent to London instead, making him the first ever Saudi Arabian royal to visit England. His visit lasted for five months, and he met with British officials. During the same period, he also visited

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argued that the US began to raise the issue of slavery after the meeting between King Abdulaziz and US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, and that John F. Kennedy finally persuaded the House of Saud to abolish slavery in 1962.

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lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Abdulaziz once said when discussing who would succeed him. However, Abdulaziz made the decision to keep Saud as crown prince in the fear that otherwise would lead to decreased stability.

2369:, and the financial windfall generated by the crisis fueled the economic boom that occurred in Saudi Arabia after his death. The new oil revenue also allowed Faisal to greatly increase the aid and subsidies begun following the 1967 1178:

in July 1958. In 1962, however, Faisal rallied enough support within the royal family to install himself as prime minister for a second time. Less than a month before this event Faisal held a secret meeting with US president

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Faisal was a global advocate for Palestinian rights, as evidenced by one of his speeches to the United Nations in 1963, in which he claimed that the Palestinian crisis is the only thing that has ruined Arab peace since the

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Medical professionals, including doctors and nursing staff, were recruited from various countries worldwide under the leadership of King Faisal. Recognizing the importance of healthcare, he issued an order to establish the

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during a meeting in Washington. Three years later, in 1973, the Joint Saudi-American Economic Committee was established. A milestone occurred in 1974 when Nixon became the first US president to visit Saudi Arabia.

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their children, emphasizing equal opportunities for both male and female students. Textbooks were distributed free of charge, eliminating any associated fees. In 1974, Faisal also directed the establishment of

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King Abdulaziz died on 9 November 1953, and Prince Faisal was at his side. Faisal's elder half-brother, Saud, became king. Faisal was then appointed crown prince. On 16 August 1954 he was made prime minister.

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acquired jet planes to enhance their services. Notably, an institute for civil aviation training was established in Jeddah. In parallel, port traffic experienced significant growth, with the expansion of the

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The formation of a Yemeni council of 50 members representing all Yemeni factions and charged with forming a transitional government in preparation for a general referendum to determine the future of Yemen

1529:, a water-saving initiative was implemented through an irrigation and drainage project, aimed at conserving water from springs and wells while effectively utilizing any surplus. Dams were constructed in 1265:

King Abdulaziz (seated) with his sons Faisal (left) and Saud, early 1950s. After their father died in 1953, a rivalry developed between Saud and Faisal that would culminate in Saud's removal from power.

5951: 1414:. In 1967 Faisal established the post of second prime minister and appointed Prince Fahd to this post. The reason for this newly established body was Prince Khalid's request and suggestion. The use of 1715:

aircraft from France. However, upon their arrival in the Kingdom in 1974, and before the Royal Saudi Air Force could utilize them, the King decided to donate the aircraft to Egypt in order to bolster

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Prince Faisal was appointed viceroy of Hejaz on 9 February 1926 following his father's takeover of the region. He often consulted with local leaders during his tenure. Faisal was the president of the

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royalists' foreign minister, led the royal delegation. The conflicting parties, however, were unable to strike a compromise, which resulted in further bloodshed between republicans and royalists.

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King Saud embarked on a spending program that included the construction of a massive royal residence on the outskirts of the capital, Riyadh. He also faced pressure from neighboring Egypt, where

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As one of Abdulaziz's eldest sons, Faisal was given numerous responsibilities. In 1919 the British government invited Abdulaziz to visit London. He could not go, but he assigned his eldest son,

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was invited. Furthermore, he countered the outlook of certain prior Saudi rulers in declaring to the Saudi state clergy that, "All Muslims, from Egypt, India etc. are your brothers". However

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Riyadh had three days of mourning during which all government activities were suspended. The funeral service for King Faisal was performed in 'Id mosque in Riyadh, and he was buried in

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that had occurred a month earlier. The leaders of 25 Muslim states attended and the conference called for Israel to give up territory conquered in 1967. The conference also set up the

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for training, thereby contributing to the growth of industrial ventures. In 1969, the Kingdom initiated its inaugural development strategy. Faisal held a meeting with US president

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Unlike most of his half-brothers, Faisal spoke fluent English and French. However, he preferred to speak in Arabic. When his translators made errors, Faisal would correct them.

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announcement regarding the establishment of the King Faisal Air Academy was made in 1967, and it officially commenced its operations three years later, specifically in 1970.

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Andrea Brigaglia (2013). "Two Exegetical Works from Twentieth-Century West Africa: Shaykh Abu Bakr Gumi's Radd al-adhhān and Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse's Fī riyāḍ al-tafsīr".

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to offer loans to farmers and fishermen for the procurement of essential equipment, with the condition that the loans be repaid in interest-free, long-term installments.

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Statement by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty November 1938.

1703:. This consisted of 34 single-seat aircraft and 6 two-seat aircraft. Deliveries of these aircraft commenced on July 1, 1968, with two (F.Mk 53) aircraft taking off from 895:. He attempted to limit the power of Islamic religious officials. Protesting against support that Israel received from the West, he led the oil embargo which caused the 2449:. Iffat was credited with being the influence behind many of her husband's reforms, particularly with regard to women. Faisal also raised Iffat's younger half-brother, 10412: 1495:

in 1966, forging a Saudi-American alliance focused on collaborative endeavors for the advancement of the Kingdom. Subsequently, in 1971, Faisal engaged with President

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festivals and celebrations. Faisal chose to work long hours and set aside some of his interests after assuming power and becoming preoccupied with state affairs.

1425:, his father's private physician. Another adviser was Grand Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al Sheikh, who was influential in shaping the King's political role in the 7049: 3856: 9560: 8795: 12047: 12027: 6101: 3393: 5943: 5647: 6155: 4606: 859:

family which has produced many prominent Saudi religious leaders. Faisal emerged as an influential royal politician during his father's reign. He served as

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ensuring the protection of light and heavy national industries. This includes allocating all the additional sums that the government would receive from

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argued that after his reign, discrimination based on sect, tribe, region, and gender became the order of the day and has remained as such until today.

1066: 10554: 8155: 8032: 6652:"Policy statement/ Advice against partition - UK Secretary of State for the Colonies - UK documentation CMD. 5893/Non-UN document (11 November 1938)" 4800: 2482:

Hessa bint Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail, the mother of Princess Al Anoud (died June 2011) and Princess Al Jawhara (died April 2014).

6593: 4688: 979:, Faisal, and most of his generation, was raised in an atmosphere in which courage was extremely valued and reinforced. From 1916 he was tutored by 11972: 11962: 10539: 9700: 9585: 8525: 5252: 2096:

But today the Arabs wish to repel the aggression of a political minority group, namely, the Zionists. It is a group which does not represent world

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Faisal married many times concurrently. His spouses were from powerful families: Al Kabir, Al Sudairi, Al Jiluwi and Al Thunayan. His wives were:

12017: 11917: 9365: 7856: 3912: 8207: 6907: 1767:, one of the Gamal Abdel Nasser's officials, was the planner of the plot. The arrests were possibly based on a tip from American intelligence. 1626: 1398:

One of the earliest actions Faisal took as king was to establish a council to deal with future succession issues. The members were his uncles

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in 1922, Faisal was sent to these provinces with nearly six thousand fighters. He achieved complete control over Asir at the end of the year.

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until 1969 to keep away from the requests of the Arab countries involved in the war concerning the increase of Saudi Arabia's financial aid.

1566: 8114: 1645:. This marked the official beginning of women's education in Saudi Arabia, providing them with broader access to educational opportunities. 11932: 4069: 1079: 17: 9127: 7596: 7298: 5438: 5347: 1994:

and other Communist bloc countries, professing to see a complete incompatibility between communism and Islam. He signed an agreement with

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pan-Islamism, and he sought to establish unity among Muslims. Nevertheless, he reduced the power of the Islamic clergy during his reign.

2075: 1087: 8357: 7886: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 10756: 10017: 9251: 7744: 7186: 2612:(literally 'a place for sitting'), an event where the king or leader opens up his residence to the citizens to enter and petition him. 2086: 2047: 1060: 278: 2664: 1641:. A major milestone occurred in 1960 when a royal order was issued during the reign of King Saud, leading to the establishment of the 11922: 7555: 3570: 1621: 1214: 8585:

Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2011). "Faisal: King of Saudi Arabia. By Gerald de Gaury. (Louisville, Ky.: Fons Vitae, 2008. p. xiv, 191.)".

7652: 5198: 4104: 1756: 1063:. He would continue to oversee Saudi foreign policy until his death—even as king, with only a two-year break between 1960 and 1962. 11982: 10459: 10219: 10114: 6461: 1206:

Establishing a system for the independence of the judiciary, under the control of a Supreme Judicial Council, and establishing the

951:, was one of Abdulaziz's principal religious teachers and advisers. Faisal had an older full sister, Noura, who married her cousin 9024: 8088: 11872: 10407: 9284: 7501: 5775: 4881: 8066: 6135: 2336:, and South Africa. The price of oil had risen about 300 percent by the conclusion of the embargo in March 1974, from US$ 3 per 11987: 11937: 11892: 10796: 8685: 8408: 1642: 7429: 6801:"سعيد الشحات يكتب: ذات يوم 24 أغسطس 1965.. اتفاق جدة بين عبدالناصر وفيصل لإنهاء الأزمة اليمنية.. والجمهوريون والملكيون يرفضون" 5805: 4428:"Humanitarian Service in the Name of Social Development: The Historic Origins of Women's Welfare Associations in Saudi Arabia" 1829:

in the Saudi government. It was said that he would not take any decision regarding Mecca without seeking the advice of Sunni (

11977: 11912: 10189: 8963: 8695: 8282: 7796: 7689: 7662: 7464: 7388: 7361: 7089: 7003: 6727: 6235: 5981: 5616: 5520: 5422: 5292: 5052: 5022: 4447: 4385: 4358: 4269: 4240: 4020: 3893: 3783: 2522: 2442: 1052: 5895: 5685: 2320:, who himself was planning a break with the Soviet Union and a move towards the pro-American camp. After Sadat launched the 11992: 10184: 10129: 9693: 8727: 3235: 2616:

the King's chin and the second one went through his ear. A bodyguard hit Prince Faisal with a sheathed sword. Oil minister

2100:. It is a group which is more political than religious, a group whose ways and methods are not different from those of the 1327:

stated that about 1,682 slaves were freed at that time, at a cost to the government of $ 2,000 each. The political analyst

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Establishing a system for the provinces, clarifying the method of local government, in the various regions of the Kingdom.

11927: 10346: 10262: 10124: 9358: 5974:"Health care in the era of the cheetah, Education + health = a citizen participating in the construction of civilization" 5745: 4036: 2525:. She is also a prominent activist for women's education and other social issues in Saudi Arabia, and so are her sisters 2493:

children of King Saud graduated from high school. Faisal's son Turki received formal education at prestigious schools in

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As King Abdulaziz neared the end of his life, he favored Faisal as a possible successor over his eldest living son,

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Alexander Bligh (1985). "The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom".

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He also had many half-siblings, a number of whom would play an important role in his life and his reign, including

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in 1962. Upon his return, Saud rejected Faisal's new arrangement and requested that all of his powers be restored.

329: 3656:. Prince Turki was the heir to his father, but he died in 1919. Abdulaziz's next eldest son, Turki's full brother 999: 10710: 10658: 10434: 10366: 10224: 9686: 9623: 8185: 6431: 6162: 6093: 6071: 5655: 5569: 4624: 3218: 3214: 2434: 2057:, which Britain called for, inviting representatives of the Arabs of Palestine, neighboring Arab states, and the 1655: 1638: 1196:

Issuing a basic system of governance derived from Islamic Sharia and developing the system of governance and the

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After taking office in 1970, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat formed a strong diplomatic relationship with Faisal.

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was established in Al-Ahsa in 1975, although it was inaugurated during the reign of his brother Khalid in 1977.

1341: 1256: 11254: 10484: 10229: 10078: 9915: 9867: 9748: 9505: 9351: 9299: 9232: 6003: 5100:

Employee Perceptions in Multinational Companies: A Case Study of the Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation

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for its rights claimed by the companies for the past years, and harnessing them to serve development projects.

