498:
471:
58:
486:
510:
6475:
3214:
40:
3183:
1088:), stability that has permitted the continued survival of tropical forests on New Caledonia. In contrast, drought conditions dominated the Australian climate towards the end of the Tertiary. Current threats to biodiversity in New Caledonia include fires, mining, agriculture, invasion by introduced species, urbanization and global warming. The importance of conserving
1045:
mitochondrial genome revealed that for every gene of its own origin, it contains about six versions from the genomes of an assortment of the plants and algae growing with or upon it. The evolutionary and physiological significance of this is not as yet clear, nor in particular is it clear whether the
429:
directed downwards. Staminate flowers are approximately 4 to 5 mm in diameter, with 6 to 15 tepals. These flowers bear 10 to 21 spirally arranged stamens, which become progressively smaller toward the center. The innermost may be sterile, amounting to staminodes. The stamens bear triangular
1002:
to the other flowering plants. Comparing characteristics of this basal angiosperm, other flowering plants and fossils may provide clues about how flowers first appeared—what Darwin called the "abominable mystery". This position is consistent with a number of conservative characteristics of its
2131:
Rice, D. W.; Alverson, A. J.; Richardson, A. O.; Young, G. J.; Sanchez-Puerta, M. V.; Munzinger, J.; Barry, K.; Boore, J. L.; Zhang, Y.; dePamphilis, C. W.; Knox, E. B.; Palmer, J. D. (19 December 2013). "Horizontal
Transfer of Entire Genomes via Mitochondrial Fusion in the Angiosperm
362:
develops. Plants may change from one reproductive morphology to the other. In one study, seven cuttings from a staminate plant produced, as expected, staminate flowers at their first flowering, but three of the seven produced carpellate flowers at their second flowering.
430:
anthers on short broad filaments. An anther consists of four pollen sacs, two on each side, with a small sterile central connective. The anthers have connective tips with small bumps and may be covered with secretions. These features suggest that, as with other
997:
of the flowering plant lineage. That is, the
Amborellaceae represent a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (more than 130 million years ago) from all the other extant species of flowering plants, and, among extant flowering plants, is the
1836:; Carlson, J. E.; Farmerie, W. G.; Wall, P. K.; Ilut, D. C.; Solow, T. M.; Mueller, L. A.; Landherr, L. L.; Hu, Y.; Buzgo, M.; Kim, S.; Yoo, M.-J.; Frohlich, M. W.; Perl-Treves, R.; Schlarbaum, S. E.; Zhang, X.; Tanksley, S. D.; Oppenheimer, D. G.;
2345:
Zuccolo, A.; Bowers, J. E.; Estill, J. C.; Xiong, Z.; Luo, M.; Sebastian, A.; Goicoechea, J. L.; Collura, K.; Yu, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Duarte, J.; Tang, H.; Ayyampalayam, S.; Rounsley, S.; Kudrna, D.; Paterson, A. H.; Pires, J. C.; Chanderbali, A.;
1422:
Thien, L. B.; Sage, T. L.; Jaffré, T.; Bernhardt, P.; Pontieri, V.; Weston, P. H.; Malloch, D.; Azuma, H.; Graham, S. W.; McPherson, M. A.; Rai, H. S.; Sage, R. F. & Dupre, J.-L. (2003). "The
Population Structure and Floral Biology of
967:: one theory is that the Amborellaceae alone are the monophyletic sister to the extant angiosperms; another proposes that the Amborellaceae and Nymphaeales form a clade that is the sister group to all other extant angiosperms.
2199:, p. 55. "La disparition d'Amborella trichopoda impliquerait donc la disparition d'un genre, d'une famille et d'un ordre entier, ainsi que le seul témoin d'au moins 140 millions d'années d'histoire évolutive."
963:
branched off from the main lineage of angiosperms before the ancestors of any other living angiosperms. There is however some uncertainty about the relationship between the
Amborellaceae and the
1096:
would imply the disappearance of a genus, a family and an entire order, as well as the only witness to at least 140 million years of evolutionary history." Conservation strategies targeted on
674:
is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred by comparing derived traits shared by the main angiosperm lineage but not present in
110:
2292:; Albert, V. A.; Leebens-Mack, J.; Palmer, J. D.; Wing, Rod A.; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Ma, Hong; Carlson, John E.; Altman, Naomi; Kim, Sangtae; Wall, P. K.; Zuccolo, A. &
114:
2475:
1926:(2013). "Angiosperm Phylogeny: A Framework for Studies of Genome Evolution". In Leitch, Ilia J.; Greilhuber, Johann; Doležel, Jaroslav & Wendel, Jonathan F. (eds.).
1011:
characteristic of most flowering plants. The genes responsible for floral traits like scent and colors in other angiosperms, have yet to be found. Further, the female
118:
1033:
plant in the wild, is commonly in intimate contact with shade- and moisture-dependent organisms such as algae, lichens and mosses. In those circumstances, some
670:
of angiosperms. In systematics the term "basal" describes a lineage that diverges near the base of a phylogeny, and thus earlier than other lineages. Since
7367:
7132:
6633:
2433:
L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
350:), but not both. At any one time, a dioecious plant produces only functionally staminate or functionally carpellate flowers. Staminate ("male")
2073:
7393:
7158:
6871:
6646:
3250:
2354:; Albert, V. A.; Ma, H.; Mandoli, D.; Banks, J.; Carlson, J. E.; Tomkins, J.; dePamphilis, C. W.; Wing, R. A. & Leebens-Mack, J. (2011).
699:
arranged in spirals on an elongated, cone-like receptacle rather than the small numbers of parts in distinct whorls of more derived flowers.
1041:
and such associated species is not surprising in principle, but the scale of such transfer has caused considerable surprise. Sequencing the
7516:
2502:
970:
Because of its evolutionary position at the base of the flowering plant clade, there was support for sequencing the complete genome of
497:
417: in) in diameter, with 7 or 8 tepals. There are 1 to 3 (or rarely 0) well-differentiated staminodes and a spiral of 4 to 8 free (
7341:
7080:
6806:
6581:
3298:
2550:
959:
to all other angiosperms, and shows the gymnosperms as a monophyletic group sister to the angiosperms. It supports the theory that
974:
to serve as a reference for evolutionary studies. In 2010, the US National
Science Foundation began a genome sequencing effort in
7506:
7380:
7145:
7093:
6819:
6594:
509:
305:. The leaves are two-ranked, with distinctly serrated or rippled margins, and about 8 to 10 centimetres (3 to 4 inches) long.
