1075:
1250:
sub-endothelium, the repair has to end up with altered remodeling of local endothelium. This is the manifestation of a misrepair. Important is this altered remodeling makes the local endothelium have increased fragility to damage and have reduced repair efficiency. As a consequence, this part of endothelium has an increased risk factor of being injured and improperly repaired. Thus, the accumulation of misrepairs of endothelium is focalized and self-accelerating. In this way, the growing of a plaque is also self-accelerating. Within a part of the arterial wall, the oldest plaque is always the biggest, and is the most dangerous one to cause blockage of a local artery.
65:
1353:
1167:
1364:
499:
1431:
862:
1395:, in general. However, these methods focus on detecting only severe narrowing, not the underlying atherosclerosis disease. As demonstrated by human clinical studies, most severe events occur in locations with heavy plaque, yet little or no lumen narrowing present before debilitating events suddenly occur. Plaque rupture can lead to artery lumen occlusion within seconds to minutes, and potential permanent debility, and sometimes sudden death.
7961:
1486:. Both anatomic and physiologic methods allow early detection before symptoms show up, disease staging, and tracking of disease progression. Anatomic methods are more expensive and some of them are invasive in nature, such as IVUS. On the other hand, physiologic methods are often less expensive and safer. But they do not quantify the current state of the disease or directly track progression. In recent years, developments in
1119:, and cellular debris. In advanced plaques, the central core of the plaque usually contains extracellular cholesterol deposits (released from dead cells), which form areas of cholesterol crystals with empty, needle-like clefts. At the periphery of the plaque are younger "foamy" cells and capillaries. These plaques usually produce the most damage to the individual when they rupture. Cholesterol crystals may also play a role.
801:. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries leading to subendothelial accumulation of fatty substances called plaques. The buildup of an atheromatous plaque is a slow process, developed over a period of several years through a complex series of cellular events occurring within the arterial wall and in response to a variety of local vascular circulating factors. One recent hypothesis suggests that, for unknown reasons,
356:. Though it was first described in 1575, there is evidence suggesting that this disease state is genetically inherent in the broader human population, with its origins tracing back to genetic mutations that may have occurred more than two million years ago during the evolution of hominin ancestors of modern human beings.
1016:
atheromatous plaque interfering with the regulation of the calcium deposition, it accumulates and crystallizes. A similar form of intramural calcification, presenting the picture of an early phase of arteriosclerosis, appears to be induced by many drugs that have an antiproliferative mechanism of action (
2114:
and osteochondrocytes. Importantly, genetic lineage-tracing experiments have unequivocally shown that 40-90% of plaque-resident cells are vascular smooth muscle cell derived, therefore, it is important to research the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis to identify new therapeutic
788:
rich oils such as fish oil, when being sold in pill form, can hide the taste of oxidized or rancid fat that might be present. In the US, the health food industry's dietary supplements are self-regulated and outside of FDA regulations. To properly protect unsaturated fats from oxidation, it is best to
1978:
prior to excretion. Therefore, we know that ABCA1 plays an important role in preventing cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. By enhancing miR-33 function, the level of ABCA1 is decreased, leading to decrease cellular cholesterol efflux to apoA-1. On the other hand, by inhibiting miR-33 function,
1594:
Medical treatments often focus on alleviating symptoms. However measures which focus on decreasing underlying atherosclerosis—as opposed to simply treating symptoms—are more effective. Non-pharmaceutical means are usually the first method of treatment, such as stopping smoking and practicing regular
1193:
Repeated plaque ruptures, ones not resulting in total lumen closure, combined with the clot patch over the rupture and healing response to stabilize the clot is the process that produces most stenoses over time. The stenotic areas tend to become more stable despite increased flow velocities at these
521:
of the blood vessel to stretch, compensating for the additional bulk. The endothelial lining then thickens, increasing the separation between the plaque and lumen. The thickening somewhat offsets the narrowing caused by the growth of the plaque, but moreover, it causes the wall to stiffen and become
1189:
or closure of the lumen, or over time and after repeated ruptures, resulting in a persistent, usually localized stenosis or blockage of the artery lumen. Stenoses can be slowly progressive, whereas plaque ulceration is a sudden event that occurs specifically in atheromas with thinner/weaker fibrous
1450:
are only detectable at that particular severity of stenosis. However, clinical trials have shown that only about 14% of clinically debilitating events occur at sites with more than 75% stenosis. The majority of cardiovascular events that involve sudden rupture of the atheroma plaque do not display
439:
supply blood to the brain and neck. Marked narrowing of the carotid arteries can present with symptoms such as: a feeling of weakness; being unable to think straight; difficulty speaking; dizziness; difficulty in walking or standing up straight; blurred vision; numbness of the face, arms and legs;
7208:
Zimmer S, Grebe A, Bakke SS, Bode N, Halvorsen B, Ulas T, Skjelland M, De Nardo D, Labzin LI, Kerksiek A, Hempel C, Heneka MT, Hawxhurst V, Fitzgerald ML, Trebicka J, Björkhem I, Gustafsson JÅ, Westerterp M, Tall AR, Wright SD, Espevik T, Schultze JL, Nickenig G, Lütjohann D, Latz E (April 2016).
1598:
The key to the more effective approaches is to combine multiple different treatment strategies. In addition, for those approaches, such as lipoprotein transport behaviors, which have been shown to produce the most success, adopting more aggressive combination treatment strategies taken on a daily
1558:
medications are routinely used to control blood pressure. If the combined efforts of risk factor modification and medication therapy are not sufficient to control symptoms or fight imminent threats of ischemic events, a physician may resort to interventional or surgical procedures to correct the
1197:
From clinical trials, 20% is the average stenosis at plaques that subsequently rupture with resulting complete artery closure. Most severe clinical events do not occur at plaques that produce high-grade stenosis. From clinical trials, only 14% of heart attacks occur from artery closure at plaques
1158:(some argue for 90 units) has been the radiographic density usually accepted as clearly representing tissue calcification within arteries. These deposits demonstrate unequivocal evidence of the disease, relatively advanced, even though the lumen of the artery is often still normal by angiography.
1142:
However, atheromas within the vessel wall are soft and fragile with little elasticity. Arteries constantly expand and contract with each heartbeat, i.e., the pulse. In addition, the calcification deposits between the outer portion of the atheroma and the muscular wall, as they progress, lead to a
1622:
work by inhibiting HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, a hepatic rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol's biochemical production pathway. By inhibiting this rate-limiting enzyme, the body is unable to produce cholesterol endogenously, therefore reducing serum LDL-cholesterol. This
1615:
with few side effects. Secondary prevention therapy, which includes high-intensity statins and aspirin, is recommended by multi-society guidelines for all patients with history of ASCVD (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) to prevent recurrence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, or
1545:
A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving circulation and functionality of the vessels. Exercise is also used to manage weight in patients who are obese, lower blood pressure, and decrease cholesterol. Often lifestyle modification is combined with medication therapy. For
1295:. Atherosclerotic lesions, or atherosclerotic plaques, are separated into two broad categories: Stable and unstable (also called vulnerable). The pathobiology of atherosclerotic lesions is very complicated, but generally, stable atherosclerotic plaques, which tend to be asymptomatic, are rich in
1098:
of the arteries, typically without narrowing the lumen due to compensatory expansion of the bounding muscular layer of the artery wall. Beneath the endothelium, there is a "fibrous cap" covering the atheromatous "core" of the plaque. The core consists of lipid-laden cells (macrophages and smooth
1015:
cells of the surrounding muscular layer, specifically in the muscle cells adjacent to atheromas and on the surface of atheroma plaques and tissue. In time, as cells die, this leads to extracellular calcium deposits between the muscular wall and outer portion of the atheromatous plaques. With the
2101:
components. However, in addition to the fibrous cap, vascular smooth muscle cells also give rise to many of the cell types found within the plaque core and can modulate their phenotype to both promote and reduce plaque stability. Vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit pronounced plasticity within
1249:
in the brain and that of age spots on the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that misrepair mechanisms play an important role in the focal development of atherosclerosis. Development of a plaque is a result of repair of injured endothelium. Because of the infusion of lipids into
1178:, which leads to immediate blood clotting at the site of the atheroma ulcer. This triggers a cascade of events that leads to clot enlargement, which may quickly obstruct the flow of blood. A complete blockage leads to ischemia of the myocardial (heart) muscle and damage. This process is the
1122:
The fibrous plaque is also localized under the intima, within the wall of the artery resulting in thickening and expansion of the wall and, sometimes, spotty localized narrowing of the lumen with some atrophy of the muscular layer. The fibrous plaque contains collagen fibers
440:
severe headache; and loss of consciousness. These symptoms are also related to stroke (death of brain cells). Stroke is caused by marked narrowing or closure of arteries going to the brain; lack of adequate blood supply leads to the death of the cells of the affected tissue.
1852:
in early 2006. Ongoing work starting in the 1990s may lead to human clinical trials—probably by about 2008. These may use synthesized Apo-A1 Milano HDL directly, or they may use gene-transfer methods to pass the ability to synthesize the Apo-A1 Milano HDLipoprotein.
1623:
reduced endogenous cholesterol production triggers the body to then pull cholesterol from other cellular sources, enhancing serum HDL-cholesterol. These data are primarily in middle-age men and the conclusions are less clear for women and people over the age of 70.
446:, which supply blood to the legs, arms and pelvis, also experience marked narrowing due to plaque rupture and clots. Symptoms of the narrowing are numbness within the arms or legs, as well as pain. Another significant location for plaque formation is the
4614:
Robbins CS, Hilgendorf I, Weber GF, Theurl I, Iwamoto Y, Figueiredo JL, Gorbatov R, Sukhova GK, Gerhardt LM, Smyth D, Zavitz CC, Shikatani EA, Parsons M, van
Rooijen N, Lin HY, Husain M, Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Swirski FK (September 2013).
1721:. Despite the average age of the soldiers being just 22 years old, 77% of them had visible signs of coronary atherosclerosis. This study showed that heart disease could affect people at a younger age and was not just a problem for older individuals.
1969:
mediates transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to
Apolipoprotein-1 and it is also important in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, where cholesterol is delivered from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it can be excreted into
1856:
Methods to increase HDL particle concentrations, which in some animal studies largely reverses and removes atheromas, are being developed and researched. However, increasing HDL by any means is not necessarily helpful. For example, the drug
2001:
is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular problems. The causative basis by which aging mediates its impact, independently of other recognized risk factors, remains to be determined. Evidence has been reviewed for a key role of
376:, occurs. Signs and symptoms only occur after severe narrowing or closure impedes blood flow to different organs enough to induce symptoms. Most of the time, patients realize that they have the disease only when they experience other
1319:
formation in the lumen. Upon formation, intraluminal thrombi can occlude arteries outright (e.g., coronary occlusion), but more often they detach, move into the circulation, and eventually occlude smaller downstream branches causing
6664:"Atherosclerosis in children and young adults: An overview of the World Health Organization and International Society and Federation of Cardiology study on Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth study (1985–1995)"
1057:
These capped fatty deposits (now called 'atheromas') produce enzymes that cause the artery to enlarge over time. As long as the artery enlarges sufficiently to compensate for the extra thickness of the atheroma, then no narrowing
5842:"2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
1458:
and stress-testing, other detection techniques have been developed in the past decades for earlier detection of atherosclerotic disease. Some of the detection approaches include anatomical detection and physiologic measurement.
5134:"A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association"
1845:
HDL in people with unstable angina produced a fairly dramatic reduction in measured coronary plaque volume in only six weeks vs. the usual increase in plaque volume in those randomized to placebo. The trial was published in
2082:(TMAO). Its levels have been associated with atherosclerosis in human studies and animal research suggest that there can be a causal relation. An association between the bacterial genes encoding trimethylamine lyases — the
1027:(LDL) particles. To attract and stimulate macrophages, the cholesterol must be released from the LDL particles and oxidized, a key step in the ongoing inflammatory process. The process is worsened if it is insufficient
1410:
formation. The thrombus then travels downstream to other blood vessels, where the blood clot may partially or completely block blood flow. If the blood flow is completely blocked, cell deaths occur due to the lack of
231:. This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types, and driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. These lesions may lead to narrowing of the arterial walls due to buildup of
8027:
8004:
5257:
McNeal CJ, Dajani T, Wilson D, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Dickerson JB, Ory M (January 2010). "Hypercholesterolemia in youth: opportunities and obstacles to prevent premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease".
783:
Rancid fats and oils taste very unpleasant in even small amounts, so people avoid eating them. It is very difficult to measure or estimate the actual human consumption of these substances. Highly unsaturated
1595:
exercise. If these methods do not work, medicines are usually the next step in treating cardiovascular diseases and, with improvements, have increasingly become the most effective method over the long term.
5469:
Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, Briel M (September 2011). "Meta-analysis comparing
Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors".
4281:
Yap SC, Choo YM, Hew NF, Yap SF, Khor HT, Ong AS, Goh SH (December 1995). "Oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein from rabbits fed atherogenic diets containing coconut, palm, or soybean oils".
1062:") of the opening ("lumen") occurs. The artery becomes expanded with an egg-shaped cross-section, still with a circular opening. If the enlargement is beyond proportion to the atheroma thickness, then an
4048:
This early analysis from MESA suggests that higher long-term PM2.5 concentrations are associated with increased IMT progression and that greater reductions in PM2.5 are related to slower IMT progression.
