3073:"The Buddhists denied the existence of substantial matter altogether. Movement consists for them of moments, it is a staccato movement, momentary flashes of a stream of energy... "Everything is evanescent," ... says the Buddhist, because there is no stuff ... Both systems share in common a tendency to push the analysis of Existence up to its minutest, last elements which are imagined as absolute qualities, or things possessing only one unique quality. They are called "qualities" (guna-dharma) in both systems in the sense of absolute qualities, a kind of atomic, or intra-atomic, energies of which the empirical things are composed. Both systems, therefore, agree in denying the objective reality of the categories of Substance and Quality, ... and of the relation of Inference uniting them. There is in Sānkhya philosophy no separate existence of qualities. What we call quality is but a particular manifestation of a subtle entity. To every new unit of quality corresponds a subtle quantum of matter which is called guna "quality", but represents a subtle substantive entity. The same applies to early Buddhism where all qualities are substantive ... or, more precisely, dynamic entities, although they are also called dharmas ("qualities")." Stcherbatsky (1962 ). Vol. 1. p. 19.
1805:
1763:
1472:
1130:
1608:
1587:
1151:(1058–1111). In Asharite atomism, atoms are the only perpetual, material things in existence, and all else in the world is "accidental" meaning something that lasts for only an instant. Nothing accidental can be the cause of anything else, except perception, as it exists for a moment. Contingent events are not subject to natural physical causes, but are the direct result of God's constant intervention, without which nothing could happen. Thus nature is completely dependent on God, which meshes with other Asharite Islamic ideas on causation, or the lack thereof (Gardet 2001). Al-Ghazali also used the theory to support his theory of
1703:
1442:
many. From these conditions I cannot separate such a substance by any stretch of my imagination. But that it must be white or red, bitter or sweet, noisy or silent, and of sweet or foul odor, my mind does not feel compelled ... Without the senses ... reason ... would probably never arrive at qualities like these. Hence I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on are no more than mere names so far as the object in which we place them is concerned, and that they reside only in the consciousness. Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be ... annihilated.
700:) that imparts its essential nature and structure. To use an analogy we could pose a rubber ball: we could imagine the rubber to be the matter that gives the ball the ability to take on another form, and the spherical shape to be the form that gives it its identity of "ball". Using this analogy, though, we should keep in mind that in fact rubber itself would already be considered a composite of form and matter, as it has identity and determinacy to a certain extent, pure or primary matter is completely unformed, unintelligible and with infinite potential to undergo change.
1665:
1352:
1509:
1600:
gold. Corpuscularianism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the properties that objects appear to have are artifacts of the perceiving mind: 'secondary' qualities as distinguished from 'primary' qualities. Not all corpuscularianism made use of the primary-secondary quality distinction, however. An influential tradition in medieval and early modern alchemy argued that chemical analysis revealed the existence of robust corpuscles that retained their identity in chemical compounds (to use the modern term).
1045:
280:
The void is infinite and provides the space in which the atoms can pack or scatter differently. The different possible packings and scatterings within the void make up the shifting outlines and bulk of the objects that organisms feel, see, eat, hear, smell, and taste. While organisms may feel hot or cold, hot and cold actually have no real existence. They are simply sensations produced in organisms by the different packings and scatterings of the atoms in the void that compose the object that organisms sense as being "hot" or "cold".
937:
Only the atomists among ... Greek science ... was the one view of nature quite incompatible with theology. Like a pair of eighteenth-century philosophers, Epicurus and
Lucretius introduced atomism as a vehicle of enlightenment. They meant to refute the pretensions of religion ... and release men from superstition and the undignified fear of capricious gods. Consequently, a hint of Epicureanism came to seem the mark of the beast in Christian Europe. No thinker, unless it is Machiavelli, has been more maligned by misrepresentation.
858:
1396:
271:), and that change and motion were mere illusions. He explicitly rejected sensory experience as the path to an understanding of the universe and instead used purely abstract reasoning. He believed there is no such thing as void, equating it with non-being. This in turn meant that motion is impossible, because there is no void to move into. Parmenides doesn't mention or explicitly deny the existence of the void, stating instead that what is not does not exist. He also wrote all that
713:
210:
228:
the present day complete. However, a massive number of fragments and quotations of his writings have survived. These are the main source of information on his teachings about atoms. Democritus's argument for the existence of atoms hinged on the idea that it is impossible to keep dividing matter infinitely - and that matter must therefore be made up of extremely tiny particles. The atomistic theory aimed to remove the "distinction which the
704:
divided beyond its natural minimum, what would be left might be a large amount of the element water, and smaller amounts of the other elements. But whatever water or other elements were left, they would no longer have the "nature" of flesh: in hylomorphic terms, they would no longer be matter structured by the form of flesh; instead the remaining water, e.g., would be matter structured by the form of water, not by the form of flesh.
1858:
973:
1535:
614:
579:
509:
381:
544:
1496:(1644) he writes: "The nature of body consists just in extension—not in weight, hardness, colour or the like." The main difference between atomism and Descartes' concept was the existence of the void. For him, there could be no vacuum, and all matter was constantly swirling to prevent a void as corpuscles moved through other matter. Another key distinction between Descartes' view and classical atomism is the
1521:(1592–1655) was a Catholic priest from France who was also an avid natural philosopher. Gassendi's concept of atomism was closer to classical atomism, but with no atheistic overtone. He was particularly intrigued by the Greek atomists, so he set out to "purify" atomism from its heretical and atheistic philosophical conclusions (Dijksterhius 1969). Gassendi formulated his atomistic conception of
1019:), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.
363:: "these writings of mine were meant to protect the arguments of Parmenides against those who make fun of him. . . My answer is addressed to the partisans of the many. . ." The anti-Parmenidean pluralists were supposedly unit-point atomists whose philosophy was essentially a reaction against the Eleatics. This hypothesis, however, to explain
657:
edges of the octahedron and icosahedron were blunter and so these less mobile bodies were assigned to air and water. Since the simple bodies could be decomposed into triangles, and the triangles reassembled into atoms of different elements, Plato's model offered a plausible account of changes among the primary substances.
1875:
1276:
1369:, who became an atomist around 1605, though he later rejected some of the claims of atomism. Though they revived the classical form of atomism, this group was among the scientific avant-garde: the Northumberland circle contained nearly half of the confirmed Copernicans prior to 1610 (the year of Galileo's
1441:
Whenever I conceive any ... corporeal substance, I immediately ... think of it as ... having this or that shape; as being large or small ... and in some specific place at any given time; as being in motion or at rest; as touching or not touching some other body; and as being one in number, or few, or
893:
scientific work in poetic form illustrates several segments of
Epicurean theory on how the universe came into its current stage; it shows that the phenomena we perceive are actually composite forms. The atoms and the void are eternal and in constant motion. Atomic collisions create objects, which are
703:
Aristotle's intuition was that there is some smallest size beyond which matter could no longer be structured as flesh, or bone, or wood, or some other such organic substance that for
Aristotle (living before the invention of the microscope) could be considered homogeneous. For instance, if flesh were
656:
Plato postulated the geometric structure of the simple bodies of the four elements as summarized in the adjacent table. The cube, with its flat base and stability, was assigned to earth; the tetrahedron was assigned to fire because its penetrating points and sharp edges made it mobile. The points and
1839:
used his
Presidential Address to the London Chemical Society in 1869 to defend the atomic theory against its critics and doubters. This in turn led to further meetings at which the positivists again attacked the supposition that there were atoms. The matter was finally resolved in Dalton's favour in
1757:
go no farther than to the separation of particles one from another, and to their reunion. No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency. We might as well attempt to introduce a new planet into the solar system, or to annihilate one already in existence, as to create
1458:
Galileo identified some basic problems with
Aristotelian physics through his experiments. He utilized a theory of atomism as a partial replacement, but he was never unequivocally committed to it. For example, his experiments with falling bodies and inclined planes led him to the concepts of circular
1435:
Some thoughts of mine about the proposition “motion is the cause of heat”... I suspect that people in general have a concept of this which is very remote from the truth. For they believe that heat is a real phenomenon, or property ... which actually resides in the material by which we feel ourselves
951:
Democritus and
Lucretius denied the impossibility of a vacuum, being of the opinion that there must be a vacuum between the discrete particles (atoms) of which, they thought, all matter is composed. In general, however, the belief that a vacuum is impossible was almost universally held until the end
227:
proposed that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles which they called "atoms". Nothing whatsoever is known about
Leucippus except that he was the teacher of Democritus. Democritus, by contrast, wrote prolifically, producing over eighty known treatises, none of which have survived to
936:
Encased in the
Epicurean philosophy, the atomic doctrine could never be welcome to moral authority. ... Epicurean gods neither created the world nor paid it ... attention. "Nature," says Lucretius, "is free and uncontrolled by proud masters and runs the universe by herself without the aid of gods."
727:
who had been a student of
Democritus. Although Epicurus was certain of the existence of atoms and the void, he was less sure we could adequately explain specific natural phenomena such as earthquakes, lightning, comets, or the phases of the Moon. Few of Epicurus' writings survive, and those that do
669:
asserted that the elements of fire, air, earth, and water were not made of atoms, but were continuous. Aristotle considered the existence of a void, which was required by atomic theories, to violate physical principles. Change took place not by the rearrangement of atoms to make new structures, but
279:
Democritus rejected
Parmenides' belief that change is an illusion. He believed change was real, and if it was not then at least the illusion had to be explained. He thus supported the concept of void, and stated that the universe is made up of many Parmenidean entities that move around in the void.
674:. A piece of wet clay, when acted upon by a potter, takes on its potential to be an actual drinking mug. Aristotle has often been criticized for rejecting atomism, but in ancient Greece the atomic theories of Democritus remained "pure speculations, incapable of being put to any experimental test".
