33:
445:
1298:
1567:
417:-leaved, non-spiny genus includes both small palms lacking an aboveground stem and large trees. The genus has a complicated taxonomic history, and has often been split into four or five genera based on differences in the male flowers. Since the genera can only be distinguished on the basis of their male flowers, the existence of intermediate flower types and the existence of hybrids between different genera has been used as an argument for keeping them all in the same genus. This has been supported by recent molecular phylogenies.
1475:
1487:
55:
5329:
3317:
484:—and a series of smaller branches, the rachillae. The rachillae, which bear the flowers, emerge from the rachis. The peduncle is the main stalk, connecting the rachis with the stem. Inflorescences either consist entirely of male flowers, or are predominantly female with a few male flowers. Fruit usually have two or three seeds, although fewer or more are present in some species, and are usually brown, yellow, orange-brown or purple when mature.
1557:
Species range across the
Neotropics from Mexico in the north to Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil in the south, from low elevations in coastal Brazil to up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level in the Andes. According to Govaerts and coauthors, three species are found in Mexico, four
1130:) and this has been used as an argument for the single-genus approach. The fact that there are several hybrids between species that would be considered different genera under Glassman's five-genus system was also used as an argument for placing them in a single genus. Molecular phylogenetic work by
1350:
The three recent treatments (Henderson and coauthors, Glassman, and
Govaerts and Dransfield) recognised a total of 73 species, but only 20 species are accepted by all of them. The remainder account for either nine species or more than 40. For example, what Andrew Henderson considered a single
1584:
includes both large trees and small, acaulescent palms, which occupy a number of different ecological niches. Dense stands of some of the larger species are conspicuous elements on the landscape, while smaller species are found in both in the forest understorey and in savannas.
1540:
expands it pushes the young shoot away from the seed. After germination, the stem initially grows downward before turning to grow upward and produce the aboveground stem. This produces a "saxophone shaped" belowground portion of the stem. The fact that the
1347:, have been lost or destroyed. Sparse or incomplete collections make it difficult to differentiate variation within a single species from variation between different species. Taxonomic uncertainty is exacerbated by frequent hybridisation between species.
1326:
Andrew
Henderson and coauthors recognised 29 species in the genus, while Sidney Glassman recognised 65 species in his 1999 treatment of the group. Largely following Glassman's lead, Rafaël Govaerts and John Dransfield recognised 67 species in their 2005
1331:. An important element of this disagreement is the decision by Glassman to define species more narrowly than Henderson. As a result, what Henderson interpreted as variation within species, Glassman took as differences between
465:
palms with pinnately compound leaves—rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather-like or fern-like pattern. Species range from large trees with stout stems up to 30 metres (98 ft) tall to
527:
have petals that are longer than the stamens. Five species do not fit easily into any of these groups; this fact has been used as an argument in favour of considering this group a single genus.
432:
and fibre. Many species are fire tolerant and thrive in disturbed habitats. Their seeds are animal dispersed, including some which are thought to have been adapted for dispersal by now-extinct
1898:; Larry Noblick; James W. Borrone; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Margarita Mauro-Herrera; William J. Hahn; David N. Kuhn; Kyoko Nakamura; Nora H. Oleas; Raymond J. Schnell (2009). Joly, Simon (ed.).
1957:
Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley; Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A New
Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae".
1104:
The multigenus approach is based solely on the structure of the male flowers; no other characters could be consistently associated with one genus or another. Four of the genera—
376:
1558:
in
Central America, and 62 in South America. Three species are present in the Caribbean—two in Trinidad and Tobago, along the southern edge of the region, and one in Haiti.
251:
470:
palms (ones which lack an aboveground stem). The number of leaves per individual varies from about three to thirty-five; larger plants tend to have more and longer leaves.
1533:
1120:—correspond to four different types of male flowers found within the genus. However, a few species have flowers that are intermediate between these four types, including
3023:
Porro, Roberto (2005). "Palms, Pastures, and
Swidden Fields: The Grounded Political Ecology of "Agro-Extractive/Shifting-cultivator Peasants" in MaranhĂŁo, Brazil".
1993:
Freitas, Cintia; Meerow, Alan W.; Pintaud, Jean-Christophe; Henderson, Andrew; Noblick, Larry; Costa, Flavia R. C.; Barbosa, Carlos E.; Barrington, David (2016).
1462:
1377:
41:
1428:
1371:
1353:
372:
1438:
1389:
1383:
1062:
389:
1456:
was recognised as a distinct species by
Michael Balick and coauthors; Glassman and Govaerts and Dransfield concurred, but Henderson considered it part of
487:
Four different types of male flowers exist. On the basis of these flower types, the genus has often been split into four genera—a more narrowly defined
2318:
2290:
2262:
2234:
1452:
2206:
2802:
2579:"Tree species diversity in a seasonally-dry forest: the case of the PinkaitĂ site, in the KayapĂł Indigenous Area, Southeastern limits of the Amazon"
1724:
in 2005, and in 1985 it was estimated to support over 450,000 households throughout the Brazil. Piassava fibres, extracted from the leaf bases of
1507:—male and female flowers are separate, but are borne by the same plant. Various species have been described as being insect-pollinated, including
5534:
5586:
1900:"Phylogenetic Analysis of Seven WRKY Genes across the Palm Subtribe Attaleinae (Arecaceae) Identifies Syagrus as Sister Group of the Coconut"
2615:"The importance of forest disturbance for the recruitment of the large arborescent palm Attalea maripa in a seasonally dry Amazonian forest"
5209:
1995:"Phylogenetic analysis of Attalea (Arecaceae): insights into the historical biogeography of a recently diversified Neotropical plant group"
5712:
5283:
3114:
2758:
1596:
palms was correlated with canopy openness; the species also dominates savannas formed by repeated forest fires in
Trinidad and Tobago.