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Abdulaziz gave his son Faisal many military duties to consolidate authority over Arabia. After the capture of

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Joseph Mann (2014). "Saudi-Palestinian Relations During the Run-Up to and the Aftermath of Black September".

6487: 3627: 2179: 2002:, to combat Communism in 1971 during the presidency of Anwar Sadat. The agreement had a budget of 40 million 1240: 1020: 940: 848: 656: 6187:

Roham Alvandi (2012). "Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf".

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on 26 March 1975. During the funeral, the newly ascended King Khalid wept over his murdered brother's body.

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Munira bint Suhaim bin Hitimi Al Thunayan Al Mahasher, the mother of Princess Hessa (died in December 2020).

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from 1962 to 1970. The Yemeni republic was created after revolutionary republicans headed by the army under

943:, whom Abdulaziz had married in 1902 after capturing Riyadh. Tarfa was a descendant of the religious leader 11077: 10581: 10527: 10422: 10371: 10351: 10267: 10239: 10209: 9990: 9972: 9947: 9909: 9885: 9873: 9853: 9829: 9785: 9755: 9475: 9452: 9222: 6698: 6296: 6189: 3736: 3653: 1790: 1323:

did not vanish in Saudi Arabia until Faisal issued a decree for its total abolition in 1962. BBC presenter

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Faisal founded the Economic Development Committee in 1958. He was instrumental in the establishment of the

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In December 1965, Faisal initiated a procurement of advanced weaponry and equipment, which included forty

11616: 10621: 10561: 10397: 10304: 10272: 10073: 9933: 9891: 9835: 9648: 8383: 7812: 5537: 3598: 3165: 3135: 3099: 2526: 2438: 2420: 1291: 1107: 952: 881: 745: 563: 9485: 9384: 8533: 7404: 6655: 3565: 10646: 10517: 10439: 9847: 9767: 9658: 9633: 3331: 3160: 3117: 2889: 2514: 2454: 1719:. Faisal undertook this gesture of support to assist Egypt in strengthening its military capabilities. 1700: 1671: 1482:

Faisal took charge of formulating the nation's five-year plans and started setting up the structure of

1159: 750: 7864: 4689:"Heirs of the Empire: Turkey's diplomatic ties with Egypt and Saudi Arabia until the mid-20th century" 4481: 3920: 3388: 2468:. They married in October 1935. With Al Jawhara, Faisal had one daughter, Mashail (died October 2011). 11997: 11348: 10586: 10549: 10544: 10479: 10289: 10257: 10247: 10139: 10097: 3266: 3037: 2795: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2476: 2321: 2226: 2054: 1837:. Similarly in 1962, in promoting a broader, non-sectarian form of pan-Islamism, Faisal launched the 1659: 1578: 1483: 1399: 1103: 956: 944: 932: 646: 588: 6923: 3371: 3284: 3231: 1261: 11793: 10692: 10680: 10663: 10576: 10512: 10361: 10318: 10163: 10149: 9797: 9520: 9419: 6556: 6403: 6368:

Mordechai Abir (1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia".

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Mordechai Abir (1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia".

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was planned primarily by air force officers and aimed at overthrowing the monarchy and founding a

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in Riyadh on land that he donated, which commenced its operations in 1975. Collaboration with the

10812: 10749: 10687: 10608: 10571: 10474: 10385: 10341: 10119: 10025: 9709: 8501: 8474: 7707:"UAE rulers condole with Saudi King on death of Princess Noura bint Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud" 7182: 5944:"Achievements of King Faisal.. Information about his most prominent achievements, life and death" 4830:(January–March 2009). "From fragility to stability: A survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". 4557: 3678: 3511: 3500: 3375: 3073: 3000: 2472: 2461: 2366: 2264: 2252: 2040: 1467: 1403: 1379: 869: 8444: 4427: 4288: 3495: 3178: 2567:

After coming to power in 1964, Faisal quickly caught the attention of the international public.

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One of Faisal's modernization attempts was the new laws on media, publishing, and archiving and

12037: 11192: 10720: 10626: 10417: 10088: 9879: 9761: 9535: 9510: 9424: 9409: 9200: 7585: 7306: 5449: 5362: 4861: 4434:. Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–192. 3524: 3271: 2907: 2670: 2510: 2424: 2384:, that Faisal's oil embargo was the real cause of his assassination, via a Western conspiracy. 2329: 1999: 1781: 1678: 1630: 1587: 1451: 1439: 1111: 1075: 908: 864: 578: 133: 126: 8272: 7786: 7679: 7454: 7378: 7351: 6033: 5510: 5014: 4402: 4375: 4348: 4257: 4010: 3044: 2858: 1821:; and the Kingdom of the Hejaz, with its capital Mecca. He included non-Wahhabi, cosmopolitan 1503: 1011: 11167: 10946: 10886: 10870: 10765: 10675: 10668: 10653: 10641: 10631: 10532: 10522: 10336: 8440: 7178: 7168:

Smith, Charles D. (2006), Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, New York: Bedford, p. 329.

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A political economy of Egyptian foreign policy: State, ideology, and modernisation since 1970

5738:"In pictures... Extensive visits between the leaders of Saudi Arabia and America in 73 years" 5412: 5282: 5042: 4922: 4785: 4503: 3830: 3649: 3593: 3587: 2498: 2156: 2150: 2014: 1918: 1704: 1692: 1596: 1115: 1029: 887:

Faisal implemented a policy of modernization and reform. His main foreign policy themes were

872:. He persuaded King Saud to abdicate in his favour in 1964 with the help of other members of 760: 7736: 7321: 4321: 4136: 3773: 3033: 2669:

After his death, Faisal's sons established an international philanthropic organisation, the

11907: 11902: 11659: 11332: 11208: 11139: 11119: 11115: 11101: 10970: 10725: 10277: 10204: 9940: 9816: 9779: 9735: 9638: 9540: 9525: 9515: 9495: 9414: 9399: 9374: 9190: 9183: 7968:

Amélie Le Renard (2008). ""Only for Women:" Women, the State, and Reform in Saudi Arabia".

7916: 6349: 3690: 3657: 3447: 3326: 3307: 2941: 2930: 2603: 2506: 2479:. She was a member of the Al Jiluwi clan. Princess Noura bint Faisal died on 13 March 2022. 2392: 2294:

contemplative, and mostly he would spend his time listening rather than speaking himself."

2183: 1914: 1906: 1558: 1487: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1359: 1271: 1122: 817: 116: 85: 3094: 3015: 2982: 2709: 2548:

is a photographer and gallery owner based in Jeddah, while another of his granddaughters,

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Fatima bint Abdulaziz bin Mushait Al Shahrani, the mother of Princess Munira (died young).

2453:. The King later appointed Kamal as the first president of the Saudi intelligence agency, 8: 11831: 10770: 9860: 9643: 9550: 9530: 9085: 4142: 4115: 3506: 2821: 2287: 2283: 2222: 2164: 2118: 1995: 1937: 1838: 1592: 1526: 1446: 1244: 1091: 3477: 3196: 2902: 2404: 2337: 2316:

After President Nasser of Egypt died in 1970, Faisal drew closer to Nasser's successor,

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backed the Yemeni republicans. As a result, Saudi and Egyptian relations were strained.

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The liberation of slaves and the abolition of slavery, once and for all in Saudi Arabia.

11061: 11037: 10994: 10962: 10454: 10326: 10179: 10058: 10043: 10038: 10033: 9653: 9545: 9099: 9016: 8969: 8947: 8666: 8602: 8598: 8433: 8338: 7977: 7279: 7124: 6530: 6385: 6241: 6094:"A Sequence of Important Incidents and Visits in the Life of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz" 5767: 5328: 5145: 5128:

Rachel Bronson (2005). "Rethinking Religion: The Legacy of the US–Saudi Relationship".

4913: 4805: 4641: 4566: 4534: 4453: 4132: 4086: 3604: 3130: 2734: 2569: 2545: 2260: 2256: 2168: 1894: 1878: 1716: 1554: 1375: 1151: 991: 553: 7493: 7081:

Saudi Arabia Diplomatic Handbook Foreign Policy, Strategi Information and Developments

5608:

Saudi Arabia Diplomatic Handbook Foreign Policy, Strategy Information and Developments

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Ghassane Salameh; Vivian Steir (October 1980). "Political Power and the Saudi State".

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Nabil Mouline (April–June 2012). "Power and generational transition in Saudi Arabia".

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known to have dressed modestly, as he was most often seen wearing a traditional Saudi

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farmers to transport their products to market efficiently. In the realm of aviation,

1492: 1371: 1142: 1040: 1036: 976: 904: 598: 532: 445: 5857: 3442: 2351: 2324:, Faisal withdrew Saudi oil from world markets and was the primary force behind the 1541:

near Riyadh to collect rainwater. Moreover, agricultural ventures were initiated in

1346: 816:; 14 April 1906 – 25 March 1975) was a Saudi Arabian statesman and diplomat who was 11472: 11412: 11340: 11151: 11127: 11123: 10331: 10068: 9057: 8951: 8594: 7271: 7116: 6377: 6330: 6275: 6223: 6198: 5973: 5797: 5481: 5390: 5320: 5137: 5010: 4918: 4839: 4633: 4526: 4435: 4078: 3951: 3482: 3464: 3201: 3048: 2961: 2701: 2175: 2081: 1945: 1546: 1418:

was made by him official on 15 March 1973, although it had been in use since 1902.

1394:' is reserved to God alone and 'the throne' is the throne of the Heavens and Earth. 939:; Faisal was the first of his father's sons who was born in Riyadh. His mother was 860: 573: 383: 8988:"البترول العربى ليس بأغلى من الدم.. صفحات خالدة من مسيرة القائد العربي الملك فيصل" 8556:"The Sounds of the '60s: How Dick Dale, the Doors, and Dylan Swayed to Arab Music" 5311:

Michel G. Nehme (1994). "Saudi Arabia 1950–80: Between Nationalism and Religion".

5253:"Saud Dethroned; Faisal made King; Arabian Prince Takes Title From Ailing Brother" 3141: 1666: 1083: 11776: 11700: 11624: 11440: 11320: 11312: 11278: 11184: 11176: 11163: 11053: 11002: 10986: 10978: 10910: 10878: 10838: 10063: 9071: 8419: 8119: 7437: 7222: 7217: 7120: 7079: 6993: 6620:"شاهد 90 عاما للأقصى.. أبرز المبادرات السعودية لدعم القضية الفلسطينية (إنفوجراف)" 6560: 6142: 5887: 5677: 5606: 5485: 4499:

Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century

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Faisal sits at his table at a meeting at the United Nations during his tenure as

1910: 1814: 1798:

his country's religious and cultural diversity, which includes the predominantly

1752: 1562: 1518: 1355: 1180: 896: 812: 794: 755: 603: 593: 484: 11147: 9444: 8651: 7770:

The House of Saud in Commerce: a Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia

5164:"A history of treason – King Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud" 4926: 4507: 4439: 3821: 1166:(religious leadership) pressured Saud into appointing Faisal to the position of 11803: 11766: 11676: 11641: 11587: 11522: 11518: 11456: 11352: 11336: 11237: 11069: 10914: 10902: 10894: 10854: 10299: 5475: 4801:"Faisal, Rich and Powerful, Led Saudis Into 20th Century and to Arab Forefront" 4604: 4555:

Charles W. Harrington (Winter 1958). "The Saudi Arabian Council of Ministers".

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Nurture the Heart, Feed the World: The Inspiring Life Journeys of Two Vagabonds

3983: 3583: 2884: 2733:(literally, "City of Faisal") in 1979 in Faisal's honour. One of the two major 2718:

is about the visit of Faisal to London in 1919 when he was thirteen years old.