1967:
Biodiversité, origine et évolution des
Cunoniaceae : implications pour la conservation de la flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie
1943:
1402:
7385:
2424:
7496:
7150:
449:
can be seen at the tip of the fruit. The skin is papery, surrounding a thin fleshy layer containing a red juice. The inner
1519:
Posluszny, U.; Tomlinson, P.B. (2003), "Aspects of inflorescence and floral development in the putative basal angiosperm
1199:
1151:
2119:
1731:
1073:
The islands of New
Caledonia are a biodiversity hot-spot, preserving many early diverging lineages of plants, of which
1801:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV",
7511:
3243:
1656:
1226:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
7468:
7398:
1588:
Floyd, S.K. & Friedman, W.E. (2001). "Developmental evolution of endosperm in basal angiosperms: evidence from
626:
recognized this family, but left it unplaced at order rank due to uncertainty about its relationship to the family
445:(approximately 5 to 7 mm long and 5 mm wide) borne on a short (1 to 2 mm) stalk. The remains of the
7163:
6876:
6651:
470:
7119:
6845:
6620:
2495:
1181:
1133:
7202:
6759:
6745:
6938:
378:, with up to three orders of branching, each branch being terminated by a flower. Each flower is subtended by
6977:
6677:
3277:
2529:
2435:
2412:
1891:
6478:
3303:
3293:
3236:
2555:
2545:
226:
1290:
7289:
7033:
7028:
1191:
1143:
1046:
horizontal gene transfer has anything to do with the apparent stability and conservatism of the species.
6824:
7197:
6933:
6672:
3217:
2488:
1965:
1187:
1139:
1058:
729:
631:
6925:
2446:
57:
7521:
7473:
7408:
686:
332:
7098:
6599:
2455:
3288:
2540:
1549:
Endress, P. K. & Igersheim, Anton (2000). "The
Reproductive Structures of the Basal Angiosperm
1034:
1344:
Carlquist, S. J. & Schneider, E. L. (2001). "Vegetative anatomy of the New
Caledonian endemic
7019:
7434:
2465:
7280:
7189:
6863:
6495:
990:
737:
260:
6638:
485:
7429:
7184:
7137:
2470:
994:
663:
342:. This means that each plant produces either male flowers (meaning that they have functional
174:
7421:
7372:
7176:
6889:
6664:
1991:
Drew, B. T.; Ruhfel, B. R.; Smith, S. A.; Moore, M. J.; Briggs, B. G.; Gitzendanner, M. A.;
689:" (i.e. ancestral) floral traits in angiosperms, accepted until relatively recently, is the
642:, the Amborellaceae comprise the monotypic order Amborellales at the base of the angiosperm
354:
flowers do not have carpels, whereas the carpellate ("female") flowers have non-functional "
7501:
7315:
7054:
6780:
6555:
2145:
1696:
1609:
1101:
704:
561:
477:
2260:
Endress, P.K.; Igersheim, A. (2000). "The reproductive structures of the basal angiosperm
1327:
1077:
is but one. This preservation has been ascribed to climate stability during and since the
271:, meaning it was the earliest group to evolve separately from all other flowering plants.
8:
6533:
1271:(in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. pp. 157–160.
3228:
2149:
1700:
1613:
7455:
7233:
6959:
6698:
6318:
5536:
5428:
5052:
3539:
3283:
3201:
2535:
2386:
2355:
2328:
2297:
2277:
2248:
2240:
2179:
1868:
1841:
1784:
1753:
1712:
1645:
1625:
1570:
1494:
1444:
1375:
702:
In a study designed to clarify relationships between well-studied model plants such as
52:
2480:
1289:
Große-Veldmann, B.; Korotkova, N.; Reinken, B.; Lobin, W. & Barthlott, W. (2011).
1100:
species are recommended, both preserving a diversity of habitats in New
Caledonia and
7416:
7302:
7171:
7041:
6912:
6884:
6767:
6659:
6542:
6275:
6074:
5626:
5486:
5415:
5338:
5219:
5105:
5022:
4387:
3378:
3314:
3195:
3010:
2391:
2333:
2289:
2252:
2171:
2102:
2057:
2022:
1996:
1939:
1923:
1873:
1833:
1652:
1470:
1398:
1242:
1225:
1020:
431:
2281:
1757:
1716:
1574:
1498:
1379:
978:, and the draft genome sequence was posted on the project website in December 2013.
7460:
7307:
7238:
6964:
6772:
6703:
6547:
6159:
6149:
6109:
6089:
5865:
5795:
5770:
5717:
5491:
5481:
5244:
5181:
5125:
5100:
4846:
4751:
4718:
4508:
4422:
4417:
4392:
4293:
4255:
4163:
3827:
3690:
3665:
3660:
3453:
3370:
3207:
2792:
2621:
2591:
2381:
2371:
2351:
2323:
2313:
2293:
2269:
2230:
2183:
2161:
2153:
2094:
2049:
2012:
1992:
1931:
1919:
1863:
1853:
1837:
1810:
1780:
1743:
1704:
1629:
1617:
1562:
1532:
1486:
1466:
1436:
1365:
1357:
1247:
1237:
1097:
534:
7294:
6899:
2456:
Ancient plant provides clues to evolutionary mystery (National Science Foundation)
1771:
Dahlgren, R.M.T. (1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms".
7225:
7046:
6518:
6440:
6227:
6094:
6079:
5659:
5546:
5526:
5521:
5511:
5476:
5292:
5287:
5087:
5057:
5027:
4911:
4876:
4836:
4811:
4801:
4761:
4513:
4402:
4285:
4260:
4155:
4127:
4117:
3910:
3880:
3822:
3807:
3670:
3496:
3403:
3260:
3095:
2953:
2603:
2566:
2512:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2085:
Rudall, Paula (2006). "How many nuclei make an embryo sac in flowering plants?".
1195:
1147:
777:
588:
316:
268:
95:
1935:
1842:"Floral gene resources from basal angiosperms for comparative genomics research"
7004:
6907:
6432:
6422:
6404:
6376:
6338:
6328:
6280:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6154:
6104:
6051:
6036:
5921:
5835:
5775:
5765:
5669:
5571:
5506:
5496:
5456:
5438:
5239:
5166:
4954:
4916:
4871:
4806:
4781:
4756:
4700:
4614:
4382:
4329:
4265:
4122:
4014:
3991:
3953:
3930:
3920:
3723:
3585:
3524:
3388:
3118:
3075:
3020:
2692:
2616:
1008:
765:
635:
328:
82:
1748:
1687:
Thorne, Robert F. (1992). "Classification and geography of flowering plants".