5625:
1751:
5482:
5560:
5495:
5340:
2355:
5565:
2431:
Feil, Jan Peter (1996). "Fruit
Production of Attalea colenda (Arecaceae) in Coastal Ecuador: An Alternative Oil Resource?".
5288:
424:
collections make it difficult to determine whether certain groups represent single species, or groups of similar species.
1614:
fibre) are managed using fire—the seedlings survive cutting and burning, and are able to dominate burned forest patches.
1272:
265:
1189:-like clade. Despite the existence of three well-supported clades, Freitas and colleagues concluded that the concept of
5224:
5204:
4747:
2384:
Moraes R., MĂłnica; Finn
Borchsenius; Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen (1996). "Notes on the Biology and Uses of the MotacĂş Palm (
1522:
1264:
230:
5268:
2522:
1827:
5707:
5591:
5309:
4764:
2637:
2915:
Fragoso, Jose M. V. (1997). "Tapir-Generated Seed Shadows: Scale-Dependent Patchiness in the Amazon Rain Forest".
2474:
Anderson, Anthony B.; William L. Overal; Andrew Henderson (1988). "Pollination Ecology of a Forest-Dominant Palm (
5521:
5314:
2951:
1600:
forms pure stands in many parts of Brazil where natural forest vegetation has been cleared. Similarly, stands of
5643:
5251:
3107:
2114:
1335:
similar species. This problem is complicated by the fact that many of these species are poorly represented in
5573:
5214:
1867:
462:
5304:
4910:
5547:
5422:
5417:
5278:
2708:
1811:
1653:, fed upon the fruit, and as the fruit availability declined, they fed on the seeds. Other dispersers of
1042:
5474:
1625:
have been mentioned as examples of anachronistic species which are adapted for dispersal by now-extinct
5638:
5256:
5246:
5133:
4892:
2641:
2614:
2089:
255:
1617:
The fruit are dispersed by animals; fruit which are not dispersed frequently suffer seed predation by
1161:-like clade. This group was a sister to the other two clades. The second group, which they called the
5697:
5500:
3100:
2517:. Lawrence, Kansas: The L. H. Bailey Hortorium and the International Palm Society. pp. 503–512.
420:
Between 29 and 67 species are recognised in the genus, with estimates of as many as 100. Incomplete
285:
54:
5692:
5219:
3126:
2159:
Henderson, Andrew; Michael Balick (1991). "Attalea crassispatha, a rare and endemic Haitian palm".
2051:
1365:
as a species, and described four new species from material that had previously been attributed to
1053:
combined all the species in the subtribe Attaleinae (as it was then defined) into a single genus,
5630:
1319:
1292:
1145:
Cintia Freitas and colleagues identified three main clades within the genus based on the nuclear
210:
5617:
5469:
5360:
5036:
4863:
4740:
1210:
5539:
476:
are large, branched and borne among the leaves. The inflorescence consists of a main axis—the
5612:
1626:
433:
5604:
2856:
GuimarĂŁes, Paola R. Jr.; Mauro Galetti; Pedro Jordano (2008). Hansen, Dennis Marinus (ed.).
2777:
1343:
species makes them difficult to collect. In addition, many important collections, including
5443:
5261:
5148:
4980:
4823:
2869:
2814:
2706:
1911:
1763:
1729:
1332:
1302:
1206:
175:
8:
5113:
5031:
5010:
4840:
3549:
1956:
1756:
Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 309 (1816)"
1409:
were all very similar, and thought it likely that they all represented the same species.
1146:
2988:(2001). "Remains of palms (Palmae) at archaeological sites in the New World: A review".
2873:
2818:
1915:
1894:
428:
species have a long history of human use, and include economically important sources of
5664:
5108:
5073:
5053:
5048:
4882:
4875:
4856:
3660:
3079:
3040:
3005:
2932:
2892:
2857:
2838:
2739:
2731:
2686:
2666:
2559:
2495:
2456:
2448:
2413:
2405:
2188:
2180:
2141:
1966:
1934:
1899:
1247:
217:
191:
49:
1566:
1090:
355:
5702:
5599:
5430:
5398:
5333:
4985:
4803:
4733:
3044:
2897:
2830:
2518:
2351:
1939:
1823:
1700:
1509:
477:
368:
241:
3083:
3009:
2842:
2743:
2707:
May, Peter H.; Anthony B. Anderson; Michael J. Balick; José Mário F. Frazão (1985).
2595:
2578:
2563:
2460:
2417:
2192:
1542:
1101:, and Jean-Christophe Pintaud continued this usage in his 2008 review of the genus.
5669:
5435:
4787:
4485:
3630:
3071:
3032:
2997:
2924:
2887:
2877:
2822:
2723:
2678:
2590:
2551:
2487:
2440:
2397:
2172:
2133:
2006:
1929:
1919:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1602:
1474:
1418:
929:
5409:
2538:
Pinheiro, Claudio Urbano B. (2001). "Germination strategies in palms: the case of
2515:
Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore Jr
1588:
Disturbance has been implicated in the formation of vegetation dominated by large
1214:
5000:
4925:
4810:
4625:
4296:
4166:
4090:
4034:
4014:
3473:
3294:
3136:
2882:
1924:
1642:
1504:
1486:
1358:
1238:
1222:
1150:
1122:
1094:
1037:
should be considered a single genus, or a group of related genera. In their 1996
990:
954:
936:
668:
554:
92:
5578:
2826:
5143:
5005:
4780:
4639:
4569:
4527:
4492:
4373:
4352:
4214:
4180:
3876:
3769:
3514:
3334:
3301:
2985:
2383:
2034:
1895:
1815:
1687:
1682:
1344:
1280:
1050:
1046:
1014:
768:
644:
450:
329:
295:
79:
3075:
3036:
1686:
seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000
5686:
5383:
5273:
5199:
5164:
5098:
5063:
5058:
4990:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4847:
4709:
4604:
4450:
4429:
3993:
3977:
3800:
3791:
3639:
3556:
3484:
3374:
3174:
1570:
1218:
966:
473:
105:
1339:
collections. The large size of the leaves, inflorescences and fruit of many
5656:
5123:
5118:
4962:
4957:
4833:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4618:
4597:
4576:
4555:
4506:
4359:
4310:
4303:
4289:
4253:
4228:
4221:
4000:
3945:
3883:
3619:
3598:
3577:
3507:
3432:
3418:
3404:
3345:
3211:
3154:
2901:
2834:
1943:
1720:
were reported to support over 300,000 households in the Brazilian state of
1549:
seedlings are underground it likely to contribute to their fire-tolerance.
