2192:
1079:
2165:
1168:
980:
1206:
1189:
889:
133:
948:
841:
1272:
1100:
118:
4912:
2018:
5326:
182:
2135:
1385:
5314:
4835:
165:
1364:
1036:
5791:
2503:
5127:
1017:
1297:
226:
197:
4816:
2222:
2535:
13310:
12562:
2559:
1406:
2406:
2243:
150:
2342:
1223:
2374:
14424:
2441:
9104:
11308:
2466:
14407:
13279:
14390:
14362:
5693:
5228:. Flowering plants show many characteristics that are often sexually selected for. For example, flower symmetry, nectar production, floral structure, and inflorescences are just a few of the many secondary sex characteristics acted upon by sexual selection. Sexual dimorphisms and reproductive organs can also be affected by sexual selection in flowering plants.
5110:) sperm cells. The pollen tube grows from the stigma, down the style and into the ovary. When it reaches the micropyle of the ovule, it digests its way into one of the synergids, releasing its contents including the sperm cells. The synergid that the cells were released into degenerates; one sperm makes its way to fertilise the egg cell, producing a diploid (2
5031:
where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud. The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, is more delicate in
8853:
Paloma G. P.; Negrão, Raquel; Onana, Jean Michel; Rajaovelona, Landy R.; Razanajatovo, Henintsoa; Reich, Peter B.; Richards, Sophie L.; Rivers, Malin C.; Cooper, Amanda; Iganci, João; Lewis, Gwilym P.; Smidt, Eric C.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Mueller, Gregory M.; Walker, Barnaby E. (29 September 2020).
5237:
Charles Darwin in his 1878 book The
Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom in the initial paragraph of chapter XII noted "The first and most important of the conclusions which may be drawn from the observations given in this volume, is that generally cross-fertilisation is
1511:
The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families.
8852:
Lughadha, Eimear Nic; Bachman, Steven P.; Leão, Tarciso C. C.; Forest, Félix; Halley, John M.; Moat, Justin; Acedo, Carmen; Bacon, Karen L.; Brewer, Ryan F. A.; Gâteblé, Gildas; Gonçalves, Susana C.; Govaerts, Rafaël; Hollingsworth, Peter M.; Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard; de Lirio, Elton J.; Moore,
5293:
integrity and only infrequent combinations of extrinsic and intrinsic factors permit shifts to asexuality. Thus the two fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, cross-fertilization (outcrossing) and meiosis appear to be maintained respectively by the advantages of genetic
5836:
as well. About 3% of flowering plants are very likely to be driven extinct within a century at 2 °C (3.6 °F) of global warming, and 10% at 3.2 °C (5.8 °F). In worst-case scenarios, half of all tree species may be driven extinct by climate change over that timeframe.
5270:. Once flowers became established in a lineage as an evolutionary adaptation to promote cross-fertilization, subsequent switching to inbreeding usually becomes disadvantageous, in large part because it allows expression of the previously masked deleterious recessive mutations, i.e.
1078:
4871:
and in great diversity in the fossil record in the Early
Cretaceous (~130 mya). Claimed records of flowering plants prior to this are not widely accepted. Molecular evidence suggests that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late
4807:
In 2024, Alexandre R. Zuntini and colleagues constructed a tree of some 6,000 flowering plant genera, representing some 60% of the existing genera, on the basis of analysis of 353 nuclear genes in each specimen. Much of the existing phylogeny is confirmed; the
5772:; a survey of 70 of these found that the most popular flowering plant family for such emblems is Orchidaceae at 15.7% (11 emblems), followed by Fabaceae at 10% (7 emblems), and Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae all at 5.7% (4 emblems each).
2065:
treats the flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass
Magnoliidae. From 1998, the
1167:
1188:
707:, and supply numerous ingredients for traditional and modern medicines. Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes, with certain flowers playing a significant role in many cultures.
4876:, about 365 million years ago. The origin time of the crown group of flowering plants remains contentious. By the Late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by
6594:
Karlsson, P. S.; Pate, J. S. (1992). "Contrasting effects of supplementary feeding of insects or mineral nutrients on the growth and nitrogen and phosphorous economy of pygmy species of
Drosera".
1205:
5047:, producing both pollen and ovules in the same flower, but some use other devices to reduce self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have carpels and stamens of differing lengths, so animal
6111:
Friedman, William E.; Ryerson, Kirsten C. (2009). "Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from
Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants".
7018:, a new genus of plants found on the southwest coast of New Holland: with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum; and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae"
649:
within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the
8677:
1271:
8451:
Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE. Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex. Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1277–81. doi: 10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363
5118:) cell. The zygote develops into an embryo; the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, the embryo's food supply. The ovary develops into a fruit. and each ovule into a seed.
12392:
1508:
added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and
Vahliales), along with some new families, for a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families.
1099:
1363:
13541:
13508:
12397:
2191:
5860:
around the world maintain living plants, including over 40% of the species known to be threatened, as an "insurance policy against extinction in the wild." The
13346:
11019:
8281:
11007:
1384:
20:
12530:
11013:
6558:
Kendrick, Gary A.; Orth, Robert J.; Sinclair, Elizabeth A.; Statton, John (2022). "Effect of climate change on regeneration of seagrasses from seeds".
1035:
8541:
6089:
13876:
13441:
13379:
10823:
9038:
6047:
1296:
5216:
arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex. Sexual selection is a common concept in animal
2053:
in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with
11025:
5833:
5785:
4947:
of a leaf. The flower-bearing part of the plant is usually sharply distinguished from the leaf-bearing part, and forms a branch-system called an
1405:
775:
8463:
Hörandl E. Apomixis and the paradox of sex in plants. Ann Bot. 2024 Mar 18:mcae044. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcae044. Epub ahead of print. PMID 38497809
11155:
9988:
5918:
2054:
9123:
2061:'s work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The
9414:
4888:
as the dominant trees close to the end of the
Cretaceous, 66 million years ago. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later.
5963:
12448:
10835:
1480:
The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of
7421:
Zuntini, Alexandre R.; Carruthers, Tom; Maurin, Olivier; Bailey, Paul C.; Leempoel, Kevin; Brewer, Grace E.; et al. (24 April 2024).
5106:. A haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two haploid (
12598:
8685:
9132:
8790:
Block, Sebastián; Maechler, Marc-Jacques; Levine, Jacob I.; Alexander, Jake M.; Pellissier, Loïc; Levine, Jonathan M. (26 August 2022).
7817:
13339:
10951:
1460:
that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by
1063:, dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are
9943:
715:
8439:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray". darwin-online.org.uk
8238:
Eriksson, O. (2008). "Evolution of Seed Size and Biotic Seed
Dispersal in Angiosperms: Paleoecological and Neoecological Evidence".
6954:
1222:
943:
Once the ovules are fertilised, the carpels, often with surrounding tissues, develop into fruits. Gymnosperms have unenclosed seeds.
12646:
12264:
9224:
9182:
9150:
7899:
7319:
1242:
on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen
13582:
8766:
7731:
6884:
Goffinet, Bernard; Buck, William R. (2004). "Systematics of the
Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification".
2164:
2033:
6416:
13531:
6485:
Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2010). "The evolution of parasitism in plants".
6379:
5868:
asserts that "without plants, there is no life". It aims to "halt the continuing loss of plant diversity" throughout the world.
5865:
5185:, setting seed without fertilization, is found naturally in about 2.2% of angiosperm genera. Some angiosperms, including many
13332:
9724:
9681:
9660:
9641:
9620:
9597:
9477:
9404:
9305:
9289:
9022:
8982:
8774:
8363:
8150:
8082:
7974:
7852:
7811:
7346:
6663:
6575:
6355:
6163:
2058:
8369:
5820:, but activities such as logging of wild timber trees and collection of medicinal plants, or the introduction of non-native
1512:
The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are:
5203:
1016:
667:
is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based
14378:
13461:
8707:
6976:
9981:
8508:
6655:
4829:
7957:
Salisbury, Frank B.; Parke, Robert V. (1970). "Sexual
Reproduction". In Salisbury, Frank B.; Parke, Robert V. (eds.).
7136:
12454:
9178:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
7938:
7022:
Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia: Performed Between the Years 1818 and 1822
6916:
9220:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"
9146:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
2045:
11349:
10031:
9747:
8969:. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 24. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 15–42.
8738:
5346:
feed. Much of this food derives from a small number of flowering plant families. For instance, half of the world's
8998:
5985:
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; et al. (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
967:
Open vessel elements are stacked end to end to form continuous tubes, whereas gymnosperm xylem is made of tapered
12591:
11788:
10026:
5801:
8273:
14520:
13479:
13436:
12269:
9870:"Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times"
5052:
979:
12625:
11719:
10110:
10100:
10083:
9974:
4920:
4906:
6181:"The evolution of pollen germination timing in flowering plants: Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae)"
12651:
12641:
12438:
12025:
11540:
8072:
9944:"The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval"
8533:
7688:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
6081:
13575:
13402:
12520:
12274:
8792:"Ecological lags govern the pace and outcome of plant community responses to 21st-century climate change"
8189:
7364:"Five major shifts of diversification through the long evolutionary history of Magnoliidae (angiosperms)"
6338:
Baas, Pieter (1982). "Systematic, phylogenetic, and ecological wood anatomy — History and perspectives".
6025:
8166:
5816:
suggest that around 40% of plant species are threatened with extinction. The majority are threatened by
1199:, the mountain avens, lives in cold arctic and montane habitats in the far north of America and Eurasia.
225:
14352:
13526:
13484:
13397:
13313:
12584:
12254:
9323:
9215:
9173:
9141:
7844:
7287:
5813:
5259:
5238:
beneficial and self-fertilisation often injurious, at least with the plants on which I experimented."
5067:
plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant; these are often wind-pollinated, as in
2654:
2067:
14396:
13719:
12404:
8907:
8487:
8185:
6908:
7537:
Herendeen, Patrick S.; Friis, Else Marie; Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard; Crane, Peter R. (3 March 2017).
5922:
14561:
14528:
13407:
12636:
12542:
12387:
11437:
9966:
9868:
Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014).
7753:
Sauquet, Hervé; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Magallón, Susana (24 June 2022). Melzer, Rainer (ed.).
5731:
5715:
5696:
726:
on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild (
8297:"Taxonomy and Biogeography of Apomixis in Angiosperms and Associated Biodiversity Characteristics"
5957:
14483:
13804:
13536:
10115:
8965:
Shivanna, K. R. (2019). "The 'Sixth Mass Extinction Crisis' and Its Impact on Flowering Plants".
8492:
7874:
6681:
2096:
2050:
1497:
888:
14445:
13568:
12372:
12296:
6155:
5152:
As the embryo and endosperm develop, the wall of the embryo sac enlarges and combines with the
5131:
1069:
duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across.
12101:
7801:
7336:
7013:
5342:
is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, which provide virtually all plant-based food and
1312:
Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The
14430:
14032:
13682:
13324:
12537:
10078:
9931:
9874:
6649:
5271:
5179:
forms the edible flesh, surrounding the ovaries which form the tough cases around the seeds.
5013:
and attract pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as
11316:
9823:(July–September 1980). "Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)".
5114:) zygote. The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3
1238:
In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of
132:
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14556:
13697:
12259:
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11783:
11342:
11311:
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9959:
9883:
9832:
9756:
9548:
9433:
9164:
9145:
9119:
9115:
8803:
8616:
8308:
7699:
7550:
7436:
7375:
7226:
6603:
6494:
5848:
5781:
5303:
5095:
1370:
734:
11759:
9947:
7754:
7601:
6950:
5752:. Flowers are used in a variety of art forms which arrange cut or living plants, such as
8:
13369:
12429:
11974:
10476:
10459:
10369:
10217:
9247:
Becker, Kenneth M. (February 1973). "A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems".
8934:"Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species"
5817:
5805:
5749:
5745:
5727:
5286:
5135:
5090:
751:
719:
381:
13560:
9887:
9836:
9760:
9552:
9437:
8807:
8620:
8312:
7703:
7686:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; et al. (19 July 2021).
7554:
7494:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
7465:
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7422:
7379:
7316:
7230:
6607:
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10752:
10503:
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10207:
10095:
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9904:
9869:
9856:
9848:
9808:
9527:
9503:
9466:
9449:
9348:
9266:
8886:
8824:
8791:
8329:
8296:
8255:
8220:
7891:
7869:
7723:
7640:
7582:
7514:
7489:
7398:
7363:
7249:
7214:
7190:
7163:
7077:
6866:
6825:
6790:
6706:
6698:
6627:
6567:
6467:
6455:
6315:
6280:
6205:
6180:
6006:
4868:
4838:
1351:
1174:
1023:
947:
840:
829:
658:
356:
220:
12576:
8557:"Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics"
8074:
Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems
6808:
Scotland, R. W.; Wortley, A. H. (2003). "How many species of seed plants are there?".
6256:
6229:
6148:
5051:
cannot easily transfer pollen between them. Homomorphic flowers may use a biochemical
13819:
13291:
13106:
12525:
11374:
11369:
11218:
11119:
11107:
10930:
10644:
10464:
10395:
10385:
10315:
10105:
10068:
10056:
10046:
9909:
9774:
9720:
9677:
9656:
9637:
9616:
9608:
9593:
9576:
9571:
9536:
9473:
9400:
9378:
9361:
9352:
9340:
9301:
9285:
9196:
9177:
9018:
8978:
8890:
8829:
8770:
8760:
8634:
8586:
8578:
8422:
8414:
8359:
8334:
8146:
8123:
8115:
8078:
7970:
7934:
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7848:
7807:
7782:
7774:
7727:
7715:
7687:
7668:
7660:
7621:
7586:
7574:
7566:
7519:
7470:
7452:
7403:
7342:
7306:
7254:
7195:
7081:
7069:
7025:
6912:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6725:
6659:
6619:
6571:
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6420:
6361:
6351:
6320:
6302:
6261:
6210:
6159:
6128:
5213:
5190:
5171:
Other parts of the flower often contribute to forming the fruit. For example, in the
4971:
4099:
2631:
1321:
1287:
1247:
1135:
1059:
866:
846:
485:
289:
9860:
9615:. Special Volumes. Vol. 21. London: Systematics Association. pp. 269–361.