7490:
7265:
6858:
6730:
6414:
6343:
6313:
6290:
6285:
6270:
6222:
6189:
6184:
6119:
5913:
5898:
5845:
5825:
5785:
5780:
5760:
5722:
5674:
5621:
5611:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5531:
5446:
5423:
5405:
5373:
5358:
5320:
5224:
5204:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5042:
5037:
5017:
5002:
4964:
4959:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4841:
4821:
4796:
4786:
4687:
4609:
4589:
4528:
4523:
4503:
4437:
4407:
4367:
4275:
4270:
4217:
4087:
4049:
4024:
3996:
3981:
3925:
3905:
3900:
3817:
3784:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3675:
3645:
3577:
3544:
3534:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3350:
3332:
3264:
2997:
2958:
2890:
2808:
2668:
2516:
2376:
1065:
has a mixed pollination system, relying on both insect pollinators and wind.
862:
752:
639:
623:
367:
230:
134:
7447:
2318:
2157:
2074:
Water lily genome expands picture of the early evolution of flowering plants
2017:
2000:
7215:
6951:
6690:
6353:
6348:
6333:
6323:
6262:
6144:
6129:
6099:
6056:
6046:
6000:
5977:
5967:
5939:
5840:
5820:
5790:
5732:
5679:
5601:
5556:
5516:
5471:
5461:
5451:
5343:
5312:
5277:
5262:
5176:
5171:
5077:
4831:
4826:
4791:
4771:
4746:
4733:
4723:
4695:
4652:
4647:
4604:
4571:
4556:
4518:
4495:
4432:
4427:
4412:
4377:
4359:
4311:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4112:
4072:
4006:
3986:
3976:
3968:
3935:
3895:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3774:
3769:
3733:
3650:
3529:
3486:
3383:
3360:
3324:
3065:
2920:
2900:
2850:
2782:
2750:
2745:
2698:
2395:
2347:
2337:
2175:
2106:
2061:
2026:
1877:
1267:
Jérémie, J. (1982). "Amborellacées". In A. Aubréville; J. F. Leroy (eds.).
999:
956:
655:
627:
264:
256:
233:
in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family
1858:
1621:
1361:
7354:
7274:
7106:
7013:
6832:
6739:
6607:
6527:
6308:
6204:
6164:
6139:
6134:
6124:
5992:
5982:
5972:
5954:
5903:
5855:
5850:
5830:
5810:
5737:
5664:
5606:
5561:
5501:
5466:
5363:
5353:
5297:
5209:
5148:
5143:
5095:
5067:
5047:
5007:
4989:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4856:
4851:
4816:
4710:
4667:
4642:
4566:
4538:
4533:
4372:
4349:
4334:
4303:
4222:
4097:
4077:
4039:
3890:
3885:
3862:
3847:
3789:
3779:
3685:
3680:
3632:
3549:
3473:
3458:
3435:
3430:
3355:
3342:
3133:
3128:
3057:
2973:
2895:
2837:
2826:
2727:
2716:
2686:
2658:
2585:
1348:: relationships with the Illiciales and implications for vessel origin".
1012:
964:
391:
291:
2244:
2053:
2040:
Friedman, W. E. (2009), "The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery"",
678:. These traits are presumed to have evolved after the divergence of the
7346:
7085:
6811:
6586:
6391:
6381:
6358:
6242:
6179:
6114:
6041:
6018:
5944:
5890:
5800:
5654:
5641:
5616:
5596:
5348:
5330:
5302:
5272:
5267:
5199:
5158:
5135:
5072:
5062:
5012:
4997:
4926:
4881:
4866:
4776:
4677:
4657:
4619:
4599:
4321:
4227:
4107:
4092:
4082:
3812:
3761:
3700:
3655:
3506:
3463:
3422:
3413:
3113:
3090:
3015:
2968:
2963:
2943:
2905:
2821:
2704:
2643:
2635:
2098:
1708:
1448:
1252:
1030:
877:
295:
212:
39:
7359:
6837:
2166:
1815:
1370:
1083:
7328:
7111:
7067:
6793:
6612:
6568:
6399:
6368:
6300:
6169:
6028:
6010:
5962:
5931:
5860:
5805:
5742:
5727:
5712:
5649:
5631:
5566:
5541:
5378:
5282:
5234:
5214:
4861:
4766:
4741:
4212:
4204:
4102:
4067:
4044:
4034:
4019:
3958:
3915:
3875:
3852:
3622:
3554:
3445:
3143:
3123:
3080:
3070:
2787:
2648:
2235:
2214:
2001:"Another Look at the Root of the Angiosperms Reveals a Familiar Tale"
741:
643:
450:
446:
426:
422:
418:
355:
339:
298:
205:
20:
7124:
6489:
1536:
1440:
7442:
7259:
7210:
6998:
6946:
6724:
6685:
6512:
6252:
6174:
6084:
6066:
5815:
5752:
5704:
5694:
5551:
5368:
5254:
5229:
5191:
5032:
4901:
4886:
4672:
4662:
4637:
4594:
4561:
4470:
4397:
4194:
4177:
4029:
3945:
3799:
3614:
3604:
3516:
3138:
3047:
3042:
3030:
2978:
2948:
2872:
2769:
2735:
2710:
2653:
2360:
genome sheds light on the evolution of angiosperm genome structure"
2273:
1566:
1490:
1288:
1078:
892:
839:
725:
720:
691:
390:. The tepals typically are arranged in a spiral, but sometimes are
383:
324:
222:
7333:
7072:
6850:
6798:
6573:
3182:
1295:— Cultivation of the most ancestral angiosperm in botanic gardens"
1124:
6972:
6625:
6214:
5880:
4979:
4934:
4629:
4581:
4548:
4462:
4186:
4132:
3640:
3105:
3085:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2797:
2432:
2409:
1895:
1172:
302:
242:
7320:
7059:
6785:
6560:
1732:"An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants"
951:
This hypothesized relationship of the extant seed plants places
6754:
4485:
4452:
4059:
3870:
3148:
2882:
2860:
2740:
2680:
2461:
815:
714:
696:
454:
359:
347:
343:
190:
152:
2288:
1674:
The evolution and classification of flowering plants (2nd ed.)
1092:
has been dramatically stated by Pillon: "The disappearance of
6920:
667:
442:
438:
437:
Typically, 1 to 3 carpels per flower develop into fruit. The
387:
379:
375:
374:
of foliage leaves. The inflorescences have been described as
371:
312:
283:
215:
208:
69:
1840:; Ma, H.; dePamphilis, C. W. & Leebens-Mack, H. (2005).
1518:
2219:
Baill., a new morphological type of vesselless dicotyledon"
2130:
1831:
733:
461:. The embryo is small and surrounded by copious endosperm.