1447:
1242:
1005:
511:, while the other groups have straight ones. The petals of those placed in
203:
183:
5552:
2858:"Seed Dispersal Anachronisms: Rethinking the Fruits Extinct Megafauna Ate"
5508:
5392:
5068:
4920:
4915:
4688:
4653:
4541:
4499:
4471:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4380:
4366:
4198:
4111:
4055:
4007:
3918:
3897:
3849:
3653:
3612:
3521:
3439:
3411:
3280:
3225:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3145:
2473:
1618:
1592:
species. In seasonally dry Amazonian forests, the density of large adult
1529:
1322:
estimated that as many as 100 species may be in the genus. In their 1996
1230:
1131:
948:
751:
467:
444:
275:
118:
2645:
2636:
Govaerts, R.; J. Henderson; S.F. Zona; D.R. Hodel; A. Henderson (2010).
1970:
1721:
5487:
5138:
5043:
4995:
4947:
4702:
4646:
4478:
4457:
4394:
4387:
4345:
4317:
4262:
4235:
4187:
4097:
4041:
3938:
3929:
3869:
3860:
3821:
3727:
3646:
3605:
3493:
3464:
3390:
3287:
3266:
3245:
3163:
3001:
2936:
2735:
2727:
2690:
2635:
2555:
2499:
2452:
2444:
2409:
2401:
2184:
2145:
1822:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 153–164.
1691:
1297:
984:
978:
943:
932:
916:
794:
595:
148:
32:
3316:
2011:
1994:
5513:
5456:
5169:
5128:
5026:
4632:
4611:
4562:
4436:
4269:
4157:
4132:
4104:
4048:
3986:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3807:
3734:
3718:
3698:
3671:
3535:
3453:
3325:
3273:
3252:
3123:
3058:
Voeks, Robert A. (2002). "Reproductive ecology of the piassava palm (
1709:
1537:
1361:
consisting of four or five species. Glassman doubted the validity of
1336:
1135:
996:
578:
421:
410:
138:
5354:
2928:
2682:
2491:
2176:
2137:
1393:. Govaerts and Dransfield accepted both Glassman's four species and
5651:
5377:
5181:
4932:
4756:
4695:
4590:
4583:
4548:
4534:
4520:
4173:
4139:
4118:
4025:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3842:
3835:
3776:
3762:
3741:
3383:
3354:
3236:
3218:
3092:
2855:
1666:
1611:
1307:
1252:
1234:
1134:
and colleagues concluded that multi-genus approach did not produce
939:
429:
158:
128:
5461:
5526:
5103:
4513:
4443:
4338:
4280:
4242:
4125:
4076:
3828:
3755:
3748:
3707:
3680:
3584:
3570:
3563:
3542:
3500:
3425:
3259:
1630:
1177:. The third group consisted mainly of species formerly placed in
1165:-like clade, consisted of most of the species formerly placed in
414:
413:
native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America. This
2709:"Subsistence Benefits from the Babassu Palm (Orbignya martiana)"
4796:
4422:
4207:
4146:
4083:
3814:
3687:
3591:
3528:
3397:
2669:(1953). "The Savanna Vegetation of Northern Tropical America".
1716:
among the most important economically. Products extracted from
1695:
1650:
972:
844:
516:
508:
481:
5448:
1521:, has been attributed both to insects and wind. The fruit are
5176:
4464:
4331:
4324:
4069:
3446:
3363:
2949:
2164:
1992:
1607:
1432:, considering the latter to either be an acaulescent form of
960:
827:
406:
66:
2081:
4725:
1494:
1397:. However, Jean-Christophe Pintaud was of the opinion that
1310:, is the most geographically isolated species in the genus.
1065:
divided the group into five genera—a more narrowly defined
2983:
2803:"Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruit the Gomphotheres Ate"
1732:
20 million in annual income to Brazilian farmers in 1996.
1314:
Experts disagree about the number of species in the genus
1149:. The first of these, a group of species from the coastal
2112:
1460:. Glassman also described a fourth member of this group,
1708:
are used extensively for thatching. Several species are
1193:
as a single genus was best supported by their evidence.
1089:, the only member of that genus, was actually a hybrid.
2960:) in the Pantanal and a review of frugivory by raptors"
2756:
2158:
1810:
2770:
Yearbook, Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers
1680:
species have a long history of human use. Carbonised
2800:
2040:
recognised it as a distinct genus in their analysis.
1868:"An overview of the taxonomy of Attalea (Arecaceae)"
1661:, which consume the fruit and disperse the seeds of
2512:
1728:, are commercially important, and generated about
1466:, and it is accepted by Govaerts and Dransfield.
1422:and related species. Henderson (1995) recognised
1153:region in Brazil all of which had been placed in
5684:
2113:Anderson, Anthony B.; Michael J. Balick (1988).
1169:, together with several that had been placed in
915:Simplified phylogeny of members of the subtribe
2950:Galetti, Mauro; Paulo R. GuimarĂŁes Jr. (2004).