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Upon ascending to the throne, Faisal devised a comprehensive strategy for the

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fighter on display at the gates of King Faisal Air Base in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

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in 1970, which was completed with the assistance of foreign corporations. In

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had overthrown the monarchy in 1952. Nasser was able to cultivate a group of

1074:

Faisal visited several countries in this period, including Iran in May 1932,

873: 856: 765: 636: 8941: 8916:"King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, His Awards and the Saudi Order of King Faisal" 6581:(PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 161. 6217: 5007:

The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle-Eastern and North African History

4745: 3800:

The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State

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agreement on the following (known as the Jeddah Agreement) within 48 hours:

2031: 1032:, again being the first Saudi Arabian royal to pay an official visit there. 74: 11843: 11758: 11737: 11724: 11716: 11692: 11684: 11567: 11559: 11504: 11372: 11316: 11262: 11241: 11216: 11045: 10922: 10862: 10781: 10013: 9113: 7629: 7349: 7027: 6408: 5827: 5648:"The reign of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, a fighter from the desert" 5098: 3689:

in 1927. Abdulaziz united the two kingdoms in 1932, reigning thereafter as

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Continuing to develop girls' education as well as the advancement of women.

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Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regime and Elites: Conflict and Collaboration

6334: 6156:"A Family Affair: Civil-Military Relations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" 5707: 5678:"Saudi-American Relations: A Permanent Alliance and Emergency Differences" 3955: 11788: 11780: 11380: 11344: 11328: 11290: 10449: 7714: 6136:

official Saudi government journal Umm Al-Qura Issue 2193, 20 October 1967

5917: 4230: 3724: 2714: 2617: 2606:. He had just come back from the United States. The murder occurred at a 2450: 2408: 2370: 2341: 2317: 2276: 2242: 2211: 2035:

With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (left) and Palestinian leader

1862: 1833:) scholar al-Sayyid 'Alawi ibn 'Abbas al-Maliki al-Hasani, the father of 1764: 1550: 1538: 1024: 980: 968: 770: 38: 9982: 9343: 8670: 8620: 7981: 6347:

Muhammad Husayn Ibrahimi, Mansoor Limba, and Sunitas y Chiitas. (2007).

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Egypt indicated its willingness to stop the war in Yemen as part of the

1809:

in the southwest, with tribal affinities to Yemen, especially among the

11835: 11655: 11579: 11496: 11324: 11245: 11018: 9668: 7283: 6534: 6518: 6389: 5332: 4827: 4645: 4570: 4538: 3460: 2840: 2730: 2494: 2381: 2190: 2092:

In his speech on 22 September 1947 to the United Nations, Faisal said:

1921:

between Egypt (then called the United Arab Republic) and Saudi Arabia.

1850: 1577:

Under his leadership, Faisal oversaw the extensive expansion of modern

1426: 1106:

as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Faisal commanded a campaign during the

8342: 8177: 6439: 6063: 4659: 2920: 2729:, Pakistan. Lyallpur, the third largest city of Pakistan, was renamed 2471:

Haya bint Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Turki, the mother of Princess Noura,

2308: 2201:

The gradual withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Yemen within ten months

1390:

I beg of you, brothers, to look upon me as both brother and servant. '

923:

At the age of thirteen, during his visit to the United Kingdom in 1919

11823: 11811: 11571: 8497:سيرة الملك فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود في برنامج الراحل مع محمد الخميسي 5230:, New York: Facts on File, Inc., pp. 221-225. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9. 4664: 4138:

The Battle for Saudi Arabia. Royalty, fundamentalism and global power

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The Saudi delegation was led by Faisal and his brother Khalid at the

1971: 1760: 1522: 1118:. This is one of the early contacts between Saudi Arabia and the US. 1114:

visited the US in October 1943 following the invitation of President

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from 1954 to 1960 and from 1962 to 1975. Faisal was the third son of

833: 103: 7275: 4637: 4530: 4175: 3354: 3069: 2137: 11633: 11551: 11233: 10214: 9678: 9394: 8115:"Saudi Arabia names princess as US ambassador in first for kingdom" 6574: 4289:"File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia" 4015:. Indianapolis; IN: University of Indianapolis Press. p. 193. 3670: 2756:

and aggression and to commit injustice. –King Faisal bin Abdulaziz

2644: 2397: 2333: 302: 8208:"من الصيد بالصقور إلى المطالعة والسباحة: هذه هوايات ملوك السعودية" 7380:

Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa

7259: 6495: 2113:

Between 23 and 25 September 1969, Faisal convened a conference in

11784: 11708: 10730: 10464: 9122: 8022:"'Strong Foundations'? The Imperative for Reform in Saudi Arabia" 6576: 6034:"The Dassault-Breguet Mirage 5SDE Fighters at Egyptian Air Force" 4660:"Seminar focuses on King Faisal's efforts to promote world peace" 3707: 2800: 2738: 2698: 2502: 1810: 1463: 1391: 1320: 1126: 1082:

in 1933. On 8 July 1932 he visited Turkey and met with President

631: 47: 42: 6004:"The Establishment and Development of the Royal Saudi Air Force" 3888:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. p. 254. 2590: 1517:

promote livestock and fisheries, conserve plant species, combat

10636: 9134: 8470:

King Faisal of Saudi Arabia - وثائقي عن الملك فيصل بن عبدالعزيز

7788:

Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present

7456:

Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present

4377:

Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present

4301:

Citing from the British India Office Records and Private Papers

2608: 1842: 1826: 1459: 1004: 928: 829: 441: 9330: 8526:"King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS)" 7887:"Saudi Royal Court: Prince Saad bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz dies" 7084:. International Business Publications, USA. 2009. p. 53. 5768:"King Salman pushes Saudi-American cooperation to a new stage" 5611:. International Business Publications, USA. 2009. p. 52. 2598:

On 25 March 1975, the King was shot point-blank and killed by

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deposed from the throne and Faisal be proclaimed monarch. The

10715: 8652:"PAK-Saudi Arabian Relations: An Example of Entente Cordiale" 6297:"Sayyid Muhammad bin 'Alawi Al-Maliki al-Hasani: A Biography" 5477:

The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East

4176:"في ذكري ميلاده.. تعرف على أهم أسرار حياة الملك فيصل آل سعود" 2742: 2579: 2345: 2114: 2101: 2097: 1979: 1822: 1818: 1455: 1351: 1299: 1163: 1095: 7323:

Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil

5073:"Chapter II: The reign of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud" 4746:"National Day... The golden annals that were never scripted" 4520: 4264:. Vol. VI. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. p. 433. 3979:"Rise of a Desert Chief's Son to the World Power and Riches" 2419:

Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, the mother of his eldest son

2380:

It is a commonly-held belief in Saudi Arabia, and the wider

828:

from 9 November 1953 to 2 November 1964, and he was briefly

11651: 10444: 7917:"Breakthrough in Saudi Arabia: women allowed in parliament" 7326:. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 79. 2172: 2141:

With Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser in a meeting at

1830: 1806: 1799: 1786: 1530: 855:

at the time of Faisal's birth, and his mother was from the

8089:"Chris Hardwick sold his house to Princess Reem Al Faisal" 7345: 7343: 7243:. Vol. 183, no. 9. 10 March 2014. Archived from 6134:

Official website of the Saudi Deputy Minister of Defense,

4622:

T. R. McHale (Autumn 1980). "A Prospect of Saudi Arabia".

2721:

In October 1976 King Khalid initiated the construction of

7257: 7147: 6720:

King Faisal of Saudi Arabia: Personality, Faith and Times

5096: 4432:

Gendering Global Humanitarianism in the Twentieth Century

4323:

Abdulaziz Al Saud and the great game in Arabia, 1896–1946

2745:

province, is named "PAF Base Faisal" in Faisal's honour.

2706:

King Faisal of Saudi Arabia: Personality, Faith and Times

2573:

stated that Faisal looked like "someone out of a poem by

8520: 8518: 7525:"After Plea Bargain by Sheik, Question Is What He Knows" 7350:

Jennifer S. Uglow; Frances Hinton; Maggy Hendry (1999).

6219:

The End of Pax Britannica in the Persian Gulf, 1968-1971

4605:

Turki bin Khalid bin Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2015).

4400: 2460:

Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir, the daughter of his aunt

1610:

Inaugurating the College of Petroleum and Minerals, 1974

1110:, resulting in a Saudi victory. He and his half-brother 1046: 12043:

Recipients of Supreme Order of the Renaissance (Jordan)

8019: 7340: 4258:"On royal duty: HM Aurora's report of proceedings 1945" 3775:

Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis

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following the Six-Day War. From left to right: Faisal,

12013:

Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta

9600: 8331:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

6995:

Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation

5480:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 256. 3823:

Saudi–American Relations 1968–78: A study in ambiguity

1088:

officially announced the establishment of Saudi Arabia

8515: 4781:

Saudi-American relation 1968–78: A study in ambiguity

4554: 2457:. He was also an advisor to his royal brother-in-law. 1386:

In a speech shortly after becoming king, Faisal said:

9047: 8584: 7857:"Embassy official: Saudi ambassador to U.S. resigns" 7650: 7491: 5280: 4698:. Washington DC: Middle East Institute. p. 12. 4495: 2665:

List of things named after Saudi kings § Faisal

1682:

A Saudi Arabian Mirage 5SDE tactical fighter in 1972

8358:"Sultan will have simple burial at Al Oud cemetery" 8329:Geoffrey King (1978). "Traditional Najdī Mosques". 5199:"Saud Stripped of Power; Faisal Takes Full Control" 4988:, London, UK: Al Saqi Books, 978-0863569357, p. 358 4911:"Saud Names His Brother Prime Minister of Nation". 4380:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. 4131: 8939: 8728:"Saudi Royals who have visited Pakistan till date" 8683: 8432: 8355: 8124: 7813:"The Life and Times of the Cautious King of Araby" 7443:, Lewiston-Auburn, Maine 25 March 1975: 1+. Print. 6516: 4798: 3976: 2673:, in his honour. Faisal was eulogized by lyricist 1421:Faisal's most senior adviser during his reign was 1133: 1023:, as his envoy. However, Prince Turki died due to 30:"Shah Faisal" redirects here. For other uses, see 9474: 7319: 7171: 6294: 5798:"About Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University" 4856: 4720:"المملكة العربية السعودية... قصة "إعلان التوحيد"" 4225: 3881: 3771: 2108: 11864: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 7967: 7353:The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography 7050:"Saudi Arabian Military Activity Against Israel" 6462:"The story behind Abraham's shrine at the Kaaba" 6320: 6215: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5576:. Leiden: Leiden University Press. p. 148. 5508: 5414:Vision or Mirage: Saudi Arabia at the Crossroads 4777: 4430:. In E. Möller; J. Paulmann; K. Stornig (eds.). 2647:and sentenced him to execution. He was publicly 1763:regime in the country. King Faisal claimed that 983:who later served in various governmental posts. 821: 8270: 7819:. Vol. 102, no. 21. 19 November 1973. 7593:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 7553: 6591: 5567: 5446:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 5310: 4502:(PhD thesis). Columbia University. p. 57. 4235:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 4066: 2582:, even in the presence of foreign dignitaries. 2204:The cessation of all Saudi aid to the royalists 1015:Faisal, as minister of foreign affairs, in 1942 8913: 8056: 7677: 7405:"Saudi Arabia mourns passing away of princess" 7143:"Interview: Prince Amr bin Mohammed al-Faisal" 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6741:Ground Warfare: The International Encyclopedia 6367: 5535: 5378: 5127: 5044:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security 2585: 2129:and pledged its support for the Palestinians. 1627:King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 1406:and his half-brothers Khalid, Fahd, Abdullah, 1217:for issuing fatwas, comprising twenty jurists. 1170:in 1958, giving Faisal wide executive powers. 907:in 1975, he was succeeded by his half-brother 12048:Recipients of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali 12028:Recipients of the National Order of the Cedar 10797: 9998: 9694: 9586: 9460: 9359: 9276:Minister for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia 8649: 8430: 8328: 8141: 7704: 7376: 7296: 6991: 6186: 6153: 6064:"Information about King Faisal Military City" 5625: 5538:"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders" 5410: 5047:. Cornell University Press. pp. 94–217. 4471: 4469: 4467: 4342: 4340: 4319: 4037:"Wahhabism – A Unifier or a Divisive Element" 3941: 2558: 2552:, is Saudi Arabia's first female ambassador. 2544:, one of King Saud's sons. His granddaughter 1736: 1572: 1342:History of Saudi Arabia § Modern history 1278:security positions, such as his half-brother 1257:History of Saudi Arabia § Modern history 986: 813:[fæjsˤɑlbenˈʕæbdælʕæˈziːzʔæːlsæˈʕuːd] 10811: 9252:Minister for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia 8381: 7206: 7204: 7020:"بطولات السعوديين حاضرة.. في الحروب العربية" 6575:Yasser Mohamed Elwy Mohamed Mahmoud (2009). 6546: 6544: 5345: 5040: 5000: 4686: 4621: 4070:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4008: 2251:Some of the attending heads of state at the 2189:In September 1964, Nasser and Faisal met in 1924:The Muslim World League planned to renovate 1191:Meeting with President Kennedy, October 1962 1070:With Prince Khalid in Washington, D.C., 1943 824:in 1975. Before his ascension, he served as 11888:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1970s 10413:Council of Economic and Development Affairs 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8780: 8298: 8296: 8294: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7522: 7452: 7104: 6784: 6693: 6691: 4425: 4373: 4346: 4004: 4002: 3907: 3905: 3819: 2632:1966, and he was shot dead by a policeman. 1944:in 1964 to perform restoration work on the 1625:Minerals in Dhahran was converted into the 1511: 914: 518:Hessa bint Muhammad Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail 10804: 10790: 10005: 9991: 9701: 9687: 9593: 9579: 9467: 9453: 9366: 9352: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8725: 7622:"Princess Mashael bint Faisal passes away" 6976: 6823: 6261: 5473: 5306: 5304: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5123: 5121: 4826: 4464: 4401:Mohammad Zaid Al Kahtani (December 2004). 4353:. Austin, TX: Synergy Books. p. 104. 4337: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3004:Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 2620:yelled repeatedly not to kill the prince. 1770: 1462:, his reputation as a staunch opponent of 1250: 931:on 14 April 1906. He was the third son of 521:Munira bint Suhaim Al Thunayan Al Mahasher 73: 12033:Recipients of the Order of Brilliant Star 10012: 9373: 8721: 8719: 8690:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. 8384:"Brother of murdered King assumes throne" 7943:""الشورى" السعودي الجديد.. خال من للمزيد" 7764: 7762: 7383:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 170. 7258:Muhammad Hassanein Heykal (Summer 1977). 7201: 6541: 6279: 6257: 6255: 6222:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 133. 6121: 6119: 5802:Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University 5570:"Sharia and national law in Saudi Arabia" 5512:King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times 5238: 5236: 3597:Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent 2693:published a biography of Faisal entitled 1990:. He refused any political ties with the 1884: 1622:Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University 11740:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 8788:"King Faisal Speech during Hajj in 1968" 8304:"1975: Saudi's King Faisal assassinated" 8291: 7775: 6688: 6570: 6568: 6519:"Saudi Arabia in International Politics" 6363: 6361: 6359: 5406: 5404: 5097:Abdullah Hamad Al Salamah (April 1994). 5036: 5034: 4550: 4548: 4291:. Qatar Digital Library. 13 January 1948 4255: 4062: 4060: 4058: 3999: 3902: 2843:before 1973 (left) and from 1973 onwards 2589: 2403: 2391: 2350: 2307: 2246: 2136: 2132: 2080: 2030: 1961: 1897:in 1966. During this time, he prayed in 1888: 1780: 1677: 1665: 1614: 1605: 1502: 1378:(Egypt), King Faisal (Saudi Arabia) and 1345: 1298:, a maternal cousin of Faisal, issued a 1260: 1186: 1141: 1065: 1010: 998: 990: 918: 11963:Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit 8943:Saudi Arabia and Iran. Friends or Foes? 8810: 8029:FRIDE (Spanish Think-tank organization) 8020:Ana Echagüe; Edward Burke (June 2009). 5301: 5276: 5274: 5182: 5118: 5015:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672530.001.0001 5005:. In Amal Ghazal; Jens Hanssen (eds.). 4792: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 3844: 3660:, would eventually become king in 1953. 2658: 2355:Saluting Saudi military personnel, 1974 1733:military personnel and their families. 1711:In 1972, Faisal placed an order for 39 1686: 1473: 1335: 1309: 14: 12018:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour 11918:Assassinated Saudi Arabian politicians 11865: 9011: 9009: 8716: 8356:Abdul Nabi Shaheen (23 October 2011). 7791:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 450. 7772:. New Delhi: I.S. Publications. Print. 7759: 7737:"Death of Princess Hussah bint Faysal" 7492:David Leigh; Rob Evans (8 June 2007). 7459:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 169. 6998:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 183. 6594:"U.S. Pondering Saudis' Vulnerability" 6295:Fakhruddin Owaisi (16 February 2021). 6252: 6116: 5688:from the original on 16 September 2020 5233: 5222: 5220: 5061:from the original on 6 September 2015. 5003:"W(h)ither Arabian Peninsula Studies?" 4996: 4994: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4283: 4281: 4199: 4197: 2536:Faisal's daughter Haifa is married to 1743:1969 Saudi Arabian coup d'état attempt 1643:General Presidency for Girls Education 1595:and the establishment of new ports in 1354:, September 1970. From left to right: 1146:With Gamal Abdel Nasser in Hejaz, 1954 844:, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. 27:King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975 10785: 9986: 9682: 9574: 9448: 9347: 9334: 8238:The Arabs: Journeys Beyond the Mirage 8188:from the original on 16 February 2021 7671: 7657:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 64. 7473:from the original on 25 December 2018 6565: 6356: 6104:from the original on 17 February 2020 5984:from the original on 17 November 2016 5708:"The economy in the era of al-Faisal" 5417:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 63. 5401: 5031: 4608:Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929–2013 4545: 4055: 2971:Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour 1648: 1243:in 1961. In 1962 he helped found the 1047:Viceroy of Hejaz and foreign minister 811: 622:Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman 11217:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 9708: 9027:from the original on 10 January 2021 9017:"King Faisal meets President Chiang" 8738:from the original on 10 January 2021 8704:from the original on 10 January 2021 8631:from the original on 10 January 2021 8504:from the original on 31 October 2021 8477:from the original on 31 October 2021 8435:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia 8277:. Infobase Publishing. p. 236. 8257:Richard Harlakenden Sanger. (1970). 8240:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 8069:from the original on 10 January 2021 7996:"Princess Haifa bint Faisal al Saud" 7897:from the original on 10 January 2021 7747:from the original on 10 January 2021 7654:'Iffat Al Thunayan: an Arabian Queen 7602:from the original on 10 January 2021 7566:from the original on 10 January 2021 7535:from the original on 20 October 2018 7504:from the original on 10 January 2021 7211:"King Faisal: Oil, Wealth and Power" 6811:from the original on 27 January 2021 6488:"محمد بن لادن.. مقاول توسعة الحرمين" 6424: 5954:from the original on 28 October 2020 5838:from the original on 7 December 2022 5778:from the original on 21 January 2019 5748:from the original on 26 October 2020 5718:from the original on 26 October 2020 5548: 5271: 4874: 4799:Paul L. Montgomery (26 March 1975). 4694:. In Gönül Tol; David Dumke (eds.). 4611:(PhD thesis). King's College London. 4414: 4404:The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz 4306: 4159: 3977:Paul L. Montgomery (26 March 1975). 2178:. As a result, the Imam fled to the 2076:UN resolution to partition Palestine 2020: 2009:Faisal is said to have reminded the 955:, a son of Abdulaziz's half-brother 847:Faisal was the son of Abdulaziz and 11973:People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War 11933:Collars of the Order of Civil Merit 9006: 8798:from the original on 15 August 2021 8375: 8218:from the original on 4 October 2020 7831:"Reflections on US-Saudi Relations" 7299:"Political killing in the cold war" 6592:Elaine Sciolino (4 November 2001). 6517:Robert R. Sullivan (October 1970). 6350:A New Analysis of Wahhabi Doctrines 5924:from the original on 1 October 2020 5868:from the original on 11 August 2020 5217: 4991: 4933: 4820: 4766: 4278: 4194: 4105:"Riyadh. The capital of monotheism" 3571:the Distinguished Order of The Nile 3539:Collar of the Order of Independence 3330:Commander's Cross with Star of the 2466:Saud Al Kabir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 2127:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 1565:. The Ministry also instructed the 1086:. On 23 September 1932, the prince 851:. His father was still reigning as 798: 24: 12023:Commanders of the Legion of Honour 12008:Recipients of the Collar of Honour 11968:Interior ministers of Saudi Arabia 11878:20th-century kings of Saudi Arabia 9629:Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 9601:Interior Ministers of Saudi Arabia 9227:9 November 1953 – 2 November 1964 8599:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00288_2.x 8261:, Books for Libraries Press, p. 46 8123:. 23 February 2019. Archived from 7026:. 17 November 2019. Archived from 6846:. 17 December 1965. Archived from 6552:King Faisal Ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud 6262:Mai Yamani (February–March 2008). 5898:from the original on 26 March 2023 5808:from the original on 30 March 2023 5106:(PhD thesis). University of Durham 4410:(PhD thesis). University of Leeds. 2501:, while another son, Saud, was an 1722: 1586:were expanded and upgraded, while 1296:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh 1198:Saudi Arabian Council of Ministers 878:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh 538: 25: 12059: 11958:Foreign ministers of Saudi Arabia 11953:Finance ministers of Saudi Arabia 11948:Deaths by firearm in Saudi Arabia 11943:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 10195:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 9043: 8687:Historical Dictionary of Pakistan 8562:. 3 December 2008. Archived from 8166:from the original on 4 July 2021. 