458:
331:
are absent. Xylem of this form has long been regarded as a
287:
219:
2443:
1973:(PhD) (in French and English). University of New Caledonia
1647:
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
981:
515:
Diagram of a female flower with 5 carpels and 2 staminodes
3258:
2344:
1421:
2510:
2120:
Megan Scudellari. Genomes Gone Wild, January 1, 2014 |
434:, there is a high degree of developmental plasticity.
2466:
article with detailed photos of plants in cultivation
2302:
genome: an evolutionary reference for plant biology"
2190:
1990:
1003:
physiology and morphology; for example, the wood of
695:
blossom model. This envisions flowers with numerous
622:
is the only genus in the family Amborellaceae. The
989:is of great interest to plant systematists because
421:) carpels. Carpels bear green ovaries; they lack a
397:
Carpellate flowers are roughly 3 to 4 millimetres (
1644:
1343:
1464:
1460:
1458:
7488:
2259:
1548:
366:The small, creamy white flowers are arranged in
4154:
1455:
1057:is typically dioecious, but has been known to
993:analyses consistently place it at or near the
3244:
2496:
1587:
1557:. Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms.
1269:Flore de La Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances
358:", structures resembling stamens in which no
346:) or female flowers (flowers with functional
3576:
1918:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1473:(2004). "Floral Developmental Morphology of
315:tissue that differs from that of most other
2212:
728:, and more derived angiosperms (eudicots),
3251:
3237:
2503:
2489:
1299:The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture
38:
2385:
2375:
2327:
2317:
2234:
2213:Bailey, I.W. & Swamy, B.G.L. (1948).
2165:
2016:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1914:
1912:
1867:
1857:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1747:
1671:
1642:
1505:
1369:
1337:
1321:
1319:
1251:
1241:
2039:
2033:
1803:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1796:
1794:
1773:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1770:
1386:
1230:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1220:
1218:
1216:
1019:is even more reduced than normal female
614:
290:up to 8 metres (26 feet) high. It bears
5692:
2410:The Amborella Genome Sequencing Project
2266:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1676:. Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden.
1651:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1555:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1542:
1479:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1429:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1417:
1415:
1325:
1266:
982:Genomic and evolutionary considerations
425:. They contain a single ovule with the
7489:
4461:
2196:
2084:
1963:
1952:
1909:
1822:
1729:
1686:
1392:
1316:
263:analyses consistently place it as the
6494:
6493:
4450:
3232:
2484:
1791:
1581:
1213:
7409:1628de46-45df-41e8-9ae1-692acd3971da
6978:813E27BC-21AF-4BA1-90AE-1500223FF841
6926:17AE28AC-1126-AF08-487D-7C1DE546FDE2
2460:National Tropical Botanical Garden (
1984:
1412:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1200:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1152:Australian National Botanic Gardens
13:
7517:Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon
7203:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126703-1
2206:
1785:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x
537:, of 1981, classified the family:
14:
7533:
2444:Description language for taxonomy
2403:
1275:
503:Buds and staminate (male) flowers
6939:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:581745-1
6474:
6473:
3213:
3212:
3181:
2471:Nova "First Flower" (transcript)
1243:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
685:One early 20th century idea of "
508:
496:
484:
469:
56:
6678:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:27047-1
2223:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
2124:
2113:
2078:
2067:
1928:Plant Genome Diversity Volume 2
1884:
1764:
1723:
1680:
1665:
1636:
1602:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1182:International Plant Names Index
1134:International Plant Names Index
1068:
382:. The bracts transition into a
7507:Endemic flora of New Caledonia
2268:. 161(supplement): S237–S248.
1260:
1165:
1117:
274:
255:is of great interest to plant
1:
2350:; Chamala, S.; Barbazuk, B.;
1395:The Morphology of Angiosperms
1110:
335:feature of flowering plants.
708:, and the basal angiosperms
649:
7:
7497:Monotypic angiosperm genera
1936:10.1007/978-3-7091-1160-4_1
1930:. Springer. pp. 1–11.
1892:"Amborella Genome Database"
1192:Harvard University Herbaria
1144:Harvard University Herbaria
744:shown below was generated.
523:
10:
7538:
2042:American Journal of Botany
1730:Thorne, Robert F. (1992).
1525:Canadian Journal of Botany
1188:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1140:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1049:
528:
18:
7249:
6988:
6714:
6502:
6469:
6431:
6413:
6390:
6367:
6299:
6261:
6213:
6202:
6065:
6027:
6009:
5991:
5953:
5930:
5912:
5889:
5878:
5751:
5703:
5640:
5437:
5414:
5403:
5329:
5311:
5253:
5190:
5157:
5134:
5086:
4988:
4977:
4925:
4732:
4709:
4686:
4628:
4580:
4547:
4494:
4483:
4479:
4358:
4347:
4320:
4302:
4284:
4236:
4203:
4185:
4176:
4145:
4058:
4005:
3967:
3944:
3861:
3798:
3760:
3732:
3714:
3631:
3613:
3598:
3567:
3515:
3472:
3444:
3421:
3412:
3401:
3369:
3341:
3323:
3312:
3272:
3190:
3179:
3104:
3056:
3038:
3029:
3006:
2995:
2934:
2881:
2868:
2859:
2846:
2835:
2817:
2806:
2778:
2767:
2726:
2676:
2667:
2634:
2630:
2612:
2601:
2575:
2564:
2524:
1749:10.5642/aliso.19921302.08
1332:(2nd ed.). Elsevier.
890:
875:
860:
853:
836:
829:
812:
805:
788:
781:
763:
756:
457:and surrounds the single
180:
173:
53:Scientific classification
51:
46:
37:
30:
7512:Plants described in 1873
2377:10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r48
2356:"A physical map for the
1035:horizontal gene transfer
601:Subclass Magnoliideae ,
19:Not to be confused with
7223:Watson & Dallwitz:
2319:10.1186/gb-2008-9-3-402
2158:10.1126/science.1246275
738:expressed sequence tags
598:Superorder Magnolianae
574:Subclass Magnoliideae
571:Superorder Magnolianae
550:Division Magnoliophyta
1672:Cronquist, A. (1988).
1643:Cronquist, A. (1981).
1397:. London: Hutchinson.
1326:Simpson, M.G. (2010).
1021:angiosperm gametophyte
991:molecular phylogenetic
740:for floral genes, the
261:molecular phylogenetic
241:and contains a single
7430:Paleobiology Database
7185:Paleobiology Database
2476:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2018:10.1093/sysbio/syt108
1859:10.1186/1471-2229-5-5
1622:10.1007/s006060170026
1393:Sporne, K.R. (1974).
1362:10.1353/psc.2001.0020
630:. In the more recent
615:Modern classification
604:Class Magnoliopsida .