1599:
is similar to atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards transmutative production of
683:
as the smallest parts into which a homogeneous natural substance (e.g., flesh, bone, or wood) could be divided and still retain its essential character. Unlike the atomism of Democritus, these Aristotelian "natural minima" were not conceptualized as physically indivisible. Instead, Aristotle's
2520:
952:
of the sixteenth century. ... The time was certainly ripe for the revival of the belief in the possibility of a vacuum, but to the clerics the very name of the vacuum was anathema, being associated with the atomistic theories of Epicurus and Lucretius, which were felt to be heretical.
827:
school developed one of the earliest forms of atomism; scholars date the Nyaya and Vaisesika texts from the 9th to 4th centuries BCE. Vaisesika atomists posited the four elemental atom types, but in Vaisesika physics atoms had 25 different possible qualities, divided between general
921:
The man who best knows how to meet external threats makes into one family all the creatures he can; and those he can not, he at any rate does not treat as aliens; and where he finds even this impossible, he avoids all dealings, and, so far as is advantageous, excludes them from his
1447:
Those minute particles ... may enter by our nostrils and strike upon some small protuberances which are the instrument of smelling; here likewise their touch ... is received to our like or dislike according as they have this or that shape, are fast or slow, and are numerous or
1732:
Therefore we may conclude that the ultimate particles of all homogeneous bodies are perfectly alike in weight, figure, etc. In other words, every particle of water is like every other particle of water; every particle of hydrogen is like every other particle of hydrogen,
1674:
By the late 18th century, the useful practices of engineering and technology began to influence philosophical explanations of the composition of matter. Those who speculated on the ultimate nature of matter began to verify their "thought experiments" with some repeatable
1894:
in 1926 "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter". The direction of the force of atomic bombardment is constantly changing, and at different times the particle is hit more on one side than another, leading to the seemingly random nature of the motion.
1266:
reconciled these aspects of Aristotle's thought by distinguishing between mathematical and "natural" divisibility. With few exceptions, much of the curriculum in the universities of Europe was based on such Aristotelianism for most of the Middle Ages.
1192:
resurrected it in the 17th century; "the gap between these two 'modern naturalists' and the ancient Atomists marked "the exile of the atom" and "it is universally admitted that the Middle Ages had abandoned Atomism, and virtually lost it."
815:
Several of these doctrines of atomism are, in some respects, "suggestively similar" to that of Democritus. McEvilley (2002) assumes that such similarities are due to extensive cultural contact and diffusion, probably in both directions.
275:
must be an indivisible unity, for if it were manifold, then there would have to be a void that could divide it. Finally, he stated that the all encompassing Unity is unchanging, for the Unity already encompasses all that is and can be.
239:
Democritus believed that atoms are too small for human senses to detect, that they are infinitely many, that they come in infinitely many varieties, and that they have always existed. They float in a vacuum, which Democritus called the
252:. The objects humans see in everyday life are composed of many atoms united by random collisions and their forms and materials are determined by what kinds of atom make them up. Likewise, human perceptions are caused by atoms as well.
1293:
considered that matter, space, and time were all made up of indivisible atoms, points, and instants and that all generation and corruption took place by the rearrangement of material atoms. The similarities of his ideas with those of
1525:
partly in response to Descartes; he particularly opposed Descartes' reductionist view that only purely mechanical explanations of physics are valid, as well as the application of geometry to the whole of physics (Clericuzio 2000).
1168:(1126–1198 CE) explicitly rejected the thought of al-Ghazali and turned to an extensive evaluation of the thought of Aristotle. Averroes commented in detail on most of the works of Aristotle and his commentaries became
1430:
Atomism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the apparent properties of objects are artifacts of the perceiving mind, that is, "secondary" qualities as distinguished from "primary" qualities.
1834:
in 1866 published the first part of his Calculus of Chemical Operations as a non-atomic alternative to the atomic theory. He described atomic theory as a 'Thoroughly materialistic bit of joiners work'. English chemist
982:
While Aristotelian philosophy eclipsed the importance of the atomists in late Roman and medieval Europe, their work was still preserved and exposited through commentaries on the works of Aristotle. In the 2nd century,
1637:(1661), Boyle demonstrates problems that arise from chemistry, and offers up atomism as a possible explanation. The unifying principle that would eventually lead to the acceptance of a hybrid corpuscular–atomism was
1571:
had to be burned before it could be smelled everywhere in a large church, he calculated the number of molecules in a grain of incense to be of the order 10, only about one order of magnitude below the actual figure.
1795:
Dalton concluded that the fixed proportions of elements by weight suggested that the atoms of one element combined with only a limited number of atoms of the other elements to form the substances that he listed.
1163:
Other traditions in Islam rejected the atomism of the Asharites and expounded on many Greek texts, especially those of Aristotle. An active school of philosophers in Al-Andalus, including the noted commentator
2522:"...it hardly makes sense to talk of the Greeks failing to use the experimental method, since it was either impracticable or quite impossible to devise experiments that would resolve the issues in question."
80:
is the earliest figure whose commitment to atomism is well attested and he is usually credited with inventing atomism. He and other ancient Greek atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental
894:
still composed of the same eternal atoms whose motion for a while is incorporated into the created entity. Lucretius also explains human sensations and meteorological phenomena in terms of atomic motion.
1365:(1564–1632). Although they published little of account, they helped to disseminate atomistic ideas among the burgeoning scientific culture of England, and may have been particularly influential to
2741:
Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The base text and its commentaries: Problem of representing and understanding the Charvaka / Lokayata, Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal, Issue 1, Volume 3, pages
1818:
remained controversial throughout the 19th century. Whilst the Law of definite proportion was accepted, the hypothesis that this was due to atoms was not so widely accepted. For example, in 1826 when
1758:
or destroy a particle of hydrogen. All the changes we can produce, consist in separating particles that are in a state of cohesion or combination, and joining those that were previously at a distance.
1604:
has dubbed this approach to matter theory "chymical atomism," and has argued for its significance to both the mechanical philosophy and to the chemical atomism that emerged in the early 19th century.
1488:
of corpuscularism had much in common with atomism, and is considered, in some senses, to be a different version of it. Descartes thought everything physical in the universe to be made of tiny
157:
argument, proposing not only that everything is composed of atoms and void, but that nothing they compose really exists: the only things that really exist are atoms ricocheting off each other
173:
By convention sweet is sweet, by convention bitter is bitter, by convention hot is hot, by convention cold is cold, by convention color is color. But in reality there are atoms and the void.
784:
schools of atomism originated as early as the 7th century BCE. Bhattacharya posits that Charvaka may have been one of several atheistic, materialist schools that existed in ancient India.
1121:
and were influenced originally by earlier Greek and, to some extent, Indian philosophy. Islamic speculative theology in general approached issues in physics from an atomistic framework.
1689:(1711–1787) provided the first general mathematical theory of atomism based on the ideas of Newton and Leibniz, but transforming them so as to provide a programme for atomic physics.
248:. They are constantly moving and colliding into each other. Democritus wrote that atoms and void are the only things that exist and that all other things are merely said to exist by
1459:
inertial motion and accelerating free-fall. The current Aristotelian theories of impetus and terrestrial motion were inadequate to explain these. While atomism did not explain the
283:
The work of Democritus survives only in secondhand reports, some of which are unreliable or conflicting. Much of the best evidence of Democritus' theory of atomism is reported by
832:
properties and specific (intensive) properties. The Nyaya–Vaisesika atomists had elaborate theories of how atoms combine. In Vaisesika atomism, atoms first combine into
3999:
752:, who lived in the 8th century BCE, especially his proposition that "particles too small to be seen mass together into the substances and objects of experience" known as
732:
for themselves and for their own happiness—since he held there are no gods around that can help them. (Epicurus regarded the role of gods as exemplifying moral ideals.)
1492:
of matter. Like the ancient atomists, Descartes claimed that sensations, such as taste or temperature, are caused by the shape and size of tiny pieces of matter. In
2236:
645:
to be the most basic level of reality, for in his view they were made up of an unchanging level of reality, which was mathematical. These simple bodies were
1463:
either, it was a more promising framework in which to develop an explanation because motion was conserved in ancient atomism (unlike Aristotelian physics).
1882:
had observed was a result of the pollen being moved by individual water molecules, making one of his first contributions to science. This explanation of
267:
had denied the existence of motion, change and void. He believed all existence to be a single, all-encompassing and unchanging mass (a concept known as
3992:
3487:
3419:
3311:
2023:
137:
and other natural philosophers of the early 19th century found experimental evidence were thought to be indivisible, and therefore were given by
2609:
1633:. The form that came to be accepted by most English scientists after Robert Boyle was an amalgam of the systems of Descartes and Gassendi. In
1231:
provided philosophical background for the mechanistic philosophy of early modern thinkers such as Descartes, and for the alchemical works of
1058:, flourishing around the 7th century, was very different from the atomist doctrines taught in early Buddhism. Medieval Buddhist philosophers
244:, and they vary in form, order, and posture. Some atoms, he maintained, are convex, others concave, some shaped like hooks, and others like
3985:
1026:
means 'atom eater', and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text
113:
6180:
5333:
2808:
by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind, producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations. The Vaisheshika believed
2298:
1485:
3954:
3559:
1804:
6275:
1831:
947:
The possibility of a vacuum was accepted—or rejected—together with atoms and atomism, for the vacuum was part of that same theory.
119:
6th or 7th century) and others, developed distinctive theories of atomism, for example, involving momentary (instantaneous) atoms (
1924:
1563:
in 1646. Magnenus was the first to arrive at a scientific estimate of the size of an "atom" (i.e. of what would today be called a
1362:
1112:
2428:
3944:
3935:
987:(AD 129–216) presented extensive discussions of the Greek atomists, especially Epicurus, in his Aristotle commentaries.