7377:Ghada Talhami (1 December 2012). 7189:from the original on 6 March 2014 6074:from the original on 28 June 2020 6044:from the original on 24 July 2017 5828:"About King Abdulaziz University" 5536:Nawaf E. Obaid (September 1999). 4886:King Abdulaziz Information Source 3917:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 3610:Order of St Michael and St George 3430:Order of Diplomatic Service Merit 3296:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 3288:Grand Cross of the Order of Niger 3021:Star of the Republic of Indonesia 2375:Palestine Liberation Organization 1983:king to the US was in June 1966. 1951: 1861:movement in his struggle against 1747:The 1950s and 1960s saw numerous 1282:, to whom he gave command of the 949:Abdullah bin Abdullatif Al Sheikh 947:. Faisal's maternal grandfather, 927:Faisal bin Abdulaziz was born in 802:Fayṣal ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz Āl Suʿūd 524:Fatima bint Abdulaziz Al Shahrani 66:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 11923:Politicians assassinated in 1975 10087: 9957: 9718: 9667: 9559: 9484: 9433: 9383: 9271:Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel 9262:Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel 9195:2 November 1964 – 25 March 1975 9133: 9121: 9106: 9092: 9078: 9064: 9050: 8980: 8933: 8750: 8677: 8643: 8613: 8578: 8548: 8488: 8461: 8424: 8407:Nick Ludington. (24 March 1975) 8401: 8349: 8322: 8264: 8251: 8230: 8200: 8170: 8107: 8081: 8050: 8013: 7988: 7961: 7935: 7909: 7879: 7849: 7823: 7805: 7729: 7698: 7644: 7628:. 3 October 2011. Archived from 7614: 7578: 7554:Nick Luddington (5 April 1975). 7547: 7516: 7485: 7446: 7423: 7397: 7370: 7313: 7297:Fred Halliday (11 August 2005). 7290: 7251: 7229: 7162: 7135: 7108:Terrorism and Political Violence 7098: 7072: 7042: 7012: 6985: 6938: 6900: 6862: 6832: 6746: 6733: 6712: 6679: 6670: 6643: 6634: 6612: 6585: 6510: 6480: 6454: 6203:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01025.x 6014:from the original on 1 July 2017 4696:Aspiring Powers, Regional Rivals 3987:. Times News Service. p. 2i 3621: 3603: 3592: 3582: 3564: 3549: 3534: 3523: 3505: 3494: 3476: 3459: 3441: 3423: 3405: 3387: 3370: 3353: 3343: 3325: 3306: 3291: 3283: 3265: 3247: 3230: 3213: 3195: 3184:Order of the Pioneers of Liberia 3177: 3159: 3147:Supreme Order of the Renaissance 3140: 3129: 3111: 3093: 3078: 3068: 3053: 3043: 3032: 3014: 2999: 2981: 2966: 2955: 2940: 2929: 2919: 2901: 2883: 2868: 2857: 2829: 2820: 2786: 2387: 1974:in Washington, D.C., 27 May 1971 1466:, and the country's fast-rising 1432: 705: 683: 368:Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel 330:Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel 11983:Prime ministers of Saudi Arabia 10367:General Intelligence Presidency 9624:Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud 9335: 9316:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 8726:Sabir Shah (15 February 2019). 8274:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia 8057:Joobin Bekhrad (1 March 2016). 8031:. pp. 1–23. Archived from 7705:Hatem Mohamed (13 March 2022). 6494:. 16 March 2018. Archived from 6396: 6341: 6314: 6288: 6264:"The two faces of Saudi Arabia" 6209: 6180: 6147: 6128: 6086: 6056: 6026: 5996: 5966: 5936: 5910: 5880: 5850: 5820: 5790: 5760: 5730: 5700: 5670: 5599: 5590: 5561: 5529: 5502: 5467: 5431: 5372: 5339: 5245: 5228:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia 5156: 5090: 5065: 4978: 4960: 4904: 4850: 4738: 4712: 4680: 4652: 4615: 4598: 4577: 4514: 4489: 4477:"Fayṣal (King of Saudi Arabia)" 4394: 4367: 4249: 4219: 4125: 4097: 4029: 3970: 3935: 3778:. Psychology Press. p. 9. 3713: 3685:in 1926, and he raised Nejd to 3219:Order of the Crown of the Realm 2945:Collar of the Order of the Nile 2435:Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan 2159:raged between loyalists of the 1656:King Faisal Specialist Hospital 1134:Crown prince and prime minister 995:Leading the Asir campaign, 1922 508:Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan 11873:20th-century murdered monarchs 9300:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 8382:Michael Ross (26 March 1975). 8156:"Man in the news. King Faisal" 6699:"Eighty-Ninth Plenary Meeting" 3875: 3813: 3802:(Oxford University Press US), 3792: 3765: 3753: 3696: 3663: 3642: 2297: 2253:Arab League Summit in Khartoum 2236: 2161:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 2109:Arson attack on Al-Aqsa Mosque 1274:president Gamal Abdel Nasser. 863:from 1926 to 1932. He was the 168:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 13: 1: 11988:Saudi Arabian anti-communists 11938:Crown princes of Saudi Arabia 11893:1970s murders in Saudi Arabia 10357:Chairman of the General Staff 9973:Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia 9476:Crown princes of Saudi Arabia 7651:Joseph A. Kechichian (2014). 6840:"Yemen: Dialogue of the Deaf" 6353:. Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly. 5572:. In Jan Michiel Otto (ed.). 5515:. London: Saqi. p. 280. 5281:Joseph A. Kechichian (2001). 4496:Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). 4232:Saudi Arabia: A Country Study 4012:Saudi Arabia: A Modern Reader 3746: 3648:King Abdulaziz's eldest son, 3628:National Order of the Leopard 2704:published another biography, 1835:Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki 1241:Islamic University of Madinah 1090:on behalf of his father from 941:Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh 849:Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh 657:Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh 512:Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir 504:Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 11978:People of the Yom Kippur War 11913:Anti-Zionism in Saudi Arabia 9324:Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 9223:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 9140:Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Saud 7949:(in Arabic). 3 December 2016 7785:Mark Weston (28 July 2008). 7523:Dean Baquet (30 July 1992). 7264:Journal of Palestine Studies 7179:"OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974" 7121:10.1080/09546553.2013.773899 6161:. p. 11. Archived from 5486:10.1017/CBO9780511734748.009 5448:. p. 77. Archived from 5001:Rosie Bsheer (August 2017). 4870:. Vol. 53, no. 11. 3654:Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair 3510:Special Grand Cordon of the 2695:Faisal: King of Saudi Arabia 2027:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 826:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 791:Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 725:Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia 229:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 32:Shah Faisal (disambiguation) 18:Assassination of King Faisal 7: 11993:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslims 10599:Water supply and sanitation 10428:History of the oil industry 10295:Mutaween (religious police) 9649:Ahmed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 8940:Banafsheh Keynoush (2016). 8684:Shahid Javed Burki (2018). 8178:"صفات الملك فيصل رحمه الله" 6323:Journal of Qur'anic Studies 5009:. Oxford University Press. 4986:The History of Saudi Arabia 4968:"About Ministry of Finance" 4440:10.1007/978-3-030-44630-7_7 4205:"King Faisal bin Abdulaziz" 3599:Order of the British Empire 3166:National Order of the Cedar 3136:Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali 3100:Order of the Crown of Italy 2586:Assassination and aftermath 2087:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2055:St. James Palace Conference 1507:Abha Dam, completed in 1974 1292:Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia 1061:minister of foreign affairs 882:Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia 820:from 2 November 1964 until 746:Unification of Saudi Arabia 401: 347: 296: 279:Minister of Foreign Affairs 246: 151: 10: 12064: 11928:Burials at Al Oud cemetery 11078:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 9634:Faisal bin Turki I Al Saud 9309:Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 9294:Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 8994:(in Arabic). 14 April 2021 8500:(in Arabic), 17 May 2018, 8409:Public Execution Expected. 7556:"King Faisal's eight sons" 7430:"King Faisal Assassinated" 7320:William B. Quandt (1981). 7056:. May 1978. Archived from 6908:"Beginning to Face Defeat" 6718:Alexei Vassiliev. (2012). 5556:The Osama bin Laden I Know 5284:Succession in Saudi Arabia 4984:Alexei Vassiliev. (1998). 4260:. In Michael Duffy (ed.). 4182:(in Arabic). 14 April 2020 4112:Business and Finance Group 4009:Winberg Chai, ed. (2005). 3913:"The kings of the Kingdom" 3882:George Kheirallah (1952). 3772:Clive Leatherdale (1983). 3481:Member First Class of the 3332:Order of Polonia Restituta 3270:Knight Grand Cross of the 3118:Order of the Chrysanthemum 3098:Knight Grand Cross of the 2765: 2677:in the title track of the 2662: 2635:In a documentary entitled 2602:, son of his half-brother 2559:Personality and appearance 2515:Sandhurst Military Academy 2301: 2240: 2148: 2145:in Cairo, 18 December 1969 2117:, Morocco, to discuss the 2024: 1955: 1909:was tasked with expanding 1774: 1740: 1737:Steps against coups d'état 1573:Transportation development 1339: 1313: 1254: 1160:Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz 987:Early political experience 891:, anti-communism, and pro- 36: 29: 11598: 11364: 11029: 11019:The American Fighting-Man 10822: 10743: 10701: 10607: 10508: 10499: 10393: 10384: 10317: 10238: 10220:National Security Council 10175: 10171: 10162: 10105: 10096: 10085: 10024: 9966: 9955: 9725: 9716: 9665: 9606: 9557: 9491: 9482: 9431: 9390: 9381: 9341: 9321: 9314: 9306: 9297: 9291: 9281: 9274: 9268: 9258: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9229: 9220: 9214: 9207: 9197: 9188: 9180: 9175: 9148: 8956:10.1007/978-1-137-58939-2 6432:"المعلم محمد عوض بن لادن" 6382:10.1080/00263208708700697 6281:10.1080/00396330801899488 6228:10.1007/978-3-030-56182-6 6216:Brandon Friedman (2020). 5832:King Abdulaziz University 5509:Alexei Vassiliev (2013). 5395:10.1080/00263208708700697 5325:10.1080/00263209408701030 5226:James Wynbrandt. (2004). 4844:10.1080/17550910802576114 4832:Contemporary Arab Affairs 4778:Odah Sultan Odah (1988). 4207:. King Faisal Faoundation 4083:10.1017/S0020743800028750 4041:APS Diplomat News Service 3798:Joseph Kostiner. (1993). 2806: 2794: 2785: 2772: 2373:to Egypt, Syria, and the 2359:In 1974 Faisal was named 2271:of Iraq, 2 September 1967 2227:Egyptian Foreign Minister 2180:Saudi Arabia–Yemen border 1978:As king, Faisal employed 1791:Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad 1660:World Health Organization 1104:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd 1039:and initial control over 957:Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman 945:Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab 933:Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman 799:فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود 784: 738: 730: 718: 700: 695: 691: 679: 662: 652: 647:Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia 642: 630: 621: 616: 612: 531: 492: 477: 473: 469:Assassination by shooting 465: 451: 428: 424: 416: 412: 389: 382: 372: 364: 360: 335: 325: 315: 311: 284: 277: 269: 261: 257: 234: 227: 219: 211: 200: 192: 184: 173: 166: 162: 139: 132: 122: 112: 102: 91: 84: 72: 63: 58: 11736:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 10465:Tadawul (stock exchange) 10460:Supreme Economic Council 10408:Capital Market Authority 10362:General Staff Presidency 10215:Mabahith (secret police) 8271:James Wynbrandt (2010). 7589:(Country Readers Series) 7560:Lewiston Evening Journal 7494:"BAE Files: Kamal Adham" 7441:Lewiston Evening Journal 6559:30 November 2010 at the 6404:"Educated for indolence" 5568:Esther van Eijk (2010). 5453:(Country Readers Series) 5142:10.1162/0163660054798672 5130:The Washington Quarterly 3710:, which he also opposed. 3693:until his death in 1953. 3635: 3412:Order of the Somali Star 2864:Order of the Supreme Sun 2748: 2637:Faisal, Legacy of a King 2594:Prince Faisal bin Musaid 2497:, and he later attended 2411:visiting a school, 1960s 2066:'s annexation of all of 1777:Religion in Saudi Arabia 1512:Agricultural development 1316:Islamic views on slavery 1108:Saudi–Yemeni War in 1934 915:Early life and education 876:and his maternal cousin 515:Haya bint Turki Al Turki 12003:Time Person of the Year 11234:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 10347:Strategic Missile Force 9285:Saud bin Faisal Al Saud 9150:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 8914:Owain Raw-Rees (1998). 8418:10 January 2021 at the 7678:Mordechai Abir (1988). 7436:10 January 2021 at the 7183:Office of the Historian 6141:6 November 2014 at the 6038:Eastern Order of Battle 5348:"Brezhnev in the Hejaz" 4558:The Middle East Journal 4482:Encyclopædia Britannica 3944:Critique Internationale 3554:Gold Red Crescent Medal 3512:Order of Brilliant Star 3501:Order of Brilliant Jade 3394:National Order of Merit 3376:Order of King Abdulaziz 3236:National Order of Merit 3074:Order of the Two Rivers 2462:Noura bint Abdul Rahman 2455:Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah 2348:and Muslims worldwide. 2265:Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah 2041:1970 Arab League summit 1869:using their own logic. 1825:Hejazis from Mecca and 1771:Religious inclusiveness 1251:Struggle with King Saud 870:slavery in Saudi Arabia 238:9 November 1953 – 11193:Martin Luther King Jr. 9521:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz 9506:Muhammad bin Abdulaziz 9128:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 9126:Quotations related to 8650:Mujtaba Razvi (1981). 