9453:
8259:
7895:
7215:"Chloranthus genome provides insights into the early diversification of angiosperms"
6710:
6631:
6471:
6246:
5325:
5044:
4815:
2134:
2017:
14095:
13974:
13866:
13809:
13749:
13744:
13672:
13657:
13303:
12888:
12717:
12687:
12311:
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12166:
12059:
12044:
12005:
11930:
11771:
11695:
11592:
11534:
11131:
11125:
11089:
10772:
10634:
10519:
10420:
10020:
9899:
9891:
9840:
9800:
9764:
9566:
9556:
9537:"Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record"
9523:
9499:
9461:
9441:
9421:
9392:
9373:
9332:
9318:
9258:
9233:
9201:
9191:
9159:
9010:
8970:
8945:
8876:
8866:
8819:
8811:
8624:
8568:
8483:
8479:
8404:
8324:
8316:
8247:
8224:
8212:
8107:
8051:
7962:
7926:
7883:
7766:
7707:
7652:
7613:
7558:
7509:
7501:
7460:
7444:
7427:
7393:
7383:
7296:
7244:
7234:
7185:
7175:
7137:"As easy as APG III – Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants"
7059:
6856:
6817:
6782:
6737:
6690:
6611:
6563:
6502:
6451:
6343:
6342:. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 1. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 23–58.
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6292:
6251:
6241:
6200:
6192:
6120:
6037:
5998:
5821:
5761:
5741:
5711:
5665:
5262:. This beneficial effect of cross-fertilisation on progeny is also referred to as
5209:
4927:
The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Its function is to ensure
4911:
2730:
2636:
2401:
1900:
1524:
1493:
1441:
1212:
1195:
767:
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755:
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547:
529:
428:
311:
305:
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12106:
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5102:
grain sticks to the stigma at the top of the pistil, germinates, and grows a long
1216:, the sacred lotus, grows in warm freshwater across tropical and subtropical Asia.
14566:
14268:
14173:
14090:
14022:
13779:
13739:
13724:
13617:
13191:
13049:
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12074:
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11803:
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11454:
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10639:
10622:
10405:
10364:
10232:
10222:
10202:
9791:
9710:
9671:
9631:
9514:(February 1983). "General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics".
9279:
9249:
8950:
8933:
8353:
8320:
7966:
7800:
Sadava, David; Heller, H. Craig; Orians, Gordon H.; et al. (December 2006).
7323:
5857:
5794:
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3309:
2530:
1677:
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1042:
695:
family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide materials such as
525:
345:
164:
13426:
8974:
7961:. Fundamentals of Botany Series. London: Macmillan Education. pp. 185–195.
6442:
Leake, J.R. (1994). "The biology of myco-heterotrophic ('saprophytic') plants".
6347:
5790:
2502:
2057:, when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with
876:
The gametophytes are smaller than those of gymnosperms. The smaller size of the
117:
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13871:
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10666:
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10051:
9998:
9738:
9716:
9314:
8734:
8098:
Bortiri, E.; Hake, S. (13 January 2007). "Flowering and determinacy in maize".
7711:
7448:
7239:
6297:
6042:
5861:
5829:
5593:
5126:
4560:
4149:
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c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves
2075:
2012:
1461:
1391:
1375:
1330:
1303:
1126:, deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as
1120:
1119:
Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are
1090:
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873:
in male, seven cells with eight nuclei in female (except for basal angiosperms)
870:
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743:
638:
501:
250:
181:
9769:
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9298:
9014:
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8216:
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7180:
7139:(Press release). The Linnean Society of London. 8 October 2009. Archived from
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had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the
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9487:
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9110:
8629:
8604:
8582:
8418:
8119:
7778:
7664:
7570:
7490:"The role of mid-palaeozoic mesofossils in the detection of early bryophytes"
7456:
7029:
6983:
6751:
6514:
6365:
6306:
5769:
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2204:
2079:
2071:
1967:
1954:
1864:
1790:
1659:
1005:
881:
803:
786:
Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have
650:
622:
497:
340:
124:
70:
9561:
8393:"Trait selection in flowering plants: how does sexual selection contribute?"
8040:"Boys and Girls Come Out to Play: The Molecular Biology of Dioecious Plants"
7562:
6196:
19:"Flowering Plants" redirects here. For the book by G. Ledyard Stebbins, see
14468:
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14218:
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11567:
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10877:
10708:
10698:
10498:
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10323:
9932:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics"
9913:
9778:
9580:
9344:
8833:
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8127:
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5840:
Conservation in this context is the attempt to prevent extinction, whether
5723:
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5033:
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3896:
3722:
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1093:
over the large surfaces of its leaves, which are supported by strong veins.
972:
373:
295:
196:
139:
9490:(February 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms".
8652:
8203:
Berger, F. (January 2008). "Double-fertilization, from myths to reality".
7770:
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14477:
14303:
14278:
14223:
14198:
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10250:
10242:
9136:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14.
8409:
8392:
8111:
7656:
7164:"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"
6026:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
5765:
5339:
5247:
5103:
5002:
4867:) have existed for at least 475 million years. However, angiosperms
4864:
4343:
4307:
3989:
3586:
3480:
3465:
3113:
3098:
2964:
2852:
2705:
2534:
2369:
2110:
1895:
1713:
1562:
1255:
896:
833:
664:
521:
300:
45:
38:
9336:
8881:
7641:"Hunting the Snark: the flawed search for mythical Jurassic angiosperms"
7617:
7362:
Massoni, Julien; Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Sauquet, Hervé (18 March 2015).
6124:
6010:
5189:
varieties, are able to produce fruits through a type of apomixis called
2558:
2405:
2242:
14336:
14298:
14228:
14208:
14203:
14188:
14158:
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13959:
13652:
13627:
13209:
13186:
13111:
13064:
13059:
13039:
13001:
12917:
12800:
12739:
12731:
12335:
12328:
12318:
12301:
11984:
11979:
11915:
11707:
11554:
11513:
11407:
11301:
11228:
11196:
11182:
11165:
10713:
10390:
10179:
10170:
9895:
9852:
9844:
9812:
9445:
9362:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
9270:
9206:
8871:
8854:
7281:
Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Chase, Mark W. (October 2004).
6870:
6829:
6794:
6702:
6615:
5601:
5461:
5419:
5282:
5242:
emerged in plant evolution as an adaptation for the promotion of cross-
5176:
5168:, whose form is closely associated with type of seed dispersal system.
5157:
5064:
5048:
5010:
4990:
4955:
4881:
4842:
4578:
4232:
4124:
3946:
3921:
3819:
3611:
3440:
3039:
2800:
2780:
2436:
2341:
2214:
2062:
1949:
1859:
1731:
1543:
1489:
1347:
1111:
1053:
892:
791:
747:
654:
626:
520:
are enclosed within a fruit. They are by far the most diverse group of
320:
263:
90:
55:
9789:(June 1964). "The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order".
9238:
9219:
9004:
8815:
8573:
8556:
7064:
7047:
2440:
2373:
1334:, the spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on
149:
14510:
14492:
14253:
14233:
14125:
14004:
13939:
13929:
13914:
13909:
13890:
13642:
13239:
13219:
13176:
13166:
12883:
12744:
12675:
12443:
12340:
12069:
11874:
11855:
11766:
11690:
11610:
11562:
11503:
11483:
11422:
10966:
10862:
10728:
10612:
10410:
10190:
10159:
9820:
9786:
7335:
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017).
6002:
5853:
5644:
Flowering plants provide a diverse range of materials in the form of
5566:
5496:
5481:
5343:
5331:
5267:
5217:
5073:
5056:
4967:
4510:
4485:
4361:
4325:
4282:
3362:
2818:
2650:
2507:
2160:
2130:
1985:
1972:
1785:
1749:
1695:
1682:
1640:
1603:
1449:
1421:
1396:
1343:
1148:
1131:
1123:
1106:
968:
951:
Peas (seeds, from ovules) inside pod (fruit, from fertilised carpel).
920:
906:
739:
672:
646:
642:
95:
14439:
9996:
9804:
9321:(2010). "The Age and Diversification of the Angiosperms Revisited".
9262:
6861:
6844:
6821:
6786:
2465:
14462:
14308:
14288:
14283:
14258:
14238:
14213:
14178:
14168:
14163:
13994:
13969:
13949:
13609:
13471:
13417:
13234:
13143:
13138:
13126:
13074:
13044:
12968:
12865:
12831:
12806:
12749:
12485:
12475:
12419:
12414:
12181:
12054:
12030:
11947:
11617:
11402:
11238:
10671:
10654:
10090:
8999:
Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
8295:
Hojsgaard, D.; Klatt, S.; Baier, R.; et al. (September 2014).
8251:
7887:
7338:
Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants
7161:
6773:
Thorne, R.F. (2002). "How many species of seed plants are there?".
6694:
6404:) ... In 2014, it had a tape-drop height of 99.82 m (327 ft 5.9 in)
5608:
5585:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5500:
5477:
5430:
5251:
5182:
5165:
5153:
5027:
4873:
4379:
4199:
4174:
4161:
3971:
3837:
3324:
3126:
3073:
2939:
2926:
2870:
2554:
2498:
2445:
1913:
1882:
1821:
1808:
1580:
1251:
924:
330:
325:
171:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
14497:
13278:
9109:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
8555:
Zhang, Shu-Dong; Jin, Jian-Jun; Chen, Si-Yun; et al. (2017).
5744:
that celebrates the beauty of flowering plants. Flowers have been
5692:
14313:
14293:
13989:
13964:
13954:
13944:
13900:
13837:
13201:
13181:
13031:
13021:
13011:
13006:
12893:
11670:
11665:
11582:
11572:
11191:
10894:
10693:
10150:
9930:
Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Harmut H.; Stevens, Peter F. (2017).
9743:"Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms"
8509:"Maize, rice, wheat: alarm at rising climate risk to vital crops"
8477:
7162:
Leebens-Mack, M.; Barker, M.; Carpenter, E.; et al. (2019).
5842:
5757:
5669:
5628:
5578:
5562:
5554:
5523:
5504:
5454:
5446:
5423:
5382:
5347:
5278:
4885:
4847:
4809:
4535:
3740:
3697:
3672:
3521:
3412:
1846:
1827:
1767:
1718:
1621:
1533:
1501:
1335:
1325:
1259:
1239:
1229:
1139:
1114:
broomrape with no leaves, obtains all its food from other plants.
1085:
1065:
759:
728:
692:
688:
537:
414:
389:
188:
156:
100:
75:
9954:
9588:
Heywood, V. H.; Brummitt, R. K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007).
6726:"Plant growth forms: an ecological and evolutionary perspective"
14153:
14145:
14014:
13518:
13244:
12978:
12956:
12836:
12776:
12123:
12015:
11935:
11889:
11879:
11840:
11778:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11358:
7921:
Bredmose, N. (2003). "Growth Regulation: Axillary Bud Growth".
7752:
5753:
5677:
5673:
5653:
5624:
5570:
5558:
5473:
5469:
5450:
5403:
5290:
5255:
5239:
5186:
5099:
5037:
4998:
4994:
4983:
4979:
4963:
4959:
4916:
4902:
3508:
3151:
1990:
1936:
1700:
1664:
1646:
1590:
1567:
1505:
1313:
1243:
1179:
1154:
933:
916:
912:
877:
823:
795:
778:
and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100.
704:
630:
385:
203:
13354:
10585:
9281:
Plant Form. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology
7539:"Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms"
7095:
7093:
7091:
5828:
Relatively few plant diversity assessments currently consider
464:
458:
14372:
14361:
14062:
13934:
12347:
12281:
12203:
12171:
12128:
12020:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11940:
11925:
11894:
11815:
11473:
11464:
11177:
10590:
10288:
10002:
7420:
7283:"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"
6951:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (at Missouri Botanical Garden)"
6484:
5649:
5636:
5616:
5597:
5574:
5508:
5399:
5395:
5359:
5351:
5221:
5172:
5143:
5068:
5060:
5022:
5018:
5014:
4975:
4936:
4932:
4860:
2100:
2038:
2026:
1754:
1736:
1627:
1608:
1469:
1411:
1339:
1127:
1046:, a rootless floating freshwater plant under 2 mm across
983:
958:
937:
855:
851:
700:
684:
680:
634:
533:
517:
511:
505:
489:
481:
418:
410:
237:
9633:
Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species
9067:
9003:"Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services".
8789:
8486:; Stevenson, Dennis William; Berry, Paul E. (8 March 2016).
8143:
The Plant Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants
5919:"Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium – M"
5098:
requires two sperm cells to fertilise cells in the ovule. A
2070:(APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the
14100:
13592:
12198:
12193:
11845:
11685:
11660:
11655:
11639:
11498:
10962:
10681:
9006:
Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
7536:
7088:
6903:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
6557:
6230:"Evolutionary origins of the endosperm in flowering plants"
6146:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
5809:
5661:
5657:
5645:
5632:
5620:
5442:
5391:
5355:
5318:
5147:
4944:
4940:
4877:
2187:
2103:
placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context:
1918:
1772:
1481:
1465:
1457:
1307:, the spring gentian, flourishes in dry limestone habitats.
799:
787:
696:
676:
668:
661:, becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet.
610:
604:
595:
589:
583:
571:
565:
493:
477:
446:
443:
14533:
10290:
9468:
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
9068:"Updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011–2020"
6993:
6281:"Case not closed: the mystery of the origin of the carpel"
6227:
5718:. Flowers are the subjects of many poems by poets such as
1328:
from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as
858:
are replaced here by a fused tube, the corona, and tepals.
577:
440:
13590:
12118:
11680:
11327:
8851:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8294:
8019:
7995:
7685:
6845:"How many species of seed plants are there? – a response"
5438:
5411:
5407:
5055:
to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains.
1586:
1452:
that set seed and die after one growing season, to large
1317:
1283:
1233:
seagrass grows on the seabed in sheltered coastal waters.