1245:
The distribution of atherosclerotic plaques in a part of arterial endothelium is inhomogeneous. The multiple and focal development of atherosclerotic changes is similar to that in the development of
480:. A much-cited report involved the autopsies of 300 U.S. soldiers killed in Korea. Although the average age of the men was 22.1 years, 77.3 percent had "gross evidence of coronary arteriosclerosis".
2465:"Cyclic phosphatidic acid inhibits the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from diabetic human coronary artery endothelial cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma"
1861:
is the most effective agent currently known for raising HDL (by up to 60%). However, in clinical trials, it also raised deaths by 60%. All studies regarding this drug were halted in
December 2006.
1201:
If the fibrous cap separating a soft atheroma from the bloodstream within the artery ruptures, tissue fragments are exposed and released. These tissue fragments are very clot-promoting, containing
6748:
Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Komajda M, Lopez-Sendon J, Mosca L, Tardif JC, Waters DD, Shear CL, Revkin JH, Buhr KA, Fisher MR, Tall AR, Brewer B (November 2007).
3486:"Benefits & risks of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Asian Indians - a population with the highest risk of premature coronary artery disease & diabetes"
1498:
Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Medical management of atherosclerosis first involves modification to risk factors–for example, via
1895:, that are a model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, adding D-PUFAs to diet indeed reduced body weight gain, improved cholesterol handling and reduced atherosclerotic damage to the aorta.
1816:
In 2011, coronary atherosclerosis was one of the top ten most expensive conditions seen during inpatient hospitalizations in the US, with aggregate inpatient hospital costs of $ 10.4 billion.
1731:
In a 2005 report of a study done between 1985 and 1995, it was found that around 87% of aortas and 30% of coronary arteries in age group 5–14 years had fatty streaks which increased with age.
1340:), causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow, leading to the death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately five minutes. This event is called an
772:
via polyunsaturated oils. In another study, rabbits fed heated soybean oil "grossly induced atherosclerosis and marked liver damage were histologically and clinically demonstrated." However,
996:
secreted by damaged endothelial cells. This causes the formation of a fibrous capsule covering the fatty streak. Intact endothelium can prevent this smooth muscle proliferation by releasing
3288:
Aviram M, Fuhrman B (November 1998). "LDL oxidation by arterial wall macrophages depends on the oxidative status in the lipoprotein and in the cells: role of prooxidants vs. antioxidants".
2046:: calcification of the aortic valve is also frequently observed. These findings link excessive unrepaired DNA damage to premature aging and early atherosclerotic plaque development (see
3863:
Griffin M, Frazer A, Johnson A, Collins P, Owens D, Tomkin GH (June 1998). "Cellular cholesterol synthesis--the relationship to post-prandial glucose and insulin following weight loss".
7813:"Extensive Proliferation of a Subset of Differentiated, yet Plastic, Medial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contributes to Neointimal Formation in Mouse Injury and Atherosclerosis Models"
1914:
of target mRNAs of protein-coding genes, and cause mRNA cleavage or repression of translational machinery. In diseased vascular vessels, miRNAs are dysregulated and highly expressed.
3586:
Velican C, Velican D (March 1985). "Differences in the pattern of atherosclerotic involvement between non-branched regions and adjacent branching points of human coronary arteries".
5395:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
4008:"Fine particulate air pollution and the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness: a prospective cohort study from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution"
1402:
of the lesion breaks, usually at the shoulder of the fibrous cap that separates the lesion from the arterial lumen, where the exposed thrombogenic components of the plaque, mainly
1328:
Apart from thromboembolism, chronically expanding atherosclerotic lesions can cause complete closure of the lumen. Chronically expanding lesions are often asymptomatic until lumen
3139:
Li X, Fang P, Li Y, Kuo YM, Andrews AJ, Nanayakkara G, Johnson C, Fu H, Shan H, Du F, Hoffman NE, Yu D, Eguchi S, Madesh M, Koch WJ, Sun J, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X (June 2016).
2097:
play a key role in atherogenesis and were historically considered to be beneficial for plaque stability by forming a protective fibrous cap and synthesising strength-giving
1659:
without manipulation of the ascending aorta has demonstrated reduced rates of postoperative stroke and mortality compared to traditional on-pump coronary revascularization.
4205:
Staprãns I, Rapp JH, Pan XM, Hardman DA, Feingold KR (April 1996). "Oxidized lipids in the diet accelerate the development of fatty streaks in cholesterol-fed rabbits".
1154:(EBT) as rings of increased radiographic density, forming halos around the outer edges of the atheromatous plaques, within the artery wall. On CT, >130 units on the
8936:
7077:
Rayner KJ, Sheedy FJ, Esau CC, Hussain FN, Temel RE, Parathath S, van Gils JM, Rayner AJ, Chang AN, Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Fisher EA, Moore KJ (July 2011).
1616:
peripheral arterial disease. However, prescription of and adherence to these guideline-concordant therapies is lacking, particularly among young patients and women.
3662:
Borissoff JI, Heeneman S, Kilinç E, Kassák P, Van Oerle R, Winckers K, Govers-Riemslag JW, Hamulyák K, Hackeng TM, Daemen MJ, ten Cate H, Spronk HM (August 2010).
344:
Atherosclerosis generally starts when a person is young and worsens with age. Almost all people are affected to some degree by the age of 65. It is the number one
853:
is a late event, which may never occur and is often the result of repeated plaque rupture and healing responses, not just the atherosclerotic process by itself.
17:
4557:
Schwartz CJ, Valente AJ, Sprague EA, Kelley JL, Cayatte AJ, Mowery J (December 1992). "Atherosclerosis. Potential targets for stabilization and regression".
4242:"Polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids susceptible to peroxidation are increased in plasma and tissue lipids of rats fed docosahexaenoic acid-containing oils"
1679:
metabolism, may actually promote arterial calcification in the long term despite reducing clot formation in the short term. Also, small molecules such as
1139:
that are present. The muscular portion of artery walls usually remains strong, even after they have remodeled to compensate for the atheromatous plaques.
7167:
Singaraja RR, Stahmer B, Brundert M, Merkel M, Heeren J, Bissada N, Kang M, Timmins JM, Ramakrishnan R, Parks JS, Hayden MR, Rinninger F (August 2006).
5350:
Kratz M, Baars T, Guyenet S (February 2013). "The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease".
329:, and anticoagulant therapies to reduce the risk of blood clot formation. As the disease state progresses more invasive strategies are applied such as
1419:. The narrowing or obstruction of blood flow can occur in any artery within the body. Obstruction of arteries supplying the heart muscle results in a
1336:. These complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive, and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures (see
4707:
Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ (May 1987). "Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries".
977:
content. Under the microscope, the lesion now appears as a fatty streak. Foam cells eventually die and further propagate the inflammatory process.
7971:
8946:
3949:"Carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and particulate air pollution exposure: the meta-analytical evidence"
2696:"Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study"
2374:
1695:
Cardiovascular disease, which is predominantly the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
1281:'), which is the nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky, yellowish material at the center of large plaques, composed of macrophages nearest the
1221:(blood clot) overlying the atheroma, which obstructs blood flow acutely. With the obstruction of blood flow, downstream tissues are starved of
4587:
Linton MF, Yancey PG, Davies SS, Jerome WG, Linton EF, Song WL, et al. (2000). "The Role of Lipids and
Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis".
1194:
narrowings. Most major blood-flow-stopping events occur at large plaques, which, before their rupture, produced very little if any stenosis.
235:. At onset there are usually no symptoms, but if they develop, symptoms generally begin around middle age. In severe cases, it can result in
4844:
4493:"Oxidized fatty acids promote atherosclerosis only in the presence of dietary cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice"
1611:
are widely prescribed for treating atherosclerosis. They have shown benefit in reducing cardiovascular disease and mortality in those with
6867:"Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against atherosclerosis by lowering lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemia"
1050:, and transform into foam cells themselves. A protective fibrous cap normally forms between the fatty deposits and the artery lining (the
8162:
6081:"Vitamin K Supplementation for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Where Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials"
5218:"Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study"
2993:
1954:
1946:
1502:
and diet restrictions. Prevention then is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight.
8735:
6249:"G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 is involved in the protective effect of protocatechuic aldehyde against endothelial dysfunction"
4180:
4006:
Adar SD, Sheppard L, Vedal S, Polak JF, Sampson PD, Diez Roux AV, Budoff M, Jacobs DR, Barr RG, Watson K, Kaufman JD (April 23, 2013).
2074:, processing of nutrients and production of certain metabolites that can get into blood circulation. One such metabolite, produced by
1983:. Suppression of miR-33 will lead to less cellular cholesterol and higher plasma HDL level through the regulation of ABCA1 expression.
413:
in the coronary arteries, which are responsible for bringing oxygenated blood to the heart, can produce symptoms such as chest pain of
6226:
3020:
6865:
Berbée JF, Mol IM, Milne GL, Pollock E, Hoeke G, Lütjohann D, Monaco C, Rensen PC, van der Ploeg LH, Shchepinov MS (September 2017).
2224:
6038:
Zhao DF, Edelman JJ, Seco M, Bannon PG, Wilson MK, Byrom MJ, Thourani V, Lamy A, Taggart DP, Puskas JD, Vallely MP (February 2017).
1185:
If the heart attack is not fatal, fibrous organization of the clot within the lumen ensues, covering the rupture but also producing
457:
In 2004, US data indicated that in ~66% of men and ~47% of women, the first symptom of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was a
3741:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)
3103:
Enos WF, Holmes RH, Beyer J (1953). "Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action in Korea: Preliminary Report".
945:
Initial damage to the endothelium results in an inflammatory response. Monocytes enter the artery wall from the bloodstream, with
4874:
Wang J, Michelitsch T, Wunderlin A, Mahadeva R (6 April 2009). "Aging as a consequence of misrepair -- A novel theory of aging".
1451:
any evident narrowing of the lumen. Thus, greater attention has been focused on "vulnerable plaque" from the late 1990s onwards.
1442:
that is greater than 75% was considered the hallmark of clinically significant disease in the past because recurring episodes of
696:
341:. Genetic factors are also strongly implicated in the disease process; it is unlikely to be entirely based on lifestyle choices.
317:, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining normal body weight. Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower
7169:"Hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 is a key molecule in high-density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester metabolism in mice"
4325:
Greco AV, Mingrone G (1990). "Serum and biliary lipid pattern in rabbits feeding a diet enriched with unsaturated fatty acids".
6830:
Spiteller G (November 2005). "The relation of lipid peroxidation processes with atherogenesis: a new theory on atherogenesis".
716:
5801:"Secondary Prevention for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Comparing Recent US and European Guidelines on Dyslipidemia"
8507:
6397:
5518:
4817:
3757:
3082:
2791:
2764:
2358:
7965:
5942:"Sex-Related Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Care Among Patients With Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease"
1174:
Although the disease process tends to be slowly progressive over decades, it usually remains asymptomatic until an atheroma
8512:
1434:
Doppler ultrasound of right internal carotid artery with calcified and non-calcified plaques showing less than 70% stenosis
6722:
1717:
In 1953, a study was published which examined the results of 300 autopsies performed on U.S. soldiers who had died in the
1923:
1728:
in over 50% of children aged 10–14 and 8% had even more advanced lesions with more accumulations of extracellular lipid.
1521:
A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Evidence suggests that the
1510:
Changes in diet may help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Tentative evidence suggests that a diet containing
1599:
basis and indefinitely has generally produced better results, both before and especially after people are symptomatic.
1580:
330:
7761:"Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis"
3190:"Dysfunctional Vascular Endothelium as a Driver of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Insights Into Pathogenesis and Treatment"
961:, which is selectively required for the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. The monocytes differentiate into
506:
The atherosclerotic process is not well understood. Atherosclerosis is associated with inflammatory processes in the
2102:
atherosclerotic plaque and can modify their gene expression profile to resemble various other cell types, including
391:
Early atherosclerotic processes likely begin in childhood. Fibrous and gelatinous lesions have been observed in the
8662:
8279:
5615:"Endothelial (dys)function: the target of physical exercise for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease"
2283:
2003:
1962:
1146:
The calcification deposits, after they have become sufficiently advanced, are partially visible on coronary artery
368:
for decades because the arteries enlarge at all plaque locations, thus there is no effect on blood flow. Even most
3129:
The average age was calculated from the ages of 200 of the soldiers. No age was recorded in nearly 100 of the men.
2896:
2594:
2318:
8294:
8155:
2463:
Tsukahara, Tamotsu; Tsukahara, Ryoko; Haniu, Hisao; Matsuda, Yoshikazu; Murakami-Murofushi, Kimiko (2015-09-05).
1958:
1725:
768:
Rabbits fed atherogenic diets containing various oils were found to undergo the most oxidative susceptibility of
7274:
Wu H, Roks AJ (February 2014). "Genomic instability and vascular aging: a focus on nucleotide excision repair".
6950:
Chen WJ, Yin K, Zhao GJ, Fu YC, Tang CK (June 2012). "The magic and mystery of microRNA-27 in atherosclerosis".