30:
This article is about the natural philosophy regarding the fundamental composition of the physical world. For other uses, see
6540:
5004:
4908:
3895:
3817:
3788:
3536:
3471:
3275:
3248:
3219:
3171:
3061:
3041:
3004:
2667:
2632:
2585:
2488:
2149:
2122:
3019:
1361:
One of the first groups of atomists in England was a cadre of amateur scientists known as the Northumberland circle, led by
1180:
According to historian of atomism Joshua Gregory, there was no serious work done with atomism from the time of Galen until
2804:
philosophy, held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements more nearly approximated to
2516:
1886:
served as convincing evidence that atoms and molecules exist, and was further verified experimentally by French physicist
653:
and the triangular faces of the tetrahedron, octahedron, and icosahedron were each made up of six right-angled triangles.
4367:
2359:
2041:
1967:
1155:. In a sense, the Asharite theory of atomism has far more in common with Indian atomism than it does with Greek atomism.
776:
in their scientific methodology, calling them both as "primitive physicists" or "proto-materialist thinkers". Later, the
3267:
The Scientist's Atom and the Philosopher's Stone: How Science Succeeded and Philosophy Failed to Gain Knowledge of Atoms
141:
the name "atom", long used by the atomist philosophy. Although the connection to historical atomism is at best tenuous,
3113:
2955:
2879:
2729:
2339:
1879:
1770:
And then he proceeded to give a list of relative weights in the compositions of several common compounds, summarizing:
829:
454:
BCE) argued that atoms just crashing into other atoms could never produce the beauty and form of the world. In Plato's
3094:
Shankman, Richard (2008), The Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation, Shambhala, p. 178
1762:
187:
wherein a prime material continuum remains qualitatively invariant under division (for example, the ratio of the four
4852:
3913:
3874:
3858:
3835:
3727:
3698:
3684:
3401:
2979:
2777:
2760:
2210:
2098:
1778:
is a binary compound of hydrogen and oxygen, and the relative weights of the two elementary atoms are as 1:7, nearly;
424:
406:
5741:
2772:
Richard King, Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, Edinburgh University Press, 1999,
6571:
5326:
1500:
of Descartes, which allowed for an independent realm of existence for thought, soul, and most importantly, God.
729:
649:, the faces of which were, in turn, made up of triangles. The square faces of the cube were each made up of four
5381:
3056:
Kak, S. 'Matter and Mind: The Vaisheshika Sutra of Kanada' (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario,
319:. It stated that atoms were infinitesimally small ("point") yet possessed corporeality. It was a predecessor of
6566:
5673:
5029:
4633:
2550:
1129:
391:
343:, and Daniel W. Graham have rejected that any form of atomism can be applied to the early Pythagoreans (before
2205:. A New History of Western Philosophy. Vol. 1. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–28.
1387:. A number of different atomistic theories were blossoming in France at this time, as well (Clericuzio 2000).
6375:
2824:, like Newton, interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye."
1607:
6475:
6074:
5196:
3849:
2796:(2011): "Two systems of Indian thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece.
2230:
1836:
1808:
1617:
Corpuscularianism stayed a dominant theory over the next several hundred years and retained its links with
1497:
1108:
1007:" school of thought whose metaphysics included a theory of atoms or atomism which was later adapted in the
1728:. Similarly, other purified substances decomposed to the same elements in the same proportions by weight.
1471:
1422:
theory of matter, in which all phenomena—with the exception of sound—are produced by "matter in motion".
5296:
4546:
4483:
4376:
4175:
3082:
2007:
1984:
1630:
917:
possible in atoms. However, Epicurus expressed a non-aggressive attitude characterized by his statement:
5954:
1720:
on the composition of matter. He noticed that distilled water everywhere analyzed to the same elements,
6044:
5939:
5319:
5253:
5125:
5067:
4981:
4804:
4590:
4534:
4440:
4350:
4107:
4098:
3780:
3740:
3416:
3308:
2893:
2851:
2046:
1979:
1830:, Davy said that the theory only became useful when the atomic conjecture was ignored. English chemist
1542:
671:
5899:
3706:
3365:
6220:
5806:
5376:
5168:
3809:
1066:
considered atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. In discussing the two systems,
741:
73:
3435:
William R. Newman, “The Significance of ‘Chymical Atomism’,” in Edith Sylla and W. R. Newman, eds.,
467:
was not eternal but was created, although its creator framed it after an eternal, unchanging model.
5860:
5843:
5440:
4847:
4277:
4242:
4008:
1676:
1586:
1028:
69:
31:
17:
5904:
2200:
1664:
6120:
6100:
5790:
5482:
4956:
4689:
4362:
4089:
3673:
3655:
Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century
2355:
1904:
1004:
904:
885:
402:
300:
95:. Clusters of different shapes, arrangements, and positions give rise to the various macroscopic
3158:
2504:
57:
proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as
6400:
6365:
5801:
5526:
5208:
5115:
4866:
4757:
4747:
4613:
4506:
4341:
3140:
2657:
1891:
1668:
1638:
1290:
1279:
1078:
324:
158:
96:
82:
5817:
3437:
Evidence and Interpretation: Studies on Early Science and Medicine in Honor of John E. Murdoch
3236:
3234:
2480:
2139:
5578:
5248:
5090:
4661:
4618:
4562:
4267:
4262:
4161:
4125:
4037:
4022:
3799:
3265:
3187:
2838:
2452:
2112:
1929:
1919:
1634:
1522:
1286:
1255:
359:
344:
233:
5964:
5085:
5024:
4227:
4065:
4055:
2821:
2797:
2305:
2091:
The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary
1914:
1887:
1861:
1324:
1067:
1020:
785:
569:
499:
245:
5620:
3563:
3384:
Ruedenberg, Klaus; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen (2013). "Three Millennia of Atoms and Molecules".
3157:
Alberuni, Abu Al-Rahain Muhammad Ibn Ahmad (2015) . Sachau, Edward C. (and trans.) (ed.).
1702:
8:
6310:
6250:
6024:
5598:
5522:
5356:
5148:
5105:
5039:
4898:
4837:
4511:
4501:
4394:
4331:
4237:
4070:
4027:
3526:
604:
534:
364:
142:
6185:
5919:
5445:
2543:
The shape of ancient thought : comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies
1088:
5824:
5635:
5465:
5223:
5163:
5153:
4951:
4814:
4709:
4704:
4623:
4232:
4217:
3908:. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
3773:
3512:
3481:
3131:
2603:
1944:
1754:
1717:
1682:
1118:
797:
613:
455:
188:
54:
6165:
5835:
5668:
3977:
3450:
Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution
2974:(2nd ed.). Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002). pp. 262–270.
1351:
1250:
A chief theme in late Roman and Scholastic commentary on this concept was reconciling
27:
Natural philosophy holding that the world comprises fundamental indivisible components
6215:
6195:
6150:
6019:
5796:
5772:
5765:
5342:
5271:
5135:
4737:
4516:
4473:
4318:
4247:
4115:
4045:
3909:
3891:
3885:
3870:
3854:
3831:
3813:
3805:
3784:
3744:
3723:
3694:
3680:
3532:
3467:
3397:
3271:
3244:
3235:
John Emery Murdoch; Christoph Herbert Lüthy; William Royall Newman (1 January 2001).
3215:
3167:
3109:
3057:
3037:
3000:
2975:
2951:
2897:
2773:
2756:
2725:
2673:
2663:
2638:
2628:
2591:
2581:
2556:
2546:
2484:
2469:
2335:
2226:
2206:
2145:
2118:
2094:
1750:
1642:
1601:
1596:
1581:
1320:
1240:
942:
C. C. Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
793:
773:
650:
642:
638:
328:
249:
241:
162:
90:
6480:
5515:
3968:
2931:
2914:
1716:(1766–1844) assimilated the known experimental work of many people to summarize the
1629:
in the 17th century. It was used by Newton, for instance, in his development of the
1481:
1475:
1332:
1011:
school, which postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to
6561:
6420:
6054:
5989:
5777:
5711:
5640:
5421:
5413:
5263:
5238:
5218:
5143:
5077:
5057:
4903:
4714:
4679:
4580:
4075:
3389:
3211:
1508:
1370:
1219:
1144:
1055:
693:
679:
184:
120:
5999:
3850:
The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
2753:
The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
1298:
suggest that Nicholas may have been familiar with Ghazali's work, perhaps through
1008:
857:
578:
508:
6370:
6240:
6115:
6014:
5690:
5608:
5583:
5505:
5186:
4976:
4888:
4826:
4752:
4724:
4671:
4643:
4468:
4050:
3423:
3315:
2969:
2411:
2395:
2075:
1989:
1909:
1883:
1871:
1686:
1518:
1512:
1405:
1399:
1336:
1259:
1224:
1185:
890:
769:
728:
reflect his interest in applying Democritus' theories to assist people in taking
597:
398:
350:
Unit-point atomism was invoked in order to make sense of a statement ascribed to
340:
336:
130:
6460:
5531:
3963:
543:
6445:
6395:
6385:
6034:
5929:
5811:
5754:
5724:
5593:
5366:
5276:
4961:
4926:
4651:
4184:
4060:
3768:
3660:
3393:
2464:
1841:
1737:
Furthermore, he concluded that there was a unique atom for each element, using
1376:
1328:
1263:
1236:
1213:. Although the atomism of Epicurus had fallen out of favor in the centuries of
1181:
868:
765:
688:
worldview, which held that every physical thing is a compound of matter (Greek
646:
332:
291:'s contrasting views on the types of indivisibles composing the natural world.
253:
6430:
5615:
5546:
2386:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), are the major purveyors of this view.
1395:
1289:
there were, however, expressions of atomism. For example, in the 14th century
6555:
5894:
5867:
5730:
5717:
5704:
5658:
5603:
5009:
4842:
2595:
2196:
1975:
1939:
1867:
1827:
1815:
1654:
1384:
1380:
1366:
1355:
1214:
1202:
1152:
260:
is caused by larger, smoother, more rounded atoms passing across the tongue.