556:
553:
434:
9299:
1st edition published by Oxford University Press in 1991
8997:
Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat et al. (2022)
8007:
7983:
7799:
7639:
Bateman, Richard M (1 January 2020). Ort, Donald (ed.).
7538:
5962:. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. xxxvi.
5846:
by protecting plants and their habitats in the wild, or
5285:
through genetic recombination in reproductive tissues.
5134:
tree, showing the large seed inside the fruit, which is
12606:
9609:"Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms"
9424:(October 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants".
7105:
1262:
that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters.
10004:
9009:. Cambridge University Press. 2023. pp. 197–378.
8466:
8145:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
7361:
5984:
14350:
5735:
2510:, 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves
2021:
From 1736, an illustration of Linnaean classification
601:
580:
562:
559:
452:
437:
431:
7334:
6062:
5937:
5898:
5764:
have sometimes changed the course of history, as in
5281:
in flowering plants provides a direct mechanism for
5250:), a process that allows the masking of deleterious
5071:, but include some insect-pollinated plants such as
746:. Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become
607:
586:
568:
455:
9702:
Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas
9415:"Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes"
8391:Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Delph, Lynda F. (1 August 2006).
6400:) ... 98.53 m (323 ft 3.1 in) tall ... swamp gum (
6228:Baroux, C.; Spillane, C.; Grossniklaus, U. (2002).
911:Endosperm forms after fertilization but before the
598:
574:
550:
461:
449:
21:
Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level
10812:
9465:
8678:"Nature's Song: Chinese Bird and Flower Paintings"
7839:Stewart, Wilson Nichols; Rothwell, Gar W. (1993).
7414:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6902:
6147:
5706:woodblock print by Ohara Koson (late 19th century)
5080:
4989:The flower may consist only of these parts, as in
2448:flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves
2049:'seed'), was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by
2025:The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words
691:intake, and all three plants are cereals from the
10761:
10485:
9691:Raven, P.H.; Evert, R.F.; Eichhorn, S.E. (2004).
9592:. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books.
8855:"Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi"
8554:
8278:Fruit & Nut Research & Information Center
7952:
7950:
7280:
6679:Hart, Robin (1977). "Why are Biennials so Few?".
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5289:appears to be required for maintaining long-term
5224:, it is often overlooked because many plants are
5063:have male and female flowers on separate plants.
4954:Flowers produce two kinds of reproductive cells.
4943:. It may arise terminally on a shoot or from the
14548:
13877:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
10314:
9611:. In Joysey, Kenneth Alan; Friday, A.E. (eds.).
9607:Hill, Christopher; Crane, Peter (January 1982).
8447:
8445:
6589:
6587:
6023:
5797:, a species highly vulnerable to climate change.
10993:
9655:(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
9541:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9094:
8847:
8845:
8843:
7838:
7423:"Phylogenomics and the rise of the angiosperms"
7117:
6925:
6807:
6110:
5786:Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity
5232:
5164:. The ovary wall develops to form the fruit or
5032:structure, and attracts pollinators by colour,
10943:
10592:
8459:
8457:
7956:
7947:
7602:"The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery""
7276:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7041:
7039:
6643:
6641:
5877:
1440:, the flowering plants range from small, soft
13576:
13340:
12592:
11343:
10134:
9982:
9114:
8442:
8106:(5). Oxford University Press (OUP): 909–916.
7099:
7048:"The origin of Darwin's "abominable mystery""
6999:
6724:Rowe, Nick; Speck, Thomas (12 January 2005).
6584:
3469:de Candolle ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
915:divides. It provides food for the developing
621:Angiosperms are distinguished from the other
12449:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
8902:
8900:
8840:
8710:. Folger Shakespeare Library. Archived from
7341:. University of Chicago Press. p. 114.
6883:
6593:
6024:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
5959:Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
5294:complementation and recombinational repair.
5258:of progeny. The masking effect is known as
4962:, are the male cells; they are borne in the
4582:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
4347:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
4329:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
4311:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3975:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3925:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3841:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3823:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3726:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3633:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3525:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3366:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3341:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2874:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2856:de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2006:
1258:grow in marine environments, spreading with
832:of flowering plants, not found in any other
500:. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the
9386:
9359:
9062:
9060:
8454:
8390:
8097:
8013:
7989:
7265:
7111:
7036:
6638:
5297:
3198:de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2709:Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2313:The main groups of living angiosperms are:
1316:, many of which live in nutrient-poor acid
13583:
13569:
13347:
13333:
12599:
12585:
11350:
11336:
11307:
9989:
9975:
9650:
8912:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
8759:Lim, Reuben; Tan, Heok; Tan, Hugh (2013).
8025:
8001:
5804:has driven a range of species extinct and
5350:intake is supplied by just three plants –
781:
484:and grass-like plants, a vast majority of
10861:
10610:
9903:
9819:
9785:
9768:
9570:
9560:
9420:
9391:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9377:
9360:Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (2009).
9237:
9205:
9195:
9163:
8949:
8897:
8880:
8870:
8823:
8758:
8628:
8572:
8408:
8328:
8140:
8055:
8037:
7513:
7464:
7397:
7387:
7300:
7248:
7238:
7189:
7179:
7063:
6860:
6741:
6723:
6314:
6296:
6278:
6255:
6245:
6204:
6068:
6041:
5943:
5904:
5676:, and decorative and landscaping plants.
4997:, where each flower comprises only a few
1182:in Mexico and the southern United States.
880:reduces the time between pollination and
480:(flowering plants without a woody stem),
16:Clade of seed plants that produce flowers
12393:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
9653:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology
9492:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
9413:Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999).
9366:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
9225:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
9183:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
9151:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
9057:
8964:
8908:"Botanic Gardens and Plant Conservation"
8762:Official Biological Emblems of the World
8237:
8070:
7920:
7599:
6842:
6178:
5789:
5691:
5324:
5312:
5125:
4910:
4833:
4814:
2016:
1282:, a sundew, lives in nutrient-poor acid
1142:for part or all of their life-cycle, or
978:
946:
887:
884:, which in gymnosperms is up to a year.
839:
13608:
13470:
9613:Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction
8767:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research
8732:
8351:
8240:International Journal of Plant Sciences
7867:
7841:Paleobotany and the evolution of plants
7638:
7487:
6948:
6279:Gonçalves, Beatriz (15 December 2021).
5955:
4845:created many flowering plants, such as
4128:Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3043:Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2968:Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820
1288:deriving nutrients from trapped insects
1178:, the saguaro cactus, grows in hot dry
999:
14549:
13836:
9165:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
8202:
7755:"What is the age of flowering plants?"
6772:
6647:
5916:
5866:Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
4884:. Large canopy-forming trees replaced
1475:
14444:
14443:
13564:
13517:
13328:
12580:
11331:
10584:
9970:
9590:Flowering Plant Families of the World
9039:"Plant Conservation Around the World"
8931:
8506:
8352:Gentile, Alessandra (18 March 2020).
7820:from the original on 23 December 2011
7600:Friedman, William E. (January 2009).
7045:
7011:
6441:
5684:are beverages from flowering plants.
5009:plants, other structures protect the
1146:, either wholly like the broomrapes,
716:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
653:, over 300 million years ago. In the
14379:
9387:De Craene, Ronse; P., Louis (2010).
8488:"Angiosperm: Significance to Humans"
7902:from the original on 9 November 2021
7734:from the original on 10 January 2022
7046:Buggs, Richard J.A. (January 2021).
6957:from the original on 20 January 2022
6678:
6651:Mountain Plants of the British Isles
6337:
5746:used in literature to convey meaning
5204:Sexual selection in flowering plants
2684:Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999
1152:, or partially like the witchweeds,
9942:Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992).
9214:
9172:
9140:
9043:Cambridge University Botanic Garden
8397:Integrative and Comparative Biology
7212:
7123:
6936:
6082:"Angiosperms | OpenStax Biology 2e"
5966:from the original on 27 August 2017
5892:
5196:
1516:The 25 largest angiosperm families
1395:, the silver birch, is a perennial
1324:, able to derive nutrients such as
540:. Angiosperms were formerly called
510:('container, vessel') and σπέρμα /
13:
9946:. 14 December 2000. Archived from
9528:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x
9504:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x
9472:. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
9284:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
9072:Convention on Biological Diversity
8544:from the original on 19 July 2019.
8372:from the original on 14 April 2021
8301:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
7959:Vascular Plants: Form and Function
7500:(1398): 733–54, discussion 754–5.
6568:10.1016/b978-0-12-823731-1.00011-1
6456:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04272.x
6419:. 25 November 2009. Archived from
6240:(9) reviews1026.1: reviews1026.1.
5768:. Many countries and regions have
4830:Fossil history of flowering plants
1504:there were 415 families. The 2016
14:
14583:
12398:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
6539:. University of Nevada, Las Vegas
6092:from the original on 19 July 2021
6050:from the original on 6 April 2017
5808:. Multiple organizations such as
5308:
5121:
4823:
4819:Tree of Angiosperm Phylogeny 2024
2506:c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1
1492:seeks to determine the number of
1464:on other plants in the manner of
1378:herb of Europe and North America.
14422:
14405:
14388:
14360:
13380:Early-diverging flowering plants
13309:
13308:
13277:
12561:
12560:
11306:
9748:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
9379:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
9197:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
9102:
8739:British Broadcasting Corporation
8358:. Springer Nature. p. 171.
8284:from the original on 2 May 2023.
7868:Willson, Mary F. (1 June 1979).
7020:. In King, Philip Parker (ed.).
6743:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01309.x
6380:"Menara, yellow meranti, Shorea"
6340:New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy
5687:
5202:This section is an excerpt from
2557:
2533:
2501:
2464:
2439:
2404:
2372:
2340:
2241:
2220:
2190:
2163:
2133:
1404:
1383:
1362:
1295:
1270:
1221:
1204:
1187:
1166:
1162:Hot, cold, wet, dry, fresh, salt
1098:
1077:
1034:
1015:
546:
427:
224:
195:
180:
163:
148:
131:
116:
43:
9089:
9031:
8991:
8958:
8925:
8783:
8752:
8726:
8700:
8670:
8645:
8597:
8548:
8526:
8500:
8482:; Zimmermann, Martin Huldrych;
8433:
8384:
8345:
8288:
8266:
8231:
8196:
8159:
8134:
8091:
8064:
8031:
7914:
7861:
7832:
7793:
7746:
7679:
7632:
7593:
7530:
7481:
7355:
7328:
7206:
7155:
7129:
7024:. J. Murray. pp. 534–565.
7005:
6969:
6942:
6896:
6886:Monographs in Systematic Botany
6877:
6836:
6801:
6766:
6717:
6672:
6551:
6529:
6478:
6435:
6409:
6372:
6331:
6272:
6247:10.1186/gb-2002-3-9-reviews1026
6221:
6172:
6139:
6104:
5856:or as living plants. Some 3000
5802:Human impact on the environment
5775:
5377:Example foods from that family
5081:Fertilisation and embryogenesis
4982:; one or more carpels form the
4891:
1374:, herb-Robert, is an annual or
1346:, which give rise to often dry
11317:Current definitions of Plantae
9704:. University of Toronto Press.
8967:Biodiversity and Chemotaxonomy
8735:"A Brief History of Gardening"
8538:Botanical Dermatology Database
8100:Journal of Experimental Botany
7931:10.1016/b0-12-227620-5/00017-3
7925:. Elsevier. pp. 374–381.
7759:Journal of Experimental Botany
7645:Journal of Experimental Botany
7213:Guo, Xing (26 November 2021).
7014:"Character and description of
6982:. October 2006. Archived from
6074:
6017:
5978:
5949:
5910:
5806:is threatening even more today
5366:Major food-providing families
4203:von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3701:von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3615:von Berchtold & Presl 1820
3497:von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2822:von Berchtold & Presl 1820
2230:conifers and allies
1:
9695:(7th ed.). W.H. Freeman.
9636:. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub.
9417:. Harvard University Gazette.
8507:McKie, Robin (16 July 2017).
8038:Ainsworth, C. (August 2000).
6560:Plant Regeneration from Seeds
6507:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.004
5871:
4972:divide to become the egg cell
4907:Plant reproductive morphology
750:due to human actions such as
714:in Earth's history, only the
532:, approximately 13,000 known
12439:History of plant systematics
12026:Thorns, spines, and prickles
9709:Simpson, Michael G. (2010).
9095:Articles, books and chapters
8951:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001104
8321:10.1080/07352689.2014.898488
8280:. University of California.
7967:10.1007/978-1-349-00364-8_13
7923:Encyclopedia of Rose Science
7870:"Sexual Selection in Plants"
7806:. Macmillan. pp. 477–.
7803:Life: the science of biology
6179:Williams, Joseph H. (2012).
5716:roles in literature and film
5329:Food from plants: a dish of
5233:Adaptive function of flowers
4974:. They are contained in the
2085:
2039:
2027:
2001:
1073:Photosynthetic and parasitic
1057:gum trees of Australia, and
1051:The largest angiosperms are
994:
742:or artificial habitats like
687:provide half of the world's
512:
506:
7:
9922:
8975:10.1007/978-3-030-30746-2_2
8190:Harvard University Herbaria
6348:10.1007/978-94-017-2418-0_2
5736:
5136:dehiscing or splitting open
3391:Takhtajan ex Cronquist 1981
2315:
2308:
2090:
1431:climbing trees in Australia
1358:Herbaceous, woody, climbing
516:('seed'), meaning that the
10:
14588:
13442:Dilleniales and Gunnerales
12255:Alternation of generations
11357:
9651:D. Mauseth, James (2016).
9324:American Journal of Botany
7845:Cambridge University Press
7712:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
7606:American Journal of Botany
7449:10.1038/s41586-024-07324-0
7288:American Journal of Botany
7240:10.1038/s41467-021-26922-4
7052:American Journal of Botany
6907:(7th ed.). New York:
6298:10.1186/s13227-021-00184-z
6154:. W. H. Freeman. pp.
6113:American Journal of Botany
6043:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
5917:Reveal, James L. (2011) .