8431:David Commins (2006). 7863:. 2006. Archived from 7768:Sharaf Sabri. (2001). 7216:26 August 2013 at the 6992:Neil Partrick (2016). 6523:The Review of Politics 6370:Middle Eastern Studies 6301:Imam Ghazali Institute 5554:Peter Bergen. (2006). 5411:David Rundell (2020). 5382:Middle Eastern Studies 5313:Middle Eastern Studies 5287:. New York: Palgrave. 4320:Hassan Abedin (2003). 3760:Current Biography 1943 3677:in 1902 following the 3272:Order of Orange-Nassau 2908:National Order of Chad 2758: 2741:, the largest city in 2708:. A movie directed by 2671:King Faisal Foundation 2595: 2412: 2401: 2356: 2313: 2272: 2171:staged a coup against 2146: 2106: 2089: 2043: 2000:Grand Imam of al-Azhar 1975: 1902: 1885:Interest in holy sites 1794: 1683: 1675: 1631:King Faisal University 1611: 1588:Saudi Arabian Airlines 1508: 1484:administrative regions 1440:administrative regions 1396: 1383: 1266: 1192: 1147: 1071: 1016: 1008: 996: 924: 865:Saudi foreign minister 751:First Arab–Israeli War 134:Regent of Saudi Arabia 11650:The Good Samaritans: 10947:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10887:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10871:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10190:Consultative Assembly 9375:Kings of Saudi Arabia 9209:Saudi Arabian royalty 8627:. 26 September 2019. 8441:Bloomsbury Publishing 8259:The Arabian Peninsula 8214:. 23 September 2020. 7835:Georgetown University 7356:. UPNE. p. 273. 6982:Safran (1988), p. 122 6952:. 15 September 1967. 6829:Safran (1988), p. 120 6760:. 25 September 1964. 6754:"The Alexandria Duet" 6335:10.3366/jqs.2013.0120 5542:Middle East Quarterly 5355:The National Interest 5346:Bruce Riedel (2011). 5041:Nadav Safran (1985). 4950:LookLex Encyclopaedia 4786:University of Salford 4687:Hakan Özoğlu (2019). 4625:International Affairs 4331:King's College London 3956:10.3917/crii.046.0125 3857:"Unexpectedly modern" 3831:University of Salford 3650:Turki I bin Abdulaziz 3588:Royal Victorian Chain 2888:Grand Officer of the 2873:Order of Independence 2753: 2663:Further information: 2593: 2499:Georgetown University 2407: 2395: 2354: 2322:1973 Arab–Israeli War 2311: 2250: 2157:North Yemen Civil War 2151:North Yemen Civil War 2140: 2133:North Yemen Civil War 2094: 2084: 2034: 2015:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1966:Meeting US president 1965: 1956:Further information: 1892: 1784: 1693:Royal Saudi Air Force 1681: 1669: 1615:Education development 1609: 1506: 1388: 1350:Arab leaders meet in 1349: 1340:Further information: 1264: 1255:Further information: 1190: 1145: 1116:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1069: 1053:Consultative Assembly 1014: 1002: 994: 922: 761:North Yemen Civil War 731:Years of service 539:Among others ... 461:Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 79:Formal portrait, 1945 11898:1975 murders in Asia 11883:20th-century regents 11767:The Silence Breakers 11634:The American Soldier 11615:The Whistleblowers: 11473:The Endangered Earth 11255:The Middle Americans 11209:William Westmoreland 11102:Dwight D. Eisenhower 10971:Dwight D. Eisenhower 9620:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 9611:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 9541:Muqrin bin Abdulaziz 9536:Salman bin Abdulaziz 9526:Sultan bin Abdulaziz 9511:Khalid bin Abdulaziz 9501:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 9191:King of Saudi Arabia 9142:at Wikimedia Commons 8758:"Pakistan Air Force" 8621:"Born a King (2019)" 8473:, 5 September 2017, 8236:David Lamb. (1988). 8059:"Shiny Happy People" 7684:. Kent: Croom Helm. 7453:Mark Weston (2008). 7237:"Person of the Year" 6914:. 8 September 1967. 6870:"Coping in Khartoum" 6555:. The Saudi Network 6436:Saudi Binladin Group 5774:. 3 September 2015. 5368:on 15 November 2013. 5242:Vassiliev, pp. 366–7 4426:Nora Derbal (2020). 4374:Mark Weston (2008). 4347:Leon Hesser (2004). 4262:The Naval Miscellany 3984:Rutland Daily Herald 3820:Odah Sultan (1988). 3691:King of Saudi Arabia 3626:Grand Cordon of the 3608:Second Class of the 3528:Grand Cordon of the 3499:Grand Cordon of the 3448:Order of Civil Merit 3200:Grand Collar of the 3182:Grand Cordon of the 3164:Grand Cordon of the 3145:Grand Cordon of the 3116:Grand Cordon of the 2934:Grand Cordon of the 2659:Memorials and legacy 2604:Musaid bin Abdulaziz 2513:, was a graduate of 2507:Princeton University 2427:, the mother of the 2282:Furthermore, at the 2184:United Arab Republic 1907:Saudi Binladin Group 1687:Military development 1559:Al Aflaj Governorate 1488:Petromin Corporation 1474:Economic development 1336:King of Saudi Arabia 1310:Abolition of slavery 1272:United Arab Republic 1057:minister of interior 832:to his half-brother 818:King of Saudi Arabia 420:Khalid bin Abdulaziz 273:Khalid bin Abdulaziz 223:Khalid bin Abdulaziz 86:King of Saudi Arabia 11832:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 10816:Persons of the Year 10455:Saudi Central Bank 10263:Freedom of religion 10039:Early Islamic State 9644:Nayef bin Abdulaziz 9616:Abdullah bin Faisal 9551:Mohammed bin Salman 9531:Nayef bin Abdulaziz 9086:Saudi Arabia portal 8923:The Medal Collector 8184:. 15 January 2019. 8129:on 10 December 2022 7970:Middle East Journal 7743:. 3 December 2020. 7060:on 20 November 2021 7030:on 16 February 2021 6888:on 15 December 2008 6772:on 13 December 2011 6154:Joshua Tietelbaum. 5574:Sharia Incorporated 5474:Elie Podeh (2011). 4972:Ministry of Finance 4956:on 12 October 2017. 4862:"Death of Ibn Saud" 4754:. 23 September 2022 4143:Seven Stories Press 4121:on 14 October 2009. 3428:First Class of the 3392:Grand Cross of the 3019:First Class of the 2986:Grand Cross of the 2960:Grand Cross of the 2906:Grand Cross of the 2288:Arab League summits 2284:Khartoum Conference 2223:Khartoum Resolution 2165:Yemen Arab Republic 1996:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud 1936:In the case of the 1839:Muslim World League 1593:Jeddah Islamic Port 1416:Saudi Arabia's flag 1245:Muslim World League 1208:Ministry of Justice 1176:minister of finance 1098:by reading out the 1092:Al Hamidiyah Palace 953:Khalid bin Muhammad 579:Prince Abdul Rahman 466:Cause of death 288:19 December 1930 – 11397:Ayatollah Khomeini 11062:John Foster Dulles 10470:Telecommunications 10253:Capital punishment 10180:Allegiance Council 10059:Emirate of Diriyah 10044:Rashidun Caliphate 10034:Pre-Islamic Arabia 9659:Abdulaziz bin Saud 9654:Muhammad bin Nayef 9639:Fahd bin Abdulaziz 9546:Muhammad bin Nayef 9516:Fahd bin Abdulaziz 9496:Saud bin Abdulaziz 9240:Political offices 9100:Middle East portal 8948:Palgrave Macmillan 8160:The New York Times 8038:on 29 October 2013 7867:on 11 January 2007 7529:The New York Times 7411:. 12 February 2000 7409:Kuwait News Agency 7247:on 7 January 2007. 6926:on 5 November 2012 6876:. 11 August 1967. 6807:. 24 August 2019. 6739:Sandler, Stanley. 6658:on 3 November 2013 6622:. 26 February 2018 6598:The New York Times 6190:Diplomatic History 5658:on 12 October 2018 5455:on 10 January 2021 5257:The New York Times 5203:The New York Times 4921:. 17 August 1954. 4914:The New York Times 4892:on 14 October 2014 4806:The New York Times 3923:on 22 October 2012 3702:Faisal associated 3038:Order of the Crown 2735:Pakistan Air Force 2697:. In 2013 Russian 2596: 2570:The New York Times 2546:Reem bint Mohammed 2413: 2402: 2357: 2314: 2273: 2269:Abd al-Rahman Arif 2261:Abdullah al-Sallal 2257:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2169:Abdullah al-Sallal 2147: 2090: 2044: 1976: 1933:comfort and ease. 1928:in 1965, with the 1919:political tensions 1903: 1879:Juhayman al-Otaybi 1795: 1789:and Quran reciter 1701:Lightning fighters 1684: 1676: 1649:Health development 1612: 1561:, Wadi Bisha, and 1555:Al-Qassim Province 1509: 1468:financial strength 1438:current system of 1384: 1376:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1267: 1193: 1152:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1148: 1072: 1017: 1009: 997: 925: 393:9 February 1926 – 320:Office established 265:Saud bin Abdulaziz 215:Saud bin Abdulaziz 204:31 October 1962 – 196:Saud bin Abdulaziz 188:Saud bin Abdulaziz 95:2 November 1964 – 11860: 11859: 11854: 11853: 11836:Spirit of Ukraine 11536:Pope John Paul II 11513:The Peacemakers: 11489:George H. W. Bush 11481:Mikhail Gorbachev 11465:Mikhail Gorbachev 11309:Susan Brownmiller 11225:Lyndon B. Johnson 11201:Lyndon B. Johnson 11110:U.S. Scientists: 11094:Charles de Gaulle 11086:Nikita Khrushchev 11038:Mohammed Mosaddeq 11011:Winston Churchill 10939:Winston Churchill 10831:Charles Lindbergh 10779: 10778: 10739: 10738: 10567:Human trafficking 10495: 10494: 10380: 10379: 10313: 10312: 10200:Foreign relations 10158: 10157: 10054:Abbasid Caliphate 10049:Umayyad Caliphate 9980: 9979: 9950: (1947–1994) 9944: (born 1945) 9936: (born 1942) 9930: (born 1942) 9924: (1942–2007) 9918: (1941–2012) 9912: (1941–2013) 9906: (1940–2023) 9900: (born 1939) 9894: (1938–2003) 9888: (1937–1958) 9882: (born 1935) 9876: (1934–2008) 9870: (1934–2016) 9864: (1934–2012) 9856: (1932–2015) 9850: (1932–2013) 9844: (1932–2000) 9838: (1931–2018) 9832: (1931–2019) 9826: (1931–2017) 9820: (1928–2011) 9812: (1926–2017) 9806: (1925–1985) 9800: (1924–2015) 9794: (1923–2013) 9788: (1923–2019) 9782: (1921–2005) 9776: (1921–1951) 9770: (1915–1993) 9764: (1913–1982) 9758: (1911–1984) 9752: (1910–1988) 9744: (1906–1975) 9738: (1902–1969) 9732: (1900–1919) 9676: 9675: 9568: 9567: 9442: 9441: 9329: 9328: 9322:Succeeded by 9307:Succeeded by 9282:Succeeded by 9259:Succeeded by 9230:Succeeded by 9198:Succeeded by 9138:Media related to 8965:978-1-137-58939-2 8697:978-1-4422-4148-0 8284:978-0-8160-7876-9 8162:. 26 March 1975. 8095:. 12 October 2016 7923:. 11 January 2013 7893:. 11 April 2017. 7798:978-0-470-18257-4 7691:978-0-7099-5129-2 7664:978-1-84519-685-1 7466:978-0-470-18257-4 7390:978-0-8108-6858-8 7363:978-1-55553-421-9 7091:978-1-4387-4235-9 7005:978-0-8577-2793-0 6946:"A Distant Peace" 6850:on 24 August 2013 6728:978-0-86356-689-9 6237:978-3-030-56182-6 5744:. 18 March 2018. 5618:978-1-4387-4235-9 5596:Vassiliev p. 395. 5522:978-0-86356-761-2 5424:978-1-83860-594-0 5294:978-0-312-23880-3 5259:. 3 November 1964 5054:978-0-8014-9484-0 5024:978-0-19-967253-0 4858:Richard Cavendish 4449:978-3-030-44629-1 4387:978-0-470-18257-4 4360:978-0-9744668-8-0 4271:978-1-00-034082-2 4256:CHH Owen (2020). 4242:978-0-8444-0791-3 4227:Helen Chapin Metz 4141:. New York City: 4022:978-0-88093-859-4 3895:978-1-258-50201-0 3863:. 26 January 2013 3785:978-0-7146-3220-9 3669:Faisal's father, 3359:Nishan-e-Pakistan 3254:Order of Muhammad 3083:Order of Faisal I 2988:Order of George I 2936:Order of the Nile 2814: 2813: 2712:in 2019 entitled 2710:Agustí Villaronga 2600:Faisal bin Musaid 2550:Reema bint Bandar 2400:at a mosque, 1957 2163:and those of the 2021:Palestinian cause 1915:Ottoman structure 1875:Abdulaziz Bin Baz 1805:in the east; the 1567:Agricultural Bank 1493:Lyndon B. Johnson 1372:Jaafar al-Nimeiri 1156:dissident princes 1123:Crown Prince Saud 1102:that renamed the 977:Helen Chapin Metz 905:Faisal bin Musaid 822:his assassination 810: 788: 787: 626: 625: 446:Emirate of Riyadh 395:22 September 1932 177:16 August 1954 – 16:(Redirected from 12055: 11998:Sons of Ibn Saud 11847: 11839: 11827: 11819: 11807: 11799: 11797: 11770: 11762: 11754: 11746: 11744: 11728: 11720: 11712: 11704: 11696: 11688: 11680: 11672: 11664: 11662: 11645: 11637: 11629: 11627: 11610: 11607:Rudolph Giuliani 11591: 11583: 11575: 11563: 11555: 11547: 11539: 11531: 11529: 11508: 11500: 11492: 11484: 11476: 11468: 11460: 11452: 11444: 11436: 11424: 11416: 11408: 11400: 11392: 11384: 11376: 11357: 11355: 11341:Billie Jean King 11307:American Women: 11302: 11294: 11286: 11274: 11266: 11258: 11250: 11248: 11228: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11196: 11188: 11180: 11172: 11170: 11152:William Shockley 11128:Joshua Lederberg 11124:Donald A. Glaser 11105: 11097: 11089: 11081: 11073: 11065: 11057: 11049: 11041: 11022: 11014: 11006: 10998: 10990: 10982: 10974: 10966: 10958: 10950: 10942: 10934: 10926: 10918: 10906: 10898: 10890: 10882: 10874: 10866: 10858: 10850: 10842: 10834: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10759: 10752: 10592:response to ISIL 10506: 10505: 10450:Riyal (currency) 10391: 10390: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10115:Cities and towns 10103: 10102: 10091: 10069:Kingdom of Hejaz 10007: 10000: 9993: 9984: 9983: 9961: 9722: 9710:Sons of Ibn Saud 9703: 9696: 9689: 9680: 9679: 9671: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9572: 9571: 9563: 9488: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9446: 9445: 9437: 9387: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9332: 9331: 9292:Preceded by 9269:Preceded by 9215:Preceded by 9181:Preceded by 9171: 9164: 9146: 9145: 9137: 9125: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9068: 9060: 9058:Biography portal 9055: 9054: 9053: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9013: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8920: 8911: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8764:. Archived from 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8723: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8659:Pakistan Horizon 8656: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8532:. Archived from 8522: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8438: 8428: 8422: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8300: 8289: 8288: 8268: 8262: 8255: 8249: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8152: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8128: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8026: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7782: 7773: 7766: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7717:on 14 March 2022 7713:. Archived from 7702: 7696: 7695: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7601: 7590: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7450: 7444: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7309:on 13 June 2018. 