256:
is caused by small, angular, jagged atoms passing across the tongue; whereas
41:
5472:
2875:
2677:
2642:
2560:
2274:
1375:). Other influential atomists of late 16th and early 17th centuries include
6440:
6340:
6325:
6059:
5889:
5697:
5630:
5510:
5490:
5371:
5291:
5178:
4991:
4832:
4463:
4313:
3500:
3203:
2371:
1819:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1590:
1340:
1244:
1232:
1000:
685:
351:
308:
154:
5460:
3156:
2575:
2232:
The new calendar of great men: biographies of the 558 worthies of all ages
1070:(1930) stresses their commonality, the postulate of "absolute qualities" (
844:(dyad) before they aggregate into bodies of a kind that can be perceived.
839:
833:
6520:
6410:
6390:
6160:
5984:
5944:
5934:
5736:
5551:
5435:
4893:
4732:
4570:
4120:
3464:
Transforming Matter – A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the Buckyball
2801:
2789:
1934:
1823:
1713:
1706:
1460:
1414:
1275:
1083:
1059:
805:
789:
724:
562:
492:
138:
109:
6355:
2002:
1081:, a text dated to the 11th or 12th century, postulates the existence of
913:
through educating the people in what was possible in atoms and what was
897:
6470:
6450:
6360:
6315:
6290:
6230:
6225:
6175:
6095:
6069:
6004:
5830:
5783:
5588:
5536:
5213:
5158:
5047:
5014:
4946:
4936:
4875:
4799:
4794:
4767:
4608:
4448:
4421:
4384:
4357:
4308:
4285:
4192:
4143:
4135:
2805:
2704:
2379:
1295:
1205:
thinkers gradually became aware of Aristotle's critiques of atomism as
1148:
1133:
527:
320:
312:
264:
224:
213:
166:
5760:
3679:. Trans. by C. Dikshoorn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
2997:
Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism
2144:(Second ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 427.
1063:
1048:
712:
6495:
6330:
6155:
6130:
6049:
6009:
5994:
5949:
5747:
5541:
5281:
5243:
5052:
5019:
4966:
4941:
4931:
4822:
4781:
4742:
4694:
4656:
4628:
4600:
4496:
4416:
4222:
4202:
2858:(Winter 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2057:
1738:
1316:
1189:
1169:
972:
872:
861:
824:
666:
284:
257:
220:
209:
77:
5495:
5311:
3746:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
2899:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
1087:, imagined as the smallest units of the physical world, of varying
1044:
932:
However, according to science historian Charles Coulston Gillispie:
409:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6490:
6380:
6320:
6270:
6265:
6110:
6105:
6064:
6029:
5979:
5914:
5909:
5663:
5500:
5228:
5191:
5110:
5100:
4999:
4918:
4762:
4684:
4585:
4575:
4552:
4542:
4453:
4300:
4290:
4252:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4148:
1788:
1742:
1721:
1564:
1299:
1206:
1165:
1140:
910:
777:
761:
720:
316:
229:
134:
105:
6500:
3208:
Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science
2573:
2093:
by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1999,
1534:
236:, or the only real existence, and the world of change around us."
6510:
6505:
6485:
6425:
6415:
6405:
6345:
6295:
6285:
6210:
6200:
6190:
6135:
5969:
5849:
5573:
5450:
5425:
5233:
4491:
4458:
4431:
2817:
1791:, and the relative weights of the two atoms are as 1:5, nearly...
1784:
1618:
1568:
1383:(who also changed his stance on atomism late in his career), and
1096:
781:
6235:
3166:(facsimile reprint ed.). Scholar's Choice p. xxxiii.
6515:
6465:
6455:
6350:
6335:
6255:
6245:
6205:
6145:
6140:
6125:
6090:
6039:
5959:
5625:
5455:
5396:
5286:
5203:
5062:
4971:
4883:
4699:
1745:
into something simpler. Thus, Dalton concluded the following.
1725:
909:
Lucretius depicts Epicurus as the hero who crushed the monster
464:
268:
3426:- Early modern 'atomism' ("corpuscularianism" as it was known)
3318:- Early modern 'atomism' ("corpuscularianism" as it was known)
3020:"The Vaisesika sutras of Kanada. Translated by Nandalal Sinha"
1857:
6530:
6525:
6435:
6305:
6260:
6170:
5974:
5924:
5873:
5854:
5430:
5391:
5120:
5095:
4789:
4389:
3972:
2809:
2323:
1968:
1775:
1741:'s definition of an element as a substance that could not be
1418:, Galileo offered a more complete physical system based on a
1210:
984:
976:
820:
801:
749:
745:
744:, preliminary instances of atomism are found in the works of
437:
355:
288:
191:
would be the same in any portion of a homogeneous material).
102:
58:
44:
3722:. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981.
3237:"The Medieval and Renaissance Tradition of Minima Naturalia"
2117:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33.
6535:
6300:
6280:
5386:
4257:
2813:
1870:
had long been theorized as the constituents of matter, and
1016:
65:
3241:
Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories
3189:
Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science
2021:
The term 'atomism' is recorded in English since 1670–80 (
1408:(1564–1642) was an advocate of atomism in his 1612
165:. One proponent of this theory was the Greek philosopher
3960:
37 (2003): 498–517. By a philosopher who opposes atomism
3705:
Galilei, G. (1957) . "The Assayer". In Drake, S. (ed.).
3321:
3036:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 1996). pp. 227–229.
2235:. London and New York: Mac Millan & Co. p. 90.
1766:
John Dalton's alternative formulae for water and ammonia
4007:
3657:. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
3388:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1122. pp. 1–45.
1201:
Although the ancient atomists' works were unavailable,
1139:
The most successful form of Islamic atomism was in the
1091:
composition. Invisible under normal circumstances, the
3345:
3333:
145:
have become a modern analogue of philosophical atoms.
3840:
Marmura, Michael E. "Causation in Islamic Thought."
1878:
that explained how the motion that Scottish botanist
1095:
are said to become visible as a result of meditative
957:
W. E. Knowles Middleton, The history of the barometer
3869:. Translated by Henry J. Koren. Dover Publications.
3867:
From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom
2627:. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press.
287:(384–322 BCE) in his discussions of Democritus' and
2574:Amiya Kumar Bagchi; Amita Chatterjee, eds. (2014).
2509:
2258:
2256:
2254:
3884:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles (1957).
3883:
3775:Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought
3772:
3130:
2994:
2691:
2468:
1327:. The main figures in the rebirth of atomism were
1124:
3383:
3160:Alberuni's India [The Indika of Alberuni]
3132:"God and his creation:Two medieval Islamic views"
2225:
1925:Montonen–Olive duality#Philosophical implications
1315:In the 17th century, a renewed interest arose in
1227:received extensive consideration. Speculation on
639:four simple bodies of fire, air, water, and earth
6553:
2457:
2329:
2251:
1425:
670:by transformation of matter from what it was in
3610:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
3128:
2876:"Principal Doctrines: Epicurus - Quotation #39"
2141:Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science
1117:Atomistic philosophies are found very early in
660:
2445:
867:Epicurus' ideas re-appear in the works of his
5327:
3993:
3941:Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century
3844:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973–74
3734:Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition, v. 1.1
3263:
2902:. Princeton University Press. pp. 97–98.
2854:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
2820:taught that all heat comes from the sun; and
2622:
2402:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 257.
2400:Studies in Greek Philosophy: The Presocratics
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2138:Cohen, Henri; Lefebvre, Claire, eds. (2017).
2137:
1529:
1147:, most notably in the work of the theologian
852:
178:Democritus, Source Book in Ancient Philosophy
64:References to the concept of atomism and its
4723:
3921:The Naturalistic Tradition of Indian Thought
3486:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3452:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006)
3257:
3202:
3192:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2022.
2936:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 5.
2919:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 4.
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2045:(Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
2024:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1890:(1870–1942) in 1908. Perrin was awarded the
1852:
1247:, one of the founders of modern chemistry.
1172:in Jewish and Christian scholastic thought.
927:Epicurus, Principal Doctrines, Quotation #39
629:Geometrical simple bodies according to Plato
3923:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
3228:
1787:is a binary compound of hydrogen and azote
1254:with the general Aristotelian principle of
1158:
469:
463:the character of Timeaus insisted that the
5334:
5320:
4036:
4000:
3986:
3364:Descartes, R. (2008) . Bennett, J. (ed.).
2608:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2362:(Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
3969:Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century
3853:. New York: Allworth Communications Inc.
3739:
3363:
2929:
2912:
2892:
2479:. New York: Liberal Arts Press. pp.
2158:
1270:
796:that also represents the earliest Indian
735:
723:(341–270 BCE) studied atomism with
425:Learn how and when to remove this message
3801:Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle
3762:Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton
3034:Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought
2849:
2722:Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought
2463:
2114:The Atom in the History of Human Thought
2073:
1856:
1840:the early 20th century with the rise of
1803:
1761:
1701:
1663:
1606:
1585:
1533:
1507:
1470:
1394:
1350:
1346:
1274:
1128:
1043:
971:
856:
711:
208:
3704:
3351:
3339:
3327:
2856:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2816:to be varieties of the same substance;
2655:
2110:
2042:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1799:
1648:
1363:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland
1175:
1113:Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
53:, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a
14:
6554:
4174:
3757:. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1981.
3677:The Mechanization of the World Picture
3670:. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957.
3607:
3524:
3466:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
3461:
3455:
3150:
3139:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2967:
2540:
2080:. Charles Scribner's sons. p. 60.
1419:
1305:
1074:) underlying all empirical phenomena.
1021:The school founder's traditional name
847:
812:s combined into more complex objects.
126:) that flash in and out of existence.
5341:
5315:
4097:
3981:
3918:
3797:
3767:
3644:
3608:Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins (1866).
3560:"A New System of Chemical Philosophy"
3103:
3031:
2999:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 99.
2971:History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas
2376:Pour l'histoire de la science Hellène
2275:"Poem of Parmenides : on nature"
2195:
2039:Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism",
2035:
2033:
1209:'s commentaries were translated into
370:
294:
3964:Article on traditional Greek atomism
3137:Introduction to Islamic Civilization
2940:
2755:, Allwarth Press, 2002, pp.317–321,
1575:
1343:, as well as other notable figures.