5814:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5779:
5301:
5201:
5141:
5084:
4900:
4896:
4863:suggest that land plants (
4827:
2655:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
2068:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
2044:
2032:
2010:
1003:
18:
14452:
14326:
14144:
14061:
14013:
13898:
13889:
13832:
13604:
13600:
13595:phyla/divisions by domain
13542:Vitales and Zygophyllales
13497:
13450:
13425:
13416:
13388:
13368:
13286:
13275:
13200:
13152:
13134:
13125:
13102:
13091:
13030:
12977:
12964:
12955:
12942:
12931:
12913:
12902:
12874:
12863:
12822:
12772:
12763:
12730:
12726:
12708:
12697:
12671:
12660:
12620:
12556:
12504:
12468:
12405:Cultivated plant taxonomy
12368:Biological classification
12358:
12231:
12147:
12043:
11993:
11718:
11648:
11591:
11553:
11527:
11463:
11383:
11365:
11289:
11205:
11164:
11053:
11038:
10989:
10980:
10939:
10919:
10908:
10857:
10848:
10808:
10793:
10789:
10749:
10745:
10680:
10653:
10621:
10606:
10602:
10580:
10528:
10512:
10494:
10448:
10444:
10378:
10357:
10345:
10341:
10310:
10281:
10259:
10241:
10189:
10169:
10149:
10145:
10130:
10014:
9770:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015
9630:Lersten, Nels R. (2004).
9278:Bell, Adrian D. (2008) .
9015:10.1017/9781009325844.004
8708:"The Language of Flowers"
8217:10.1007/s00497-007-0066-4
8205:Sexual Plant Reproduction
8186:Missouri Botanical Garden
8184:– via eFloras.org,
8141:Mabberley, D. J. (2008).
8077:. CRC Press. p. 43.
7488:Edwards, D. (June 2000).
7389:10.1186/s12862-015-0320-6
7181:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2
7100:Balfour & Rendle 1911
7000:Balfour & Rendle 1911
6909:W. H. Freeman and Company
6086:courses.lumenlearning.com
5834:starting to impact plants
4958:, which divide to become
4576:
4558:
4551:
4533:
4526:
4508:
4501:
4483:
4465:
4458:
4440:
4433:
4377:
4359:
4341:
4323:
4305:
4298:
4280:
4273:
4255:
4248:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4197:
4190:
4172:
4165:
4147:
4140:
4122:
4115:
4097:
4090:
3987:
3969:
3962:
3944:
3937:
3919:
3912:
3894:
3887:
3869:
3862:
3835:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3738:
3720:
3713:
3695:
3688:
3670:
3663:
3627:
3609:
3602:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3519:
3512:
3491:
3484:
3463:
3456:
3438:
3431:
3410:
3403:
3385:
3378:
3360:
3353:
3335:
3328:
3307:
3300:
3192:
3174:
3167:
3149:
3142:
3124:
3117:
3096:
3089:
3071:
3064:
3037:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2987:
2980:
2962:
2955:
2937:
2930:
2920:
2913:
2868:
2850:
2843:
2816:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2774:
2756:
2749:
2728:
2721:
2703:
2696:
2678:
2671:
2657:(APG) IV classification.
2552:
2528:
2521:
2496:
2489:
2469:77 spp. Woody, apetalous
2459:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2409:c. 100 spp. woody plants
2399:
2392:
2367:
2360:
2335:
2328:
2239:
2218:
2208:
2185:
2178:
2158:
2151:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2007:History of classification
886:
802:. They differ from other
776:starting to impact plants
362:
355:
287:
282:
221:Scientific classification
219:
110:
30:
12265:Evolutionary development
9676:. New Delhi: Discovery.
9516:Nordic Journal of Botany
9397:10.1017/cbo9780511806711
8630:10.1038/nplants.2015.181
7368:BMC Evolutionary Biology
6656:National Museum of Wales
6417:"The Charms of Duckweed"
5760:, and flower arranging.
5732:Bird-and-flower painting
5697:Bird-and-flower painting
5526:and its varieties, e.g.
5298:Interactions with humans
4564:Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992
3875:Takhtajan ex Reveal 1993
3444:Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992
3416:Takhtajan ex Reveal 1996
2734:Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992
1029:a tree almost 100 m tall
724:kingdoms of complex life
211:Diversity of angiosperms
13805:Thermodesulfobacteriota
11916:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
9562:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030
9133:Encyclopædia Britannica
8932:Wiens, John J. (2016).
8493:Encyclopedia Britannica
8071:Batygina, T.B. (2019).
8014:De Craene & P. 2010
7990:De Craene & P. 2010
7875:The American Naturalist
7563:10.1038/nplants.2017.15
7322:2 February 2011 at the
7112:Chase & Reveal 2009
6949:Stevens, P. F. (2011).
6682:The American Naturalist
6487:Trends in Plant Science
5714:play a wide variety of
5260:genetic complementation
2325: Angiosperms
1498:molecular phylogenetics
782:Distinguishing features
659:diversified explosively
12531:by author abbreviation
12455:Plant taxonomy systems
12373:Botanical nomenclature
8188:, St. Louis, MO &
8057:10.1006/anbo.2000.1201
7506:10.1098/rstb.2000.0613
7302:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
7012:Brown, Robert (1827).
6648:Pardoe, H. S. (1995).
6384:Guinness World Records
5798:
5707:
5390:Most feedstocks, inc.
5336:
5322:
5139:
4924:
4856:
4820:
4812:phylogeny is revised.
2037:'bottle, vessel') and
2022:
1484:and 11,000 species of
1089:captures sunlight for
987:
952:
900:
859:
710:Out of the "Big Five"
14521:angiosperma-parasites
14033:Neocallimastigomycota
13532:Nitrogen-fixing clade
12538:Botanical expeditions
9875:Nature Communications
9120:Rendle, Alfred Barton
9116:Balfour, Isaac Bayley
8733:Lambert, Tim (2014).
7219:Nature Communications
6989:on 27 September 2007.
6843:Govaerts, R. (2003).
6197:10.1093/aobpla/pls010
5793:
5780:Further information:
5748:by authors including
5695:
5328:
5316:
5272:inbreeding depression
5129:
4914:
4837:
4818:
4634:(euasterids II)
2282:vascular plants
2252:flowering plants
2020:
1004:Further information:
986:vessels (long tubes).
982:
950:
891:
843:
421:, and form the clade
13698:Coprothermobacterota
12270:Evolutionary history
12260:Double fertilization
12112:Cellular respiration
11312:List of plant orders
11192:Pinopsida (conifers)
11178:Cycadopsida (cycads)
11170:(living gymnosperms)
10667:Leiosporocerotopsida
10386:Nephroselmidophyceae
9960:Encyclopedia of Life
9700:Sattler, R. (1973).
9535:Dilcher, D. (2000).
9426:The Botanical Review
8859:Plants People Planet
8714:on 19 September 2014
6562:. pp. 275–283.
5956:Lindley, J. (1830).
5824:, also play a role.
5782:Conservation biology
5335:, Indian lentil soup
5304:Human uses of plants
5096:Double fertilization
5053:self-incompatibility
4978:and enclosed in the
4966:. The female cells,
4426:(euasterids I)
1371:Geranium robertianum
1130:. The remainder are
1011:Largest and smallest
1000:Ecological diversity
923:, and sometimes the
895:is a reduced female
732:), or failing that,
13462:Basal superasterids
11489:Non-vascular plants
11020:Archaeopteridopsida
10753:Polysporangiophytes
10477:Klebsormidiophyceae
10460:Mesostigmatophyceae
10406:Chlorodendrophyceae
10370:Pyramimonadophyceae
10324:Prasinodermophyceae
10218:Compsopogonophyceae
9888:2014NatCo...5.4956Z
9837:1980BotRv..46..225T
9761:2016COPB...30..159S
9553:2000PNAS...97.7030D
9438:1960BotRv..26..425C
9337:10.3732/ajb.0900346
8808:2022EcolL..25.2156B
8621:2015NatPl...115181.
8615:(11): 15181. 2015.
8478:Dilcher, David L.;
8313:2014CRvPS..33..414H
7771:10.1093/jxb/erac130
7704:2021NatPl...7.1015S
7618:10.3732/ajb.0800150
7555:2017NatPl...317015H
7441:2024Natur.629..843Z
7380:2015BMCEE..15...49M
7231:2021NatCo..12.6930G
7143:on 26 November 2010
6608:1992Oecol..92....8K
6499:2010TPS....15..227W
6423:on 25 November 2009
6125:10.3732/ajb.0800311
5750:William Shakespeare
5728:Rabindranath Tagore
5701:Kingfisher and iris
5449:; for animal feed,
5435:Legumes, pea family
5367:
5287:Sexual reproduction
5091:Plant embryogenesis
5025:in flowers such as
5001:or two carpels. In
4935:and development of
4054:(eurosids II)
2097:molecular phylogeny
1517:
1476:Taxonomic diversity
971:connected by small
850:flower in section.
830:reproductive organs
752:habitat destruction
720:Holocene extinction
476:. They include all
472:), commonly called
170:Insect-pollinated:
14028:Blastocladiomycota
11994:Surface structures
11789:Flower development
11211:(flowering plants)
11132:Lyginopteridopsida
10925:Eophyllophytopsida
10878:Zosterophyllopsida
10816:Paratracheophytes*
10594:sensu strictissimo
10504:Coleochaetophyceae
10487:Phragmoplastophyta
10329:Palmophyllophyceae
10251:Glaucocystophyceae
10213:Stylonematophyceae
10208:Porphyridiophyceae
9997:Classification of
9896:10.1038/ncomms5956
9845:10.1007/bf02861558
9488:Dahlgren, R. M. T.
9446:10.1007/BF02940572
8872:10.1002/ppp3.10146
8410:10.1093/icb/icj038
8112:10.1093/jxb/erm015
7657:10.1093/jxb/erz411
6977:"Kew Scientist 30"
6616:10.1007/BF00317256
6402:Eucalyptus regnans
5799:
5708:
5365:
5337:
5323:
5140:
4925:
4921:reproductive parts
4857:
4839:Adaptive radiation
4821:
3796:(eurosids I)
3428:Core eudicots
2059:Wilhelm Hofmeister
2023:
1515:
1444:, often living as
1352:limestone pavement
1322:carnivorous plants
1175:Carnegiea gigantea
1107:Orobanche purpurea
1024:Eucalyptus regnans
988:
953:
901:
860:
762:and collection of
754:, introduction of
536:and 300,000 known
486:broad-leaved trees
37:Early Cretaceous (
14544:
14543:
14446:Taxon identifiers
14348:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14322:
14321:
13885:
13884:
13828:
13827:
13820:Verrucomicrobiota
13558:
13557:
13554:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13493:
13492:
13322:
13321:
13292:Basal angiosperms
13273:
13272:
13269:
13268:
13265:
13264:
13261:
13260:
13257:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13107:Berberidopsidales
13087:
13086:
13083:
13082:
12859:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12574:
12573:
12213:Herbaceous plants
12039:
12038:
11325:
11324:
11285:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11265:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11257:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11249:
11248:
11219:Basal angiosperms
11120:Gigantopteridales
11069:seed plant groups
11067:and other extinct
11034:
11033:
11008:Noeggerathiopsida
10976:
10975:
10931:Trimerophytopsida
10904:
10903:
10844:
10843:
10800:(vascular plants)
10765:Protracheophytes*
10741:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10704:Andreaeobryopsida
10645:Jungermanniopsida
10576:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10465:Chlorokybophyceae
10440:
10439:
10436:
10435:
10396:Chloropicophyceae
10337:
10336:
10316:Prasinodermophyta
10277:
10276:
9955:"Flowering plant"
9950:on 2 August 2014.
9739:Soltis, Douglas E
9726:978-0-08-092208-9
9712:Plant Systematics
9693:Biology of Plants
9683:978-81-7141-788-9
9662:978-1-284-07753-7
9643:978-0-470-75267-8
9622:978-0-12-391250-3
9599:978-1-55407-206-4
9547:(13): 7030–7036.
9479:978-0-231-03880-5
9462:Cronquist, Arthur
9422:Cronquist, Arthur
9406:978-0-511-80671-1
9306:978-0-19854-219-3
9291:978-0-88192-850-1
9239:10.1111/boj.12385
9024:978-1-009-32584-4
8984:978-3-030-30745-5
8816:10.1111/ele.14087
8802:(10): 2156–2166.
8776:978-9-8107-4147-1
8605:"Literary Plants"
8574:10.1111/nph.14461
8480:Cronquist, Arthur
8365:978-3-030-15308-3
8355:The Citrus Genome
8152:978-0-521-82071-4
8084:978-1-4398-4436-6
7976:978-1-349-00364-8
7854:978-0-521-23315-6
7813:978-0-7167-7674-1
7765:(12): 3840–3853.
7435:(8013): 843–850.
7348:978-0-226-52292-0
7174:(7780): 679–685.
7065:10.1002/ajb2.1592
6905:Biology of Plants
6665:978-0-7200-0423-6
6577:978-0-1282-3731-1
6398:Shorea faguetiana
6357:978-90-481-8269-5
6165:978-0-7167-1007-3
6150:Biology of Plants
5925:on 27 August 2013
5762:Ornamental plants
5712:fictitious plants
5652:, fibers such as
5642:
5641:
5466:Nightshade family
5321:in Arkansas, 2020
5214:natural selection
5191:nucellar embryony
5130:The fruit of the
5043:Most flowers are
4805:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4565:
4540:
4515:
4490:
4472:
4447:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4366:
4348:
4330:
4312:
4287:
4262:
4237:
4204:
4179:
4129:
4104:
4100:Berberidopsidales
4076:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4003:
4002:
3994:
3976:
3951:
3926:
3901:
3876:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3824:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3727:
3702:
3677:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3616:
3591:
3559:
3526:
3498:
3470:
3445:
3417:
3392:
3367:
3342:
3314:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3181:
3156:
3131:
3103:
3078:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3026:
2994:
2969:
2944:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2857:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2805:
2763:
2735:
2710:
2685:
2644:
2643:
2632:Basal angiosperms
2625:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2478:
2477:
2305:
2304:
2301:land plants
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2263:seed plants
2257:
2256:
2078:in 2009, and the
1999:
1998:
1442:herbaceous plants
1248:coniferous forest
1060:Shorea faguetiana
992:
991:
806:in several ways.