2108:
2106:
1059:Taxonomic Treatment of Palm Subtribe Attaleinae
1861:
1859:
1690:. Several species remain important sources of
4741:
3108:
2759:"Fire Management of the Piassava Fiber Palm (
2757:Voeks, Robert A.; Sergio G. da Vinha (1988).
2467:
2339:
2152:
1950:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1318:(broadly defined). In 1965, Dutch taxonomist
5210:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
2103:
2052:"A Taxonomic Treatment of the Palm Subtribe
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
5284:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
2608:
2606:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
454:showing leaf arrangement and inflorescences
4748:
4734:
3115:
3101:
2801:Janzen, Daniel H.; Paul S. Martin (1982).
2702:
2700:
2327:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2299:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2271:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2243:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2215:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2086:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1836:
1760:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1469:
1008:group, and sister to the clade containing
31:
3051:
2891:
2881:
2750:
2594:
2570:
2513:Uhl, Natalie E.; John Dransfield (1987).
2345:
2010:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1933:
1923:
1698:, edible seeds, and fibre. The leaves of
1649:, deer, and primates. Rodents, including
1442:and it. Govaerts and Dransfield accepted
1126:(which Glassman placed in its own genus,
2603:
2537:
2049:
1999:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1890:
1888:
1820:Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas
1777:
1565:
1485:
1473:
1324:Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas
1296:
1209:in 1816 based on specimens collected by
1097:recognised a single genus in their 2005
1039:Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas
443:
2977:
2914:
2908:
2697:
2629:
2043:
1865:
5685:
1977:
1561:
5359:
5358:
4729:
3096:
3057:
3022:
3016:
2665:
2659:
1885:
1746:
1744:
1085:, although he thought it likely that
5289:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
3122:
2612:
2576:
2430:
1157:in the narrow sense, was termed the
503:. The species sometimes referred to
2506:
2074:
1610:, Brazil (which are cultivated for
13:
5713:Taxa named by Carl Sigismund Kunth
5644:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005835-2
5225:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
5205:Federal Land Development Authority
2115:"Taxonomy of the Babassu Complex (
2029:listed this genus as a synonym of
1741:
1357:, other authors have considered a
1265:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
1033:Disagreement exists as to whether
14:
5724:
5269:Environmental impact of biodiesel
2092:from the original on May 17, 2008
1866:Pintaud, Jean-Christophe (2008).
919:, based on seven WRKY gene loci.
5328:
5327:
3315:
2374:. 1987, Anderson and Balick 1988
53:
2956:(Palmae) by Crested caracaras (
2943:
2849:
2794:
2640:. The Board of Trustees of the
2596:10.1590/S0044-59672004000300009
2531:
2424:
2377:
2364:
2311:
2283:
2255:
2227:
2199:
1552:
1446:, but Glassman considered it a
1267:in 1826 and 1837 respectively.
5252:Certified sustainable palm oil
2638:"World Checklist of Arecaceae"
2064:Illinois Biological Monographs
2019:
1221:descriptions exist, including
439:
1:
5215:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
1735:
4755:
2883:10.1371/journal.pone.0001745
2478:Mart.) in Northern Brazil".
2388:, Arecaceae) from Bolivia".
2050:Glassman, Sidney F. (1999).
1925:10.1371/journal.pone.0007353
1536:—during germination, as the
1237:, known for his interest in
523:and a more narrowly defined
7:
5279:Issues relating to biofuels
3064:Journal of Tropical Ecology
2827:10.1126/science.215.4528.19
2350:. Oxford University Press.
1875:Revista Peruana de BiologĂa
1412:Another species complex in
946:, together with the genera
530:
10:
5729:
5257:Deforestation by continent
5247:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
5134:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
4893:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
2642:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2346:Henderson, Andrew (1995).
1482:sp. swarming with insects.
1290:
1286:
1229:. The genus was named for
1196:
515:are much shorter than the
5367:
5323:
5297:
5237:
5190:
5157:
5091:
5084:
5019:
4973:
4903:
4822:
4763:
4279:
4252:
4197:
4156:
4024:
3976:
3928:
3859:
3790:
3717:
3697:
3670:
3629:
3483:
3463:
3373:
3353:
3344:
3324:
3313:
3235:
3173:
3153:
3144:
3133:
3076:10.1017/s0266467402002079
3037:10.1007/s10745-005-1654-2
876:
841:
824:
817:
791:
765:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
682:
665:
658:
641:
634:
627:
592:
575:
568:
551:
544:
223:
216:
211:Between 29 and 67 species
209:
202:
189:
182:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
5220:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
2167:subscription required).
1329:World Checklist of Palms
1099:World Checklist of Palms
1000:. Within this subtribe,
519:, while those placed in
5708:Neotropical realm flora
2348:The palms of the Amazon
1672:
1641:fruit were consumed by
1513:, while pollination in
1470:Reproduction and growth
1320:Jan Gerard Wessels Boer
1293:List of Attalea species
1225:'s 1703 description of
1185:; they called this the
1173:(narrowly defined) and
1142:as a single genus did.
1004:has been found to be a
928:has been placed in the
448:Detail of the crown of
4864:Rhynchophorus palmarum
2984:Morcote-RĂos, Gaspar;
2776:: 7–13. Archived from
2613:Salm, Rudolfo (2005).
2577:Salm, Rudolfo (2004).
1578:
1497:
1483:
1478:Male inflorescence of
1311:
1231:Attalus III Philometor
1217:, although older, pre-
1211:Alexander von Humboldt
455:
5613:Paleobiology Database
4852:Little leaf syndrome
4848:Cadang-cadang disease
3062:) of Bahia, Brazil".