1039:
995:
374:
4009:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
3973:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3720:Indian Atomism: history and sources
3708:Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo
3691:Religion: A Humanist Interpretation
3595:Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy
3528:A new system of chemical philosophy
3050:
2948:Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy.
2697:
2684:
2625:Indian Atomism: History and Sources
2623:Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1981).
2577:Marxism : with and beyond Marx
2360:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
641:. But Plato did not consider these
637:One part of that creation were the
367:, has been thoroughly discredited.
24:
3950:Atomism in the Seventeenth Century
3946:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
3937:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
3887:A Source Book in Indian Philosophy
3864:
3842:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
3439:(Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 248-264
2930:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
2913:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
2886:
2882:from the original on 7 April 2007.
2705:Skepticism in Early Indian Thought
2418:(London: Routledge), 232–33.
2262:
2239:from the original on June 11, 2021
2030:
2000:
1641:, which became widely accepted by
1621:in the work of scientists such as
1503:
1390:
808:schools developed theories on how
25:
6583:
3929:
3764:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
3085:, Britannica Online (1998, 2005).
2334:. London: Routledge. p. 75.
2077:Source Book in Ancient Philosophy
1466:
1323:as a hybrid or an alternative to
1109:Early Islamic philosophy: Atomism
1102:
898:"Atoms" and "vacuum" vs. religion
760:refers to "particles" not atoms (
323:atomism. Most recent students of
3592:
3106:Islamic Thought: An Introduction
1196:
651:isosceles right-angled triangles
612:
577:
542:
507:
379:
199:
183:Atomism stands in contrast to a
3955:"Is There a Fundamental Level?"
3865:Melsen, Andrew G. van (2004) .
3637:
3625:
3616:
3601:
3586:
3577:
3552:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3442:
3429:
3410:
3377:
3357:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3196:
3180:
3122:
3097:
3088:
3076:
3067:
3025:
3013:
2988:
2961:
2923:
2906:
2868:
2843:
2827:
2783:
2766:
2745:
2735:
2714:
2662:. Routledge. pp. 83, 356.
2649:
2616:
2567:
2534:
2525:
2497:
2421:
2405:
2389:
2365:
2348:
2291:
2267:
2219:
2074:Bakewell, C. M. (Ed.). (1907).
1847:
1692:
1659:
1310:
1125:Al-Ghazali and Asharite atomism
962:
148:
5674:Progressive utilization theory
3890:. Princeton University Press.
3830:. New York: W. W. Norton, .
3515:, Essay on Atomism, 1961, p.54
2835:The Legacies of Richard Popkin
2692:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957
2659:Dictionary of World Philosophy
2131:
2104:
2084:
2067:
2051:
2015:
1994:
1961:
1697:
990:
301:twentieth-century philosophers
13:
1:
3828:Greek Science After Aristotle
3749:. Princeton University Press.
3718:Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti.
3649:. Leicester University Press.
3386:Pioneers of Quantum Chemistry
3264:Alan Chalmers (4 June 2009).
3145:Islamic atomism indian greek.
2429:"Plato, Timaeus, section 68b"
2398:and Daniel W. Graham (1996),
2332:History of Western Philosophy
1950:
1553:
1546:
1426:Perceived vs. real properties
1239:, who in turn influenced the
880:
876:
448:
441:
311:, a conscious repudiation of
204:
116:
3661:Cornford, Francis MacDonald.
3270:. Springer. pp. 75–96.
3032:Riepe, Dale Maurice (1961).
2933:The history of the barometer
2916:The history of the barometer
2545:. New York: Allworth Press.
2416:The Presocratic Philosophers
1955:
1809:Alexander William Williamson
1453:Galileo Galilei, The Assayer
1410:Discourse on Floating Bodies
1032:. His text is also known as
672:potential to a new actuality
661:Rejection in Aristotelianism
194:
7:
3612:. pp. 781–859 vol I56.
3462:Levere, Trevor, H. (2001).
2995:Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002).
2465:Cornford, Francis Macdonald
2008:Online Etymology Dictionary
1898:
1832:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie
1712:In 1808, English physicist
1631:corpuscular theory of light
840:
834:
707:
405:the claims made and adding
153:Philosophical atomism is a
10:
6588:
3847:McEvilley, Thomas (2002).
3810:W. W. Norton & Company
3781:Cambridge University Press
3755:A Short History of Atomism
3503:- Philosophical Dictionary
3394:10.1021/bk-2013-1122.ch001
3243:. BRILL. pp. 91–133.
2656:Iannone, A. Pablo (2001).
2541:Thomas, McEvilley (2002).
1969:
1652:
1579:
1543:Johann Chrysostom Magnenus
1530:Johann Chrysostom Magnenus
1106:
1036:, or Aphorisms of Kanada.
853:Lucretius revives Epicurus
684:concept was rooted in his
307:was the philosophy of the
76:philosophical traditions.
45:
29:
6083:
5882:
5682:
5651:
5566:
5481:
5412:
5405:
5349:
5262:
5177:
5134:
5076:
5038:
4990:
4917:
4874:
4865:
4813:
4780:
4670:
4642:
4599:
4561:
4533:
4482:
4439:
4430:
4407:
4375:
4349:
4340:
4299:
4276:
4183:
4134:
4106:
4088:
4015:
3645:Brock, W.H., ed. (1967).
3597:. Bart. p. 93 vol 8.
3417:The Mechanical Philosophy
3309:The Mechanical Philosophy
3135:. In R. M. Savory (ed.).
3108:. Routledge. p. 95.
2850:Berryman, Sylvia (2022),
2384:Pythagoreans and Eleatics
2330:Bertrand Russell (1946).
2111:Pullman, Bernard (1998).
1853:Experimental verification
764:). Some scholars such as
742:ancient Indian philosophy
626:
475:
5861:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
4848:Alexander of Aphrodisias
3826:Lloyd, Geoffrey (1973).
3798:Lloyd, Geoffrey (1970).
3367:Principles of Philosophy
3129:Michael Marmura (1976).
3104:Saeed, Abdullah (2006).
3022:Full Text at archive.org
2833:Jeremy D. Popkin (ed.),
2709:Philosophy East and West
2531:Lloyd 1973, p25–6.
1494:Principles of Philosophy
1159:Averroes rejects atomism
967:
32:Atomism (disambiguation)
5791:Samkhyapravachana Sutra
4957:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
4690:Thrasymachus of Corinth
4368:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
3736:. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
3732:Gardet, L. "djuz'" in
3664:Plato's Cosmology: The
2724:, Motilal Banarsidass,
2703:John M. Koller (1977),
2471:Plato's Cosmology: The
1985:A Greek–English Lexicon
1905:Eliminative materialism
1486:"mechanical" philosophy
905:On the Nature of Things
886:On the Nature of Things
772:have compared Aruni to
736:Ancient Indian atomism
692:) and of an immaterial
665:Sometime before 330 BC
219:In the 5th century BC,
6572:Presocratic philosophy
5527:Early Buddhist schools
4614:Aristippus the Younger
3760:Kargon, Robert Hugh.
3653:Clericuzio, Antonio.
3422:June 11, 2008, at the
3314:June 11, 2008, at the
3299:Marmura, 1973–74
3083:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
2064:I, 4, 985 10–15.
1892:Nobel Prize in Physics
1864:
1811:
1767:
1709:
1671:
1614:
1593:
1567:). Measuring how much
1561:Democritus reviviscens
1539:
1515:
1478:
1456:
1444:
1438:
1402:
1358:
1291:Nicholas of Autrecourt
1282:
1280:Nicholas of Autrecourt
1271:Nicholas of Autrecourt
1136:
1079:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
1051:
979:
960:
945:
930:
864:
717:
325:presocratic philosophy
216:
181:
161:in an otherwise empty
6567:Metaphysical theories
5091:Eudorus of Alexandria
4662:Asclepiades of Phlius
4619:Theodorus the Atheist
3525:Dalton, John (1808).
2968:Basham, A.L. (1951).
2794:Our Oriental Heritage
2433:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1976:Liddell, Henry George
1930:Ontological pluralism
1920:Mereological nihilism
1860:
1822:presented Dalton the
1807:
1765:
1705:
1667:
1639:mechanical philosophy
1635:The Sceptical Chymist
1610:
1589:
1537:
1523:mechanical philosophy
1511:
1474:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1398:
1354:
1347:Northumberland circle
1287:medieval universities
1278:
1256:infinite divisibility
1132:
1047:
975:
949:
934:
919:
860:
715:
345:Ecphantus of Syracuse
212:
171:
5965:Brihadratha Ikshvaku
5802:Sarvadarsanasangraha
5579:Acintya bheda abheda
5025:Diogenes of Oenoanda
3919:Riepe, Dale (1964).
3804:. London; New York:
3753:Gregory, Joshua C.
3693:. Routledge, 1996.
1915:History of chemistry
1837:Alexander Williamson
1800:Atomic theory debate
1649:Modern atomic theory
1484:' (1596–1650)
1372:The Starry Messenger
1325:Aristotelian physics
1302:' refutation of it.
1258:. Commentators like
1176:Medieval Christendom
1068:Fyodor Shcherbatskoy
677:Aristotle theorized
482:Number of Triangles
143:elementary particles
6025:Dayananda Saraswati
5599:Nimbarka Sampradaya
5523:Buddhist philosophy
5149:Apollonius of Tyana
5096:Philo of Alexandria
4899:Agrippa the Skeptic
4838:Strato of Lampsacus
3953:Jonathan Schaffer,
2720:Dale Riepe (1996),
2694:, pp. 227–249)
2027:, 2001, "atomism").
1868:Atoms and molecules
1679:, when they could.