768:ornamental plants
712:extinction events
404:
403:
398:
392:
376:
368:
290:Basal angiosperms
155:Wind-pollinated:
14579:
14537:
14536:
14524:
14523:
14514:
14513:
14501:
14500:
14488:
14487:
14486:
14473:
14472:
14471:
14441:
14440:
14435:
14434:from Wikispecies
14427:
14426:
14425:
14418:
14410:
14409:
14408:
14401:
14393:
14392:
14391:
14381:
14365:
14364:
14356:
14096:Anthocerotophyta
13975:Hemimastigophora
13896:
13895:
13867:Nitrososphaerota
13834:
13833:
13810:Thermomicrobiota
13750:Kiritimatiellota
13745:Ignavibacteriota
13710:Deferribacterota
13673:Campylobacterota
13658:Bdellovibrionota
13606:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13562:
13561:
13515:
13514:
13468:
13467:
13423:
13422:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13326:
13325:
13312:
13311:
13281:
13132:
13131:
13100:
13099:
12962:
12961:
12940:
12939:
12911:
12910:
12872:
12871:
12770:
12769:
12728:
12727:
12706:
12705:
12688:Austrobaileyales
12669:
12668:
12647:Acrogymnospermae
12609:flowering plants
12601:
12594:
12587:
12578:
12577:
12564:
12563:
12543:Individual trees
12218:Secondary growth
12189:Succulent plants
12177:Prostrate shrubs
12060:Apical dominance
12045:Plant physiology
12006:Epicuticular wax
11551:
11550:
11544:
11535:Plant morphology
11352:
11345:
11338:
11329:
11328:
11310:
11309:
11224:Core angiosperms
11212:
11171:
11166:Acrogymnospermae
11144:Peltaspermopsida
11126:Glossopteridales
11108:Corystospermales
11090:Callistophytales
11070:
11062:
11056:
11051:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11014:Aneurophytopsida
10996:
10991:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10941:
10940:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10872:Barinophytopsida
10859:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10851:
10815:
10810:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10791:
10790:
10773:Horneophytopsida
10764:
10759:
10758:
10755:
10747:
10746:
10687:
10672:Anthocerotopsida
10660:
10655:Anthocerotophyta
10635:Haplomitriopsida
10628:
10619:
10618:
10615:
10608:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10596:
10582:
10581:
10535:
10526:
10525:
10520:Zygnematophyceae
10510:
10509:
10492:
10491:
10483:
10482:
10453:
10446:
10445:
10421:Trebouxiophyceae
10391:Picocystophyceae
10355:
10354:
10351:
10343:
10342:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10304:
10294:
10196:
10147:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10139:
10132:
10131:
10043:
10023:
10008:
9991:
9984:
9977:
9968:
9967:
9951:
9938:
9936:
9917:
9907:
9864:
9825:Botanical Review
9816:
9782:
9772:
9735:Soltis, Pamela S
9730:
9715:(2nd ed.).
9705:
9696:
9687:
9666:
9647:
9626:
9603:
9584:
9574:
9564:
9531:
9507:
9483:
9471:
9457:
9410:
9383:
9381:
9356:
9331:(8): 1296–1303.
9295:
9274:
9243:
9241:
9211:
9209:
9199:
9169:
9167:
9137:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9064:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9035:
9029:
9028:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8962:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8944:(12): e2001104.
8929:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8904:
8895:
8894:
8884:
8874:
8849:
8838:
8837:
8827:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8688:on 4 August 2022
8684:. Archived from
8674:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8632:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8576:
8567:(3): 1355–1367.
8552:
8546:
8545:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8475:
8464:
8461:
8452:
8449:
8440:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8412:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8377:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8332:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8192:, Cambridge, MA.
8183:
8181:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8044:Annals of Botany
8035:
8029:
8023:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7954:
7945:
7944:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7843:(2nd ed.).
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7698:(8): 1015–1025.
7683:
7677:
7676:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7517:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7401:
7391:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7332:
7326:
7314:
7304:
7278:
7263:
7262:
7252:
7242:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7183:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7086:
7085:
7067:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6923:
6922:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6864:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6745:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6689:(980): 792–799.
6676:
6670:
6669:
6645:
6636:
6635:
6591:
6582:
6581:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6396:yellow meranti (
6393:
6391:
6386:. 6 January 2019
6376:
6370:
6369:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6300:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6259:
6249:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6153:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6045:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6003:10.2307/25065865
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5921:. Archived from
5914:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5822:invasive species
5742:Chinese painting
5739:
5387:Grasses, cereals
5368:
5364:
5212:is described as
5210:Sexual selection
5197:Sexual selection
4993:plants like the
4581:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4488:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4382:
4364:
4346:
4328:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4236:Van Tieghem 1900
4235:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4143:
4142:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4102:
4093:
4092:
3992:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3840:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3743:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3632:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3197:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3042:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2873:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2821:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2733:
2731:Austrobaileyales
2724:
2723:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2646:
2645:
2637:Core angiosperms
2561:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2468:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2402:Austrobaileyales
2395:
2394:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2245:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
1518:
1514:
1408:
1399:tree of Eurasia.
1387:
1366:
1299:
1274:
1225:
1213:Nelumbo nucifera
1208:
1196:Dryas octopetala
1191:
1170:
1102:
1081:
1038:
1019:
809:
808:
758:, unsustainable
756:invasive species
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
515:
509:
504:words ἀγγεῖον /
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
407:Flowering plants
396:
380:
372:
366:
312:Core angiosperms
306:Austrobaileyales
283:Groups (APG IV)
229:
228:
199:
184:
167:
152:
135:
120:
105:
42:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
14587:
14586:
14582:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14577:
14576:
14562:Plant sexuality
14547:
14546:
14545:
14540:
14532:
14527:
14519:
14517:
14509:
14504:
14496:
14491:
14482:
14481:
14476:
14467:
14466:
14461:
14448:
14438:
14428:
14423:
14421:
14411:
14406:
14404:
14394:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14380:sister projects
14377:at Knowledge's
14375:Flowering plant
14371:
14359:
14351:
14349:
14340:
14318:
14269:Gnathostomulida
14174:Xenacoelomorpha
14140:
14136:Flowering plant
14091:Marchantiophyta
14057:
14023:Chytridiomycota
14009:
13881:
13824:
13780:Planctomycetota
13740:Gemmatimonadota
13725:Elusimicrobiota
13618:Acidobacteriota
13596:
13589:
13559:
13546:
13513:
13500:
13489:
13466:
13453:
13446:
13428:
13412:
13384:
13371:
13364:
13357:flowering plant
13353:
13323:
13318:
13282:
13249:
13196:
13148:
13121:
13096:
13079:
13050:Crossosomatales
13026:
12973:
12951:
12936:
12927:
12907:
12898:
12889:Trochodendrales
12868:
12851:
12818:
12759:
12722:
12718:Ceratophyllales
12702:
12693:
12665:
12656:
12637:Marchantiophyta
12616:
12605:
12575:
12570:
12552:
12521:Botanical terms
12514:
12500:
12464:
12410:Citrus taxonomy
12388:Author citation
12354:
12248:
12227:
12149:
12143:
12139:Turgor pressure
12047:
12035:
11989:
11804:Floral symmetry
11722:
11714:
11644:
11633:Vascular bundle
11628:Vascular tissue
11587:
11547:
11538:
11537:
11523:
11494:Vascular plants
11459:
11455:Plant pathology
11379:
11361:
11356:
11326:
11321:
11245:
11210:
11209:
11201:
11169:
11168:
11160:
11114:Czekanowskiales
11068:
11066:
11064:
11063:
11060:
11054:
11044:
11043:
11039:
11030:
10994:
10981:
10972:
10944:Moniliformopses
10935:
10909:
10900:
10850:Eutracheophytes
10849:
10840:
10813:
10799:
10798:
10794:
10785:
10762:
10750:
10733:
10724:Polytrichopsida
10719:Tetraphidopsida
10685:
10684:
10676:
10658:
10657:
10649:
10640:Marchantiopsida
10626:
10625:
10623:Marchantiophyta
10611:
10598:
10544:
10533:
10532:
10524:
10508:
10481:
10449:
10432:
10374:
10365:Mamiellophyceae
10346:
10333:
10302:
10296:
10286:
10285:
10273:
10255:
10237:
10233:Florideophyceae
10223:Rhodellophyceae
10203:Cyanidiophyceae
10194:
10193:
10185:
10165:
10135:
10126:
10125:
10041:
10019:
10010:
9995:
9965:
9941:
9934:
9929:
9925:
9920:
9867:
9805:10.2307/1216134
9733:
9727:
9708:
9699:
9690:
9684:
9669:
9663:
9644:
9629:
9623:
9606:
9600:
9587:
9534:
9510:
9486:
9480:
9460:
9407:
9389:Floral Diagrams
9312:
9292:
9277:
9263:10.2307/1218032
9246:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9077:
9075:
9066:
9065:
9058:
9048:
9046:
9037:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9002:
8996:
8992:
8985:
8963:
8959:
8930:
8926:
8916:
8914:
8906:
8905:
8898:
8850:
8841:
8796:Ecology Letters
8788:
8784:
8777:
8757:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8731:
8727:
8717:
8715:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8661:
8659:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8561:New Phytologist
8553:
8549:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8517:
8515:
8505:
8501:
8476:
8467:
8462:
8455:
8450:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8389:
8385:
8375:
8373:
8366:
8350:
8346:
8293:
8289:
8274:"Fruit Anatomy"
8272:
8271:
8267:
8236:
8232:
8201:
8197:
8179:
8177:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8153:
8139:
8135:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8069:
8065:
8036:
8032:
8026:D. Mauseth 2016
8024:
8020:
8012:
8008:
8002:D. Mauseth 2016
8000:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7977:
7955:
7948:
7941:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7847:. p. 498.
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7814:
7798:
7794:
7751:
7747:
7737:
7735:
7684:
7680:
7637:
7633:
7598:
7594:
7535:
7531:
7486:
7482:
7419:
7415:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7333:
7329:
7324:Wayback Machine
7295:(10): 1437–45.
7279:
7266:
7211:
7207:
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7122:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7089:
7044:
7037:
7010:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6926:
6919:
6901:
6897:
6882:
6878:
6862:10.2307/3647457
6841:
6837:
6822:10.2307/3647306
6806:
6802:
6787:10.2307/1554864
6771:
6767:
6730:New Phytologist
6722:
6718:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6646:
6639:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6483:
6479:
6444:New Phytologist
6440:
6436:
6426:
6424:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6389:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6358:
6336:
6332:
6277:
6273:
6226:
6222:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6144:
6140:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6022:
6018:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5911:
5903:
5899:
5891:
5878:
5874:
5858:botanic gardens
5827:
5795:Viola calcarata
5788:
5778:
5740:) is a kind of
5690:
5528:Brussels sprout
5311:
5306:
5300:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5207:
5199:
5150:
5142:Main articles:
5124:
5093:
5085:Main articles:
5083:
5059:plants such as
5007:bird-pollinated
4991:wind-pollinated
4909:
4901:Main articles:
4899:
4894:
4869:appear suddenly
4832:
4826:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3872:Crossosomatales
3852:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3653:
3644:
3388:Trochodendrales
3310:Ceratophyllales
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3054:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2833:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2531:Ceratophyllales
2479:
2444:c. 10,000 spp.