2671:Ecological Monographs
1627:Pleistocene megafauna
1621:. Certain species of
1569:
1489:
1477:
1463:A. brejinhoensis
1300:
1138:groups, but treating
1108:(in a narrow sense),
447:
434:Pleistocene megafauna
5262:Southeast Asian haze
5149:Wilmar International
4981:Biodiesel production
4871:Oil palm bunch moth
2763:) in Eastern Brazil"
2648:on February 21, 2007
1629:. On Maracá Island,
1436:or a hybrid between
1378:A. degranvillei
1303:Attalea crassispatha
1227:A. crassispatha
1207:Carl Sigismund Kunth
1205:was first described
1061:, American botanist
42:Attalea brasiliensis
5158:Buyers / processors
5114:Equatorial Palm Oil
5011:Transesterification
4841:Ganoderma orbiforme
3550:Johannesteijsmannia
2952:"Seed dispersal of
2874:2008PLoSO...3.1745G
2819:1982Sci...215...19J
1916:2009PLoSO...4.7353M
1881:(supl. 1): 055–063.
1562:Habitat and ecology
1444:A. spectabilis
1429:A. spectabilis
1407:A. attaleoides
1395:A. attaleoides
1372:A. camopiensis
1367:A. attaleoides
1363:A. attaleoides
1354:Attalea attaleoides
5109:Carson Cumberbatch
5054:Girl Scout Cookies
5049:Cellulosic ethanol
4890:Red ring disease (
4883:Tirathaba rufivena
4876:Tirathaba mundella
4857:Oryctes rhinoceros
3002:10.1007/BF02858098
2917:Journal of Ecology
2728:10.1007/BF02907831
2556:10.1007/BF02809652
2476:Orbignya phalerata
2445:10.1007/BF02907337
2402:10.1007/BF02866525
2209:Attalea amygdalina
1647:collared peccaries
1579:
1498:
1484:
1439:A. microcarpa
1403:A. maripensis
1399:A. guianensis
1390:A. maripensis
1384:A. guianensis
1312:
1263:were described by
1248:A. amygdalina
1063:Sidney F. Glassman
456:
192:Attalea amygdalina
5680:
5679:
5600:Open Tree of Life
5361:Taxon identifiers
5352:
5351:
5238:Policies, impacts
5233:
5232:
4986:Fat hydrogenation
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
3786:
3785:
3311:
3310:
2954:Attalea phalerata
2540:Schippia concolor
2386:Attalea phalerata
2357:978-0-19-508311-8
2126:Systematic Botany
2012:10.1111/boj.12466
1812:Henderson, Andrew
1701:Attalea butyracea
1665:in the Brazilian
1663:A. phalerata
1659:crested caracaras
1271:was described by
942:and the subtribe
923:
922:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
865:
864:
856:
855:
806:
805:
780:
779:
709:
708:
700:
699:
616:
615:
607:
606:
398:
397:
392:
379:
358:
348:
340:
332:
322:
314:
306:
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
244:
233:
178:
5720:
5698:Arecaceae genera
5673:
5672:
5660:
5659:
5647:
5646:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5620:
5608:
5607:
5595:
5594:
5582:
5581:
5579:NHMSYS0021195867
5569:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5543:
5542:
5530:
5529:
5517:
5516:
5504:
5503:
5491:
5490:
5478:
5477:
5465:
5464:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5425:
5413:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5356:
5355:
5331:
5330:
5193:non-governmental
5089:
5088:
4838:Basal stem rot (
4750:
4743:
4736:
4727:
4726:
3926:
3925:
3631:Chuniophoeniceae
3351:
3350:
3319:
3151:
3150:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3060:Attalea funifera
3055:
3049:
3048:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2990:Botanical Review
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2958:Caracara plancus
2947:
2941:
2940:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2761:Attalea funifera
2754:
2748:
2747:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2644:. Archived from
2633:
2627:
2626:
2619:Biota Neotropica
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2123:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2047:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1863:
1834:
1833:
1808:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1762:. Archived from
1748:
1726:A. funifera
1718:A. speciosa
1714:A. speciosa
1635:Brazilian Amazon
1603:A. funifera
1523:animal-dispersed
1458:A. speciosa
1453:Attalea vitrivir
1434:A. speciosa
1424:A. speciosa
1419:A. speciosa
1239:medicinal plants
1147:WRKY gene family
1043:Andrew Henderson
820:
819:
744:
743:
737:
736:
730:
729:
723:
722:
661:
660:
637:
636:
630:
629:
571:
570:
547:
546:
540:
539:
535:
534:
388:
386: Maximbignya
385:
367:
364:
354:
346:
338:
328:
320:
312:
304:
294:
284:
274:
264:
250:
239:
229:
174:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5693:Attalea (plant)
5683:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5629:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5598:
5590:
5585:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5499:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5473:
5468:
5460:
5455:
5447:
5442:
5434:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5406:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5363:
5353:
5348:
5319:
5293:
5239:
5229:
5192:
5186:
5153:
5080:
5015:
4969:
4899:
4825:
4818:
4759:
4754:
4724:
4715:
4626:Phoenicophorium
4297:Archontophoenix
4275:
4248:
4193:
4152:
4035:Beccariophoenix
4020:
3972:
3924:
3855:
3782:
3713:
3693:
3666:
3625:
3479:
3459:
3369:
3340:
3320:
3307:
3295:Plectocomiopsis
3231:
3169:
3140:
3139:(2016) taxonomy
3129:
3121:
3091:
3056:
3052:
3021:
3017:
2982:
2978:
2962:
2948:
2944:
2929:10.2307/2960574
2913:
2909:
2854:
2850:
2813:(4528): 19–27.
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2765:
2755:
2751:
2716:Economic Botany
2711:
2705:
2698:
2683:10.2307/1948518
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2630:
2611:
2604:
2575:
2571:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2511:
2507:
2492:10.2307/2388234
2472:
2468:
2433:Economic Botany
2429:
2425:
2390:Economic Botany
2382:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2177:10.2307/2807059
2157:
2153:
2138:10.2307/2419239
2121:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2048:
2044:
2024:
2020:
1991:
1978:
1955:
1951:
1896:Meerow, Alan W.