7305:. Archived from 7294: 7288: 7287: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7233: 7227: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6964:on 23 April 2008 6960:. Archived from 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6922:. Archived from 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6884:. Archived from 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6797: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6768:. Archived from 6750: 6744: 6737: 6731: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6695: 6686: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6654:. Archived from 6647: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6563: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6498:on 4 August 2020 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6468:. 13 August 2017 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6442:on 6 August 2020 6438:. Archived from 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6365: 6354: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6259: 6250: 6249: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6151: 6145: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5654:. Archived from 5644: 5623: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5361:. Archived from 5352: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5038: 5029: 5028: 4998: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4952:. Archived from 4942: 4931: 4930: 4919:Associated Press 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4888:. Archived from 4878: 4872: 4871: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4775: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4724:Al Sharq Alawsat 4716: 4710: 4709: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4423: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4317: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4157: 4156: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4114:. Archived from 4109: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4064: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4043:. 7 January 2013 4033: 4027: 4026: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3919:. Archived from 3909: 3900: 3899: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3740: 3717: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3679:Battle of Riyadh 3667: 3661: 3646: 3625: 3607: 3596: 3586: 3579:United Kingdom: 3568: 3553: 3538: 3527: 3509: 3498: 3483:Order of Umayyad 3480: 3465:Collar of Honour 3463: 3445: 3427: 3409: 3391: 3374: 3357: 3347: 3329: 3310: 3295: 3287: 3269: 3251: 3234: 3217: 3202:Order of Idris I 3199: 3181: 3163: 3144: 3133: 3115: 3097: 3082: 3072: 3057: 3049:Order of Pahlavi 3047: 3036: 3018: 3003: 2985: 2970: 2962:Legion of Honour 2959: 2944: 2933: 2923: 2905: 2890:Order of Leopold 2887: 2872: 2861: 2850:are as follows: 2833: 2824: 2790: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2702:Alexei Vassiliev 2429:Sudairi brothers 2425:Hassa bint Ahmed 2225:of August 1967. 2176:Muhammad al-Badr 2048:foreign minister 2046:After he became 1946:Dome of the Rock 1938:Prophet's Mosque 1670:A Saudi Arabian 1547:Al-Jawf Province 874:the royal family 861:viceroy of Hejaz 836:in 1964. He was 815: 805: 800: 720: 711: 709: 708: 687: 614: 613: 599:Princess Lolowah 542: 458: 438: 436: 396: 384:Viceroy of Hejaz 342: 339:16 March 1962 – 291: 290:22 December 1960 241: 207: 180: 179:21 December 1960 146: 98: 77: 56: 55: 21: 12063: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12053: 12052: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11842: 11830: 11822: 11810: 11802: 11777:Jamal Khashoggi 11775:The Guardians: 11774: 11773: 11765: 11757: 11749: 11732: 11731: 11723: 11715: 11707: 11701:Mark Zuckerberg 11699: 11691: 11683: 11675: 11667: 11649: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11625:Sherron Watkins 11614: 11613: 11605: 11594: 11586: 11578: 11566: 11558: 11550: 11542: 11534: 11512: 11511: 11503: 11495: 11487: 11479: 11471: 11463: 11455: 11447: 11441:Peter Ueberroth 11439: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11403: 11395: 11387: 11379: 11371: 11360: 11313:Kathleen Byerly 11306: 11305: 11297: 11289: 11279:Henry Kissinger 11277: 11269: 11261: 11253: 11232: 11231: 11223: 11215: 11207: 11199: 11191: 11185:Pope John XXIII 11183: 11177:John F. Kennedy 11175: 11168:Robert Woodward 11164:James Van Allen 11109: 11108: 11100: 11092: 11084: 11076: 11068: 11060: 11054:Konrad Adenauer 11052: 11044: 11036: 11025: 11017: 11009: 11003:Harry S. Truman 11001: 10995:George Marshall 10993: 10987:James F. Byrnes 10985: 10979:Harry S. Truman 10977: 10969: 10963:George Marshall 10961: 10953: 10945: 10937: 10929: 10921: 10911:Chiang Kai-shek 10909: 10901: 10893: 10885: 10879:Hugh S. Johnson 10877: 10869: 10861: 10855:Mohandas Gandhi 10853: 10845: 10839:Walter Chrysler 10837: 10829: 10818: 10810: 10780: 10775: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10735: 10697: 10659:Public holidays 10603: 10491: 10435:Foreign workers 10376: 10309: 10234: 10225:Nuclear program 10154: 10092: 10083: 10064:Emirate of Nejd 10020: 10011: 9981: 9976: 9962: 9953: 9723: 9712: 9707: 9677: 9672: 9663: 9602: 9599: 9569: 9564: 9555: 9489: 9478: 9473: 9443: 9438: 9429: 9388: 9377: 9372: 9337: 9325: 9318: 9310: 9303: 9295: 9287: 9278: 9272: 9264: 9255: 9235: 9226: 9218: 9203: 9194: 9186: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9151: 9112: 9107: 9105: 9098: 9093: 9091: 9084: 9079: 9077: 9072:Monarchy portal 9070: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9041: 9040: 9030: 9028: 9023:. 1 June 1971. 9015: 9014: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8966: 8938: 8934: 8918: 8912: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8768:on 26 June 2010 8756: 8755: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8724: 8717: 8707: 8705: 8698: 8682: 8678: 8654: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8583: 8579: 8569: 8567: 8566:on 12 June 2018 8554: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8536:on 12 June 2018 8524: 8523: 8516: 8507: 8505: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8480: 8478: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8429: 8425: 8420:Wayback Machine 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8354: 8350: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8310:. 25 March 1975 8302: 8301: 8292: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8256: 8252: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8189: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8154: 8153: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8120:Financial Times 8113: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8024: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7783: 7776: 7767: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7467: 7451: 7447: 7438:Wayback Machine 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7318: 7314: 7295: 7291: 7276:10.2307/2535788 7260:"The Saudi Era" 7256: 7252: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7226:, 7 April 1975. 7218:Wayback Machine 7209: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6798: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6738: 6734: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676:Marlowe. p. 215 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6640:Khalidi, p. 230 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6590: 6586: 6573: 6566: 6561:Wayback Machine 6549: 6542: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6412:. 2 August 1999 6402: 6401: 6397: 6366: 6357: 6346: 6342: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6293: 6289: 6260: 6253: 6238: 6214: 6210: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6168:on 25 June 2008 6165: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6143:Wayback Machine 6133: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5682:BBC News Arabic 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5626: 5619: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5409: 5402: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5225: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5205:. 29 March 1964 5197: 5196: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5126: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5055: 5039: 5032: 5025: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4944: 4943: 4934: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4882:"Ibn Saud dies" 4880: 4879: 4875: 4855: 4851: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4776: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4638:10.2307/2618170 4620: 4616: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4553: 4546: 4531:10.2307/3010946 4519: 4515: 4494: 4490: 4485:. 20 July 1998. 4475: 4474: 4465: 4450: 4424: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4345: 4338: 4326: 4318: 4307: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4160: 4153: 4133:As'ad AbuKhalil 4130: 4126: 4118: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4065: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4007: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3971: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3697: 3668: 3664: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3569:First Class of 3349:Nishan-e-Imtiaz 2925:Order of Ismail 2847: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2796:Reference style 2778: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2751: 2691:Gerald de Gaury 2684:Blues for Allah 2667: 2661: 2626:Al Oud cemetery 2588: 2575:Rudyard Kipling 2561: 2542:Prince Muhammed 2439:Prince Mohammed 2421:Prince Abdullah 2390: 2367:Man of the Year 2326:1973 oil crisis 2306: 2300: 2245: 2239: 2153: 2135: 2111: 2039:(right) at the 2029: 2023: 1998:, the Egyptian 1960: 1954: 1911:Masjid al-Haram 1887: 1779: 1773: 1753:Muammar Gaddafi 1751:in the region. 1745: 1739: 1725: 1723:Military cities 1717:their air force 1689: 1651: 1617: 1575: 1563:Najran Province 1519:desertification 1514: 1476: 1435: 1356:Muammar Gaddafi 1344: 1338: 1318: 1312: 1280:Prince Abdullah 1259: 1253: 1215:Supreme Council 1213:Establishing a 1181:John F. Kennedy 1136: 1049: 1007:in France, 1932 989: 917: 897:1973 oil crisis 780: 756:Buraimi Dispute 706: 704: 696:Military career 675: 608: 564:Prince Mohammed 554:Prince Abdullah 550: 549: 536: 535: 527: 501: 500: 488: 485:Al-Oud cemetery 482: 460: 456: 440: 434: 432: 408: 403: 394: 356: 354: 349: 340: 307: 305: 298: 289: 253: 248: 240:2 November 1964 239: 205: 178: 158: 153: 145:2 November 1964 144: 143:4 March 1964 – 108:2 November 1964 96: 80: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12061: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11858: 11857: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11840: 11828: 11820: 11808: 11804:Greta Thunberg 11800: 11771: 11763: 11755: 11747: 11734:Ebola Fighters 11729: 11721: 11713: 11705: 11697: 11689: 11681: 11677:Vladimir Putin 11673: 11665: 11646: 11642:George W. Bush 11638: 11630: 11617:Cynthia Cooper 11611: 11602: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11588:George W. Bush 11584: 11576: 11564: 11556: 11548: 11540: 11532: 11523:Nelson Mandela 11519:F. W. de Klerk 11509: 11501: 11493: 11485: 11477: 11469: 11461: 11457:Corazon Aquino 11453: 11445: 11437: 11425: 11417: 11409: 11401: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11337:Barbara Jordan 11303: 11295: 11287: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11238:William Anders 11229: 11221: 11213: 11205: 11197: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11160:Charles Townes 11140:Edward Purcell 11116:Charles Draper 11106: 11098: 11090: 11082: 11074: 11070:Harlow Curtice 11066: 11058: 11050: 11042: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11015: 11007: 10999: 10991: 10983: 10975: 10967: 10959: 10951: 10943: 10935: 10927: 10919: 10915:Soong Mei-ling 10907: 10903:Wallis Simpson 10899: 10895:Haile Selassie 10891: 10883: 10875: 10867: 10859: 10851: 10843: 10835: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10809: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10761: 10760: 10753: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10613: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10542: 10540:Discrimination 10537: 10536: 10535: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10372:Military ranks 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10352:National Guard 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10244: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10230:Prime Minister 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10079:Modern history 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10010: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9987: 9978: 9977: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9945: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9726: 9724: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9683: 9674: 9673: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9618: 9613: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9575: 9566: 9565: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9490: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9440: 9439: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9371: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9280: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9257: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9228: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9196: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9176:Regnal titles 9173: 9172: 9152: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9131: 9118: 9117: 9103: 9089: 9075: 9061: 9045: 9044:External links 9042: 9039: 9038: 9005: 8979: 8964: 8950:. p. 66. 