2311:
2306:
2296:
2287:
2277:
2268:
2258:
2093:
2088:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1982:Magnoliid dicot
1856:Magnoliid dicot
1824:or Umbelliferae
1678:Melastomataceae
1478:
1432:
1416:Austrosteenisia
1409:
1400:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1279:Drosera anglica
1275:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1171:
1144:on other plants
1115:
1103:
1094:
1082:
1047:
1043:Wolffia arrhiza
1039:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1008:
1002:
997:
963:vessel elements
784:
744:botanic gardens
639:vessel elements
594:
549:
545:
430:
426:
346:Ceratophyllales
223:
215:
214:
213:
212:
208:
207:
206:
200:
192:
191:
185:
176:
175:
174:
168:
160:
159:
153:
144:
143:
142:
136:
128:
127:
121:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
36:
35:
32:
31:Flowering plant
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14585:
14575:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14542:
14541:
14539:
14538:
14525:
14515:
14502:
14489:
14474:
14458:
14456:
14450:
14449:
14437:
14436:
14419:
14417:from Wikibooks
14402:
14373:
14370:
14369:
14346:
14345:
14342:
14341:
14334:
14332:
14329:Incertae sedis
14324:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14274:Micrognathozoa
14271:
14266:
14264:Acanthocephala
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14150:
14148:
14142:
14141:
14139:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14106:Lycopodiophyta
14103:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14067:
14065:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14019:
14017:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13920:Ancyromonadida
13917:
13912:
13906:
13904:
13893:
13887:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13880:
13879:
13874:
13872:Thermoproteota
13869:
13864:
13857:
13850:
13842:
13840:
13830:
13829:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13785:Pseudomonadota
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13760:Mycoplasmatota
13757:
13755:Lentisphaerota
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13735:Fusobacteriota
13732:
13730:Fibrobacterota
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13633:Armatimonadota
13630:
13625:
13623:Actinomycetota
13620:
13614:
13612:
13598:
13597:
13588:
13587:
13580:
13573:
13565:
13556:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13548:
13547:
13545:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13523:
13521:
13512:
13511:
13505:
13503:
13495:
13494:
13491:
13490:
13488:
13487:
13482:
13480:Basal asterids
13476:
13474:
13465:
13464:
13458:
13456:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13444:
13439:
13437:Basal eudicots
13433:
13431:
13420:
13414:
13413:
13411:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13394:
13392:
13386:
13385:
13383:
13382:
13376:
13374:
13366:
13365:
13352:
13351:
13344:
13337:
13329:
13320:
13319:
13317:
13316:
13306:
13300:
13294:
13287:
13284:
13283:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13263:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13206:
13204:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13194:
13192:Paracryphiales
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13158:
13156:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13146:
13141:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13122:
13120:
13119:
13117:Caryophyllales
13114:
13109:
13103:
13097:
13092:
13089:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13081:
13080:
13078:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13036:
13034:
13028:
13027:
13025:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12983:
12981:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12953:
12952:
12950:
12949:
12943:
12937:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12926:
12925:
12920:
12914:
12908:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12875:
12869:
12864:
12861:
12860:
12857:
12856:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12828:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12816:
12810:
12804:
12798:
12792:
12786:
12780:
12773:
12767:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12736:
12734:
12724:
12723:
12721:
12720:
12715:
12709:
12703:
12700:Mesangiosperms
12698:
12695:
12694:
12692:
12691:
12685:
12679:
12672:
12666:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12655:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12642:Polypodiophyta
12639:
12634:
12629:
12621:
12618:
12617:
12604:
12603:
12596:
12589:
12581:
12572:
12571:
12569:
12568:
12557:
12554:
12553:
12551:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12534:
12533:
12523:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12512:
12511:Related topics
12509:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12465:
12463:
12462:
12460:Taxonomic rank
12457:
12452:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12433:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12412:
12402:
12401:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12378:Botanical name
12370:
12364:
12362:
12360:Plant taxonomy
12356:
12355:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12350:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12336:Megasporangium
12333:
12332:
12331:
12324:Microsporangia
12316:
12315:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12278:
12277:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12241:
12235:
12229:
12228:
12226:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12206:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12169:
12164:
12162:Cushion plants
12153:
12151:
12145:
12144:
12142:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12109:
12099:
12097:Plant hormones
12094:
12089:
12088:
12087:
12080:Photosynthesis
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12051:
12049:
12041:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11997:
11995:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11918:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11853:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11799:Floral formula
11796:
11794:Floral diagram
11791:
11786:
11776:
11775:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11757:
11747:
11737:
11732:
11726:
11724:
11723:(incl. Flower)
11716:
11715:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11683:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11652:
11650:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11642:
11637:
11636:
11635:
11625:
11623:Storage organs
11620:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11603:
11597:
11595:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11559:
11557:
11548:
11546:
11545:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11509:Spermatophytes
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11479:Archaeplastida
11476:
11470:
11468:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11441:
11440:
11433:Phytogeography
11430:
11428:Phytochemistry
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11389:
11387:
11385:Subdisciplines
11381:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11355:
11354:
11347:
11340:
11332:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11319:
11314:
11304:
11298:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11221:
11215:
11213:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11180:
11174:
11172:
11162:
11161:
11159:
11158:
11152:
11150:Pentoxylopsida
11146:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11104:
11098:
11092:
11086:
11084:Calamopityales
11080:
11073:
11071:
11048:
11041:Spermatophytes
11036:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11010:
11003:
11001:
10998:Progymnosperms
10984:
10978:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10970:
10963:Polypodiopsida
10960:
10958:Cladoxylopsida
10954:
10947:
10945:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10933:
10927:
10920:
10914:
10911:Euphyllophytes
10906:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10898:
10883:Lycopodiopsida
10880:
10874:
10867:
10865:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10838:
10832:
10826:
10824:Cooksoniopsida
10819:
10817:
10803:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10783:
10775:
10768:
10766:
10756:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10732:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10714:Oedipodiopsida
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10690:
10688:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10663:
10661:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10631:
10629:
10616:
10600:
10599:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10542:
10538:
10536:
10523:
10522:
10516:
10514:
10507:
10506:
10501:
10495:
10489:
10480:
10479:
10474:
10467:
10462:
10456:
10454:
10442:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10361:
10359:
10358:Prasinophytina
10352:
10339:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10320:
10318:
10305:
10279:
10278:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10265:
10263:
10261:incertae sedis
10257:
10256:
10254:
10253:
10247:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10199:
10197:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10175:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10163:
10155:
10153:
10140:
10137:Archaeplastida
10128:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10119:
10116:Mesomycetozoea
10113:
10108:
10098:
10088:
10087:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10065:
10064:
10052:Diaphoretickes
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10011:
9999:Archaeplastida
9994:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9971:
9964:
9963:
9952:
9939:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9918:
9882:(4956): 4956.
9865:
9831:(3): 225–359.
9817:
9799:(5): 160–164.
9783:
9741:(April 2016).
9731:
9725:
9717:Academic Press
9706:
9697:
9688:
9682:
9670:Pooja (2004).
9667:
9661:
9648:
9642:
9627:
9621:
9604:
9598:
9585:
9532:
9522:(1): 119–149.
9512:Dahlgren, Rolf
9508:
9484:
9478:
9458:
9432:(4): 425–482.
9418:
9411:
9405:
9384:
9372:(2): 122–127.
9357:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9290:
9275:
9244:
9212:
9190:(2): 105–121.
9170:
9158:(4): 399–436.
9138:
9128:Chisholm, Hugh
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9056:
9030:
9023:
8990:
8983:
8957:
8924:
8896:
8865:(5): 389–408.
8839:
8782:
8775:
8751:
8725:
8699:
8669:
8653:"Flower Poems"
8644:
8596:
8547:
8525:
8499:
8484:Stevens, Peter
8465:
8453:
8441:
8432:
8403:(4): 465–472.
8383:
8364:
8344:
8307:(5): 414–427.
8287:
8265:
8252:10.1086/589888
8246:(7): 863–870.
8230:
8195:
8175:Flora of China
8158:
8151:
8133:
8090:
8083:
8063:
8050:(2): 211–221.
8030:
8028:, p. 226.
8018:
8006:
8004:, p. 225.
7994:
7982:
7975:
7946:
7939:
7913:
7888:10.1086/283437
7882:(6): 777–790.
7860:
7853:
7831:
7812:
7792:
7745:
7678:
7631:
7592:
7529:
7480:
7413:
7354:
7347:
7327:
7264:
7205:
7154:
7128:
7116:
7104:
7087:
7035:
7004:
6992:
6968:
6941:
6924:
6917:
6895:
6876:
6855:(3): 583–584.
6835:
6816:(1): 101–104.
6800:
6781:(3): 511–522.
6765:
6716:
6695:10.1086/283209
6671:
6664:
6658:. p. 24.
6637:
6583:
6576:
6550:
6528:
6493:(4): 227–235.
6477:
6450:(2): 171–216.
6434:
6408:
6371:
6356:
6330:
6271:
6234:Genome Biology
6220:
6171:
6164:
6138:
6119:(1): 129–143.
6103:
6073:
6069:Takhtajan 1980
6061:
6036:(3): 201–217.
6016:
5977:
5948:
5944:Takhtajan 1964
5936:
5909:
5905:Cronquist 1960
5897:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5862:United Nations
5830:climate change
5777:
5774:
5770:floral emblems
5710:Both real and
5689:
5686:
5640:
5639:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5591:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5552:
5551:Parsley family
5549:
5543:
5542:
5521:
5520:Cabbage family
5518:
5512:
5511:
5494:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5436:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5388:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5310:
5309:Practical uses
5307:
5302:Main article:
5299:
5296:
5234:
5231:
5226:hermaphrodites
5208:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5132:horse chestnut
5123:
5122:Fruit and seed
5120:
5082:
5079:
5045:hermaphroditic
4923:and life cycle
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4828:Main article:
4825:
4824:Fossil history
4822:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4561:Paracryphiales
4557:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4514:Dumortier 1829
4507:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:Takhtajan 1997
4254:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:Caryophyllales
4146:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:Grisebach 1854
3173:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:Takhtajan 1997
2986:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:Cronquist 1957
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2746:Mesangiosperms
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:aquatic plants
2527:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2205:Spermatophytes
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2076:APG III system
2013:Plant taxonomy
2011:Main article:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1583:or Leguminosae
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1500:. In the 2009
1477:
1474:
1434:
1433:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1392:Betula pendula
1389:
1382:
1380:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1331:Gentiana verna
1310:
1309:
1304:Gentiana verna
1301:
1294:
1292:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1266:Acid, alkaline
1236:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1121:photosynthetic
1117:
1116:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1091:photosynthesis
1083:
1076:
1074:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
989:
976:
965:
955:
954:
944:
941:
936:enclosing the
929:
928:
909:
903:
902:
885:
874:
862:
861:
837:
826:
820:
819:
816:
813:
783:
780:
772:climate change
657:, angiosperms
637:consisting of
623:seed-producing
498:aquatic plants
402:
401:
400:
399:
393:
379:Magnoliophyta
377:
371:Angiospermae
369:
360:
359:
353:
352:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
309:
308:
303:
298:
285:
284:
280:
279:
274:
267:
266:
264:Spermatophytes
261:
254:
253:
248:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
217:
216:
210:
209:
201:
194:
193:
186:
179:
178:
177:
169:
162:
161:
154:
147:
146:
145:
137:
130:
129:
122:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14584:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14554:
14552:
14535:
14530:
14526:
14522:
14516:
14512:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14494:
14490:
14485:
14484:Magnoliopsida
14479:
14475:
14470:
14464:
14460:
14459:
14457:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14442:
14433:
14432:
14420:
14416:
14415:
14403:
14399:
14398:
14386:
14385:
14382:
14376:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14357:
14354:
14339:
14338:
14333:
14331:
14330:
14325:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14147:
14143:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14068:
14066:
14064:
14060:
14054:
14053:Basidiomycota
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14038:Glomeromycota
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14016:
14012:
14006:
14003:
14001:
14000:Stramenopiles
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13925:Apusomonadida
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13888:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13862:
13861:Nanoarchaeota
13858:
13855:
13851:
13848:
13847:Euryarchaeota
13844:
13843:
13841:
13839:
13835:
13831:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13795:Spirochaetota
13793:
13791:
13790:Rhodothermota
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13720:Dictyoglomota
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13705:
13704:Cyanobacteria
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13693:Chrysiogenota
13691:
13689:
13688:Chloroflexota
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13668:Calditrichota
13666:
13664:
13663:Caldisericota
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13638:Atribacterota
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13594:
13586:
13581:
13579:
13574:
13572:
13567:
13566:
13563:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13516:
13510:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13502:
13496:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13477:
13475:
13473:
13469:
13463:
13460:
13459:
13457:
13455:
13449:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13430:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13415:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13395:
13393:
13391:
13387:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13373:
13367:
13362:
13358:
13350:
13345:
13343:
13338:
13336:
13331:
13330:
13327:
13315:
13307:
13305:
13301:
13299:
13295:
13293:
13289:
13288:
13285:
13280:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13215:Metteniusales
13213:
13211:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13203:
13199:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13172:Escalloniales
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13155:
13151:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13136:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13124:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13101:
13098:
13095:
13094:Superasterids
13090:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13033:
13029:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12987:Zygophyllales
12985:
12984:
12982:
12980:
12976:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12954:
12948:
12945:
12944:
12941:
12938:
12935:
12930:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12912:
12909:
12906:
12905:Core eudicots
12901:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12876:
12873:
12870:
12867:
12862:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12821:
12814:
12811:
12808:
12805:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12793:
12790:
12789:Petrosaviales
12787:
12784:
12781:
12778:
12775:
12774:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12762:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12737:
12735:
12733:
12729:
12725:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12713:Chloranthales
12711:
12710:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12696:
12689:
12686:
12683:
12680:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12670:
12667:
12664:
12659:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12627:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12614:
12610:
12602:
12597:
12595:
12590:
12588:
12583:
12582:
12579:
12567:
12559:
12558:
12555:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12532:
12529:
12528:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12510:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12497:
12496:Phytochemical
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12467:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12417:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12406:
12403:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12375:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12357:
12349:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12337:
12334:
12330:
12327:
12326:
12325:
12322:
12321:
12320:
12317:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12276:
12273:
12272:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12252:
12250:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12236:
12234:
12230:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12205:
12202:
12201:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12146:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12134:Transpiration
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11992:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11921:Inflorescence
11919:
11917:
11914:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11887:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11848:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11818:
11817:
11814:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11780:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11752:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11742:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11647:
11641:
11638:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11606:Ground tissue
11604:
11602:
11599:
11598:
11596:
11594:
11590:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11552:
11549:
11542:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:Plant anatomy
11526:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11462:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11450:Plant ecology
11448:
11446:
11445:Plant anatomy
11443:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11393:Archaeobotany
11391:
11390:
11388:
11386:
11382:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11360:
11353:
11348:
11346:
11341:
11339:
11334:
11333:
11330:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11305:
11303:
11299:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11288:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11173:
11167:
11163:
11157:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11145:
11141:
11139:
11135:
11133:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11121:
11117:
11115:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11103:
11099:
11097:
11093:
11091:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11079:
11078:Bennettitales
11075:
11074:
11072:
11059:
11058:Pteridosperms
11052:
11049:
11045:(seed plants)
11042:
11037:
11027:
11026:Protopityales
11023:
11021:
11017:
11015:
11011:
11009:
11005:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10992:
10988:
10985:
10979:
10968:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10953:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10942:
10938:
10932:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10915:
10912:
10907:
10896:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10875:
10873:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10860:
10856:
10853:
10847:
10837:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10825:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10811:
10807:
10804:
10797:
10796:Tracheophytes
10792:
10788:
10782:
10781:
10776:
10774:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10760:
10757:
10754:
10748:
10744:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10709:Andreaeopsida
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10683:
10679:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10624:
10620:
10617:
10614:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10597:
10595:
10588:
10583:
10579:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10534:(land plants)
10531:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10511:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10447:
10443:
10427:
10426:Chlorophyceae
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10401:Pedinophyceae
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10379:Chlorophytina
10377:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10350:
10344:
10340:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10317:
10313:
10309:
10306:
10300:
10295:
10293:
10284:
10283:Viridiplantae
10280:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10228:Bangiophyceae
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10192:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10141:
10138:
10133:
10129:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10093:
10092:
10089:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10079:Stramenopiles
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10042:(major groups
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10018:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10007:
10000:
9992:
9987:
9985:
9980:
9978:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9940:
9933:
9928:
9927:
9915:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9821:Takhtajan, A.
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9787:Takhtajan, A.
9784:
9780:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9713:
9707:
9703:
9698:
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9685:
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9675:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9654:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9635:
9634:
9628:
9624:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9605:
9601:
9595:
9591:
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9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9498:(2): 91–124.