1893:
1886:
1870:
1864:
1837:
1830:
1809:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1675:
1619:bruchid beetles
1564:
1555:
1472:
1359:species complex
1333:morphologically
1295:
1289:
1273:Hermann Karsten
1223:Charles Plumier
1199:
1151:Atlantic Forest
1123:A. colenda
1095:John Dransfield
1091:Rafäel Govaerts
955:Beccariophoenix
910:
901:
892:
866:
857:
807:
781:
710:
701:
687:(nested within
617:
608:
555:Beccariophoenix
533:
461:is a genus of
442:
383:
365: Attabignya
362:
198:
195:
173:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5726:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5670:wfo-4000003620
5661:
5648:
5635:
5622:
5609:
5596:
5583:
5570:
5557:
5544:
5531:
5518:
5505:
5492:
5479:
5466:
5453:
5440:
5427:
5414:
5404:
5389:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5191:Governmental /
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5144:TH Plantations
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:Saponification
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4850:
4845:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4640:Verschaffeltia
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4570:Brassiophoenix
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4493:Acanthophoenix
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4374:Lepidorrhachis
4370:
4363:
4356:
4353:Burretiokentia
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4215:Pholidostachys
4211:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4181:Neonicholsonia
4177:
4170:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3770:Borassodendron
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3515:Rhapidophyllum
3511:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3050:
3015:
2986:Rodrigo Bernal
2976:
2942:
2907:
2848:
2793:
2749:
2722:(2): 113–129.
2696:
2677:(2): 149–215.
2658:
2628:
2602:
2589:(3): 435–443.
2583:Acta Amazonica
2569:
2550:(4): 519–527.
2530:
2523:
2505:
2486:(3): 192–205.
2466:
2439:(3): 300–309.
2423:
2396:(4): 423–428.
2376:
2363:
2356:
2338:
2310:
2282:
2254:
2226:
2198:
2171:(3): 189–194.
2151:
2119:spp.: Palmae)"
2102:
2073:
2042:
2018:
2005:(2): 287–302.
1976:
1949:
1884:
1835:
1828:
1816:Gloria Galeano
1776:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1706:A. maripa
1683:Attalea maripa
1674:
1671:
1657:fruit include
1594:A. maripa
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1534:remote tubular
1471:
1468:
1345:type specimens
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1281:Orator F. Cook
1251:, a Colombian
1198:
1195:
1057:. In his 1999
1051:Rodrigo Bernal
1047:Gloria Galeano
1015:Polyandrococos
921:
920:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
863:
862:
859:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
823:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
804:
803:
800:
799:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:Polyandrococos
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
707:
706:
703:
702:
698:
697:
694:
693:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
664:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
645:Cocos nucifera
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
601:
600:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
574:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
550:
545:
543:
538:
532:
529:
474:Inflorescences
451:Attalea maripa
441:
438:
396:
395:
394:
393:
380:
359:
349:
341:
333:
323:
315:
307:
299:
289:
279:
272:Englerophoenix
269:
259:
245:
234:
221:
220:
214:
213:
207:
206:
200:
199:
196:
187:
186:
180:
179:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of palms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5725:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Food vs. fuel
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:FELCRA Berhad
5198:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Bumitama Agri
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5085:Organisations
5083:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5064:Vegetable oil
5062:
5060:
5059:Oleochemicals
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Fractionation
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:palmitic acid
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:myristic acid
4941:
4939:
4938:linoleic acid
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4712:
4711:
4710:Rhopaloblaste
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:Rhopalostylis
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:Calyptrocalyx
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:Lemurophoenix
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:Wendlandiella
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3978:Chamaedoreeae
3975:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:Pseudophoenix
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3792:Ceroxyloideae
3789:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:Chuniophoenix
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:Pholidocarpus
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3485:Trachycarpeae
3482:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3375:Cryosophileae
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3175:Lepidocaryeae
3172:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3025:Human Ecology
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:(3): 309–50.
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2973:(2): 133–135.
2972:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:(4): 519–29.
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2783:on 2011-07-20
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2524:0-935868-30-5
2520:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1965:(4): 559–69.
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:(10): e7353.
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1829:0-691-08537-4
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:on 2020-08-05
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1571:Scarlet macaw
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:in 1857, and
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:. The genera
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Aimé Bonpland
1212:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
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1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Ynesa colenda
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
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1007:
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986:
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869:
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848:
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839:
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835:
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831:
830:
829:
822:
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815:
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789:
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746:
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731:
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621:
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582:
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541:
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107:
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98:
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94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
5368:
5339:
5332:
5124:FGV Holdings
5119:Feronia Inc.
4958:stearic acid
4891:
4881:
4874:
4862:
4855:
4839:
4834:Bagworm moth
4824:Diseases and
4809:
4804:E. guineesis
4802:
4795:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4682:Heterospathe
4680:
4675:Dransfieldia
4673:
4668:Dictyosperma
4666:
4661:Cyrtostachys
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4619:Nephrosperma
4617:
4610:
4603:
4598:Wallaceodoxa
4596:
4589:
4582:
4577:Ptychococcus
4575:
4568:
4561:
4556:Drymophloeus
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4507:Ptychosperma
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4360:Cyphophoenix
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4311:Chambeyronia
4309:
4304:Actinokentia
4302:
4295:
4290:Actinorhytis
4288:
4268:
4261:
4254:Pelagodoxeae
4241:
4234:
4229:Calyptronoma
4227:
4222:Calyptrogyne
4220:
4213:
4206:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4013:
4006:
4001:Synechanthus
3999:
3992:
3985:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3946:Dictyocaryum
3944:
3937:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3884:Sclerosperma
3882:
3875:
3868:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3706:
3686:
3679:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3620:Washingtonia
3618:
3611:
3604:
3599:Colpothrinax
3597:
3590:
3583:
3578:Acoelorraphe
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3508:Trachycarpus
3506:
3499:
3492:
3472:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3433:Chelyocarpus
3431:
3424:
3419:Leucothrinax
3417:
3410:
3405:Coccothrinax
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3362:
3346:Coryphoideae
3333:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3224:
3217:
3212:Lepidocaryum
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3162:
3155:Eugeissoneae
3135:Baker &
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3031:(1): 17–56.