6512:
6173:"Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study"
4936:
Wang-Michelitsch J, Michelitsch TM (2015). "Misrepair mechanism in the development of atherosclerotic plaques".
450:, which supply blood to the kidneys. Plaque occurrence and accumulation lead to decreased kidney blood flow and
8613:
7862:"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness"
6040:"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With and Without Manipulation of the Ascending Aorta: A Network Meta-Analysis"
4360:
3364:
2252:
2198:
1656:
904:. The primary documented driver of this process is oxidized lipoprotein particles within the wall, beneath the
6365:
2169:
8425:
7980:
6558:
2913:
Velican D, Velican C (June 1979). "Study of fibrous plaques occurring in the coronary arteries of children".
2026:, thus linking DNA damage to plaque formation. DNA strand breaks also increased in atherosclerotic plaques.
1094:
The fibro-lipid (fibro-fatty) plaque is characterized by an accumulation of lipid-laden cells underneath the
712:
6171:
Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, et al. (November 2004).
1938:
will raise HDL level and the expression of miR-33 is down-regulated in humans with atherosclerotic plaques.
1918:
is found in cardiovascular diseases. It is involved in atherosclerotic initiation and progression including
514:(LDL) particles. This retention may be a cause, an effect, or both, of the underlying inflammatory process.
8730:
8650:
8355:
6912:
Tsikas D (September 2017). "Combating atherosclerosis with heavy PUFAs: Deuteron not proton is the first".
4742:
4472:
3703:
Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, ten Cate H (May 2011). "The hemostatic system as a modulator of atherosclerosis".
3525:
3141:"Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation"
1584:
1490:
techniques such as PET and SPECT have provided ways of estimating the severity of atherosclerotic plaques.
334:
1751:
is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries (from
1525:
may improve cardiovascular results. There is also evidence that a
Mediterranean diet may be better than a
1311:) is usually weak and prone to rupture. Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as
8745:
8740:
8467:
8457:
6866:
5703:"Combination therapy for treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis: focus on the lipid-RAAS interaction"
3737:
1739:
The following terms are similar, yet distinct, in both spelling and meaning, and can be easily confused:
1074:
254:
The exact cause of atherosclerosis is unknown and is proposed to be multifactorial. Risk factors include
2437:
1332:
is so severe (usually over 80%) that blood supply to downstream tissue(s) is insufficient, resulting in
1031:(HDL), the lipoprotein particle that removes cholesterol from tissues and carries it back to the liver.
8941:
8846:
8497:
8472:
8289:
8218:
8148:
7079:"Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis"
6583:
Wilson, Don P. (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Boyce, Alison; Chrousos, George (eds.),
5442:
Walker C, Reamy BV (April 2009). "Diets for cardiovascular disease prevention: what is the evidence?".
2047:
1884:
708:
443:
7254:
6410:
2647:"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study"
2464:
8871:
8814:
8462:
8415:
8265:
8228:
6308:"Vasculoprotective Effects of 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde against VSMCs Proliferation and ECs Inflammation"
4173:
2881:
Atherosclerosis. Harvard Health
Publications Harvard Health Publications. Health Topics A – Z, (2011)
1640:
1572:
1352:
900:, then by their migration to the sub-endothelial space, and further activation into monocyte-derived
326:
244:
116:
64:
38:
6616:
1872:
is the term for techniques that modulate immune system function to suppress this macrophage action.
1359:
of atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta. Woman of 70 years old with hypertension and dyslipidemia.
1090:
Although arteries are not typically studied microscopically, two plaque types can be distinguished:
302:
limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to parts of the body. Diagnosis is based upon a physical exam,
8856:
8669:
8623:
8618:
8442:
8420:
8046:
7709:"Detection of histone modifications at specific gene loci in single cells in histological sections"
2645:
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. (December 2020).
1838:
1830:
1471:
1151:
1028:
969:" – so-called because of their changed appearance resulting from the numerous internal cytoplasmic
8911:
8893:
8375:
8370:
8334:
8304:
7415:"Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair enzymes in human atherosclerotic plaques"
4852:
4765:"Cholesterol crystal-induced arterial inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque"
3775:"Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women"
2807:
2564:
2402:
1684:
1475:
1024:
931:
919:
769:
728:
511:
400:
236:
108:
103:
3739:
1879:
chain reaction in atherogenesis triggered research on the protective role of the heavy isotope (
1307:, and the extracellular matrix separating the lesion from the arterial lumen (also known as the
8951:
8883:
8866:
8861:
8851:
8692:
8628:
8270:
8171:
6985:
Sacco J, Adeli K (June 2012). "MicroRNAs: emerging roles in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism".
6457:
5750:
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, et al. (January 2013).
5033:
Didangelos A, Simper D, Monaco C, Mayr M (May 2009). "Proteomics of acute coronary syndromes".
2094:
2079:
2015:
1927:
1790:
1588:
1515:
1467:
1392:
1012:
927:
846:
724:
599:
451:
377:
338:
259:
8097:
5506:
4915:
Wang-Michelitsch J, Michelitsch T (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of
Misrepairs".
2997:
2563:
Scipione, Corey A.; Hyduk, Sharon J.; Polenz, Chanele K.; Cybulsky, Myron I. (December 2023).
2401:
Scipione, Corey A.; Hyduk, Sharon J.; Polenz, Chanele K.; Cybulsky, Myron I. (December 2023).
2348:
8888:
8633:
8492:
8484:
8452:
8339:
7811:
Chappell J, Harman JL, Narasimhan VM, Yu H, Foote K, Simons BD, et al. (December 2016).
5840:
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. (June 2019).
5614:
5179:
4488:
2111:
1680:
1555:
1420:
1234:
1179:
881:
869:
639:
458:
436:
385:
196:
4184:
2781:
2754:
1474:(IVUS). Examples of physiologic measurement methods include lipoprotein subclass analysis,
8802:
8797:
8601:
8393:
7560:
6617:"Early Lesions of Atherosclerosis in Childhood and Youth: Natural History and Risk Factors"
6458:"Natural history and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children and youth: The PDAY study"
6319:
6260:
6222:
5891:
Nanna MG, Wang TY, Xiang Q, Goldberg AC, Robinson JG, Roger VL, et al. (August 2019).
4673:
3960:
2840:
2098:
2039:
1957:
gene on chromosome 17. miR-33a/b regulates cholesterol/lipid homeostatis by binding in the
1707:
1399:
1296:
751:
750:) in humans is not clear. Rabbits fed rancid fats develop atherosclerosis faster. Rats fed
571:
531:
462:
307:
7365:"DNA damage-dependent mechanisms of ageing and disease in the macro- and microvasculature"
6963:
6925:
6882:
5718:
5079:
Tarkin JM, Dweck MR, Evans NR, Takx RA, Brown AJ, Tawakol A, et al. (February 2016).
4467:
8:
8878:
8645:
8031:
6703:
2831:
Ross R (April 1993). "The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s".
1888:
1447:
1388:
1300:
1147:
736:
732:
684:
659:
353:
263:
232:
148:
7564:
6615:
Strong, Jack P.; Malcom, Gray T.; Newman, William P.; Oalmann, Margaret C. (June 1992).
6323:
6264:
4804:
Maton A, Hopkins RL, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, et al. (1993).
4677:
3964:
2844:
1367:
Microphotography of arterial wall with calcified (violet color) atherosclerotic plaque (
1166:
8792:
8702:
8284:
7938:
7886:
7861:
7837:
7812:
7785:
7760:
7759:
Wang Y, Dubland JA, Allahverdian S, Asonye E, Sahin B, Jaw JE, et al. (May 2019).
7733:
7708:
7684:
7659:
7635:
7610:
7581:
7548:
7524:
7499:
7431:
7414:
7392:
7340:
7313:
7235:
7210:
7185:
7168:
7103:
7078:
7054:
7029:
7010:
6894:
6807:
6790:
6493:
6342:
6307:
6283:
6248:
6107:
6080:
6015:
5990:
5966:
5941:
5917:
5892:
5776:
5751:
5727:
5702:
5678:
5645:
5613:
Pigozzi F, Rizzo M, Fagnani F, Parisi A, Spataro A, Casasco M, Borrione P (June 2011).
5419:
5394:
5375:
5327:
5302:
5283:
5193:
5174:
5105:
5080:
5058:
4937:
4916:
4897:
4879:
4641:
4616:
4449:
4403:
4307:
4157:
4132:
4091:
4078:
4061:
4034:
4007:
3983:
3948:
3924:
3899:
3840:
3823:
3799:
3774:
3563:
3538:
3502:
3485:
3466:
3453:
3428:
3404:
3379:
3313:
3265:
3240:
3216:
3189:
3165:
3140:
2864:
2735:
2671:
2646:
2510:
1891:– they are involved in metabolism in that very form as they are consumed with food. In
1876:
1744:
1522:
1479:
785:
700:
541:
93:
8040:
7910:
7611:"The role of smooth muscle cells in plaque stability: Therapeutic targeting potential"
7364:
6426:
5817:
5800:
5234:
5217:
5129:
4338:
3876:
3680:
3663:
3537:
Tyrrell DJ, Blin MB, Song J, Wood SC, Zhang M, Beard DA, Goldstein DR (January 2020).
2712:
2695:
2541:
2030:(WS) is a premature aging condition in humans. WS is caused by a genetic defect in a
1567:
Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as
388:. These symptoms, however, still vary depending on which artery or organ is affected.
8583:
8532:
8432:
8057:
7942:
7930:
7891:
7842:
7790:
7738:
7689:
7640:
7586:
7529:
7477:
7436:
7384:
7345:
7291:
7240:
7190:
7149:
7108:
7059:
7002:
6967:
6929:
6886:
6847:
6812:
6771:
6730:
6685:
6644:
6636:
6592:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6497:
6485:
6477:
6438:
6430:
6393:
6347:
6288:
6204:
6153:
6112:
6061:
6020:
5971:
5922:
5873:
5822:
5781:
5732:
5683:
5665:
5626:
5595:
5554:
5514:
5487:
5451:
5424:
5367:
5332:
5275:
5239:
5198:
5155:
5110:
5050:
5015:
4974:
4823:
4813:
4806:
4786:
4724:
4689:
4646:
4592:
4566:
4532:
4514:
4441:
4437:
4395:
4342:
4299:
4263:
4222:
4162:
4148:
4083:
4039:
3988:
3929:
3880:
3845:
3804:
3753:
3720:
3685:
3644:
3603:
3599:
3568:
3507:
3458:
3409:
3305:
3270:
3221:
3170:
3120:
3116:
3078:
3043:
2971:
2930:
2926:
2856:
2787:
2760:
2739:
2727:
2676:
2545:
2502:
2494:
2354:
1990:, removed cholesterol that had built up in the arteries of mice fed a high-fat diet.
1980:
1699:
1530:
1499:
1337:
1100:
970:
909:
664:
649:
536:
404:
392:
369:
303:
77:
8036:
7014:
6898:
5908:
5287:
5062:
4453:
4407:
4062:"Biological gradient between long-term arsenic exposure and carotid atherosclerosis"
3470:
3317:
2808:"Evolutionary gene loss may help explain why only humans are prone to heart attacks"
2514:
1887:(D-PUFAs) that are less prone to oxidation than ordinary PUFAs (H-PUFAs). PUFAs are
8588:
8237:
8140:
7922:
7881:
7873:
7832:
7824:
7780:
7772:
7728:
7720:
7679:
7671:
7630:
7622:
7576:
7568:
7519:
7511:
7467:
7426:
7396:
7376:
7335:
7325:
7312:
Bautista-Niño PK, Portilla-Fernandez E, Vaughan DE, Danser AH, Roks AJ (May 2016).
7283:
7230:
7222:
7180:
7139:
7098:
7090:
7049:
7041:
6994:
6959:
6921:
6878:
6839:
6802:
6761:
6675:
6632:
6628:
6524:
6469:
6422:
6337:
6327:
6278:
6268:
6194:
6184:
6143:
6102:
6092:
6051:
6010:
6002:
5961:
5953:
5912:
5904:
5863:
5853:
5812:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5722:
5714:
5673:
5657:
5585:
5546:
5479:
5414:
5406:
5379:
5359:
5322:
5314:
5267:
5229:
5188:
5145:
5100:
5092:
5042:
5005:
4966:
4901:
4889:
4776:
4716:
4681:
4636:
4628:
4617:"Local proliferation dominates lesional macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis"
4504:
4433:
4387:
4334:
4311:
4291:
4253:
4214:
4152:
4144:
4133:"High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis"
4073:
4029:
4019:
3978:
3968:
3919:
3911:
3872:
3835:
3794:
3786:
3745:
3712:
3675:
3634:
3595:
3558:
3550:
3497:
3448:
3440:
3399:
3391:
3297:
3260:
3252:
3211:
3201:
3160:
3152:
3112:
3070:
3035:
2961:
2922:
2868:
2848:
2717:
2707:
2666:
2658:
2576:
2537:
2484:
2476:
2414:
2059:
1919:
1740:
1612:
1487:
1155:
893:
644:
220:
31:
8108:
7828:
7675:
5096:
4391:
4095:
3738:
Food and nutrition board, institute of medicine of the national academies (2005).