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9475:
9470:
9469:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
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9380:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9316:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9293:
9287:
9283:
9282:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
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9245:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9112:
9111:public domain
9100:
9099:
9074:. 3 July 2023
9073:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9044:
9040:
9034:
9026:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9007:
9000:
8994:
8986:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8961:
8952:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8928:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8901:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8786:
8778:
8772:
8768:
8765:. Singapore:
8764:
8763:
8755:
8740:
8736:
8729:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8609:Nature Plants
8606:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8514:
8510:
8503:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8460:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8387:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8291:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8176:
8172:
8170:
8162:
8154:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8094:
8086:
8080:
8076:
8075:
8067:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8022:
8015:
8010:
8003:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7978:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7953:
7951:
7942:
7940:9780122276200
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7864:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7835:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7796:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7692:Nature Plants
7689:
7682:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7635:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7543:Nature Plants
7540:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7331:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7125:
7120:
7113:
7108:
7102:, p. 10.
7101:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7040:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7017:
7008:
7001:
6996:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6920:
6918:0-7167-1007-2
6914:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6675:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6644:
6642:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6588:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6538:
6537:"Angiosperms"
6532:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6142:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5997:(3): E1–E44.
5996:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5901:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5720:William Blake
5717:
5713:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5688:Cultural uses
5685:
5683:
5682:hot chocolate
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Cucurbitaceae
5487:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5283:repairing DNA
5280:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5244:fertilisation
5241:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5087:Fertilization
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4960:pollen grains
4957:
4952:
4950:
4949:inflorescence
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4929:fertilization
4922:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4853:Ranunculaceae
4850:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4468:Escalloniales
4463:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:Bromhead 1838
4381:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4258:Metteniusales
4253:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4087:Superasterids
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:Bromhead 1838
3991:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3676:Bromhead 1838
3674:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:Zygophyllales
3550:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:Bromhead 1840
3128:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:Petrosaviales
2985:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:Chloranthales
2754:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:Chloranthales
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:& allies
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:New Caledonia
2343:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:Tracheophytes
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2083:
2081:
2080:APG IV system
2077:
2074:in 2003, the
2073:
2072:APG II system
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2019:
2014:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Ranunculaceae
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:or Cruciferae
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Euphorbiaceae
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:or Compositae
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:pteridophytes
1483:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:As for their
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:Plant ecology
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
957:
956:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
931:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
908:
905:
904:
898:
894:
890:
883:
882:fertilization
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
863:
857:
853:
849:
848:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:Carboniferous
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
543:
542:Magnoliophyta
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
394:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
370:
364:
363:
361:
358:
354:
347:
344:
342:
341:Chloranthales
339:
338:
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
314:
313:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:Tracheophytes
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
218:
205:
198:
190:
183:
173:
166:
158:
151:
141:
134:
126:
123:Terrestrial:
119:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
29:
26:
22:
14529:Tree of Life
14453:
14429:
14412:
14400:from Commons
14395:
14374:
14335:
14327:
14249:Orthonectida
14244:Gastrotricha
14219:Nematomorpha
14194:Chaetognatha
14184:Hemichordate
14135:
14111:Pteridophyta
13980:Malawimonada
13854:Korarchaeota
13815:Thermotogota
13800:Synergistota
13775:Nitrospirota
13770:Nitrospinota
13715:Deinococcota
13648:Bacteroidota
13509:Saxifragales
13356:
13162:Aquifoliales
13055:Picramniales
13017:Cucurbitales
12997:Malpighiales
12947:Saxifragales
12879:Ranunculales
12847:Zingiberales
12842:Commelinales
12795:Dioscoreales
12676:Amborellales
12662:
12652:Angiospermae
12608:
12491:Horticulture
12481:Floriculture
12383:Correct name
12233:Reproduction
12223:Woody plants
12148:Plant growth
12107:Gas Exchange
12092:Phytomelanin
11970:Plant embryo
11720:Reproductive
11568:Phragmoplast
11518:
11295:paraphyletic
11207:Angiospermae
11206:
11184:
11183:Ginkgoales (
11156:Petriellales
11138:Medullosales
11065:(seed ferns)
10778:
10699:Sphagnopsida
10694:Takakiopsida
10627:(liverworts)
10593:
10587:Embryophytes
10541:(see below↓)
10499:Charophyceae
10469:
10451:Streptophyta
10303:land plants)
10291:
10260:
10178:
10171:Rhodelphidia
10158:
10101:Opisthokonta
10005:
9958:
9948:the original
9879:
9873:
9828:
9824:
9796:
9790:
9752:
9746:
9711:
9701:
9692:
9672:
9652:
9632:
9612:
9589:
9544:
9540:
9519:
9515:
9495:
9491:
9467:
9429:
9425:
9388:
9369:
9365:
9328:
9322:
9319:Soltis, P.S.
9315:Soltis, D.E.
9313:Bell, C.D.;
9280:
9257:(1): 19–50.
9254:
9248:
9229:
9223:
9187:
9181:
9155:
9149:
9131:
9090:Bibliography
9076:. Retrieved
9071:
9047:. Retrieved
9042:
9033:
9005:
8993:
8966:
8960:
8941:
8938:PLOS Biology
8937:
8927:
8915:. Retrieved
8911:
8882:10316/101227
8862:
8858:
8799:
8795:
8785:
8761:
8754:
8742:. Retrieved
8728:
8716:. Retrieved
8712:the original
8702:
8690:. Retrieved
8686:the original
8682:Museum Wales
8681:
8672:
8660:. Retrieved
8656:
8647:
8612:
8608:
8599:
8564:
8560:
8550:
8537:
8528:
8516:. Retrieved
8513:The Observer
8512:
8502:
8491:
8435:
8400:
8396:
8386:
8374:. Retrieved
8354:
8347:
8304:
8300:
8290:
8277:
8268:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8208:
8204:
8198:
8178:. Retrieved
8174:
8168:
8161:
8142:
8136:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8073:
8066:
8047:
8043:
8033:
8021:
8016:, p. 8.
8009:
7997:
7992:, p. 7.
7985:
7958:
7922:
7916:
7904:. Retrieved
7879:
7873:
7863:
7840:
7834:
7822:. Retrieved
7802:
7795:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7736:. Retrieved
7695:
7691:
7681:
7651:(1): 22–35.
7648:
7644:
7634:
7609:
7605:
7595:
7549:(3): 17015.
7546:
7542:
7532:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7432:
7426:
7416:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7337:
7330:
7292:
7286:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7145:. Retrieved
7141:the original
7131:
7119:
7107:
7058:(1): 22–36.
7055:
7051:
7021:
7015:
7007:
7002:, p. 9.
6995:
6984:the original
6971:
6959:. Retrieved
6944:
6904:
6898:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6852:
6848:
6838:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6736:(1): 61–72.
6733:
6729:
6719:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6650:
6599:
6595:
6559:
6553:
6541:. Retrieved
6531:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6425:. Retrieved
6421:the original
6411:
6401:
6397:
6395:
6388:. Retrieved
6383:
6374:
6339:
6333:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6237:
6233:
6223:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6149:
6141:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6094:. Retrieved
6085:
6076:
6064:
6052:. Retrieved
6033:
6029:
6019:
5994:
5990:
5987:Tracheophyta
5986:
5980:
5968:. Retrieved
5958:
5951:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5923:the original
5912:
5900:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5832:, yet it is
5826:
5818:habitat loss
5800:
5776:Conservation
5724:Robert Frost
5709:
5703:
5700:
5643:
5540:oilseed rape
5516:Brassicaceae
5493:Gourd family
5416:pearl millet
5338:
5330:
5276:
5264:hybrid vigor
5236:
5181:
5170:
5161:
5160:to form the
5151:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5094:
5072:
5042:
5026:
4988:
4953:
4926:
4892:Reproduction
4865:embryophytes
4858:
4846:
4806:
4577:
4559:
4534:
4509:
4484:
4466:
4443:Aquifoliales
4441:
4431:Campanulids
4378:
4360:
4342:
4324:
4306:
4281:
4256:
4231:
4198:
4173:
4148:
4123:
4098:
3988:
3970:
3945:
3920:
3897:Picramniales
3895:
3870:
3836:
3818:
3739:
3723:Cucurbitales
3721:
3696:
3671:
3630:Malpighiales
3628:
3610:
3585:
3553:
3520:
3494:Saxifragales
3492:
3464:
3439:
3411:
3386:
3361:
3338:Ranunculales
3336:
3308:
3195:Commelinales
3193:
3177:Zingiberales
3175:
3150:
3125:
3097:
3072:
3038:
3022:Dioscoreales
3020:
2988:
2963:
2938:
2869:
2851:
2817:
2799:
2757:
2729:
2704:
2681:Amborellales
2679:
2667:
2653:of the 2016
2553:
2529:
2497:
2460:
2435:
2400:
2379:water lilies
2368:
2338:Amborellales
2336:
2324:
2312:
2251:
2240:
2235:
2219:
2186:
2159:
2129:
2111:Embryophytes
2094:
2055:Robert Brown
2051:Paul Hermann
2024:
1932:Boraginaceae
1878:Bromeliaceae
1841:Brassicaceae
1804:Gesneriaceae
1624:or Gramineae
1529:English name
1510:
1496:, mostly by
1479:
1438:growth habit
1435:
1428:Sarcopetalum
1426:
1420:
1414:
1390:
1369:
1348:topographies
1329:
1311:
1302:
1277:
1237:
1228:
1211:
1194:
1173:
1153:
1147:
1118:
1105:
1084:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1022:
867:gametophytes
845:
785:
733:
727:
722:affects all
709:
663:
629:, by having
625:plants, the
620:
541:
473:
423:Angiospermae
422:
406:
405:
310:
296:Amborellales
288:
276:
270:
257:
244:
25:
14572:Pollination
14557:Angiosperms
14506:iNaturalist
14478:Wikispecies
14454:Angiosperms
14304:Brachiopoda
14279:Cycliophora
14224:Onychophora
14199:Kinorhyncha
14121:Ginkgophyta
14116:Cycadophyta
14081:Chlorophyta
14071:Glaucophyta
13765:Myxococcota
13683:Chlorobiota
13678:Chlamydiota
13403:Commelinids
13230:Gentianales
13225:Boraginales
13154:Campanulids
13070:Brassicales
12992:Celastrales
12934:Superrosids
12923:Dilleniales
12824:Commelinids
12813:Asparagales
12783:Alismatales
12755:Magnoliales
12682:Nymphaeales
12663:Angiosperms
12624:Supergroup
12307:Pollen tube
12302:Pollinators
12292:Pollination
12287:Germination
12102:Respiration
12085:Chlorophyll
11931:Pedicellate
11865:Gametophyte
11784:Aestivation
11735:Antheridium
11730:Archegonium
11578:Plasmodesma
11555:Plant cells
11418:Paleobotany
11413:Ethnobotany
11398:Astrobotany
11102:Cordaitales
11096:Caytoniales
10982:Lignophytes
10965:(ferns and
10891:spikemosses
10830:Rhyniopsida
10780:Aglaophyton
10659:(hornworts)
10530:Embryophyta
10513:Anydrophyta
10471:Spirotaenia
10416:Ulvophyceae
10349:Chlorophyta
10299:green algae
10269:Algospongia
10243:Glaucophyta
10195:(red algae)
9755:: 159–165.
9673:Angiosperms
9232:(1): 1–20.
9207:10654/18083
9124:Angiosperms
8657:Poem Hunter
8376:13 December
8180:21 February
8169:Angiosperms
7612:(1): 5–21.
7225:(1): 6930.
6961:21 February
6602:(1): 8–13.
6054:21 February
5766:tulipomania
5613:Rose family
5602:grapefruits
5340:Agriculture
5317:Harvesting
5248:outcrossing
5104:pollen tube
5049:pollinators
5011:sporophylls
4956:Microspores
4939:containing
4915:Angiosperm
4882:gymnosperms
4859:Fossilised
4365:Doweld 2001
4344:Boraginales
4308:Gentianales
4103:Doweld 2001
3990:Brassicales
3950:Doweld 2001
3900:Doweld 2001
3744:Engler 1892
3587:Celastrales
3481:Superrosids
3466:Dilleniales
3114:Commelinids
3099:Asparagales
3077:Perleb 1826
2965:Alismatales
2853:Magnoliales
2706:Nymphaeales
2668:Angiosperms
2377:c. 80 spp.
2370:Nymphaeales
2236:Angiosperms
2215:Gymnosperms
2095:In 2019, a
1896:Acanthaceae
1714:Apocynaceae
1643:or Labiatae
1563:Orchidaceae
1256:Alismatales
897:gametophyte
834:seed plants
815:Description
804:seed plants
770:. Further,
665:Agriculture
641:instead of
627:gymnosperms
522:land plants
496:, and most
474:angiosperms
395:Magnolicae
365:Anthophyta
301:Nymphaeales
277:Angiosperms
39:Valanginian
14551:Categories
14337:Parakaryon
14299:Entoprocta
14234:Arthropoda
14229:Tardigrada
14209:Priapulida
14204:Loricifera
14189:Echinoderm
14159:Ctenophora
14131:Gnetophyta
14086:Charophyta
14076:Rhodophyta
14048:Ascomycota
14043:Zygomycota
13985:Metamonada
13960:Euglenozoa
13945:Ciliophora
13653:Balneolota
13628:Aquificota
13485:Euasterids
13398:Alismatids
13359:families (
13298:Alismatids
13210:Icacinales
13187:Dipsacales
13112:Santalales
13065:Huerteales
13060:Sapindales
13040:Geraniales
13002:Oxalidales
12918:Gunnerales
12801:Pandanales
12740:Canellales
12732:Magnoliids
12607:Orders of
12329:Microspore
12319:Sporangium
12297:Artificial
11985:Sporophyte
11980:Sporophyll
11975:Receptacle
11870:Gynandrium
11740:Androecium
11649:Vegetative
11519:Angiosperm
11514:Gymnosperm
11408:Dendrology
11229:Magnoliids
11197:Gnetopsida
10967:horsetails
10895:quillworts
10887:clubmosses
10863:Lycophytes
10836:Renaliales
10613:Bryophytes
10191:Rhodophyta
10180:Rhodelphis
8534:"Rutaceae"
8211:(1): 3–5.