1412:(Redondi 1969). In
1306:Atomist renaissance
848:Late Roman Republic
5636:Pashupata Shaivism
5466:Pashupata Shaivism
5224:Plutarch of Athens
5164:Numenius of Apamea
5154:Moderatus of Gades
4624:Hegesias of Cyrene
3647:The Atomic Debates
3214:. pp. 355–6.
2751:Thomas McEvilley,
2354:Berryman, Sylvia,
2311:on 28 October 2022
2299:"Parmenides' Poem"
2202:Ancient Philosophy
1945:Process philosophy
1865:
1812:
1768:
1718:empirical evidence
1710:
1672:
1615:
1594:
1540:
1516:
1479:
1403:
1359:
1283:
1137:
1119:Islamic philosophy
1052:
980:
883:55 BC), who wrote
865:
798:natural philosophy
718:
390:possibly contains
371:Geometry and atoms
305:unit-point atomism
299:According to some
295:Unit-point atomism
217:
189:classical elements
55:natural philosophy
6549:
6548:
6401:Pratītyasamutpāda
5562:
5561:
5343:Indian philosophy
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5272:Nicetes of Smyrna
4861:
4860:
4776:
4775:
4738:Apollonius Cronus
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4403:
4402:
4327:
4326:
4248:Metrodorus of Cos
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4084:
4083:
3904:Redondi, Pietro.
3897:978-0-691-01958-1
3819:978-0-393-00583-7
3806:Chatto and Windus
3790:978-0-521-09456-6
3689:Firth, Raymond.
3538:978-1-153-05671-7
3501:Corpuscularianism
3473:978-0-8018-6610-4
3277:978-90-481-2362-9
3250:978-90-04-11516-3
3221:978-965-223-626-5
3173:978-1-297-45719-7
3062:978-1-988207-13-1
3043:978-81-208-1293-2
3006:978-1-898723-93-6
2958:, 1999, page 269.
2852:"Ancient Atomism"
2800:, founder of the
2669:978-0-415-17995-9
2634:978-0-391-02177-8
2587:978-1-317-56176-7
2490:978-0-87220-386-0
2227:Frederic Harrison
2151:978-0-08-101107-2
2124:978-0-19-515040-7
2001:Harper, Douglas.
1643:physical sciences
1602:William R. Newman
1597:Corpuscularianism
1582:Corpuscularianism
1576:Corpuscularianism
1498:mind/body duality
1321:corpuscularianism
1077:Still later, the
1040:Medieval Buddhism
996:Medieval Hinduism
902:In his epic poem
794:Indian philosophy
774:Thales of Miletus
635:
634:
608:
573:
538:
503:
462:
435:
434:
427:
392:original research
250:social convention
232:drew between the
129:The particles of
68:appeared in both
16:(Redirected from
6579:
6055:Satyakama Jabala
5990:Akshapada Gotama
5940:Gārgī Vāchaknavī
5920:Vāchaspati Misra
5778:Nyayakusumanjali
5712:Bhagavata Purana
5669:Radical Humanism
5641:Shaiva Siddhanta
5410:
5409:
5382:Vedic philosophy
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5264:Second Sophistic
5239:Ammonius Hermiae
5144:Nigidius Figulus
5058:Philo of Larissa
5040:Academic Skeptic
4904:Sextus Empiricus
4872:
4871:
4721:
4720:
4680:Euclid of Megara
4559:
4558:
4437:
4436:
4347:
4346:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4034:
4033:
4016:Proto-philosophy
4002:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3924:
3901:
3880:
3823:
3794:
3778:
3750:
3741:Gillispie, C. C.
3715:
3713:
3674:Dijksterhuis, E.
3650:
3632:
3631:Brock 1967, p.15
3629:
3623:
3622:Brock 1967, p.12
3620:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3593:Davy, J. (ed.).
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3562:. Archived from
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3330:, p. 273-4.
3325:
3319:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3212:Brill Publishers
3200:
3194:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2965:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2894:Gillispie, C. C.
2890:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2847:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:, 27(2): 155-164
2701:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2369:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2304:. Archived from
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2193:
2156:
2155:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1820:Sir Humphry Davy
1625:(1627–1692) and
1559:) published his
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1454:
1252:minima naturalia
1229:minima naturalia
1220:minima naturalia
1170:very influential
1145:Islamic theology
1056:Buddhist atomism
958:
943:
928:
882:
878:
843:
837:
694:substantial form
680:minima naturalia
647:geometric solids
616:
602:
581:
567:
546:
532:
511:
497:
479:Number of Faces
470:
460:
453:
450:
446:
443:
430:
423:
419:
416:
410:
407:inline citations
383:
382:
375:
365:Zeno's paradoxes
185:substance theory
179:
118:
115:
48:
47:
21:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6371:Parameshashakti
6079:
6015:Ramana Maharshi
5900:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
5878:
5844:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
5818:Tattvacintāmaṇi
5691:Abhinavabharati
5678:
5647:
5621:Sikh Philosophy
5609:Vishishtadvaita
5558:
5477:
5401:
5345:
5340:
5310:
5301:
5258:
5187:Ammonius Saccas
5173:
5130:
5078:Middle Platonic
5072:
5034:
4986:
4977:Marcus Aurelius
4913:
4889:Timon of Phlius
4857:
4827:Aristotelianism
4809:
4772:
4753:Diodorus Cronus
4719:
4666:
4638:
4595:
4557:
4521:
4478:
4426:
4399:
4371:
4336:
4323:
4295:
4272:
4166:
4153:
4130:
4080:
4032:
4011:
4006:
3932:
3927:
3906:Galileo Heretic
3898:
3877:
3820:
3791:
3769:Lloyd, Geoffrey
3711:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3606:
3602:
3591:
3587:
3583:Brock 1967, p.1
3582:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3523:
3519:
3513:Whyte, Lancelot
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3424:Wayback Machine
3415:
3411:
3404:
3382:
3378:
3373:. Part II, § 4.
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3316:Wayback Machine
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3210:. Vol. 2.
3201:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2966:
2962:
2946:Oliver Leaman,
2945:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2844:
2832:
2828:
2788:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2553:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:Jonathan Barnes
2410:
2406:
2396:Gregory Vlastos
2394:
2390:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2194:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2038:
2031:
2020:
2016:
1999:
1995:
1990:Perseus Project
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1910:First principle
1901:
1884:Brownian motion
1872:Albert Einstein
1855:
1850:
1802:
1700:
1695:
1687:Roger Boscovich
1669:Roger Boscovich
1662:
1657:
1651:
1584:
1578:
1556:
1549:
1538:Burning incense
1532:
1519:Pierre Gassendi
1513:Pierre Gassendi
1506:
1504:Pierre Gassendi
1469:
1455:
1452:
1428:
1406:Galileo Galilei
1400:Galileo Galilei
1393:
1391:Galileo Galilei
1349:
1337:Pierre Gassendi
1313:
1308:
1273:
1260:John Philoponus
1225:Aristotelianism
1199:
1178:
1161:
1127:
1115:
1105:
1042:
1029:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
998:
993:
970:
965:
959:
956:
944:
941:
929:
926:
900:
891:Classical Latin
855:
850:
838:s (triads) and
770:Randall Collins
738:
710:
663:
600:
565:
530:
495:
451:
444:
431:
420:
414:
411:
396:
384:
380:
373:
341:Jonathan Barnes
337:Gregory Vlastos
297:
207:
202:
197:
180:
177:
159:mechanistically
151:
131:chemical matter
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6585:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6446:Shabda Brahman
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6396:Pratibimbavada
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6035:Vedanta Desika
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5930:Gautama Buddha
5927:
5925:Uddalaka Aruni
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5812:Tarka-Sangraha
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5755:Mimamsa Sutras
5751:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5725:Buddhist texts
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Dio Chrysostom
5274:
5268:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5136:Neopythagorean
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Musonius Rufus
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Zeno of Citium
4923:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Phaedo of Elis
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3942:
3931:
3930:External links
3928:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3902:
3896:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3845:
3838:
3824:
3818:
3795:
3789:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3737:
3730:
3716:
3702:
3687:
3671:
3658:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3600:
3585:
3576:
3551:
3537:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3472:
3454:
3441:
3428:
3409:
3402:
3376:
3356:
3354:, p. 276.
3344:
3342:, p. 274.
3332:
3320:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3276:
3256:
3249:
3227:
3220:
3195:
3179:
3172:
3149:
3121:
3115:978-0415364096
3114:
3096:
3087:
3075:
3066:
3049:
3042:
3024:
3012:
3005:
2987:
2980:
2960:
2956:978-0415173629
2939:
2922:
2905:
2885:
2867:
2842:
2826:
2782:
2765:
2744:
2734:
2730:978-8120812932
2713:
2696:
2683:
2668:
2648:
2633:
2615:
2586:
2566:
2551:
2533:
2524:
2508:
2496:
2489:
2456:
2444:
2420:
2404:
2388:
2364:
2347:
2341:978-0415325059
2340:
2322:
2290:
2266:
2250:
2218:
2211:
2197:Kenny, Anthony
2157:
2150:
2130:
2123:
2103:
2101:, pp. 157-158.
2083:
2066:
2050:
2029:
2014:
1993:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:atomic physics
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1760:
1759:
1735:
1734:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1677:demonstrations
1661:
1658:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1580:Main article:
1577:
1574:
1531:
1528:
1505:
1502:
1482:René Descartes
1476:René Descartes
1468:
1467:René Descartes
1465:
1450:
1427:
1424:
1392:
1389:
1377:Giordano Bruno
1348:
1345:
1333:René Descartes
1329:Isaac Beeckman
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1272:
1269:
1264:Thomas Aquinas
1241:corpuscularian
1237:Daniel Sennert
1198:
1195:
1182:Isaac Beeckman
1177:
1174:
1160:
1157:
1126:
1123:
1104:
1103:Medieval Islam
1101:
1041:
1038:
997:
994:
992:
989:
969:
966:
964:
961:
954:
939:
924:
899:
896:
854:
851:
849:
846:
766:Hermann Jacobi
737:
734:
730:responsibility
709:
706:
662:
659:
633:
632:
624:
623:
620:
617:
610:
595:
589:
588:
585:
582:
575:
560:
554:
553:
550:
547:
540:
525:
519:
518:
515:
512:
505:
490:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
433:
432:
387:
385:
378:
372:
369:
333:Walter Burkert
329:Kurt von Fritz
296:
293:
274:
230:Eleatic school
223:and his pupil
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
175:
150:
147:
99:in the world.