3554:
1965:(ABC) transporters and enhance or represses its expression. Study have shown that
739:. These dietary recommendations reach a consensus, though, against consumption of
8780:
8775:
8687:
8410:
8365:
8051:
7380:
7226:
6998:
6680:
6663:
6388:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007).
6332:
6273:
5957:
5483:
4024:
3973:
3898:
King CR, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Sidney S, Liu K, Lauderdale DS (December 2008).
3395:
3074:
3039:
2528:
Lind L (August 2003). "Circulating markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis".
2038:. WS patients develop a considerable burden of atherosclerotic plaques in their
2027:
1892:
1880:
1644:
1443:
1321:
1282:
1246:
1230:
950:
877:
747:
566:
493:
275:
251:, depending on which body part(s) the affected arteries are located in the body.
248:
120:
5574:"The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update"
4970:
4720:
4600:
1529:
in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lower
1423:, while the obstruction of arteries supplying the brain results in an ischaemic
1363:
780:, or oxidized cholesterols, from fried foods and smoking, that are the culprit.
8829:
8679:
8542:
8502:
8437:
8398:
8309:
7776:
7572:
7211:"Cyclodextrin promotes atherosclerosis regression via macrophage reprogramming"
7045:
6662:
Mendis, Shanthi; Nordet, P.; Fernandez-Britto, J.E.; Sternby, N. (2005-03-01).
6584:
6056:
6039:
5940:
Lee MT, Mahtta D, Ramsey DJ, Liu J, Misra A, Nasir K, et al. (July 2021).
5858:
5841:
5646:"Pharmacological Options in Atherosclerosis: A Review of the Existing Evidence"
5590:
5573:
5010:
4993:
4781:
4764:
4109:
4060:
Wang CH, Jeng JS, Yip PK, Chen CL, Hsu LI, Hsueh YM, et al. (April 2002).
3444:
3156:
3062:
2662:
2621:
2580:
2565:"Unveiling the Hidden Landscape of Arterial Diseases at Single-Cell Resolution"
2418:
2403:"Unveiling the Hidden Landscape of Arterial Diseases at Single-Cell Resolution"
2066:
in the body, can contribute to atherosclerosis in many ways: modulation of the
1752:
1534:
1267:
1127:), precipitates of calcium (hematoxylinophilic), and rarely, lipid-laden cells.
1017:
818:
720:
679:
674:
669:
454:, which, like in all other areas, is typically asymptomatic until late stages.
429:—the heart beating either too slowly or too quickly—are another consequence of
372:
do not produce symptoms until enough narrowing or closure of an artery, due to
345:
8119:
8062:
8017:
8013:
7926:
7515:
7287:
6132:"Warfarin-induced artery calcification is accelerated by growth and vitamin D"
5661:
5537:
Fonarow G (2003). "Aggressive treatment of atherosclerosis: The time is now".
5363:
5318:
5271:
5046:
3301:
3206:
2480:
1768:
8930:
8697:
8360:
7909:
Basatemur GL, Jørgensen HF, Clarke MC, Bennett MR, Mallat Z (December 2019).
7500:"Atherosclerosis: Association between the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis"
7472:
7455:
6689:
6640:
6536:
6481:
6473:
6434:
6189:
6172:
5868:
5669:
5303:"Dairy and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Recent Observational Research"
5150:
5133:
4893:
4509:
4492:
4258:
4241:
3790:
2498:
2107:
2067:
2063:
2031:
1950:
1842:
1834:
1668:
1511:
1462:
Examples of anatomical detection methods include coronary calcium scoring by
1206:
1095:
1043:
1008:
989:
981:
965:, which proliferate locally, ingest oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large "
826:
773:
762:
654:
634:
622:
617:
8524:
8021:
7311:
6148:
6131:
4827:
4218:
3256:
3061:
Roquer, J.; Ois, Angel (2010), Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald R. (eds.),
2966:
2949:
1724:
In 1992, a report had shown that microscopic fatty streaks were seen in the
282:, genetic factors, family history, lifestyle habits, and an unhealthy diet.
8838:
8750:
8565:
8255:
8198:
7934:
7895:
7846:
7794:
7742:
7693:
7644:
7590:
7547:
Jie Z, Xia H, Zhong SL, Feng Q, Li S, Liang S, et al. (October 2017).
7533:
7481:
7440:
7388:
7349:
7295:
7244:
7194:
7153:
7112:
7063:
7006:
6971:
6933:
6890:
6851:
6843:
6816:
6791:"Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis: implications for vaccine development"
6775:
6734:
6596:
6544:
6489:
6351:
6292:
6208:
6157:
6116:
6065:
6024:
5975:
5926:
5877:
5826:
5785:
5736:
5687:
5630:
5599:
5558:
5491:
5455:
5428:
5371:
5336:
5279:
5243:
5202:
5114:
5054:
5019:
4790:
4693:
4650:
4596:
4518:
4486:
4445:
4399:
4267:
4166:
4087:
4043:
3992:
3933:
3849:
3808:
3724:
3689:
3648:
3572:
3511:
3462:
3413:
3225:
3174:
3124:
3047:
2731:
2722:
2680:
2549:
2506:
2007:
1987:
1526:
1483:
1124:
1108:
997:
985:
939:
913:
888:
Early atherogenesis is characterized by the adherence of blood circulating
834:
822:
759:
704:
695:
The relation between dietary fat and atherosclerosis is controversial. The
628:
556:
551:
498:
473:
447:
422:
396:
365:
314:
255:
179:
7996:
7144:
7127:
6766:
6749:
6648:
6442:
6079:
Vlasschaert C, Goss CJ, Pilkey NG, McKeown S, Holden RM (September 2020).
5550:
5159:
4978:
4728:
4664:
Miller JD (June 2013). "Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins".
4570:
4346:
4303:
4226:
3915:
3884:
3716:
3607:
3309:
3274:
2975:
2860:
1430:
27:
Inflammatory disease involving buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
8903:
8299:
8092:
7877:
7330:
7030:"Regulation of lipid homeostasis by the bifunctional SREBF2-miR33a locus"
6513:"Coronary Disease Among United States Soldiers Killed in Action in Korea"
6006:
3639:
3622:
2934:
2023:
1858:
1711:
1648:
1636:
1455:
1384:
1368:
1308:
1214:
1051:
923:
905:
897:
830:
814:
755:
588:
507:
489:
318:
287:
143:
138:
Accumulation of saturated fats, smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes
7860:
Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, Giachelli CM, Shanahan CM (March 2018).
7413:
Martinet W, Knaapen MW, De Meyer GR, Herman AG, Kockx MM (August 2002).
3526:
http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/
2694:
Song P, Fang Z, Wang H, Cai Y, Rahimi K, Zhu Y, et al. (May 2020).
2350:
Tresch and Aronow's
Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, Fifth Edition
1979:
the level of ABCA1 is increased and increases the cholesterol efflux to
1687:
have shown vasculoprotective effects to reduce risk of atherosclerosis.
1023:
Cholesterol is delivered into the vessel wall by cholesterol-containing
8819:
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8537:
8114:
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6097:
4378:
Mattes RD (December 2005). "Fat taste and lipid metabolism in humans".
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901:
865:
802:
594:
477:
426:
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187:
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7626:
6199:
5644:
Gupta, Keshav Kumar; Ali, Shair; Sanghera, Ranjodh Singh (June 2019).
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Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Canadian Medical-surgical Nursing
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3484:
Enas EA, Kuruvila A, Khanna P, Pitchumoni CS, Mohan V (October 2013).
2950:"A comparative study of cerebral atherosclerosis in males and females"
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8573:
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8189:
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8068:
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1304:
1035:
966:
889:
810:
806:
777:
740:
561:
168:
164:
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7128:"A role of miR-33 for cell cycle progression and cell proliferation"
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Zieske, Arthur W.; Malcom, Gray T.; Strong, Jack P. (January 2002).
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Kong BS, Im SJ, Lee YJ, Cho YH, Do YR, Byun JW, et al. (2016).
4706:
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Provost EB, Madhloum N, Int Panis L, De Boever P, Nawrot TS (2015).
3539:"Age-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Accelerates Atherogenesis"
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2994:"Heart disease - Arrhythmia - Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada"
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Chlamydia Atherosclerosis Lesion: Discovery, Diagnosis and Treatment
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protein. A small short-term trial using bacterial synthesized human
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6661:
4957:
Ross R (January 1999). "Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease".
4942:
4921:
3749:
3623:"Is thrombin a key player in the 'coagulation-atherogenesis' maze?"
3429:"Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations in HIV: What, How, and Why"
1903:
1805:
1786:
1672:
1632:
1439:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1380:
1356:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1263:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1186:
1136:
1132:
1112:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1039:
993:
946:
850:
838:
798:
576:
546:
430:
410:
373:
299:
283:
267:
228:
152:
6729:(168). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
5468:
5393:
Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (July 2014).
4884:
4834:
4743:"Coronary atherosclerosis — the fibrous plaque with calcification"
4181:"Food Pyramids: Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health"
2170:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atherosclerosis? - NHLBI, NIH"
2086:
involved in TMAO generation — and atherosclerosis has been noted.
1303:. On the other hand, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and
912:
also plays a major role and not all factors are fully understood.
8073:
7960:
5256:
4992:
Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R (July 2010).
3946:
3900:"Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification"
1647:
can re-establish flow around the diseased segment of artery, and
1576:
1551:
1463:
1292:
1116:
1083:
935:
842:
518:
469:
291:
279:
271:
200:
160:
156:
6170:
4873:
4361:"Scientist, 98, challenges orthodoxy on causes of heart disease"
3028:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
1934:
differentiation. It was found in rodents that the inhibition of
399:
have been observed in the coronary arteries of juveniles. While
8180:
8008:
7975:
7908:
7604:
7602:
7600:
3664:"Early atherosclerosis exhibits an enhanced procoagulant state"
3620:
2284:"How Can Atherosclerosis Be Prevented or Delayed? - NHLBI, NIH"
2083:
1942:
1935:
1915:
1631:
When atherosclerosis has become severe and caused irreversible
1619:
1608:
1568:
1547:
1424:
1412:
1398:
Plaques that have ruptured are called complicated lesions. The
1222:
1198:
producing a 75% or greater stenosis before the vessel closing.
1131:
In effect, the muscular portion of the artery wall forms small
1104:
954:
825:
leads to the formation of atheromatous plaques in the arterial
418:
414:
381:
322:
240:
224:
192:
112:
7549:"The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease"
7166:
5752:"Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
4762:
2948:
Flora GC, Baker AB, Loewenson RB, Klassen AC (November 1968).
2462:
1391:" have long been the focus of human diagnostic techniques for
7758:
7454:
Ishida T, Ishida M, Tashiro S, Yoshizumi M, Kihara Y (2014).
7412:
6747:
5893:"Sex Differences in the Use of Statins in Community Practice"
4803:
4763:
Janoudi A, Shamoun FE, Kalavakunta JK, Abela GS (July 2016).
3661:
3621:
Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, Heeneman S, ten Cate H (June 2009).
3241:"The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis"
3021:"Mitochondria, oxidative metabolism and cell death in stroke"
2908:
2906:
2043:
1998:
1966:
1703:
1652:
1372:
1278:
1079:
974:
958:
873:
295:
7597:
7453:
6078:
4845:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?"
4613:
4556:
3483:
2620:
Information (US), National Center for Biotechnology (1998),
1804:
is used for substances or processes that cause formation of
1143:
loss of elasticity and stiffening of the artery as a whole.
465:(defined as death within one hour of onset of the symptom).
403:
is more prevalent in men than women, atherosclerosis of the
8556:
7859:
7707:
Gomez D, Shankman LS, Nguyen AT, Owens GK (February 2013).
5127:
4935:
4914:
3862:
2644:
2562:
2400:
1971:
1848:
7810:
5032:
2947:
2903:
2375:"Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis - Symptoms and causes"
1291:
Calcification at the outer base of older or more advanced
72:
The progression of atherosclerosis (narrowing exaggerated)
6614:
5612:
3772:
2011:
1945:
16 of human sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (
1579:. A number of procedures may also be carried out such as
1550:
help to lower cholesterol. Antiplatelet medications like
908:
cells, though upper normal or elevated concentrations of
754:-containing oils experienced marked disruptions to their
7706:
5749:
5513:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 730–1047.
4991:
4586:
4426:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
4412:
The rancid odor of an oxidized fat is readily detectable
3897:
3067:
Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures
980:
In addition to these cellular activities, there is also
949:
adhering to the area of insult. This may be promoted by
7076:
5799:
Virani SS, Smith SC, Stone NJ, Grundy SM (April 2020).
5507:"Cardiovascular, Circulatory, and Hematologic Function"
3773:
Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB, Herrington DM (November 2004).
3702:
1046:
cells, which in turn ingest lipids, become replaced by
223:, characterized by development of abnormalities called
7806:
7804:
6225:. Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University.
5890:
5798:
5701:
Koh KK, Han SH, Oh PC, Shin EK, Quon MJ (April 2010).
4423:
4204:
4110:"Treating Hypothyroidism Reduces Atherosclerosis Risk"
4005:
1258:
The plaque is divided into three distinct components:
731:) recommends much higher levels of fat, especially of
6864:
6723:"Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2011"
6037:
5839:
2987:
2985:
1655:
can reopen narrowed arteries and improve blood flow.