7906:9 November
7738:10 January
6892:: 205–239.
6191:: pls010.
6185:AoB Plants
5970:29 January
5872:References
5854:seed banks
5737:Huaniaohua
5590:Rue family
5482:aubergines
5462:Solanaceae
5420:sugar cane
5220:but, with
5177:hypanthium
5158:integument
5077:squashes.
5065:Monoecious
4968:megaspores
4843:Cretaceous
4579:Dipsacales
4539:Nakai 1930
4471:Mart. 1835
4446:Senft 1856
4286:Mart. 1835
4233:Icacinales
4125:Santalales
3947:Huerteales
3922:Sapindales
3820:Geraniales
3612:Oxalidales
3441:Gunnerales
3155:Small 1903
3040:Pandanales
3025:Brown 1835
2801:Canellales
2781:Magnoliids
2762:Mart. 1835
2538:c. 6 spp.
2437:Magnoliids
2161:Lycophytes
2131:Bryophytes
2063:APG system
1950:Urticaceae
1860:Piperaceae
1732:Cyperaceae
1544:Asteraceae
1490:APG system
1252:seagrasses
1134:, whether
1124:autotrophs
1054:Eucalyptus
921:cotyledons
893:Embryo sac
740:seed banks
655:Cretaceous
413:that bear
321:Magnoliids
140:water lily
14414:Textbooks
14254:Dicyemida
14126:Pinophyta
14005:Telonemia
13940:Cryptista
13930:Breviatea
13915:Amoebozoa
13910:Alveolata
13891:Eukaryote
13643:Bacillota
13527:COM clade
13429:diverging
13372:diverging
13355:Lists of
13245:Vahliales
13240:Solanales
13220:Garryales
13177:Bruniales
13167:Asterales
12884:Proteales
12745:Piperales
12632:Bryophyta
12526:Botanists
12444:Herbarium
12341:Megaspore
12239:Evolution
12182:Subshrubs
12150:and habit
12075:Nutrition
12070:Cellulose
12065:Bulk flow
12048:Materials
12011:Epidermis
11875:Gynoecium
11856:Endosperm
11851:Dispersal
11767:Staminode
11703:Sessility
11691:Cataphyll
11611:Mesophyll
11563:Cell wall
11504:Lycophyte
11484:Bryophyte
11438:Geobotany
11423:Phycology
10729:Bryopsida
10682:Bryophyta
10411:UTC clade
10160:Picomonas
10096:Amoebozoa
10074:Alveolata
10062:Cryptista
10037:Eukaryota
9353:207613985
9122:(1911). "
8891:225274409
8583:1469-8137
8419:1540-7063
8120:0022-0957
7779:0022-0957
7728:236141481
7665:0022-0957
7587:205458714
7571:2055-0278
7457:0028-0836
7374:(1): 49.
7147:2 October
7082:231689158
7030:185517977
6752:0028-646X
6596:Oecologia
6515:1360-1385
6366:0924-5480
6307:2041-9139
6291:(1): 14.
6030:Phytotaxa
5929:28 August
5666:medicines
5567:coriander
5501:cucumbers
5344:livestock
5332:Dal tadka
5268:heterosis
5252:mutations
5218:evolution
5162:seed coat
5074:Cucurbita
5057:Dioecious
4511:Bruniales
4489:Link 1829
4486:Asterales
4362:Vahliales
4326:Solanales
4283:Garryales
4178:Link 1829
3590:Link 1829
3558:Link 1829
3363:Proteales
3313:Link 1829
3102:Link 1829
2943:Link 1835
2819:Piperales
2651:Cladogram
2649:Detailed
2508:cotyledon
2086:Phylogeny
2082:in 2016.
2002:Evolution
1986:Lauraceae
1973:buttercup
1883:bromeliad
1809:gesneriad
1786:Ericaceae
1750:Malvaceae
1696:Myrtaceae
1683:melastome
1641:Lamiaceae
1604:Rubiaceae
1454:perennial
1450:biennials
1422:Parsonsia
1397:deciduous
1344:limestone
1149:Orobanche
1138:like the
1132:parasitic
1112:parasitic
995:Diversity
969:tracheids
907:Endosperm
847:Narcissus
764:medicinal
673:livestock
647:endosperm
643:tracheids
382:Cronquist
367:Cronquist
234:Kingdom:
138:Aquatic:
125:buttercup
14463:Wikidata
14314:Annelida
14309:Mollusca
14289:Phoronid
14284:Nemertea
14259:Rotifera
14239:Flatworm
14214:Nematoda
14179:Chordate
14169:Cnidaria
14164:Placozoa
13995:Rhizaria
13970:Haptista
13950:Cercozoa
13610:Bacteria
13472:Asterids
13454:asterids
13418:Eudicots
13408:Lilioids
13390:Monocots
13314:Category
13304:Lilioids
13235:Lamiales
13144:Ericales
13139:Cornales
13127:Asterids
13075:Malvales
13045:Myrtales
12866:Eudicots
12832:Arecales
12807:Liliales
12777:Acorales
12765:Monocots
12750:Laurales
12566:Category
12486:Forestry
12476:Agronomy
12469:Practice
12420:Cultivar
12415:Cultigen
12275:timeline
12167:Rosettes
12055:Aleurone
12031:Trichome
11948:Perianth
11760:Filament
11618:Meristem
11541:glossary
11403:Bryology
11239:Eudicots
11234:Monocots
10952:Ibykales
10686:(mosses)
10591:Plantae
10289:Plantae
10091:Amorphea
10069:Rhizaria
10057:Hacrobia
10047:Excavata
10032:Bacteria
10003:Plantae
9923:Websites
9914:25249442
9861:30764910
9779:27064530
9581:10860967
9464:(1981).
9454:43144314
9345:21616882
9218:(2016).
9176:(2009).
9144:(2003).
8834:36028464
8692:4 August
8639:27251545
8591:28186635
8542:Archived
8427:21672758
8370:Archived
8339:27019547
8282:Archived
8260:52905335
8128:17337752
7900:Archived
7896:84970789
7824:4 August
7818:Archived
7787:35438718
7732:Archived
7720:34282286
7673:31538196
7626:21628174
7579:28260783
7524:10905607
7475:38658746
7466:11111409
7408:25887386
7320:Archived
7317:Figure 2
7311:21652302
7259:34836973
7200:31645766
7124:APG 2003
7074:33482683
6955:Archived
6937:APG 2009
6760:15760351
6711:85343835
6632:13038192
6624:28311806
6523:20153240
6472:85142620
6464:33874520
6325:34911578
6266:12225592
6215:22567221
6133:21628180
6090:Archived
6048:Archived
6011:25065865
5964:Archived
5893:APG 2016
5668:such as
5629:apricots
5625:cherries
5609:Rosaceae
5586:Rutaceae
5547:Apiaceae
5532:broccoli
5505:pumpkins
5497:Squashes
5474:tomatoes
5470:Potatoes
5431:Fabaceae
5183:Apomixis
5166:pericarp
5154:nucellus
5028:Magnolia
4919:showing
4886:conifers
4874:Devonian
4380:Lamiales
4221:Lamiids
4200:Ericales
4175:Cornales
4162:Asterids
3972:Malvales
3838:Myrtales
3801:Malvids
3325:Eudicots
3127:Arecales
3074:Liliales
2940:Acorales
2927:Monocots
2871:Laurales
2555:Eudicots
2499:Monocots
2309:Internal
2091:External
1914:Rosaceae
1901:acanthus
1822:Apiaceae
1613:13,150
1581:Fabaceae
1494:families
1462:climbing
1376:biennial
1350:such as
1260:rhizomes
1240:habitats
1136:on fungi
961:made of
925:seedling
869:, three
865:Reduced
530:families
524:with 64
357:Synonyms
331:Eudicots
326:Monocots
41:)-Recent
14294:Bryozoa
13990:Provora
13965:Jakobea
13955:Discoba
13901:Protist
13838:Archaea
13591:Extant
13537:Malvids
13202:Lamiids
13182:Apiales
13032:Malvids
13022:Fagales
13012:Rosales
13007:Fabales
12969:Vitales
12894:Buxales
12244:Ecology
12001:Cuticle
11831:Capsule
11821:Anatomy
11772:Tapetum
11696:Petiole
11671:Rhizome
11666:Rhizoid
11593:Tissues
11583:Vacuole
11573:Plastid
11375:Outline
11370:History
11302:extinct
10151:Picozoa
10106:Animals
10027:Archaea
9957:at the
9905:4200517
9884:Bibcode
9853:4353970
9833:Bibcode
9813:1216134
9757:Bibcode
9549:Bibcode
9434:Bibcode
9271:1218032
9130:(ed.).
9113::
9078:19 July
9049:19 July
8917:19 July
8825:9804264
8804:Bibcode
8744:21 June
8662:21 June
8617:Bibcode
8518:30 July
8330:4786830
8309:Bibcode
8225:8928640
7700:Bibcode
7551:Bibcode
7515:1692787
7437:Bibcode
7399:4377182
7376:Bibcode
7250:8626473
7227:Bibcode
7191:6872490
6871:3647457
6830:3647306
6795:1554864
6703:2460334
6604:Bibcode
6495:Bibcode
6316:8672599
6285:EvoDevo
6206:3345124
6096:19 July
5849:ex situ
5843:in situ
5758:ikebana
5704:kachō-e
5674:opioids
5670:digoxin
5637:peaches
5594:Oranges
5579:caraway
5563:parsley
5555:Parsnip
5536:mustard
5524:Cabbage
5478:peppers
5455:alfalfa
5447:lentils
5424:sorghum
5383:Poaceae
5374:English
5348:calorie
5291:genomic
5279:Meiosis
5254:in the
5240:Flowers
5003:insect-
4999:stamens
4964:stamens
4931:of the
4897:Flowers
4851:in the
4848:Sagaria
4841:in the
4536:Apiales
3741:Fagales
3698:Rosales
3673:Fabales
3543:Fabids
3522:Vitales
3413:Buxales
2034:ἀγγεῖον
2028:angeíon
1964:Eudicot
1946:Eudicot
1928:Eudicot
1910:Eudicot
1892:Eudicot
1874:Monocot
1847:cabbage
1837:Eudicot
1828:parsley
1818:Eudicot
1800:Eudicot
1782:Eudicot
1768:Araceae
1764:Monocot
1746:Eudicot
1728:Monocot
1719:dogbane
1710:Eudicot
1692:Eudicot
1674:Eudicot
1656:Eudicot
1637:Eudicot
1632:10,035
1622:Poaceae
1618:Monocot
1600:Eudicot
1595:19,400
1577:Eudicot
1572:21,950
1559:Monocot
1554:22,750
1540:Eudicot
1532:No. of
1502:APG III
1488:. The
1446:annuals
1336:calcium
1326:nitrate
1314:sundews
1254:in the
1230:Zostera
1180:deserts
1140:orchids
1086:Gunnera
1066:Wolffia
932:Closed
824:Flowers
812:Feature
760:logging
748:extinct
735:ex situ
729:in situ
693:Poaceae
689:calorie
631:flowers
538:species
507:angeion
482:grasses
415:flowers
390:W.Zimm.
337:Orders
317:Clades
238:Plantae
14567:Plants
14469:Q25314
14367:Plants
14353:Portal
14154:Sponge
14146:Animal
13519:Rosids
13501:rosids
13499:Super-
13452:Super-
13427:Early-
13370:Early-
13361:APG IV
12979:Fabids
12957:Rosids
12837:Poales
12613:APG IV
12548:Plants
12451:(IAPT)
12204:Lianas
12172:Shrubs
12124:Starch
12016:Nectar
11936:Raceme
11902:Stigma
11890:Locule
11880:Carpel
11841:Pyrena
11779:Flower
11755:Anther
11750:Stamen
11745:Pollen
11467:groups
11359:Botany
11297:groups
11185:Ginkgo
10893:&
10751:
10347:
10084:Plants
10021:Domain
9912:
9902:
9859:
9851:
9811:
9777:
9723:
9680:
9659:
9640:
9619:
9596:
9579:
9569:
9476:
9452:
9403:
9351:
9343:
9304:
9288:
9269:
9126:". In
9107:
9045:. 2020
9021:
8981:
8889:
8832:
8822:
8773:
8718:31 May
8637:
8589:
8581:
8425:
8417:
8362:
8337:
8327:
8258:
8223:
8149:
8126:
8118:
8081:
7973:
7937:
7894:
7851:
7810:
7785:
7777:
7726:
7718:
7671:
7663:
7624:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7522:
7512:
7473:
7463:
7455:
7428:Nature
7406:
7396:
7345:
7309:
7257:
7247:
7198:
7188:
7168:Nature
7080:
7072:
7028:
7016:Kingia
6915:
6869:
6828:
6793:
6758:
6750:
6709:
6701:
6662:
6630:
6622:
6574:
6521:
6513:
6470:
6462:
6427:5 July
6364:
6354:
6323:
6313:
6305:
6264:
6257:139410
6254:
6213:
6203:
6162:
6131:
6009:
5754:bonsai
5726:, and
5678:Coffee
5660:, and
5654:cotton
5617:Apples
5598:lemons
5571:fennel
5559:carrot
5509:melons
5451:clover
5404:barley
5371:Family
5277:Also,
5256:genome
5222:plants
5187:citrus
5175:, the
5100:pollen
5038:nectar
5036:, and
5023:tepals
5019:petals
5015:sepals
4995:willow
4984:pistil
4980:carpel
4917:flower
4903:Flower
4861:spores
3509:Rosids
3152:Poales
2446:3-part
2349:shrub
2345:1 sp.
2101:plants
2046:σπέρμα
2040:spérma
1995:2,500
1991:laurel
1977:2,525
1959:2,625
1955:nettle
1941:2,740
1937:borage
1923:2,830
1905:3,500
1887:3,540
1869:3,600
1865:pepper
1851:3,710
1832:3,780
1813:3,870
1795:3,995
1777:4,025
1759:4,225
1755:mallow
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