547:Class Magnoliopsida
544:Subclass Magnoliidae
6900:Amborella_trichopoda
6760:amborella-trichopoda
6746:Amborella trichopoda
6716:Amborella trichopoda
2358:Amborella trichopoda
2262:Amborella trichopoda
2217:Amborella trichopoda
1551:Amborella trichopoda
1521:Amborella trichopoda
1475:Amborella trichopoda
1425:Amborella trichopoda
1346:Amborella trichopoda
1293:Amborella trichopoda
1236:(2): 105–121. 2009.
1127:Amborella trichopoda
1094:Amborella trichopoda
972:Amborella trichopoda
705:Arabidopsis thaliana
660:Amborella trichopoda
577:Class Magnoliopsida
562:Thorne system (1992)
478:Berkeley, California
386:of undifferentiated
248:Amborella trichopoda
225:to the main island,
184:Amborella trichopoda
2150:2013Sci...342.1468R
2144:(6165): 1468–1473.
2054:10.3732/ajb.0800150
1964:Pillon, Y. (2008).
1701:1992BotRv..58..225T
1614:2001PSyEv.228..153F
730:chloroplast genomes
6319:Pentaphragmataceae
5537:Stegnospermataceae
5429:Berberidopsidaceae
5053:Pentadiplandraceae
3540:Atherospermataceae
2464:, United States),
2449:2007-01-03 at the
2438:2007-01-03 at the
2427:2005-02-12 at the
2415:2020-01-29 at the
2312:(3): 402.1–402.6.
2264:(Amborellaceae)".
2099:10.1002/bies.20488
2005:Systematic Biology
1709:10.1007/BF02858611
1596:(Nymphaceae), and
1553:(Amborellaceae)".
1523:(Amborellaceae)",
1477:(Amborellaceae)".
1427:(Amborellaceae)".
568:Order Magnoliales
394:at the periphery.
166:A. trichopoda
7484:
7483:
7417:Open Tree of Life
7172:Open Tree of Life
6885:Open Tree of Life
6660:Open Tree of Life
6496:Taxon identifiers
6487:
6486:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6276:Cardiopteridaceae
6198:
6197:
6075:Plocospermataceae
5874:
5873:
5688:
5687:
5627:Anacampserotaceae
5487:Ancistrocladaceae
5416:Berberidopsidales
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5339:Biebersteiniaceae
5220:Sphaerosepalaceae
5106:Strasburgeriaceae
5023:Setchellanthaceae
4973:
4972:
4446:
4445:
4388:Cercidiphyllaceae
4343:
4342:
4172:
4171:
4141:
4140:
3594:
3593:
3563:
3562:
3397:
3396:
3379:Austrobaileyaceae
3226:
3225:
3196:Basal angiosperms
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3011:Berberidopsidales
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2093:(11): 1067–1071.
1945:978-3-7091-1160-4
1846:BMC Plant Biology
1816:10.1111/boj.12385
1809:(1): 1–20, 2016,
1592:(Amborellaceae),
1561:(S6): S237–S248.
1404:978-0-09-120611-6
1329:Plant Systematics
1086:million years ago
1084:66 to 3
948:
947:
939:
938:
930:
929:
921:
920:
912:
911:
903:
902:
432:basal angiosperms
197:
196:
155:
137:
121:
7529:
7522:Dioecious plants
7477:
7476:
7464:
7463:
7451:
7450:
7438:
7437:
7425:
7424:
7412:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7389:
7388:
7376:
7375:
7363:
7362:
7350:
7349:
7337:
7336:
7324:
7323:
7311:
7310:
7298:
7297:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7242:
7241:
7229:
7228:
7219:
7218:
7206:
7205:
7193:
7192:
7180:
7179:
7167:
7166:
7154:
7153:
7141:
7140:
7128:
7127:
7115:
7114:
7102:
7101:
7089:
7088:
7076:
7075:
7063:
7062:
7050:
7049:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6981:
6980:
6968:
6967:
6955:
6954:
6942:
6941:
6929:
6928:
6916:
6915:
6903:
6902:
6893:
6892:
6880:
6879:
6867:
6866:
6854:
6853:
6841:
6840:
6828:
6827:
6815:
6814:
6802:
6801:
6789:
6788:
6776:
6775:
6763:
6762:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6707:
6706:
6694:
6693:
6681:
6680:
6668:
6667:
6655:
6654:
6642:
6641:
6629:
6628:
6616:
6615:
6603:
6602:
6590:
6589:
6577:
6576:
6564:
6563:
6551:
6550:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6491:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6211:
6210:
6160:Thomandersiaceae
6150:Lentibulariaceae
6110:Scrophulariaceae
6090:Tetrachondraceae
5887:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5866:Mitrastemonaceae
5796:Pentaphylacaceae
5771:Tetrameristaceae
5718:Hydrostachyaceae
5701:
5700:
5690:
5689:
5492:Rhabdodendraceae
5482:Dioncophyllaceae
5412:
5411:
5245:Dipterocarpaceae
5182:Dipentodontaceae
5126:Crossosomataceae
5101:Geissolomataceae
4986:
4985:
4847:Chrysobalanaceae
4752:Ctenolophonaceae
4719:Lepidobotryaceae
4509:Anisophylleaceae
4492:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4423:Tetracarpaeaceae
4418:Aphanopetalaceae
4393:Daphniphyllaceae
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4294:Trochodendraceae
4256:Circaeasteraceae
4183:
4182:
4164:Ceratophyllaceae
4152:
4151:
3828:Alstroemeriaceae
3691:Potamogetonaceae
3666:Scheuchzeriaceae
3661:Hydrocharitaceae
3611:
3610:
3574:
3573:
3454:Aristolochiaceae
3419:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3371:Austrobaileyales
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:Basalangiosperms
3299:Acrogymnospermae
3261:flowering plants
3253:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3185:
3036:
3035:
3004:
3003:
2866:
2865:
2844:
2843:
2815:
2814:
2776:
2775:
2674:
2673:
2632:
2631:
2610:
2609:
2592:Austrobaileyales
2573:
2572:
2551:Acrogymnospermae
2513:flowering plants
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2285:
2256:
2238:
2236:10.5962/p.324625
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2169:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1894:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1689:Botanical Review
1684:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1608:(3–4): 153–169.
1600:(Illiciaceae)".
1585:
1579:
1578:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1121:
1107:in cultivation.
1087:
1061:in cultivation.