3028:
3024:
3018:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2868:(3): e1745.
2865:
2861:
2851:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2773:
2769:
2760:
2752:
2719:
2715:
2674:
2670:
2667:Beard, J. S.
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2631:
2622:
2618:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2547:
2543:
2542:in Belize".
2539:
2533:
2514:
2508:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2347:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2320:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2292:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2264:
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:
2236:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2208:
2201:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2132:(1): 32–50.
2129:
2125:
2116:
2094:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2002:
1998:
1962:
1959:Kew Bulletin
1958:
1952:
1907:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1819:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1759:
1753:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1662:
1654:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1556:
1553:Distribution
1546:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:A. phalerata
1508:
1503:species are
1500:
1499:
1490:
1479:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1306:, a Haitian
1301:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:type species
1226:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1136:monophyletic
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1006:monophyletic
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
925:
924:
879:
878:
877:
843:
842:
826:
825:
793:
792:
767:
766:
750:
749:
688:
684:
683:
667:
666:
643:
642:
594:
593:
577:
576:
553:
552:
524:
520:
512:
507:have coiled
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
472:
458:
457:
449:
425:
419:
401:
400:
399:
382:
373:A.B.Anderson
361:
351:
343:
335:
326:Parascheelea
325:
317:
309:
301:
291:
281:
271:
261:
252:O.Targ.Tozz.
247:
236:
226:
190:
184:Type species
169:
168:
112:
99:
86:
73:
40:
24:
18:
5509:iNaturalist
5393:Wikispecies
5240:and debates
5044:Bioplastics
4921:lauric acid
4916:Palm kernel
4811:E. oleifera
4788:A. speciosa
4689:Hydriastele
4654:Clinostigma
4542:Carpentaria
4500:Tectiphiala
4472:Laccospadix
4416:Clinosperma
4409:Cyphokentia
4402:Neoveitchia
4381:Physokentia
4367:Cyphosperma
4199:Geonomateae
4112:Astrocaryum
4056:Allagoptera
4008:Chamaedorea
3919:Leopoldinia
3898:Reinhardtia
3850:Phytelephas
3654:Nannorrhops
3613:Pritchardia
3522:Maxburretia
3440:Cryosophila
3412:Hemithrinax
3281:Plectocomia
3226:Mauritiella
3198:Laccosperma
3191:Eremospatha
3184:Oncocalamus
3146:Calamoideae
3070:: 121–136.
2237:Maximiliana
2031:Allagoptera
2025:Dransfield
1598:A. speciosa
1573:feeding on
1530:germination
1519:A. speciosa
1491:Attalea sp.
1257:Maximiliana
1183:Maximiliana
1132:Alan Meerow
1114:Maximiliana
1075:Maximiliana
1010:Allagoptera
949:Allagoptera
752:Allagoptera
513:Maximiliana
497:Maximiliana
468:acaulescent
440:Description
405:is a large
347:O.F.Cook
339:O.F.Cook
321:O.F.Cook
313:O.F.Cook
305:O.F.Cook
248:Lithocarpos
227:Maximiliana
145:Subfamily:
119:Commelinids
93:Angiosperms
5687:Categories
5341:by country
5298:By country
5139:Sime Darby
4996:Hydrolysis
4948:oleic acid
4904:Components
4703:Loxococcus
4647:Bentinckia
4479:Oncosperma
4458:Linospadix
4395:Satakentia
4388:Carpoxylon
4346:Basselinia
4318:Kentiopsis
4263:Pelagodoxa
4236:Asterogyne
4188:Oenocarpus
4098:Parajubaea
4042:Jubaeopsis
3939:Iriartella
3930:Iriarteeae
3870:Podococcus
3861:Arecoideae
3822:Oraniopsis
3728:Bismarckia
3647:Kerriodoxa
3606:Copernicia
3494:Chamaerops
3465:Phoeniceae
3391:Trithrinax
3288:Myrialepis
3267:Metroxylon
3246:Korthalsia
3164:Eugeissona
3137:Dransfield
2787:2010-03-03
2652:2010-02-27
2480:Biotropica
2332:2010-02-17
2304:2010-02-17
2276:2010-02-17
2248:2010-02-17
2220:2010-02-17
2096:2010-04-02
2054:Attaleinae
1770:2007-02-24
1736:References
1692:edible oil
1543:shoot tips
1515:A. colenda
1505:monoecious
1233:, king of
1201:The genus
1020:Parajubaea
985:Parajubaea
979:Jubaeopsis
944:Attaleinae
933:Arecoideae
917:Attaleinae
795:Parajubaea
685:Lytocaryum
596:Jubaeopsis
377:Med.-Costa
286:Barb.Rodr.
149:Arecoideae
5310:Indonesia
5170:GreenPalm
5129:IOI Group
5092:Producers
5032:by region
5027:Biodiesel
4974:Processes
4781:A. maripa
4765:Oil palms
4633:Roscheria
4612:Hedyscepe
4563:Normanbya
4437:Marojejya
4270:Sommieria
4158:Euterpeae
4133:Desmoncus
4105:Acrocomia
4049:Voanioala
3987:Hyophorbe
3912:Hyospathe
3905:Manicaria
3891:Roystonea
3808:Ceroxylon
3735:Satranala
3719:Borasseae
3699:Corypheae
3672:Caryoteae
3536:Livistona
3454:Sabinaria
3326:Nypoideae
3274:Pigafetta
3253:Eleiodoxa
3124:Arecaceae
3045:153617434
2967:Ararajuba
2544:Brittonia
2161:Brittonia
1710:oil palms
1639:A. maripa
1633:, in the
1538:cotyledon
1416:includes
1351:species,
1337:herbarium
1283:in 1942.