8932: 8809: 8779: 8749: 8715: 8696: 8676: 8642: 8612: 8593:(1): 117–118. 8577: 8547: 8514: 8487: 8460: 8453: 8423: 8400: 8374: 8348: 8321: 8290: 8283: 8263: 8250: 8246:978-0394757582 8229: 8199: 8169: 8140: 8106: 8080: 8049: 8012: 7987: 7960: 7934: 7908: 7878: 7848: 7822: 7804: 7797: 7774: 7758: 7728: 7697: 7690: 7670: 7663: 7643: 7632:on 8 July 2013 7626:Life in Riyadh 7613: 7595:. p. 57. 7586:"Saudi Arabia" 7577: 7562:. Jeddah. AP. 7546: 7515: 7484: 7465: 7445: 7422: 7396: 7389: 7369: 7362: 7339: 7332: 7312: 7303:Open Democracy 7289: 7270:(4): 158–164. 7250: 7228: 7200: 7170: 7161: 7134: 7097: 7090: 7071: 7041: 7011: 7004: 6984: 6975: 6937: 6899: 6861: 6831: 6822: 6783: 6745: 6732: 6711: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6642: 6633: 6611: 6584: 6564: 6540: 6509: 6479: 6453: 6423: 6395: 6376:(2): 150–171. 6355: 6340: 6329:(3): 253–266. 6313: 6287: 6274:(1): 143–156. 6251: 6236: 6208: 6197:(2): 337–372. 6179: 6146: 6127: 6125:Vassiliev 371. 6115: 6085: 6055: 6025: 5995: 5965: 5935: 5918:"Dar Al Hanan" 5909: 5879: 5849: 5819: 5789: 5759: 5729: 5699: 5669: 5624: 5617: 5598: 5589: 5582: 5560: 5547: 5528: 5521: 5501: 5494: 5466: 5439:"Saudi Arabia" 5430: 5423: 5400: 5371: 5338: 5319:(4): 930–943. 5300: 5293: 5270: 5244: 5232: 5216: 5181: 5155: 5136:(4): 121–137. 5117: 5089: 5064: 5053: 5030: 5023: 4990: 4977: 4959: 4932: 4903: 4873: 4849: 4819: 4791: 4784:(PhD thesis). 4765: 4737: 4711: 4704: 4679: 4651: 4632:(4): 622–647. 4614: 4597: 4576: 4544: 4513: 4488: 4463: 4448: 4413: 4393: 4386: 4366: 4359: 4336: 4333:. p. 146. 4329:(PhD thesis). 4305: 4277: 4270: 4248: 4241: 4229:, ed. (1992). 4218: 4193: 4158: 4151: 4124: 4096: 4054: 4028: 4021: 3998: 3969: 3934: 3901: 3894: 3874: 3843: 3829:(PhD thesis). 3812: 3791: 3784: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3712: 3695: 3662: 3652:, was born to 3640: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3601: 3590: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3530:Order of Glory 3517: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3503: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3446:Collar of the 3435: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3410:Collar of the 3399: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3367:Saudi Arabia: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3311:Collar of the 3300: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3252:Collar of the 3241: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3134:Collar of the 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3041: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2927: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2862:Collar of the 2838: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2767: 2764: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2681:'s 1975 album 2660: 2657: 2587: 2584: 2560: 2557: 2529:, Latifa, and 2521:served in the 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2469: 2458: 2432: 2389: 2386: 2299: 2296: 2267:of Kuwait and 2238: 2235: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2134: 2131: 2123:Al Aqsa Mosque 2110: 2107: 2068:Czechoslovakia 2022: 2019: 1988:anti-communist 1953: 1952:Foreign policy 1950: 1942:East Jerusalem 1899:Al Aqsa Mosque 1886: 1883: 1785:With Egyptian 1772: 1769: 1738: 1735: 1730:Khamis Mushait 1724: 1721: 1688: 1685: 1650: 1647: 1616: 1613: 1574: 1571: 1543:Tabuk Province 1513: 1510: 1475: 1472: 1434: 1431: 1423:Rashad Pharaon 1337: 1334: 1311: 1308: 1284:National Guard 1252: 1249: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1168:prime minister 1135: 1132: 1048: 1045: 1005:Camp de Satory 988: 985: 916: 913: 903:by his nephew 893:Palestinianism 842:King Abdulaziz 838:prime minister 809:pronunciation: 786: 785: 782: 781: 779: 778: 776:Yom Kippur War 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 742: 740: 736: 735: 732: 728: 727: 722: 716: 715: 702: 698: 697: 693: 692: 689: 688: 681: 677: 676: 674: 673: 670: 666: 664: 660: 659: 654: 650: 649: 644: 640: 639: 634: 628: 627: 624: 623: 619: 618: 610: 609: 607: 606: 604:Princess Haifa 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 547: 546: 545: 543: 529: 528: 526: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 505: 498: 497: 496: 494: 490: 489: 483: 479: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459:(aged 68) 453: 449: 448: 430: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 404: 398: 397: 391: 387: 386: 380: 379: 377:Saud Al Faisal 374: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 350: 344: 343: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 309: 308: 301: 299: 293: 292: 286: 282: 281: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 249: 243: 242: 236: 232: 231: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 175: 171: 170: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 154: 148: 147: 141: 137: 136: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 93: 89: 88: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 61: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12060: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12038:Abolitionists 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11816:Kamala Harris 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11751:Angela Merkel 11748: 11743: 11742:Salome Karwah 11739: 11735: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11709:The Protester 11706: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11661: 11660:Melinda Gates 11657: 11653: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11626: 11622: 11621:Coleen Rowley 11618: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11544:Newt Gingrich 11541: 11537: 11533: 11528: 11527:Yitzhak Rabin 11524: 11520: 11516: 11515:Yasser Arafat 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11449:Deng Xiaoping 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11433:Yuri Andropov 11430: 11429:Ronald Reagan 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11405:Ronald Reagan 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11389:Deng Xiaoping 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11283:Richard Nixon 11280: 11276: 11272: 11271:Richard Nixon 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11156:Edward Teller 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11136:Linus Pauling 11133: 11132:Willard Libby 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11112:George Beadle 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11046:Elizabeth II 11043: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10955:Joseph Stalin 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10931:Joseph Stalin 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10847:Owen D. Young 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10807: 10802: 10800: 10795: 10793: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10090: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10003: 10001: 9996: 9994: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9798:King Abdullah 9796: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9766: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9697: 9692: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9670: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9596: 9591: 9589: 9584: 9582: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9562: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9465: 9463: 9458: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9436: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9364: 9362: 9357: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9302: 9301: 9290: 9286: 9277: 9267: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9247: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9185: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9156: 9155:House of Saud 9147: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9104: 9101: 9090: 9087: 9076: 9073: 9067: 9062: 9059: 9048: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9010: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8720: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8587:The Historian 8581: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8464: 8456: 8454:1-84511-080-3 8450: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8436: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8404: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7852: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7781: 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4867:History Today 4863: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4838:(1): 90–105. 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4753: 4752: 4751:Saudi Gazette 4747: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4705:9798612846444 4701: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4668:. 30 May 2002 4667: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4586: 4585:"Mofa.gov.sa" 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4152:1-58322-610-9 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 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3422: 3421: 3420:South Korea: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3313:Order of Oman 3309: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3262:Netherlands: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 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Similarly, 1628: 1623: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1579:road networks 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497:Richard Nixon 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1433:Modernization 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:Yasser Arafat 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1263: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:Kemal Atatürk 1081: 1077: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1006: 1001: 993: 984: 982: 978: 975:According to 973: 970: 967:and studying 966: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 921: 912: 910: 906: 902: 901:assassination 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 858: 857:Al ash-Sheikh 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 808: 803: 796: 792: 783: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 766:Al-Wadiah War 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 726: 723: 717: 714: 703: 699: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 671: 668: 667: 665: 661: 658: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 638: 635: 633: 629: 620: 615: 611: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 589:Prince Bandar 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 574:Prince Khalid 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Princess Sara 557: 555: 552: 551: 544: 541: 540: 534: 530: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 509: 506: 503: 502: 495: 491: 486: 481:26 March 1975 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 455:25 March 1975 454: 450: 447: 443: 439:14 April 1906 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 405: 400: 399: 392: 388: 385: 381: 378: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 351: 346: 345: 341:25 March 1975 338: 334: 331: 328: 324: 321: 318: 314: 310: 304: 300: 295: 294: 287: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 250: 245: 244: 237: 233: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206:25 March 1975 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 155: 150: 149: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 105: 101: 97:25 March 1975 94: 90: 87: 83: 76: 71: 68: 67: 62: 57: 54: 50: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 11844:Taylor Swift 11792: 11759:Donald Trump 11738:Kent Brantly 11725:Pope Francis 11717:Barack Obama 11693:Ben Bernanke 11685:Barack Obama 11599:2001–present 11568:Bill Clinton 11560:Andrew Grove 11505:Bill Clinton 11421:The Computer 11373:Jimmy Carter 11349:Carol Sutton 11317:Alison Cheek 11298: 11263:Willy Brandt 11242:Frank Borman 11148:Emilio Segrè 10923:Adolf Hitler 10863:Pierre Laval 10813: 10582:Prostitution 10555:universities 10528:Demographics 10423:Oil reserves 10268:Human rights 10210:Crown Prince 10130:Governorates 10014:Saudi Arabia 9968: 9939: 9922:Abdul Majeed 9859: 9824:Abdul Rahman 9815: 9804:Abdul Muhsin 9747: 9741: 9610: 9500: 9404: 9315: 9298: 9275: 9250: 9245: 9221: 9189: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9130:at Wikiquote 9114:Islam portal 9029:. Retrieved 9021:Taiwan Today 9020: 8996:. Retrieved 8991: 8982: 8946:. New York: 8942: 8935: 8926: 8922: 8800:. Retrieved 8791: 8782: 8770:. Retrieved 8766:the original 8761: 8752: 8740:. Retrieved 8731: 8706:. Retrieved 8686: 8679: 8665:(1): 81–92. 8662: 8658: 8645: 8633:. Retrieved 8624: 8615: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8568:. Retrieved 8564:the original 8559: 8550: 8538:. Retrieved 8534:the original 8529: 8506:, retrieved 8496: 8490: 8479:, retrieved 8469: 8463: 8434: 8426: 8411: 8403: 8391:. Retrieved 8387: 8377: 8365:. Retrieved 8361: 8351: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8312:. Retrieved 8307: 8273: 8266: 8258: 8253: 8237: 8232: 8220:. Retrieved 8211: 8202: 8190:. Retrieved 8181: 8172: 8159: 8131:. Retrieved 8126:the original 8118: 8109: 8097:. Retrieved 8092: 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8062: 8052: 8040:. Retrieved 8033:the original 8028: 8015: 8003:. Retrieved 7999: 7990: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7951:. Retrieved 7946: 7937: 7925:. Retrieved 7920: 7911: 7899:. Retrieved 7890: 7881: 7869:. 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