74:ancient Indian
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6584:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6376:Parinama-vada
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:Padmasambhāva
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Maṇḍana Miśra
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Abhinavagupta
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5868:Yoga Vasistha
5865:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:All 108 texts
5759:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5731:Dharmashastra
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5705:Bhagavad Gita
5702:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Integral yoga
5657:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Shuddhadvaita
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Zeno of Sidon
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Lyco of Troas
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4725:Dialecticians
4722:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3914:0-691-02426-X
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3876:0-486-49584-1
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3859:1-58115-203-5
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:0-393-00780-4
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3779:. Cambridge:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:0-391-02177-X
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3699:0-415-12897-8
3696:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:0-691-02396-4
3682:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3628:
3619:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3566:on 2003-08-02
3565:
3561:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3403:9780841227163
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2981:81-208-1204-2
2977:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2780:, pp.105-107.
2779:
2778:0-7486-0954-7
2775:
2769:
2762:
2761:1-58115-203-5
2758:
2754:
2748:
2738:
2732:, pages 53-58
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2378:(Paris), and
2377:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2263:Melsen (1952)
2259:
2257:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2212:0-19-875273-3
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2099:0-8020-4390-9
2096:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:Scott, Robert
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Prima materia
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:paper in 1905
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1828:Royal Society
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:atomic theory
1810:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1655:Atomic theory
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1385:Thomas Hariot
1382:
1381:Thomas Hobbes
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:Francis Bacon
1364:
1357:
1356:Francis Bacon
1353:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:Scholasticism
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:Scholasticism
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1153:occasionalism
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1034:Kanada Sutras
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
988:
986:
978:
974:
953:
948:
938:
933:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
906:
895:
892:
888:
887:
874:
870:
863:
859:
845:
842:
836:
831:
826:
822:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
733:
731:
726:
722:
714:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
681:
675:
673:
668:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
631:
630:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
609:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
576:
574:
571:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
539:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
506:
504:
501:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
472:
471:
468:
466:
459:
458:
439:
429:
426:
418:
408:
404:
400:
394:
393:
388:This section
386:
377:
376:
368:
366:
362:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
215:
211:
200:Greek atomism
192:
190:
186:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
123:
111:
107:
104:
100:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
70:ancient Greek
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6476:Iccha-mrityu
6441:Satkaryavada
6341:Nididhyasana
6326:Matsya Nyaya
6060:Madhvacharya
5890:Adi Shankara
5883:Philosophers
5866:
5859:
5842:
5823:
5816:
5807:Shiva Sutras
5797:Sangam texts
5789:
5782:
5773:Nyāya Sūtras
5753:
5746:
5729:
5719:Brahma Sutra
5718:
5710:
5703:
5698:Arthashastra
5696:
5689:
5631:Pratyabhijna
5511:Anekantavada
5361:
5292:Philostratus
5179:Neoplatonist
4833:Theophrastus
4507:Dionysodorus
4464:Thrasymachus
4408:
4090:Pre-Socratic
3957:
3945:
3936:
3920:
3905:
3886:
3866:
3848:
3841:
3827:
3800:
3774:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3733:
3719:
3714:. Doubleday.
3707:
3690:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3646:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:the original
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3527:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3463:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3431:
3412:
3385:
3379:
3366:
3359:
3352:Galilei 1957
3347:
3340:Galilei 1957
3335:
3328:Galilei 1957
3323:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3266:
3259:
3240:
3230:
3207:
3204:Shlomo Pines
3198:
3188:
3182:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3090:
3078:
3069:
3052:
3033:
3027:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2970:
2963:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2870:
2860:, retrieved
2855:
2845:
2834:
2829:
2793:
2785:
2768:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2699:
2686:
2658:
2651:
2624:
2618:
2576:
2569:
2542:
2536:
2527:
2515:Lloyd 1970,
2511:
2503:Lloyd 1968,
2499:
2474:
2470:
2459:
2451:Lloyd 1970,
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2372:Paul Tannery
2367:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2269:
2241:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2201:
2140:
2133:
2113:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2040:
2022:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1983:
1963:
1880:Robert Brown
1874:published a
1866:
1848:20th century
1813:
1794:
1769:
1736:
1711:
1693:19th century
1681:
1673:
1660:18th century
1627:Isaac Newton
1623:Robert Boyle
1616:
1612:Isaac Newton
1595:
1591:Robert Boyle
1560:
1541:
1517:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1371:
1360:
1341:Robert Boyle
1319:atomism and
1314:
1311:17th century
1284:
1251:
1249:
1245:Robert Boyle
1228:
1218:
1200:
1179:
1162:
1138:
1116:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1053:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1012:
999:
981:
963:Roman Empire
950:
946:
935:
931:
920:
914:
903:
901:
884:
866:
818:
814:
809:
788:founded the
757:
753:
739:
719:
702:
697:
689:
678:
676:
664:
655:
636:
628:
627:
601:
592:
566:
557:
531:
522:
496:
487:
456:
436:
421:
412:
389:
358:
352:Zeno of Elea
349:
309:Pythagoreans
304:
298:
282:
278:
263:Previously,
262:
238:
218:
182:
172:
152:
149:Reductionism
128:
121:
101:
91:
86:
63:
50:
37:
36:
6521:Vivartavada
6411:Rājamaṇḍala
6366:Paramananda
6166:Apauruṣheyā
6161:Anupalabdhi
6020:Vivekananda
5985:Dharmakirti
5945:Buddhaghosa
5935:Yājñavalkya
5742:Jain Agamas
5737:Hindu texts
5616:Navya-Nyāya
5552:Svatantrika
5547:Sautrāntika
5436:Vaisheshika
4894:Aenesidemus
4867:Hellenistic
4815:Peripatetic
4733:Clinomachus
4571:Antisthenes
4185:Pythagorean
4136:Heraclitean
4121:Anaximander
4038:Seven Sages
3290:Kargon 1966
2950:Routledge,
2802:Vaisheshika
2790:Will Durant
2380:J. E. Raven
2062:Metaphysics
1935:Physicalism
1888:Jean Perrin
1862:Jean Perrin
1824:Royal Medal
1714:John Dalton
1707:John Dalton
1698:John Dalton
1557: 1679
1550: 1590
1461:law of fall
1420:corpuscular
1415:The Assayer
1093:rupa-kalapa
1084:rupa-kalapa
1072:guna-dharma
1060:Dharmakirti
991:Middle Ages
806:Vaisheshika
790:Vaisheshika
756:. Although
725:Nausiphanes
686:hylomorphic
563:Icosahedron
493:Tetrahedron
476:Polyhedron
321:Democritean
139:John Dalton
110:Dharmakirti
6556:Categories
6471:Svātantrya
6361:Paramatman
6316:Kshetrajna
6291:Ishvaratva
6231:Cittabhumi
6226:Chidabhasa
6176:Asiddhatva
6096:Abhasavada
6070:Guru Nanak
6005:Vasubandhu
5831:Upanishads
5825:Tirukkuṟaḷ
5784:Panchadasi
5589:Bhedabheda
5537:Madhyamaka
5377:Monotheism
5249:Simplicius
5214:Iamblichus
5159:Nicomachus
5048:Arcesilaus
5015:Philodemus
5005:Metrodorus
4947:Posidonius
4937:Chrysippus
4876:Pyrrhonist
4800:Xenocrates
4795:Speusippus
4768:Panthoides
4609:Aristippus
4512:Euthydemus
4449:Protagoras
4422:Democritus
4385:Empedocles
4358:Anaxagoras
4309:Parmenides
4286:Xenophanes
4243:Hermotimus
4193:Pythagoras
4144:Heraclitus
4126:Anaximenes
4028:Pherecydes
4023:Epimenides
3638:References
3570:2003-07-28
3531:. London.
2862:2023-10-06
2822:Vachaspati
2806:Democritus
2580:. London.