8170:
7986:
7207:
5215:
5132:, Glagov S, Insull W, et al. (September 1995).
5078:
4239:
2786:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
2628:, National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)
1170:
Progression of atherosclerosis to late complications
182:, exercise, not smoking, maintaining a normal weight
7801:
6720:
6129:
5619:
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
3824:"Need to test the arterial inflammation hypothesis"
3536:
1961:of genes involved in cholesterol transport such as
1785:is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an
1675:, which inhibit clot formation by interfering with
1454:Besides the traditional diagnostic methods such as
1099:muscle cells) with elevated tissue cholesterol and
837:. The bulk of these lesions is made of excess fat,
7765:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
7314:"DNA Damage: A Main Determinant of Vascular Aging"
7173:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
6795:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
6788:
6455:
6136:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
6130:Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK (February 2000).
5939:
5532:
5530:
4998:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
4805:
4207:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
4130:
3245:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3145:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
2982:
829:, a region of the vessel wall located between the
522:less compliant to stretching with each heartbeat.
421:, dizziness or lightheadedness, breathlessness or
7911:"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis"
7660:"Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis"
7657:
5349:
5209:
4240:Song JH, Fujimoto K, Miyazawa T (December 2000).
3856:
3377:
2899:. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. 2011.
1575:, or medications that decrease clotting, such as
8937:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
8928:
7408:
7406:
7307:
7305:
7027:
6721:Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Steiner C (December 2013).
5897:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
5643:
5392:
5216:McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS (March 2008).
2891:
2889:
2887:
2759:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2.
2619:
2595:"How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? - NHLBI, NIH"
1833:(HDL) on atherosclerosis has been with the rare
1240:
789:keep them cool and in oxygen-free environments.
758:systems, and accumulated significant amounts of
719:make similar recommendations. In contrast, Prof
7658:Bennett MR, Sinha S, Owens GK (February 2016).
7608:
7546:
7497:
6789:Nilsson J, Hansson GK, Shah PK (January 2005).
5527:
4582:
4580:
4059:
3102:
2693:
2229:DAIC (Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology)
2089:
1930:, cell type progression and proliferation, and
876:showing significant atherosclerosis and marked
776:claims that it is not dietary cholesterol, but
7493:
7491:
7456:"Role of DNA damage in cardiovascular disease"
6945:
6943:
4131:Bale BF, Doneen AL, Vigerust DJ (April 2017).
3744:. National Academies Press. pp. 481–484.
3585:
3426:
2912:
2346:
2319:"How Is Atherosclerosis Treated? - NHLBI, NIH"
797:Atherogenesis is the developmental process of
8156:
7540:
7447:
7403:
7356:
7302:
7267:
7160:
7119:
7070:
7021:
6978:
6949:
6299:
6240:
6044:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5846:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5578:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4324:
4280:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3287:
3238:
3187:
3018:
2884:
2651:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2432:
2430:
2428:
2247:
2245:
2036:repair processes that remove damages from DNA
1906:(miRNAs) have complementary sequences in the
1777:is any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of
1042:encourage the migration and proliferation of
6621:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
6462:Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine
6408:
6305:
5700:
5571:
5504:
5172:
5166:
4577:
4417:
4371:
3999:
3518:
3371:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3188:Botts SR, Fish JE, Howe KL (December 2021).
3069:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 899–918,
2278:
2276:
2274:
2193:
2191:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
510:of the vessel wall associated with retained
7488:
7362:
7318:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
6940:
6517:Journal of the American Medical Association
6409:Strong, J. P.; McGill, H. C. (1969-05-06).
5756:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5441:
3940:
3380:"Infection and Atherosclerosis Development"
3138:
2941:
2752:
2587:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2199:"What Causes Atherosclerosis? - NHLBI, NIH"
1315:, to the circulation and eventually induce
1003:
957:, which recruit circulating monocytes, and
922:(LDL) particles in blood plasma invade the
8736:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
8163:
8149:
6984:
6591:, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.,
6411:"The pediatric aspects of atherosclerosis"
6392:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 348-351
6246:
5074:
5072:
4487:Khan-Merchant N, Penumetcha M, Meilhac O,
3821:
3779:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3181:
2425:
2242:
1868:drive atherosclerotic plaque progression.
1514:has no effect on or decreases the risk of
163:, family history, unhealthy diet (notably
63:
7885:
7836:
7784:
7732:
7683:
7634:
7580:
7523:
7498:Barrington WT, Lusis AJ (December 2017).
7471:
7430:
7339:
7329:
7234:
7184:
7143:
7102:
7053:
6829:
6806:
6765:
6679:
6585:"Is Atherosclerosis a Pediatric Disease?"
6341:
6331:
6282:
6272:
6198:
6188:
6147:
6106:
6096:
6055:
6014:
5965:
5916:
5867:
5857:
5816:
5775:
5726:
5677:
5589:
5418:
5326:
5233:
5192:
5149:
5104:
5009:
4941:
4920:
4883:
4780:
4640:
4508:
4257:
4156:
4077:
4033:
4023:
3982:
3972:
3923:
3839:
3798:
3679:
3638:
3562:
3501:
3452:
3403:
3324:
3264:
3215:
3205:
3164:
3060:
2991:Arrhythmia. Heart and Stroke Foundation.
2965:
2721:
2711:
2670:
2488:
2271:
2188:
2153:
1698:Almost all children older than age 10 in
880:narrowing. Tissue has been stained using
7754:
7752:
7609:Harman JL, Jørgensen HF (October 2019).
6782:
6382:
2824:
2342:
2340:
2302:
1607:The group of medications referred to as
1554:help to prevent clots, and a variety of
1429:
1362:
1351:
1288:Underlying areas of cholesterol crystals
1165:
1073:
860:
497:
313:Prevention guidelines include, eating a
58:Arteriosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD)
7125:
7028:Bommer GT, MacDougald OA (March 2011).
6832:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
5988:
5536:
5069:
4994:"Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque"
4812:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3378:Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME (July 2015).
3132:
2438:"What Is Atherosclerosis? - NHLBI, NIH"
2010:, a common type of oxidative damage in
1161:
517:The presence of the plaque induces the
407:and strokes equally affect both sexes.
14:
8929:
7273:
6911:
6582:
4700:
4663:
4377:
4233:
3490:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
3063:"Atherosclerotic Burden and Mortality"
2773:
2396:
2394:
926:and become oxidized, creating risk of
845:. At first, as the plaques grow, only
717:National Cholesterol Education Program
611:
18:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
8947:Medical conditions related to obesity
8508:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
8144:
7749:
7363:Shah AV, Bennett MR (December 2017).
7083:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6964:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.020
6926:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.018
6883:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.916
6559:"Stopping Heart Disease in Childhood"
5991:"Questioning the benefits of statins"
5719:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.007
4318:
4274:
3815:
3019:Sims NR, Muyderman H (January 2010).
2337:
2253:"Who Is at Risk for Atherosclerosis?"
1415:supply to nearby cells, resulting in
984:proliferation and migration from the
359:
8513:Generalized essential telangiectasia
6510:
5300:
5128:Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE,
4956:
4851:. September 29, 2014. Archived from
4537:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
3427:Sinha A, Feinstein MJ (March 2019).
3096:
2830:
2779:
2527:
2469:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
2347:Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Rich MW (2013).
765:in their blood, livers and kidneys.
294:, and other substances found in the
7255:"A sugar can melt away cholesterol"
6754:The New England Journal of Medicine
6415:Journal of Atherosclerosis Research
4959:The New England Journal of Medicine
4709:The New England Journal of Medicine
3705:The New England Journal of Medicine
3365:"Atherosclerosis | NHLBI, NIH"
3290:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
2756:Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
2391:
2014:, is found to accumulate in plaque
1941:miR-33a and miR-33b are located on
1870:Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis
1217:. The result is the formation of a
1069:
607:Coronary anatomy and branch pattern
417:and shortness of breath, sweating,
24:
7432:10.1161/01.cir.0000026393.47805.21
7186:10.1161/01.ATV.0000229219.13757.a2
6808:10.1161/01.ATV.0000149142.42590.a2
5194:10.1161/01.CIR.0000070585.48035.D1
4079:10.1161/01.cir.0000015862.64816.b2
3841:10.1161/01.CIR.0000021112.29409.A2
3433:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
1581:percutaneous coronary intervention
1190:caps that have become "unstable".
896:) to the vascular bed lining, the
792:
746:The role of eating oxidized fats (
723:(Harvard School of Public Health,
331:percutaneous coronary intervention
25:
8963:
7953:
7276:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
6229:from the original on 7 April 2010
5818:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044282
5572:Ambrose JA, Barua RS (May 2004).
5505:Paul P, Williams B, eds. (2009).
5235:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033
5173:Maseri A, Fuster V (April 2003).
3681:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.907121
3239:Williams KJ, Tabas I (May 1995).
2133:arteriosclerotic vascular disease
2053:
1470:) measurement by ultrasound, and
8663:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
7983:pathophysiology-stages and types
7959:
7902:
7853:
7700:
7651:
7369:European Journal of Pharmacology
7201:
6905:
6858:
6823:
6741:
6714:
6696:
6655:
6608:
6576:
6551:
6529:10.1001/jama.1953.03690120006002
6504:
6449:
6402:
6358:
6247:Kong BS, Cho YH, Lee EJ (2014).
6215:
6164:
6123:
6072:
6031:
5989:Vos E, Rose CP (November 2005).
5982:
5933:
5884:
5472:The American Journal of Medicine
4438:10.1097/00075197-200303000-00004
4149:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279
3822:Bhatt DL, Topol EJ (July 2002).
3117:10.1001/jama.1953.03690120006002
582:
502:Atherosclerosis and lipoproteins
425:. Abnormal heart rhythms called
7615:British Journal of Pharmacology
7253:Hesman Saey T (April 8, 2016).
6511:Enos, William F. (1953-07-18).
6001:(10): 1207, author reply 1210.
5909:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005562
5833:
5792:
5743:
5694:
5637:
5606:
5565:
5498:
5462:
5435:
5386:
5343:
5294:
5260:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
5250:
5175:"Is there a vulnerable plaque?"
5121:
5035:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
5026:
4985:
4950:
4929:
4908:
4867:
4797:
4756:
4735:
4657:
4607:
4550:
4525:
4480:
4460:
4353:
4198:
4124:
4102:
4053:
3891:
3766:
3731:
3696:
3655:
3614:
3579:
3530:
3477:
3420:
3281:
3232:
3054:
3012:
2875:
2800:
2746:
2687:
2638:
2613:
2556:
2521:
2456:
1726:left anterior descending artery
1690:
1657:Coronary artery bypass grafting
703:, promotes a diet of about 64%
483:
8614:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
7215:Science Translational Medicine
6633:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737984
5768:10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5
2569:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
2407:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
2367:
2217:
2125:
1837:human genetic variant of this
1225:and nutrients. If this is the
1135:just large enough to hold the
1078:Severe atherosclerosis of the
849:occurs without any narrowing.
13:
1:
8426:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
8280:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
7829:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309799
7676:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306361
6987:Current Opinion in Lipidology
6427:10.1016/S0368-1319(69)80020-7
5352:European Journal of Nutrition
5097:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306247
4392:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.058
4339:10.1016/S0232-1513(11)80281-1
3877:10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00036-7
3555:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315644
2713:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30117-0
2542:10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00012-1
2146:
1993:
1829:An indication of the role of
1493:
1253:
1241:Accelerated growth of plaques
953:induction of factors such as
934:, involving enzymes (such as
713:American Diabetes Association
525:
8731:Chronic venous insufficiency
8356:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
7381:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.050
7227:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6100
6999:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283534c9f
6681:10.1016/j.precon.2005.02.010
6366:"The top 10 causes of death"
6333:10.1371/journal.pone.0149394
6274:10.1371/journal.pone.0113242
5958:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0683
5484:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.024
4473:Food and Drug Administration
4137:Postgraduate Medical Journal
4025:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001430
3974:10.1371/journal.pone.0127014
3600:10.1016/0021-9150(85)90126-1
3396:10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.006
3075:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_51
3040:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.09.003
2927:10.1016/0021-9150(79)90117-5
2753:Topol EJ, Califf RM (2007).
2095:Vascular smooth muscle cells
2090:Vascular smooth muscle cells
2034:that is employed in several
1811:
1734:
1667:There is evidence that some
1643:, surgery may be indicated.
1585:coronary artery bypass graft
1562:
1347:
335:coronary artery bypass graft
219:is a pattern of the disease
7:
8746:Inferior vena cava syndrome
8741:Superior vena cava syndrome
8468:Vertebral artery dissection
8458:Intracranial berry aneurysm
4971:10.1056/NEJM199901143400207
4721:10.1056/NEJM198705283162204
1885:polyunsaturated fatty acids
1819:
1762: 'artery' and
1710:fatty streaks beginning in
1540:
1379:Areas of severe narrowing,
1266:("lump of gruel", from
856:
472:of U.S. soldiers killed in
468:Case studies have included
256:abnormal cholesterol levels
10:
8968:
8847:Hypertensive heart disease
8498:Arteriovenous malformation
8473:Familial aortic dissection
7915:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
7777:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312434
7573:10.1038/s41467-017-00900-1
7504:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
7046:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.004
6708:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
6057:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.071
5859:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
5591:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047
5011:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179739
4120:(3): 656. 1 February 2004.