856:
855:
832:
831:
808:
807:
784:
783:
759:
758:
753:seed plants
748:
747:
718:(Nymphaeaceae),
654:Currently plant
535:Cronquist system
512:
500:
488:
473:
441:is an ovoid red
416:
415:
411:
406:
405:
401:
317:flowering plants
269:flowering plants
186:
151:
133:
109:
61:
60:
42:
28:
27:
16:Species of shrub
7537:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7472:
7467:
7459:
7454:
7446:
7441:
7433:
7428:
7420:
7415:
7407:
7405:
7397:
7392:
7384:
7379:
7371:
7366:
7358:
7353:
7345:
7340:
7332:
7327:
7319:
7314:
7306:
7301:
7293:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7245:
7237:
7232:
7224:
7222:
7214:
7209:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7170:
7162:
7157:
7149:
7144:
7136:
7131:
7123:
7118:
7110:
7105:
7097:
7092:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7045:
7040:
7032:
7027:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6945:
6937:
6932:
6924:
6919:
6911:
6906:
6898:
6896:
6888:
6883:
6875:
6870:
6862:
6857:
6849:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6823:
6818:
6810:
6805:
6797:
6792:
6784:
6779:
6771:
6766:
6758:
6753:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6710:
6702:
6697:
6689:
6684:
6676:
6671:
6663:
6658:
6650:
6645:
6637:
6632:
6624:
6619:
6611:
6606:
6598:
6593:
6585:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6559:
6554:
6546:
6541:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6498:
6488:
6483:
6445:
6441:Paracryphiaceae
6427:
6409:
6386:
6363:
6295:
6257:
6228:Torricelliaceae
6207:
6194:
6095:Calceolariaceae
6080:Carlemanniaceae
6061:
6023:
6005:
5987:
5949:
5926:
5908:
5883:
5870:
5747:
5697:
5684:
5660:Balanophoraceae
5636:
5547:Lophiocarpaceae
5527:Achatocarpaceae
5522:Caryophyllaceae
5512:Macarthuriaceae
5477:Drosophyllaceae
5433:
5408:
5383:
5325:
5307:
5293:Crypteroniaceae
5288:Melastomataceae
5249:
5186:
5153:
5130:
5088:Crossosomatales
5082:
5058:Gyrostemonaceae
5028:Koeberliniaceae
4982:
4969:
4921:
4912:Picrodendraceae
4877:Lacistemataceae
4837:Dichapetalaceae
4812:Centroplacaceae
4802:Lophopyxidaceae
4762:Erythroxylaceae
4728:
4705:
4682:
4624:
4576:
4543:
4514:Corynocarpaceae
4488:
4475:
4455:
4442:
4403:Grossulariaceae
4352:
4339:
4316:
4298:
4286:Trochodendrales
4280:
4261:Lardizabalaceae
4232:
4199:
4168:
4156:Ceratophyllales
4147:Ceratophyllidae
4137:
4128:Ecdeiocoleaceae
4118:Flagellariaceae
4054:
4001:
3963:
3940:
3911:Tecophilaeaceae
3881:Blandfordiaceae
3857:
3823:Petermanniaceae
3808:Campynemataceae
3794:
3756:
3728:
3710:
3671:Aponogetonaceae
3627:
3602:
3590:
3559:
3511:
3497:Himantandraceae
3468:
3440:
3406:
3404:Mesangiospermae
3393:
3365:
3337:
3313:
3308:
3289:Marchantiophyta
3268:
3257:
3227:
3222:
3186:
3153:
3100:
3052:
3025:
3000:
2983:
2954:Crossosomatales
2930:
2877:
2855:
2840:
2831:
2811:
2802:
2793:Trochodendrales
2772:
2755:
2722:
2663:
2626:
2622:Ceratophyllales
2606:
2597:
2569:
2560:
2541:Marchantiophyta
2520:
2509:
2451:Wayback Machine
2440:Wayback Machine
2429:Wayback Machine
2417:Wayback Machine
2406:
2209:
2207:Further reading
2204:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2038:
2034:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1832:Albert, V. A.;
1830:
1823:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1769:
1765:
1728:
1724:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1641:
1637:
1586:
1582:
1547:
1543:
1537:10.1139/b03-004
1517:
1506:
1463:
1456:
1441:10.2307/3298537
1420:
1413:
1405:
1391:
1387:
1350:Pacific Science
1342:
1338:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1082:
1071:
1052:
984:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
904:
766:Acrogymnosperms
666:lineage in the
652:
617:
595:Order Laurales
591:classified it:
589:Dahlgren system
564:classified it:
541:Order Laurales
531:
526:
521:
520:
519:
516:
513:
504:
501:
492:
489:
480:
474:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
338:The species is
329:vessel elements
319:. The xylem of
301:leaves without
282:is a sprawling
277:
193:
188:
182:
169:
150:
132:
108:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7535:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7465:
7461:wfo-9000000014
7452:
7439:
7426:
7413:
7403:
7390:
7377:
7364:
7351:
7338:
7325:
7312:
7299:
7286:
7271:
7255:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7239:wfo-7000000020
7230:
7220:
7207:
7194:
7181:
7168:
7155:
7142:
7129:
7116:
7103:
7090:
7077:
7064:
7051:
7038:
7025:
7010:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6969:
6965:wfo-0000961029
6956:
6943:
6930:
6917:
6904:
6894:
6881:
6868:
6855:
6842:
6829:
6816:
6803:
6790:
6777:
6764:
6751:
6736:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6704:wfo-4000001555
6695:
6682:
6669:
6656:
6643:
6630:
6617:
6604:
6591:
6578:
6565:
6552:
6539:
6524:
6508:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6433:Paracryphiales
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6423:Escalloniaceae
6419:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6405:Caprifoliaceae
6402:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6377:Columelliaceae
6373:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6339:Argophyllaceae
6336:
6331:
6329:Alseuosmiaceae
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6281:Phyllonomaceae
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6248:Myodocarpaceae
6245:
6240:
6238:Pittosporaceae
6235:
6233:Griseliniaceae
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6208:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6155:Schlegeliaceae
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6105:Plantaginaceae
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6052:Sphenocleaceae
6049:
6044:
6039:
6037:Convolvulaceae
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5922:Metteniusaceae
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5884:
5879:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5836:Sarraceniaceae
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:Fouquieriaceae
5773:
5768:
5766:Marcgraviaceae
5763:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5670:Misodendraceae
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5572:Phytolaccaceae
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:Asteropeiaceae
5504:
5499:
5497:Simmondsiaceae
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:Plumbaginaceae
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5439:Caryophyllales
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5240:Sarcolaenaceae
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5167:Gerrardinaceae
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Elaeocarpaceae
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4917:Phyllanthaceae
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Passifloraceae
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Putranjivaceae
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:Calophyllaceae
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Rhizophoraceae
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4701:Zygophyllaceae
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4615:Ticodendraceae
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:Hamamelidaceae
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:Myrothamnaceae
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Menispermaceae
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Joinvilleaceae
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Strelitziaceae
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:Pontederiaceae
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3954:Dasypogonaceae
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:Amaryllidaceae
3928:
3923:
3921:Xeronemataceae
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3724:Petrosaviaceae
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3586:Chloranthaceae
3582:
3580:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Calycanthaceae
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:Schisandraceae
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Polypodiophyta
3291:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3096:Paracryphiales
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3021:Caryophyllales
3018:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2604:Mesangiosperms
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Polypodiophyta
2543:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2419:
2405:
2404:External links
2402:
2401:
2400:
2364:Genome Biology
2342:
2306:Genome Biology
2286:
2274:10.1086/317571
2257:
2229:(3): 245–254.