2552:1581152035
2438:2022-07-27
2356:Democritus
1951:References
1783:2nd. That
1774:1st. That
1296:al-Ghazali
1243:alchemist
1203:scholastic
1149:al-Ghazali
1143:school of
1134:Al-Ghazali
1107:See also:
1089:elementary
792:school of
643:corpuscles
528:Octahedron
452: 347
445: 427
399:improve it
360:Parmenides
327:, such as
313:Parmenides
265:Parmenides
254:Bitterness
225:Democritus
214:Democritus
205:Democritus
167:Democritus
133:for which
108:, such as
97:substances
83:principles
6331:Mithyatva
6221:Chaitanya
6216:Catuṣkoṭi
6181:Asatkalpa
6156:Anavastha
6131:Aishvarya
6050:Sakayanya
6045:Sadananda
6010:Gaudapada
5995:Nagarjuna
5950:Patañjali
5766:Principal
5748:Kamasutra
5542:Yogachara
5461:Raseśvara
5282:Favorinus
5244:Damascius
5086:Antiochus
5053:Carneades
5020:Lucretius
4992:Epicurean
4967:Epictetus
4942:Panaetius
4932:Cleanthes
4823:Aristotle
4748:Dionysius
4743:Euphantus
4695:Eubulides
4657:Menedemus
4629:Anniceris
4535:Classical
4502:Lycophron
4497:Callicles
4417:Leucippus
4395:Pausanias
4363:Archelaus
4342:Pluralist
4238:Calliphon
4223:Brontinus
4203:Philolaus
4071:Cleobulus
4066:Periander
3482:cite book
2792:wrote in
2604:cite book
2596:910847914
2058:Aristotle
1956:Citations
1826:from the
1814:Dalton's
1755:synthesis
1749:Chemical
1739:Lavoisier
1685:polymath
1317:Epicurean
1190:Descartes
1054:Medieval
1009:Vaiśeṣika
873:Lucretius
871:follower
862:Lucretius
830:extensive
825:Vaisesika
667:Aristotle
605:Animation
570:Animation
535:Animation
500:Animation
461:(28b–29a)
415:June 2021
403:verifying
285:Aristotle
258:sweetness
221:Leucippus
195:Antiquity
155:reductive
106:Buddhists
78:Leucippus
6496:Tanmatra
6491:Tajjalan
6481:Syādvāda
6381:Pradhana
6356:Padārtha
6321:Lakshana
6266:Ekagrata
6111:Adrishta
6106:Adarsana
6084:Concepts
6065:Mahavira
6030:Ramanuja
5980:Chanakya
5915:Avatsara
5910:Valluvar
5850:Vedangas
5664:Gandhism
5567:Medieval
5516:Syādvāda
5501:Charvaka
5473:Pāṇiniya
5367:Idealism
5229:Syrianus
5209:Porphyry
5197:students
5192:Plotinus
5116:Alcinous
5111:Apuleius
5101:Plutarch
5000:Epicurus
4782:Platonic
4763:Alexinus
4710:Pasicles
4705:Nicarete
4685:Ichthyas
4672:Megarian
4644:Eretrian
4601:Cyrenaic
4586:Menippus
4576:Diogenes
4553:Xenophon
4547:students
4543:Socrates
4454:Prodicus
4319:Melissus
4291:Xeniades
4253:Arignote
4218:Alcmaeon
4213:Lamiskos
4208:Archytas
4198:Hippasus
4162:Diogenes
4149:Cratylus
4108:Milesian
4056:Pittacus
3771:(1968).
3743:(1960).
3668:of Plato
3448:Newman,
3420:Archived
3312:Archived
3206:(1986).
2896:(1960).
2880:Archived
2837:(2008),
2678:44541769
2643:10916778
2561:48013687
2517:p108–109
2475:of Plato
2467:(1957).
2414:(1982),
2382:(1948),
2374:(1887),
2315:18 March
2283:18 March
2243:June 11,
2237:Archived
2229:(1982).
2199:(2004).
1899:See also
1789:nitrogen
1751:analysis
1743:analyzed
1722:hydrogen
1565:molecule
1490:vortices
1451:—
1300:Averroes
1207:Averroes
1186:Gassendi
1166:Averroes
1141:Asharite
1013:paramāṇu
955:—
940:—
925:—
911:Religion
879:99 BC –
841:dvyaṇuka
835:tryaṇuka
778:Charvaka
762:paramanu
721:Epicurus
716:Epicurus
708:Epicurus
473:Element
317:Eleatics
315:and the
234:Absolute
176:—
135:chemists
18:Atomists
6562:Atomism
6541:More...
6511:Upekkhā
6506:Uparati
6486:Taijasa
6461:Śūnyatā
6431:Saṃsāra
6426:Samadhi
6391:Prakṛti
6346:Nirvāṇa
6296:Jivatva
6286:Ikshana
6241:Devatas
6211:Bhumika
6201:Brahman
6191:Avyakta
6136:Akrodha
6116:Advaita
6075:More...
5970:Jaimini
5874:More...
5584:Advaita
5574:Vedanta
5532:Śūnyatā
5491:Ājīvika
5483:Nāstika
5451:Vedanta
5446:Mīmāṃsā
5426:Samkhya
5406:Ancient
5362:Atomism
5357:Atheism
5297:more...
5254:more...
5234:Proclus
5169:more...
5126:more...
5068:more...
5030:more...
4982:more...
4909:more...
4853:more...
4805:more...
4634:more...
4591:more...
4517:more...
4492:Gorgias
4484:Italian
4474:more...
4459:Hippias
4432:Sophist
4409:Atomist
4377:Italian
4301:Eleatic
4278:Skeptic
4268:more...
4263:Eurytus
4176:Italian
3666:Timaeus
2818:Udayana
2742:133-150
2481:210–239
2473:Timaeus
1988:at the
1785:ammonia
1683:Ragusan
1619:alchemy
1569:incense
1436:warmed.
1097:samadhi
1064:Dignāga
1049:Dignāga
1005:Nastika
1001:Ajivika
889:. This
823:–
782:Ajivika
696:(Greek
457:Timaeus
397:Please
356:Plato's
38:Atomism
6516:Utsaha
6466:Sutram
6456:Sthiti
6451:Sphoṭa
6421:Sakshi
6406:Puruṣa
6386:Prajna
6351:Niyama
6311:Kasaya
6256:Dravya
6246:Dharma
6206:Bhuman
6196:Bhrama
6151:Ananta
6146:Anatta
6141:Aksara
6126:Ahimsa
6101:Abheda
6091:Abhava
6040:Raikva
5960:Kapila
5955:Kanada
5652:Modern
5626:Shaiva
5594:Dvaita
5496:Ajñana
5456:Shaiva
5414:Āstika
5397:Moksha
5350:Topics
5287:Lucian
5219:Julian
5204:Origen
5063:Cicero
4972:Arrian
4952:Seneca
4884:Pyrrho
4715:Bryson
4700:Stilpo
4581:Crates
4441:Ionian
4351:Ionian
4228:Theano
4116:Thales
4099:Ionian
4076:Chilon
4046:Thales
3912:
3894:
3873:
3857:
3834:
3816:
3787:
3726:
3697:
3683:
3544:8 July
3535:
3470:
3400:
3274:
3247:
3218:
3170:
3112:
3060:
3040:
3003:
2978:
2954:
2798:Kanada
2776:
2759:
2728:
2676:
2666:
2641:
2631:
2594:
2584:
2559:
2549:
2487:
2453:p74–77
2338:
2209:
2148:
2121:
2097:
2047:online
2003:"atom"
1970:ἄτομον
1726:oxygen
1339:, and
1217:, the
1023:Kanada
1003:is a "
800:. The
786:Kanada
780:, and
698:morphe
465:cosmos
269:monism
242:"void"
122:kalapa
103:Indian
51:atomon
46:ἄτομον
40:(from
6531:Yamas
6526:Viraj
6501:Tyāga
6436:Satya
6336:Mokṣa
6306:Karma
6261:Dhrti
6186:Ātman
6171:Artha
5975:Vyasa
5855:Vedas
5836:Minor
5683:Texts
5431:Nyaya
5422:Hindu
5392:Artha
5372:Logic
5121:Galen
5106:Gaius
4919:Stoic
4790:Plato
4758:Philo
4563:Cynic
4469:Damon
4390:Acron
4332:Hippo
4051:Solon
3712:(PDF)
3371:(PDF)
3164:(PDF)
2810:light
2505:p.165
2309:(PDF)
2302:(PDF)
2278:(PDF)
1776:water
1233:Geber
1211:Latin
1017:atoms
985:Galen
977:Galen
968:Galen
922:life.
869:Roman
821:Nyaya
802:Nyaya
750:Aruni
748:sage
746:Vedic
593:Earth
558:Water
438:Plato
289:Plato
66:atoms
59:atoms
42:Greek
6536:Yoga
6301:Kama
6281:Idam
6276:Hitā
6271:Guṇa
6236:Dāna
6121:Aham
5525:and
5506:Jain
5441:Yoga
5387:Kama
4314:Zeno
4258:Myia
4233:Damo
4061:Bias
3958:Nous
3910:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3546:2008
3533:ISBN
3488:link
3468:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3272:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3038:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2839:p.53
2814:heat
2812:and
2774:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2674:OCLC
2664:ISBN
2639:OCLC
2629:ISBN
2610:link
2592:OCLC
2582:ISBN
2557:OCLC
2547:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2317:2023
2285:2023
2245:2021
2207:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2095:ISBN
1753:and
1733:etc.
1724:and
1448:few.
1262:and
1235:and
1188:and
1111:and
1062:and
819:The
810:kaṇa
804:and
768:and
758:kana
754:kaṇa
690:hyle
598:Cube
587:120
488:Fire
246:eyes
163:void
92:void
89:and
87:atom
72:and
6416:Ṛta
6251:Dhi
3971:at
3390:doi
1645:.
1285:In
1223:of
915:not
740:In
622:24
584:20
552:48
523:Air
517:24
401:by
354:in
347:).
114:fl.
6558::
5424::
3812:.
3808:;
3783:.
3484:}}
3480:{{
3396:.
3239:.
3143:.
3141:49
2878:.
2707:,
2672:.
2637:.
2606:}}
2602:{{
2590:.
2555:.
2519:,
2483:.
2431:.
2358:,
2253:^
2160:^
2060:,
2032:^
2005:.
1982:;
1978:;
1974:.
1844:.
1554:c.
1552:–
1547:c.
1379:,
1335:,
1331:,
1184:,
1099:.
881:c.
877:c.
619:6
549:8
514:4
449:c.
447:–
442:c.
339:,
335:,
331:,
303:,
273:is
169:.
117:c.
85::
61:.
49:,
5335:e
5328:t
5321:v
4829:)
4825:(
4549:)
4545:(
4001:e
3994:t
3987:v
3948::
3939::
3900:.
3879:.
3861:.
3822:.
3793:.
3701:.
3573:.
3548:.
3490:)
3476:.
3406:.
3392::
3280:.
3253:.
3224:.
3176:.
3118:.
3064:.
3046:.
3009:.
2984:.
2763:.
2690:(
2680:.
2645:.
2612:)
2598:.
2563:.
2493:.
2441:.
2344:.
2319:.
2287:.
2247:.
2215:.
2154:.
2127:.
2011:.
1545:(
1015:(
907:,
875:(
607:)
603:(
572:)
568:(
537:)
533:(
502:)
498:(
440:(
428:)
422:(
417:)
413:(
395:.
124:s
112:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.