3445:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.11.029
3157:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306964
2663:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
2581:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.009
2419:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.009
2353:. CRC Press. p. 171.
2048:DNA damage theory of aging
1626:
1602:
1387:, and to a lesser extent "
916:may appear and disappear.
709:American Heart Association
690:
487:
36:
29:
8902:
8872:Renovascular hypertension
8837:
8828:
8815:Hepatic artery thrombosis
8763:
8723:
8678:
8582:
8564:
8555:
8523:
8483:
8463:Carotid artery dissection
8416:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
8388:
8348:
8325:
8266:Intermittent claudication
8236:
8229:Peripheral artery disease
8227:
8197:
8179:
8083:
7990:
7927:10.1038/s41569-019-0227-9
7516:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.169
7288:10.1016/j.tcm.2013.06.005
5662:10.1007/s40119-018-0123-0
5444:American Family Physician
5364:10.1007/s00394-012-0418-1
5319:10.1007/s13668-014-0076-4
5307:Current Nutrition Reports
5272:10.1007/s11883-009-0072-0
5081:"Imaging Atherosclerosis"
5047:10.1007/s11883-009-0030-x
4380:Physiology & Behavior
4114:American Family Physician
3207:10.3389/fphar.2021.787541
3194:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2700:The Lancet. Global Health
2481:10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.021
1824:
1800: 'gruel'). The term
1641:peripheral artery disease
1573:blood pressure medication
1237:(heart attack) develops.
707:from total calories. The
327:blood pressure medication
245:peripheral artery disease
206:
197:blood pressure medication
186:
175:
142:
134:
126:
117:peripheral artery disease
102:
92:
76:
71:
62:
54:
49:
39:Atherosclerosis (journal)
8857:Hypertensive nephropathy
8670:Post-thrombotic syndrome
8651:Paget–Schroetter disease
8443:Coronary artery aneurysm
8421:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
7473:10.1253/circj.CJ-13-1194
7126:Iwakiri Y (March 2012).
6474:10.1080/pdp.21.2.213.237
6177:The Journal of Nutrition
5151:10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1355
4894:10.1038/npre.2009.2988.2
4808:Human Biology and Health
4782:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv653
4497:The Journal of Nutrition
4246:The Journal of Nutrition
2118:
1898:
1831:high-density lipoprotein
1747:, and atherosclerosis.
1662:
1472:intravascular ultrasound
1233:(cardiac chest pain) or
1152:electron beam tomography
1029:high-density lipoprotein
1004:Calcification and lipids
378:cardiovascular disorders
210:≈100% (>65 years old)
130:Youth (worsens with age)
30:Not to be confused with
8912:Orthostatic hypotension
8894:White coat hypertension
8371:Fibromuscular dysplasia
8335:Carotid artery stenosis
7866:Cardiovascular Research
6390:Robbins Basic Pathology
6149:10.1161/01.ATV.20.2.317
4745:. www.pathologyatlas.ro
4219:10.1161/01.atv.16.4.533
3627:Cardiovascular Research
3302:10.1023/A:1006841011201
3257:10.1161/01.ATV.15.5.551
2967:10.1161/01.CIR.38.5.859
1685:protocatechuic aldehyde
1645:Vascular bypass surgery
1505:
1468:intimal media thickness
1025:low-density lipoprotein
920:Low-density lipoprotein
817:of the artery lumen in
512:low-density lipoprotein
401:coronary artery disease
260:inflammatory biomarkers
237:coronary artery disease
109:Coronary artery disease
8884:Pulmonary hypertension
8867:Secondary hypertension
8862:Essential hypertension
8852:Hypertensive emergency
8693:Portacaval anastomosis
8629:Portal vein thrombosis
8271:Critical limb ischemia
8172:Cardiovascular disease
7964:Quotations related to
6844:10.1002/mnfr.200500055
6727:HCUP Statistical Brief
6190:10.1093/jn/134.11.3100
5650:Cardiology and Therapy
4769:European Heart Journal
4565:(6 Suppl): III117–23.
4510:10.1093/jn/132.11.3256
4327:Experimental Pathology
4259:10.1093/jn/130.12.3028
3791:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1175
2112:mesenchymal stem cells
2080:trimethylamine N-oxide
2016:vascular smooth muscle
1589:carotid endarterectomy
1516:cardiovascular disease
1435:
1393:cardiovascular disease
1376:
1360:
1171:
1087:
1013:vascular smooth muscle
928:cardiovascular disease
885:
813:, begin to attack the
503:
452:chronic kidney disease
339:carotid endarterectomy
8889:Systolic hypertension
8634:Renal vein thrombosis
8493:Arteriovenous fistula
8485:Vascular malformation
8453:Intracranial aneurysm
8340:Renal artery stenosis
7553:Nature Communications
7145:10.4161/cc.11.6.19744
6767:10.1056/NEJMoa0706628
5551:10.3949/ccjm.70.5.431
4468:"Dietary Supplements"
3916:10.1001/jama.2008.867
3717:10.1056/NEJMra1011670
1681:3-hydroxybenzaldehyde
1446:and abnormalities in
1433:
1366:
1355:
1235:myocardial infarction
1215:system of coagulation
1180:myocardial infarction
1169:
1077:
864:
640:Systemic inflammation
600:Genetic abnormalities
501:
258:, elevated levels of
37:For the journal, see
8803:Paradoxical embolism
8798:Cholesterol embolism
8624:May–Thurner syndrome
8619:Budd–Chiari syndrome
8602:Deep vein thrombosis
8597:primarily lower limb
8376:Raynaud's phenomenon
7817:Circulation Research
7664:Circulation Research
7331:10.3390/ijms17050748
6007:10.1503/cmaj.1050120
5085:Circulation Research
3543:Circulation Research
2099:extracellular matrix
1963:ATP binding cassette
1773: 'hardening');
1706:fatty streaks, with
1400:extracellular matrix
1297:extracellular matrix
1162:Rupture and stenosis
942:in the endothelium.
799:atheromatous plaques
729:Nurses' Health Study
572:Bacterial infections
532:Western pattern diet
463:sudden cardiac death
308:exercise stress test
233:atheromatous plaques
8879:Benign hypertension
7565:2017NatCo...8..845J
7460:Circulation Journal
6324:2016PLoSO..1149394K
6265:2014PLoSO...9k3242K
5539:Cleve. Clin. J. Med
4855:on 24 February 2015
4678:2013NatMa..12..476M
4187:on 26 December 2007
3965:2015PLoSO..1027014P
2845:1993Natur.362..801R
2006:in vascular aging.
1928:glucose homeostatis
1889:essential nutrients
1787:atheromatous plaque
1700:developed countries
1301:smooth muscle cells
1182:or "heart attack".
1148:computed tomography
973:and resulting high
737:polyunsaturated fat
685:Periodontal disease
660:Sedentary lifestyle
612:Lesser or uncertain
444:Peripheral arteries
364:Atherosclerosis is
354:developed countries
298:. The narrowing of
286:is made up of fat,
264:high blood pressure
149:High blood pressure
8793:Pulmonary embolism
8703:Esophageal varices
8641:upper limb / torso
8285:Arteriolosclerosis
8084:External resources
7878:10.1093/cvr/cvy010
7725:10.1038/nmeth.2332
6563:NutritionFacts.org
6098:10.3390/nu12102909
4476:. 4 February 2020.
4296:10.1007/BF02536616
3640:10.1093/cvr/cvp066
2626:Genes and Disease
1877:lipid peroxidation
1781:(small arteries);
1775:arteriolosclerosis
1745:arteriolosclerosis
1523:Mediterranean diet
1436:
1377:
1361:
1172:
1088:
886:
882:Masson's trichrome
872:that supplies the
542:Insulin resistance
504:
360:Signs and symptoms
8942:Vascular diseases
8924:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8764:Arteries or veins
8759:
8758:
8584:Venous thrombosis
8551:
8550:
8533:Cherry hemangioma
8433:Aortic dissection
8384:
8383:
8219:Buerger's disease
8138:
8137:
7823:(12): 1313–1323.
7627:10.1111/bph.14779
7621:(19): 3741–3753.
6627:(sup1): 51S–54S.
6523:(12): 1090–1093.
6398:978-1-4160-2973-1
6183:(11): 3100–3105.
5869:20.500.12749/1738
5852:(24): e285–e350.
5811:(14): 1121–1123.
5520:978-0-7817-9989-8
5411:10.1136/bmj.g4490
4876:Nature Precedings
4849:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
4819:978-0-13-981176-0
4533:"Atherosclerosis"
4503:(11): 3256–3262.
4491:(November 2002).
4365:medicalxpress.com
4143:(1098): 215–220.
4072:(15): 1804–1809.
3759:978-0-309-08525-0
3084:978-0-387-78665-0
2897:"Atherosclerosis"
2793:978-1-84628-810-4
2766:978-0-7817-7012-5
2657:(25): 2982–3021.
2622:"Atherosclerosis"
2599:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2575:(12): 1781–1794.
2442:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2413:(12): 1781–1794.
2360:978-1-84214-544-9
2323:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2288:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2257:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2203:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2174:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2040:coronary arteries
2024:endothelial cells
1953:and intron 17 of
1924:insulin signaling
1531:cholesterol level
1500:smoking cessation
1338:vulnerable plaque
1213:and activate the
1101:cholesterol ester
665:Arsenic poisoning
650:Sleep deprivation
537:Abdominal obesity
508:endothelial cells
405:cerebral arteries
393:coronary arteries
304:electrocardiogram
274:(both active and
214:
213:
44:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8959:
8835:
8834:
8646:Mondor's disease
8589:Thrombophlebitis
8562:
8561:
8238:Arteriosclerosis
8234:
8233:
8195:
8194:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8142:
8141:
7988:
7987:
7963:
7947:
7946:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7889:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7840:
7808:
7799:
7798:
7788:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7736:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7687:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7638:
7606:
7595:
7594:
7584:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7527:
7495:
7486:
7485:
7475:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7434:
7410:
7401:
7400:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7343:
7333:
7309:
7300:
7299:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7259:Science News.org
7251:Lay summary in:
7248:
7238:
7221:(333): 333ra50.
7205:
7199:
7198:
7188:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7106:
7095:10.1172/JCI57275
7074:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7025:
7019:
7018:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6838:(11): 999–1013.
6827:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6769:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6683:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6406:
6400:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6345:
6335:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6276:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6192:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6100:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6018:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5969:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5861:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5681:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5593:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5534:
5525:
5524:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5478:(9): 841–51.e2.
5466:
5460:
5459:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5301:Rice BH (2014).
5298:
5292:
5291:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5144:(5): 1355–1374.
5125:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5013:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4887:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4811:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4686:10.1038/nmat3663
4666:Nature Materials
4661:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4183:. Archived from
4177:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4081:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4037:
4027:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3456:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:. 24 March 2022.
3361:
3322:
3321:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2996:. Archived from
2989:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2853:10.1038/362801a0
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2725:
2715:
2706:(5): e721–e729.
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2492:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2140:
2129:
1974:or converted to
1920:lipid metabolism
1749:Arteriosclerosis
1741:arteriosclerosis
1651:with or without
1613:high cholesterol
1556:antihypertensive
1383:, detectable by
1209:; they activate
1156:Hounsfield scale
1070:Visible features
894:white blood cell
645:Hyperinsulinemia
437:Carotid arteries
411:Marked narrowing
310:, among others.
290:, immune cells,
249:kidney disorders
221:arteriosclerosis
67:
47:
46:
32:Arteriosclerosis
21:
8967:
8966:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8916:
8898:
8824:
8781:Microangiopathy
8776:Macroangiopathy
8755:
8719:
8688:Gastric varices
8674:
8587:
8578:
8547:
8519:
8479:
8411:Aortic aneurysm
8397:
8380:
8366:Erythromelalgia
8344:
8321:
8246:Atherosclerosis
8223:
8187:
8175:
8169:
8139:
8134:
8133:
8120:Atherosclerosis
8079:
8078:
7999:
7981:Atherosclerosis
7972:Atherosclerosis
7966:Atherosclerosis
7956:
7951:
7950:
7921:(12): 727–744.
7907:
7903:
7858:
7854:
7809:
7802:
7757:
7750:
7705:
7701:
7656:
7652:
7607:
7598:
7545:
7541:
7510:(12): 699–700.
7496:
7489:
7452:
7448:
7411:
7404:
7361:
7357:
7310:
7303:
7272:
7268:
7252:
7206:
7202:
7165:
7161:
7124:
7120:
7075:
7071:
7034:Cell Metabolism
7026:
7022:
6983:
6979:
6952:Atherosclerosis
6948:
6941:
6914:Atherosclerosis
6910:
6906:
6871:Atherosclerosis
6863:
6859:
6828:
6824:
6787:
6783:
6760:(21): 2109–22.
6746:
6742:
6719:
6715:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6660:
6656:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6599:
6581:
6577:
6568:
6566:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6509:
6505:
6454:
6450:
6407:
6403:
6387:
6383:
6374:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6318:(3): e0149394.
6304:
6300:
6259:(11): e113242.