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2123:
2112:
2077:
2066:
2032:
2011:(3): 368–382.
1983:
1951:
1944:
1908:
1883:
1821:
1790:
1763:
1742:(2): 365–389.
1722:
1695:(3): 225–348.
1679:
1664:
1657:
1635:
1580:
1567:10.1086/317571
1541:
1504:
1491:10.1086/424024
1485:(6): 925–947.
1454:
1435:(3): 466–490.
1411:
1403:
1385:
1356:(3): 305–312.
1336:
1315:
1274:
1259:
1212:
1164:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1070:
1067:
1051:
1048:
983:
980:
946:
945:
942:
941:
937:
936:
933:
932:
928:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
906:
905:
901:
900:
897:
896:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
859:
854:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
835:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
811:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
787:
782:
780:
774:
773:
770:
769:
762:
757:
755:
746:
651:
648:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
605:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
558:
557:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
530:
527:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
507:
505:
502:
495:
493:
490:
483:
481:
475:
468:
465:
464:
463:
368:inflorescences
323:contains only
276:
273:
237:and the order
195:
194:
189:
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
143:
139:
138:
127:
123:
122:
103:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
47:Male specimen
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7534:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7475:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7287:
7282:
7276:
7272:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7020:Amborellaceae
7015:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6990:Amborellaceae
6987:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6480:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6415:Escalloniales
6412:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6344:Menyanthaceae
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Campanulaceae
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6291:Aquifoliaceae
6289:
6287:
6286:Helwingiaceae
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:Stemonuraceae
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6223:Pennantiaceae
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6201:
6191:
6190:Orobanchaceae
6188:
6186:
6185:Paulowniaceae
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Linderniaceae
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5914:Metteniusales
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:Oncothecaceae
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Actinidiaceae
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Diapensiaceae
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Lecythidaceae
5784:
5782:
5781:Polemoniaceae
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Balsaminaceae
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Hydrangeaceae
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Schoepfiaceae
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Portulacaceae
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Halophytaceae
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Molluginaceae
5590:
5588:
5587:Nyctaginaceae
5585:
5583:
5582:Sarcobataceae
5580:
5578:
5577:Petiveriaceae
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Amaranthaceae
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Frankeniaceae
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Aextoxicaceae
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5406:Superasterids
5402:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:Simaroubaceae
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Anacardiaceae
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5321:Picramniaceae
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:Thymelaeaceae
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Muntingiaceae
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Stachyuraceae
5119:
5117:
5116:Guamatelaceae
5114:
5112:
5111:Staphyleaceae
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:Emblingiaceae
5041:
5039:
5038:Salvadoraceae
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:Limnanthaceae
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Tropaeolaceae
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4976:
4966:
4965:Brunelliaceae
4963:
4961:
4960:Cephalotaceae
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:Ixonanthaceae
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Euphorbiaceae
4895:
4893:
4892:Rafflesiaceae
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Euphroniaceae
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Malpighiaceae
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Caryocaraceae
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Podostemaceae
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4688:Zygophyllales
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Casuarinaceae
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Nothofagaceae
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Tetramelaceae
4527:
4525:
4524:Cucurbitaceae
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Apodanthaceae
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4438:Cynomoriaceae
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Saxifragaceae
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Peridiscaceae
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4276:Ranunculaceae
4274:
4272:
4271:Berberidaceae
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Nelumbonaceae
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Eriocaulaceae
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4050:Zingiberaceae
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Heliconiaceae
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3997:Haemodoraceae
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Commelinaceae
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Asphodelaceae
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Ixioliriaceae
3904:
3902:
3901:Doryanthaceae
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Melanthiaceae
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:Cyclanthaceae
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3752:Dioscoreaceae
3750:
3748:
3747:Burmanniaceae
3745:
3743:
3742:Nartheciaceae
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3716:Petrosaviales
3713:
3707:
3706:Cymodoceaceae
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Posidoniaceae
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Juncaginaceae
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Tofieldiaceae
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3578:Chloranthales
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Chloranthidae
3566:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Hernandiaceae
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Gomortegaceae
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Eupomatiaceae
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Degeneriaceae
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Myristicaceae
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Hydatellaceae
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3333:Amborellaceae
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:Metteniusales
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Escalloniales
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:Superasterids
2994:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Zygophyllales
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:Core eudicots
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:Petrosaviales
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Chloranthales
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:Amborellaceae
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:Soltis, P. S.
2349:
2348:Soltis, D. E.
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:Soltis, P. S.
2291:
2290:Soltis, D. E.
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:Soltis, D. E.
1994:
1993:Soltis, P. S.
1987:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Soltis, D. E.
1921:
1920:Soltis, P. S.
1915:
1913:
1898:on 2020-01-29
1897:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:Soltis, P. S.
1835:
1834:Soltis, D. E.
1828:
1826:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1779:(2): 91–124.
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1658:9780231038805
1654:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Soltis, D. E.
1468:
1467:Soltis, P. S.