997:Voanioala
930:subfamily
579:Voanioala
463:non-spiny
422:herbarium
415:pinnately
302:Heptantra
240:Mart. ex
204:Diversity
139:Arecaceae
63:Kingdom:
5703:Oil palm
5657:40022538
5652:Tropicos
5378:Wikidata
5334:Category
5315:Malaysia
5305:Colombia
5182:Unilever
5020:Products
4933:Palm oil
4911:Mesocarp
4757:Palm oil
4696:Iguanura
4591:Manjekia
4584:Jailoloa
4549:Wodyetia
4535:Veitchia
4521:Adonidia
4486:Deckenia
4174:Prestoea
4140:Barcella
4119:Aiphanes
4026:Cocoseae
3967:Wettinia
3960:Socratea
3953:Iriartea
3843:Aphandra
3836:Ammandra
3777:Borassus
3763:Lodoicea
3742:Hyphaene
3384:Schippia
3355:Sabaleae
3237:Calameae
3219:Mauritia
3084:84211050
3010:46582757
2902:18320062
2862:PLOS ONE
2843:19296719
2835:17790450
2744:43133375
2564:45335410
2461:22885187
2418:19066490
2293:Scheelea
2265:Orbignya
2193:12177917
2117:Orbignya
2090:Archived
2070:: 1–414.
1971:25070242
1944:19806212
1904:PLOS ONE
1818:(1995).
1722:MaranhĂŁo
1667:Pantanal
1612:piassava
1269:Scheelea
1261:Orbignya
1235:Pergamon
1219:Linnaean
1187:Orbigyna
1179:Orbigyna
1175:Orbigyna
1167:Scheelea
1163:Scheelea
1118:Scheelea
1110:Orbignya
1079:Scheelea
1071:Orbignya
940:Cocoseae
531:Taxonomy
521:Scheelea
505:Orbignya
501:Scheelea
493:Orbignya
480:and the
478:peduncle
430:palm oil
390:Glassman
352:Markleya
296:O.F.Cook
282:Pindarea
266:H.Karst.
262:Scheelea
237:Orbignya
218:Synonyms
159:Cocoseae
135:Family:
129:Arecales
106:Monocots
5540:1087050
5527:31105-1
5488:2732664
5399:Attalea
5384:Q141226
5369:Attalea
5104:Cargill
5069:cooking
5001:Milling
4963:stearin
4774:Attalea
4514:Ponapea
4444:Masoala
4339:Pinanga
4281:Areceae
4243:Geonoma
4167:Euterpe
4126:Bactris
4091:Syagrus
4063:Attalea
4015:Gaussia
3829:Ravenea
3756:Latania
3749:Medemia
3708:Corypha
3681:Caryota
3585:Serenoa
3571:Lanonia
3564:Saribus
3543:Licuala
3501:Guihaia
3474:Phoenix
3426:Thrinax
3302:Calamus
3260:Salacca
2937:2960574
2893:2258420
2870:Bibcode
2815:Bibcode
2807:Science
2736:4254727
2691:1948518
2500:2388234
2453:4255847
2410:4255886
2370:Balick
2185:2807059
2146:2419239
2058:Cocoeae
2056:(Tribe
1935:2752195
1912:Bibcode
1754:Attalea
1712:, with
1678:Attalea
1655:Attalea
1651:agoutis
1631:Roraima
1623:Attalea
1590:Attalea
1582:Attalea
1575:Attalea
1547:Attalea
1501:Attalea
1480:Attalea
1450:taxon.
1448:dubious
1414:Attalea
1341:Attalea
1316:Attalea
1308:endemic
1287:Species
1253:endemic
1203:Attalea
1197:History
1191:Attalea
1171:Attalea
1159:Attalea
1155:Attalea
1140:Attalea
1106:Attalea
1067:Attalea
1055:Attalea
1035:Attalea
1002:Attalea
991:Syagrus
926:Attalea
880:Attalea
689:Syagrus
669:Syagrus
525:Attalea
517:stamens
509:anthers
489:Attalea
459:Attalea
426:Attalea
402:Attalea
336:Sarinia
318:Ethnora
310:Temenia
170:Attalea
165:Genus:
155:Tribe:
125:Order:
67:Plantae
25:Attalea
5626:PLANTS
5618:259674
5605:408014
5592:115444
5566:500797
5475:103120
5423:223640
5410:188432
5407:APDB:
4797:Elaeis
4528:Balaka
4423:Dypsis
4208:Welfia
4147:Elaeis
4084:Jubaea
3877:Orania
3815:Juania
3688:Arenga
3661:Tahina
3592:Brahea
3529:Rhapis
3398:Zombia
3205:Raphia
3127:genera
3082:
3043:
3008:
2935:
2900:
2890:
2841:
2833:
2742:
2734:
2689:
2562:
2521:
2498:
2459:
2451:
2416:
2408:
2372:et al.
2354:
2191:
2183:
2144:
2082:"WCSP"
2038:et al.
2035:Meerow
2033:, but
2027:et al.
1969:
1942:
1932:
1826:
1696:thatch
1643:tapirs
1577:fruit.
1241:. The
1049:, and
1028:Jubaea
1026:, and
994:, and
973:Jubaea
935:, the
845:Jubaea
499:, and
482:rachis
375:&
369:Balick
356:Bondar
330:Dugand
292:Bornoa
276:Kuntze
256:Steud.
5631:ATTAL
5535:IRMNG
5514:67512
5462:1ATTG
5449:30104
5436:8VVC4
5177:Neste
5037:Neste
4826:pests
4465:Howea
4332:Nenga
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