6245:
6241:
6232:
6230:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6169:
6165:
6128:
6124:
6077:
6073:
6036:
6032:
5987:
5983:
5946:JAMA Cardiology
5938:
5934:
5889:
5885:
5838:
5834:
5797:
5793:
5762:(1): CD004816.
5748:
5744:
5707:Atherosclerosis
5699:
5695:
5642:
5638:
5611:
5607:
5570:
5566:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5503:
5499:
5467:
5463:
5440:
5436:
5391:
5387:
5348:
5344:
5299:
5295:
5255:
5251:
5214:
5210:
5187:(16): 2068–71.
5171:
5167:
5126:
5122:
5077:
5070:
5031:
5027:
4990:
4986:
4955:
4951:
4934:
4930:
4913:
4909:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4820:
4802:
4798:
4775:(25): 1959–67.
4761:
4757:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4705:
4701:
4662:
4658:
4633:10.1038/nm.3258
4621:Nature Medicine
4612:
4608:
4585:
4578:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4489:Parthasarathy S
4485:
4481:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4422:
4418:
4376:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4323:
4319:
4290:(12): 1145–50.
4279:
4275:
4252:(12): 3028–33.
4238:
4234:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4129:
4125:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4058:
4054:
4018:(4): e1001430.
4004:
4000:
3959:(5): e0127014.
3945:
3941:
3910:(24): 2859–66.
3896:
3892:
3865:Atherosclerosis
3861:
3857:
3820:
3816:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3736:
3732:
3711:(18): 1746–60.
3701:
3697:
3660:
3656:
3619:
3615:
3588:Atherosclerosis
3584:
3580:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3482:
3478:
3425:
3421:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3325:
3296:(1–2): 149–59.
3286:
3282:
3237:
3233:
3186:
3182:
3151:(6): 1090–100.
3137:
3133:
3111:(12): 1090–93.
3101:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3059:
3055:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2946:
2942:
2915:Atherosclerosis
2911:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2839:(6423): 801–9.
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2780:Shor A (2008).
2778:
2774:
2767:
2751:
2747:
2692:
2688:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2561:
2557:
2530:Atherosclerosis
2526:
2522:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2345:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2231:. 27 April 2015
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2092:
2056:
2028:Werner syndrome
1996:
1901:
1893:transgenic mice
1875:Involvement of
1864:The actions of
1827:
1822:
1814:
1783:atherosclerosis
1737:
1693:
1671:, particularly
1665:
1639:in the case of
1629:
1605:
1565:
1543:
1508:
1496:
1488:nuclear imaging
1466:, carotid IMT (
1406:, will trigger
1350:
1322:thromboembolism
1256:
1247:amyloid plaques
1243:
1229:(heart muscle)
1164:
1072:
1006:
992:in response to
951:redox signaling
859:
847:wall thickening
795:
793:Pathophysiology
733:monounsaturated
693:
614:
585:
567:Tobacco smoking
528:
496:
494:Lipoprotein (a)
486:
370:plaque ruptures
362:
276:passive smoking
217:Atherosclerosis
121:kidney problems
50:Atherosclerosis
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8965:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8922:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8908:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8843:
8841:
8832:
8830:Blood pressure
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8767:
8765:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8680:Varicose veins
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8593:
8591:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8543:Spider angioma
8540:
8535:
8529:
8527:
8525:Vascular nevus
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8503:Telangiectasia
8500:
8495:
8489:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8445:
8440:
8438:Aortic rupture
8435:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8403:
8401:
8399:pseudoaneurysm
8386:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8331:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8312:
8310:Oxycholesterol
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8242:
8240:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8203:
8201:
8192:
8177:
8176:
8168:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8145:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8122:
8111:
8100:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8065:
8054:
8043:
8024:
8000:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:Classification
7985:
7984:
7978:
7969:
7955:
7954:External links
7952:
7949:
7948:
7901:
7872:(4): 590–600.
7852:
7800:
7771:(5): 876–887.
7748:
7719:(2): 171–177.
7713:Nature Methods
7699:
7670:(4): 692–702.
7650:
7596:
7539:
7487:
7446:
7402:
7355:
7301:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7200:
7159:
7118:
7089:(7): 2921–31.
7069:
7020:
6977:
6939:
6904:
6857:
6822:
6781:
6740:
6713:
6695:
6654:
6607:
6575:
6565:. 15 July 2014
6550:
6503:
6468:(2): 213–237.
6448:
6421:(3): 251–265.
6401:
6381:
6357:
6298:
6239:
6214:
6163:
6142:(2): 317–327.
6122:
6071:
6050:(8): 924–936.
6030:
5981:
5952:(7): 782–790.
5932:
5903:(8): e005562.
5883:
5832:
5791:
5742:
5693:
5636:
5625:(2): 260–267.
5605:
5584:(10): 1731–7.
5564:
5545:(5): 431–434.
5526:
5519:
5497:
5461:
5434:
5385:
5342:
5313:(2): 130–138.
5293:
5249:
5228:(9): 1216–27.
5208:
5165:
5120:
5091:(4): 750–769.
5068:
5025:
5004:(7): 1282–92.
4984:
4949:
4928:
4907:
4866:
4833:
4818:
4796:
4755:
4734:
4715:(22): 1371–5.
4699:
4672:(6): 476–478.
4656:
4627:(9): 1166–72.
4606:
4576:
4549:
4524:
4479:
4459:
4432:(2): 157–163.
4416:
4370:
4352:
4317:
4273:
4232:
4197:
4172:
4123:
4101:
4052:
3998:
3939:
3890:
3855:
3814:
3785:(5): 1175–84.
3765:
3758:
3750:10.17226/10490
3730:
3695:
3654:
3633:(3): 392–403.
3613:
3594:(3): 333–342.
3578:
3549:(3): 298–314.
3529:
3517:
3476:
3439:(3): 270–279.
3419:
3370:
3323:
3280:
3231:
3180:
3131:
3095:
3083:
3053:
3011:
2981:
2940:
2921:(2): 201–205.
2902:
2883:
2874:
2823:
2799:
2792:
2772:
2765:
2745:
2686:
2637:
2612:
2601:. 22 June 2016
2586:
2555:
2536:(2): 203–214.
2520:
2455:
2444:. 22 June 2016
2424:
2390:
2366:
2359:
2336:
2325:. 22 June 2016
2301:
2290:. 22 June 2016
2270:
2259:. 22 June 2016
2241:
2216:
2205:. 22 June 2016
2187:
2176:. 22 June 2016
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2108:myofibroblasts
2091:
2088:
2064:microorganisms
2055:
2054:Microorganisms
2052:
1995:
1992:
1900:
1897:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1736:
1733:
1692:
1689:
1669:anticoagulants
1664:
1661:
1628:
1625:
1604:
1601:
1564:
1561:
1542:
1539:
1535:blood pressure
1512:dairy products
1507:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1389:stress testing
1349:
1346:
1326:
1325:
1289:
1286:
1255:
1252:
1242:
1239:
1163:
1160:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1071:
1068:
1018:Rainer Liedtke
1005:
1002:
858:
855:
821:. The ensuing
819:cardiac muscle
794:
791:
727:of the second
721:Walter Willett
692:
689:
688:
687:
682:
680:Hypothyroidism
677:
675:Chronic stress
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
625:
620:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:Family history
602:
597:
592:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
527:
524:
485:
482:
448:renal arteries
361:
358:
346:cause of death
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
190:
184:
183:
177:
173:
172:
146:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
106:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8964:
8953:
8952:Inflammations
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8698:Caput medusae
8696:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8668:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8482:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8361:Degos disease
8359:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8159:
8154:
8152:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7856:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7805:
7796:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7753:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7654:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7592:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7492:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7425:(8): 927–32.
7424:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7407:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7306:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7204:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7179:(8): 1821–7.
7178:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7138:(6): 1057–8.
7137:
7133:
7129:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6958:(2): 314–23.
6957:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6704:"Atherogenic"
6699:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6611:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5713:(2): 307–13.
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5531:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:(3): 188–95.
5040:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:(2): 115–26.
4964:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4744:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:PLOS Medicine
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3834:(1): 136–40.
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3674:(8): 821–30.
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3496:(4): 461–91.
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:(5): 339–50.
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:(5): 551–61.
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3000:on 2014-02-03
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2960:(5): 859–69.
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2723:10044/1/78967
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:, changes in
2069:
2068:immune system
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:RecQ helicase
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:chromosome 22
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:Apo-A1 Milano
1840:
1836:
1835:Apo-A1 Milano
1832:
1817:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:Ancient Greek
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1559:obstruction.
1557:
1553:
1549:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:of the artery
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:tissue factor
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:proteoglycans
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:smooth muscle
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:Calcification
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:smooth muscle
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
940:free radicals
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
915:
914:Fatty streaks
911:
910:blood glucose
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:tunica intima
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
790:
787:
781:
779:
775:
774:Fred Kummerow
771:
766:
764:
763:hydroperoxide
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:carbohydrates
702:
698:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Air pollution
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:triglycerides
632:
630:
629:carbohydrates
626:
624:
623:Saturated fat
621:
619:
618:Thrombophilia
616:
615:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
583:Nonmodifiable
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
523:
520:
515:
513:
509:
500:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
397:Fatty streaks
395:of children.
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
105:
104:Complications
101:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
40:
33:
19:
8839:Hypertension
8751:Venous ulcer
8657:
8640:
8608:
8596:
8566:Inflammation
8447:
8406:
8295:Hyperplastic
8256:Fatty streak
8245:
8199:Inflammation
8124:
8113:
8102:
8091:
8067:
8056:
8045:
8026:
8003:
7968:at Wikiquote
7918:
7914:
7904:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7820:
7816:
7768:
7764:
7716:
7712:
7702:
7667:
7663:
7653:
7618:
7614:
7556:
7552:
7542:
7507:
7503:
7466:(1): 42–50.
7463:
7459:
7449:
7422:
7418:
7372:
7368:
7358:
7321:
7317:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7258:
7218:
7214:
7203:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7135:
7131:
7121:
7086:
7082:
7072:
7040:(3): 241–7.
7037:
7033:
7023:
6993:(3): 220–5.
6990:
6986:
6980:
6955:
6951:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6874:
6870:
6860:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6801:(1): 18–28.
6798:
6794:
6784:
6757:
6753:
6743:
6726:
6716:
6707:
6698:
6671:
6668:Global Heart
6667:
6657:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6600:, retrieved
6588:
6578:
6567:. Retrieved
6562:
6553:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6418:
6414:
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6389:
6384:
6373:. Retrieved
6369:
6360:
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6311:
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6231:. Retrieved
6217:
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6091:(10): 2909.
6088:
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5028:
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4987:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4931:
4910:
4875:
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4848:
4807:
4799:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4747:. Retrieved
4737:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4624:
4620:
4609:
4588:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4536:
4527:
4500:
4496:
4482:
4471:
4462:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4386:(5): 691–7.
4383:
4379:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4333:(1): 19–33.
4330:
4326:
4320:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4213:(4): 533–8.
4210:
4206:
4200:
4189:. Retrieved
4185:the original
4175:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4047:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3871:(2): 313–8.
3868:
3864:
3858:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3740:
3733:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3520:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3387:
3384:Arch Med Res
3383:
3373:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3088:, retrieved
3066:
3056:
3034:(1): 80–91.
3031:
3027:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:the original
2957:
2953:
2943:
2918:
2914:
2877:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2812:ScienceDaily
2811:
2802:
2782:
2775:
2755:
2748:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2630:, retrieved
2625:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2441:
2410:
2406:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2349:
2327:. Retrieved
2322:
2292:. Retrieved
2287:
2261:. Retrieved
2256:
2233:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2202:
2178:. Retrieved
2173:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2093:
2076:gut bacteria
2057:
1997:
1988:cyclodextrin
1985:
1940:
1932:myeloid cell
1902:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1828:
1815:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1738:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1697:
1694:
1691:Epidemiology
1666:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1566:
1544:
1527:low-fat diet
1520:
1509:
1497:
1484:homocysteine
1461:
1453:
1448:stress tests
1437:
1421:heart attack
1397:
1378:
1327:
1274:
1271:
1257:
1244:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1173:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1125:eosinophilic
1089:
1066:is created.
1056:
1033:
1022:
1011:forms among
1007:
998:nitric oxide
986:tunica media
979:
944:
918:
887:
835:tunica media
823:inflammation
796:
782:
767:
760:phospholipid
745:
701:food pyramid
694:
595:Advanced age
557:Hypertension
552:Dyslipidemia
519:muscle cells
516:
505:
484:Risk factors
474:World War II
467:
459:heart attack
456:
442:
435:
423:palpitations
409:
390:
386:heart attack
366:asymptomatic
363:
343:
315:healthy diet
312:
253:
227:in walls of
216:
215:
180:Healthy diet
144:Risk factors
8904:Hypotension
8448:head / neck
8300:Cholesterol
8190:capillaries
8093:MedlinePlus
7419:Circulation
7375:: 116–128.
7282:(2): 61–8.
6877:: 100–107.
6370:www.who.int
6223:"Vitamin K"
5805:Circulation
5656:(1): 5–20.
5358:(1): 1–24.
5266:(1): 20–8.
5222:Circulation
5180:Circulation
5138:Circulation
4559:Circulation
4066:Circulation
3828:Circulation
3668:Circulation
2954:Circulation
2490:10069/35888
2475:: 320–329.
2379:Mayo Clinic
2104:macrophages
2020:macrophages
1986:The sugar,
1866:macrophages
1859:torcetrapib
1802:atherogenic
1712:adolescence
1649:angioplasty
1637:tissue loss
1456:angiography
1385:angiography
1369:hematoxylin
1309:fibrous cap
963:macrophages
924:endothelium
906:endothelial
902:macrophages
898:endothelium
892:(a type of
831:endothelium
815:endothelium
756:antioxidant
748:rancid fats
589:South Asian
490:Lipoprotein
427:arrhythmias
319:cholesterol
288:cholesterol
167:), chronic
127:Usual onset
55:Other names
8931:Categories
8820:Vasculitis
8810:Thrombosis
8771:Angiopathy
8715:Varicocele
8708:Hemorrhoid
8538:Halo nevus
8394:dissection
8185:arterioles
8115:Patient UK
8058:DiseasesDB
7559:(1): 845.
7324:(5): 748.
7132:Cell Cycle
6602:2022-12-08
6569:2022-12-08
6375:2020-01-26
6233:2010-03-25
6200:1765/10366
4943:1505.01289
4922:1503.07163
4749:2010-03-25
4191:2007-11-25
3200:: 787541.
3090:2023-11-10
3004:2014-01-31
2817:2023-11-21
2632:2023-11-21
2605:6 November
2448:6 November
2384:2021-05-06
2329:6 November
2294:6 November
2263:5 November
2235:2022-02-06
2209:6 November
2180:5 November
2147:References
2072:metabolism
2062:– all the
2060:microbiota
2004:DNA damage
1994:DNA damage
1976:bile acids
1949:) gene on
1881:deuterated
1789:(from
1779:arterioles
1719:Korean War
1635:, such as
1494:Prevention
1342:infarction
1305:foam cells
1254:Components
1227:myocardium
1036:foam cells
967:foam cells
866:Micrograph
805:, such as
803:leukocytes
778:oxysterols
741:trans fats
627:Excessive
526:Modifiable
488:See also:
478:Korean War
350:disability
188:Medication
176:Prevention
171:deficiency
83:Cardiology
8574:Phlebitis
8315:Trans fat
8251:Foam cell
8207:Arteritis
8174:(vessels)
8129:Q12252367
8104:eMedicine
8069:SNOMED CT
7943:195657448
6920:: 79–82.
6690:2211-8179
6641:0731-5724
6537:0002-9955
6498:218896145
6482:1522-7952
6435:0368-1319
6085:Nutrients
5670:2193-8261
5405:: g4490.
4885:0904.0575
4601:NBK343489
2740:218474949
2499:0303-7207
2115:targets.
1904:MicroRNAs
1812:Economics
1769:sklerosis
1765:σκλήρωσις
1760:(artēria)
1735:Etymology
1677:Vitamin K
1563:Treatment
1546:example,
1348:Diagnosis
1211:platelets
1176:ulcerates
1133:aneurysms
1103:content,
1086:specimen.
1040:platelets
994:cytokines
988:into the
947:platelets
890:monocytes
811:basophils
807:monocytes
699:, in its
633:Elevated
562:Trans fat
470:autopsies
207:Frequency
169:Vitamin C
165:trans fat
87:angiology
78:Specialty
8788:Embolism
8390:Aneurysm
8327:Stenosis
8261:Atheroma
8212:Aortitis
8181:Arteries
8074:38716007
7935:31243391
7896:29514202
7847:27682618
7795:30786740
7743:23314172
7694:26892967
7645:31254285
7591:29018189
7534:29099096
7482:24334614
7441:12186795
7389:28347738
7350:27213333
7296:23953979
7245:27053774
7195:16728652
7154:22395363
7113:21646721
7064:21356514
7015:23814795
7007:22488426
6972:22307089
6934:28756876
6899:21408028
6891:28655430
6852:16270286
6817:15514204
6776:17984165
6735:24455786
6674:(1): 3.
6597:27809437
6589:Endotext
6545:13052433
6490:11942537
6352:27002821
6312:PLOS ONE
6293:25411835
6253:PLOS ONE
6227:Archived
6209:15514282
6158:10669626
6117:32977548
6066:28231944
6025:16275976
5976:33881448
5927:31416347
5878:30423393
5827:32250694
5786:23440795
5737:19800624
5688:30543029
5631:21681161
5600:15145091
5559:12785316
5492:21854893
5456:19378874
5429:25073782
5372:22810464
5337:24818071
5288:37833889
5280:20425267
5244:18316498
5203:12719286
5130:Fuster V
5115:26892971
5063:41219190
5055:19361350
5020:20554950
4828:32308337
4791:26705388
4694:23695741
4651:23933982
4597:26844337
4589:Endotext
4519:12421837
4454:21085461
4446:12589185
4408:33916150
4400:16249011
4268:11110863
4167:27899684
4088:11956123
4044:23637576
3993:25970426
3953:PLOS ONE
3934:19109114
3850:12093783
3809:15531663
3725:21542745
3690:20697022
3649:19228706
3573:31818196
3512:24434254
3471:73469601
3463:30825949
3414:26004263
3318:12222110
3226:35002720
3175:27127201
3125:13052433
3048:19751827
2732:32353319
2681:33309175
2550:12921971
2515:10454566
2507:26007326
1820:Research
1806:atheroma
1798:(athḗra)
1708:coronary
1673:warfarin
1653:stenting
1633:ischemia
1541:Exercise
1440:stenosis
1417:necrosis
1408:thrombus
1404:collagen
1381:stenosis
1357:CT image
1334:ischemia
1330:stenosis
1317:thrombus
1313:collagen
1275:(athera)
1264:atheroma
1219:thrombus
1203:collagen
1187:stenosis
1137:atheroma
1113:collagen
1064:aneurysm
1060:stenosis
1048:collagen
971:vesicles
857:Cellular
851:Stenosis
839:collagen
833:and the
715:and the
577:HIV/AIDS
547:Diabetes
476:and the
431:ischemia
380:such as
321:such as
300:arteries
268:diabetes
229:arteries
153:diabetes
94:Symptoms
8609:abdomen
8290:Hyaline
8125:Scholia
8109:med/182
8052:D050197
7887:5852633
7838:5149073
7786:6482082
7734:3560316
7685:4762053
7636:6780045
7582:5635030
7561:Bibcode
7525:5815826
7397:1034518
7341:4881569
7236:4878149
7104:3223840
7055:3062104
6649:1619200
6443:5346899
6343:4803227
6320:Bibcode
6284:4239058
6261:Bibcode
6108:7598164
6016:1277053
5967:8060887
5918:6903404
5777:6481400
5728:2962413
5679:6525235
5420:4115152
5380:1360916
5328:4006120
5160:7648691
5106:4756468
4979:9887164
4902:2179468
4729:3574413
4674:Bibcode
4642:3769444
4571:1424045
4347:2279534
4312:3960289
4304:8614305
4227:8624775
4158:5520251
4035:3637008
3984:4430520
3961:Bibcode
3925:2661105
3885:9690914
3800:1270002
3608:3994786
3564:7006722
3503:3868060
3454:9532012
3405:4524506
3310:9823020
3275:7749869
3266:2924812
3217:8727904
3166:4882253
2976:5697685
2869:4282916
2861:8479518
2841:Bibcode
2672:7755038
2084:enzymes
2018:cells,
1758:ἀρτηρία
1627:Surgery
1620:Statins
1609:statins
1603:Statins
1577:aspirin
1569:statins
1552:aspirin
1548:statins
1293:lesions
1277: '
1117:elastin
1084:Autopsy
1020:2008).
936:Lp-LpA2
878:luminal
843:elastin
786:omega-3
711:, the
691:Dietary
670:Alcohol
591:descent
323:statins
292:calcium
280:obesity
272:smoking
225:lesions
201:aspirin
193:Statins
161:obesity
157:smoking
8098:000171
7976:Curlie
7941:
7933:
7894:
7884:
7845:
7835:
7793:
7783:
7741:
7731:
7692:
7682:
7643:
7633:
7589:
7579:
7532:
7522:
7480:
7439:
7395:
7387:
7348:
7338:
7294:
7243:
7233:
7193:
7152:
7111:
7101:
7062:
7052:
7013:
7005:
6970:
6932:
6897:
6889:
6850:
6815:
6774:
6733:
6688:
6647:
6639:
6595:
6543:
6535:
6496:
6488:
6480:
6441:
6433:
6396:
6350:
6340:
6291:
6281:
6207:
6156:
6115:
6105:
6064:
6023:
6013:
5974:
5964:
5925:
5915:
5876:
5825:
5784:
5774:
5735:
5725:
5686:
5676:
5668:
5629:
5598:
5557:
5517:
5490:
5454:
5427:
5417:
5378:
5370:
5335:
5325:
5286:
5278:
5242:
5201:
5158:
5113:
5103:
5061:
5053:
5018:
4977:
4900:
4859:2 July
4826:
4816:
4789:
4727:
4692:
4649:
4639:
4595:
4569:
4542:2 July
4517:
4452:
4444:
4406:
4398:
4345:
4310:
4302:
4284:Lipids
4266:
4225:
4165:
4155:
4096:535580
4094:
4086:
4042:
4032:
3991:
3981:
3932:
3922:
3883:
3848:
3807:
3797:
3756:
3723:
3688:
3647:
3606:
3571:
3561:
3510:
3500:
3469:
3461:
3451:
3412:
3402:
3316:
3308:
3273:
3263:
3224:
3214:
3173:
3163:
3123:
3081:
3046:
3009:(2011)
2974:
2935:475879
2933:
2867:
2859:
2833:Nature
2790:
2763:
2738:
2730:
2679:
2669:
2548:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2357:
2008:8-oxoG
1981:apoA-1
1959:3'UTRs
1955:SREBP1
1947:SREBP2
1943:intron
1936:miR-33
1916:miR-33
1912:5' UTR
1908:3' UTR
1825:Lipids
1704:aortic
1482:, and
1480:hs-CRP
1444:angina
1438:Lumen
1425:stroke
1413:oxygen
1375:stain)
1231:angina
1223:oxygen
1105:fibrin
1096:intima
1052:intima
990:intima
955:VCAM-1
938:) and
870:artery
868:of an
841:, and
419:nausea
415:angina
382:stroke
306:, and
284:Plaque
241:stroke
135:Causes
113:stroke
8724:Other
8557:Veins
8407:torso
8349:Other
8041:414.0
8018:I25.1
8014:I25.0
7939:S2CID
7393:S2CID
7011:S2CID
6895:S2CID
6494:S2CID
5376:S2CID
5284:S2CID
5059:S2CID
4938:arXiv
4917:arXiv
4898:S2CID
4880:arXiv
4450:S2CID
4404:S2CID
4308:S2CID
4092:S2CID
3467:S2CID
3314:S2CID
3024:(PDF)
2865:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2511:S2CID
2131:Also
2119:Notes
2078:, is
2044:aorta
1999:Aging
1967:ABCA1
1899:miRNA
1796:ἀθήρα
1793:
1755:
1753:Greek
1702:have
1663:Other
1587:, or
1476:HbA1c
1373:eosin
1283:lumen
1279:gruel
1273:ἀθήρα
1270:
1268:Greek
1080:aorta
975:lipid
959:M-CSF
874:heart
374:clots
337:, or
296:blood
247:, or
8658:head
8188:and
8063:1039
8047:MeSH
8032:9-CM
7931:PMID
7892:PMID
7843:PMID
7791:PMID
7739:PMID
7690:PMID
7641:PMID
7587:PMID
7530:PMID
7478:PMID
7437:PMID
7385:PMID
7346:PMID
7292:PMID
7241:PMID
7191:PMID
7150:PMID
7109:PMID
7060:PMID
7003:PMID
6968:PMID
6930:PMID
6887:PMID
6848:PMID
6813:PMID
6772:PMID
6731:PMID
6686:ISSN
6645:PMID
6637:ISSN
6593:PMID
6541:PMID
6533:ISSN
6486:PMID
6478:ISSN
6439:PMID
6431:ISSN
6394:ISBN
6348:PMID
6289:PMID
6205:PMID
6154:PMID
6113:PMID
6062:PMID
6021:PMID
5995:CMAJ
5972:PMID
5923:PMID
5874:PMID
5823:PMID
5782:PMID
5733:PMID
5684:PMID
5666:ISSN
5627:PMID
5596:PMID
5555:PMID
5515:ISBN
5488:PMID
5452:PMID
5425:PMID
5368:PMID
5333:PMID
5276:PMID
5240:PMID
5199:PMID
5156:PMID
5111:PMID
5051:PMID
5016:PMID
4975:PMID
4861:2021
4824:OCLC
4814:ISBN
4787:PMID
4725:PMID
4690:PMID
4647:PMID
4593:PMID
4567:PMID
4544:2021
4515:PMID
4442:PMID
4396:PMID
4343:PMID
4300:PMID
4264:PMID
4223:PMID
4163:PMID
4084:PMID
4040:PMID
3989:PMID
3930:PMID
3904:JAMA
3881:PMID
3846:PMID
3805:PMID
3754:ISBN
3721:PMID
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