1461:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
979:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
944:
943:
935:
934:
926:
925:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
858:
857:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
841:
834:
833:
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
817:
810:
809:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
793:
786:
785:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
761:
760:
754:
750:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
706:
700:
698:
694:
693:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:APG II system
621:
603:
602:
600:
599:
597:
596:
594:
593:
592:
590:
576:
575:
573:
572:
570:
569:
567:
566:
565:
563:
549:
548:
546:
545:
543:
542:
540:
539:
538:
536:
511:
506:
499:
494:
487:
482:
479:
472:
467:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
428:
424:
420:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:borne in the
369:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
272:
270:
267:to all other
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
235:Amborellaceae
232:
231:New Caledonia
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
202:
192:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
136:
131:
130:Amborellaceae
128:
125:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:Tracheophytes
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
7281:Amborellales
7251:Amborellales
7250:
6989:
6715:
6503:
6354:Calyceraceae
6349:Goodeniaceae
6334:Phellinaceae
6324:Stylidiaceae
6263:Aquifoliales
6145:Bignoniaceae
6130:Martyniaceae
6100:Gesneriaceae
6057:Hydroleaceae
6047:Montiniaceae
6001:Boraginaceae
5978:Gelsemiaceae
5968:Gentianaceae
5940:Eucommiaceae
5841:Roridulaceae
5821:Symplocaceae
5791:Sladeniaceae
5733:Curtisiaceae
5680:Loranthaceae
5602:Didiereaceae
5557:Barbeuiaceae
5517:Microteaceae
5472:Nepenthaceae
5462:Polygonaceae
5452:Tamaricaceae
5344:Nitrariaceae
5313:Picramniales
5278:Vochysiaceae
5263:Combretaceae
5177:Tapisciaceae
5172:Petenaeaceae
5078:Brassicaceae
4832:Trigoniaceae
4827:Balanopaceae
4792:Hypericaceae
4772:Bonnetiaceae
4747:Irvingiaceae
4734:Malpighiales
4724:Celastraceae
4696:Krameriaceae
4653:Elaeagnaceae
4648:Dirachmaceae
4605:Juglandaceae
4572:Polygalaceae
4557:Quillajaceae
4519:Coriariaceae
4496:Cucurbitales
4433:Haloragaceae
4428:Penthoraceae
4413:Crassulaceae
4378:Altingiaceae
4360:Saxifragales
4312:Dilleniaceae
4251:Papaveraceae
4246:Eupteleaceae
4238:Ranunculales
4146:
4113:Restionaceae
4073:Bromeliaceae
4007:Zingiberales
3987:Philydraceae
3977:Hanguanaceae
3969:Commelinales
3936:Asparagaceae
3896:Hypoxidaceae
3843:Ripogonaceae
3838:Philesiaceae
3833:Colchicaceae
3775:Velloziaceae
3770:Triuridaceae
3734:Dioscoreales
3651:Alismataceae
3599:
3568:
3530:Siparunaceae
3487:Magnoliaceae
3384:Trimeniaceae
3361:Nymphaeaceae
3325:Amborellales
3304:Angiospermae
3259:Families of
3066:Aquifoliales
2959:Picramniales
2921:Cucurbitales
2901:Malpighiales
2851:Saxifragales
2783:Ranunculales
2751:Zingiberales
2746:Commelinales
2699:Dioscoreales
2580:Amborellales
2579:
2556:Angiospermae
2367:
2363:
2357:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2265:
2261:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2192:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2115:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2069:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2008:
2004:
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1966:
1927:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1886:
1849:
1845:
1806:
1802:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1646:
1638:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1531:(1): 28–39,
1528:
1524:
1520:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1394:
1388:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1298:
1292:
1268:
1262:
1233:
1229:
1205:23 September
1203:. Retrieved
1180:
1174:
1167:
1157:23 September
1155:. Retrieved
1132:
1126:
1119:
1105:conservation
1102:
1093:
1089:
1074:
1072:
1069:Conservation
1062:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1004:
1000:sister group
986:
985:
975:
971:
969:
960:
957:sister taxon
952:
950:
891:
876:
861:
838:
837:
814:
813:
791:
790:
789:
764:
751:extant
719:
713:
709:
703:
701:
690:
684:
679:
675:
671:
662:as the most
659:
656:systematists
653:
628:Nymphaeaceae
619:
618:
586:
559:
532:
491:Young leaves
476:Specimen in
436:
396:
365:
351:
337:
320:
308:
307:
279:
278:
265:sister group
257:systematists
252:
247:
246:
239:Amborellales
238:
234:
227:Grande Terre
200:
199:
198:
183:
181:
165:
164:
146:
145:
129:
106:Amborellales
105:
89:
76:
31:
25:
7502:Angiosperms
7355:iNaturalist
7275:Wikispecies
7107:iNaturalist
7014:Wikispecies
6833:iNaturalist
6740:Wikispecies
6608:iNaturalist
6528:Wikispecies
6309:Rousseaceae
6205:Campanulids
6165:Verbenaceae
6140:Acanthaceae
6135:Pedaliaceae
6125:Byblidaceae
5993:Boraginales
5983:Apocynaceae
5973:Loganiaceae
5955:Gentianales
5904:Icacinaceae
5856:Cyrillaceae
5851:Clethraceae
5831:Styracaceae
5811:Primulaceae
5738:Grubbiaceae
5665:Santalaceae
5607:Basellaceae
5562:Gisekiaceae
5502:Physenaceae
5467:Droseraceae
5364:Sapindaceae
5354:Burseraceae
5298:Alzateaceae
5210:Neuradaceae
5149:Francoaceae
5144:Geraniaceae
5096:Aphloiaceae
5068:Capparaceae
5048:Tovariaceae
5008:Moringaceae
4990:Brassicales
4950:Cunoniaceae
4945:Oxalidaceae
4940:Connaraceae
4857:Achariaceae
4852:Humiriaceae
4817:Elatinaceae
4711:Celastrales
4668:Cannabaceae
4643:Barbeyaceae
4567:Surianaceae
4539:Begoniaceae
4534:Datiscaceae
4373:Paeoniaceae
4350:Superrosids
4335:Gunneraceae
4304:Dilleniales
4223:Platanaceae
4098:Thurniaceae
4078:Rapateaceae
4040:Marantaceae
3891:Lanariaceae
3886:Asteliaceae
3871:Orchidaceae
3863:Asparagales
3848:Smilacaceae
3790:Pandanaceae
3780:Stemonaceae
3686:Zosteraceae
3681:Maundiaceae
3633:Alismatales
3550:Monimiaceae
3474:Magnoliales
3459:Saururaceae
3436:Winteraceae
3431:Canellaceae
3414:Magnoliidae
3356:Cabombaceae
3343:Nymphaeales
3276:Supergroup
3134:Gentianales
3129:Boraginales
3058:Campanulids
2974:Brassicales
2896:Celastrales
2838:Superrosids
2827:Dilleniales
2728:Commelinids
2717:Asparagales
2687:Alismatales
2659:Magnoliales
2586:Nymphaeales
2567:Angiosperms
2528:Supergroup
2197:Pillon 2008
2048:(1): 5–21,
1465:Buzgo, M.;
1253:10654/18083
1029:, being an
1013:gametophyte
965:Nymphaeales
778:angiosperms
275:Description
96:Angiosperms
7491:Categories
7125:77126703-1
6908:Plant List
6392:Dipsacales
6382:Bruniaceae
6359:Asteraceae
6243:Araliaceae
6180:Phrymaceae
6115:Stilbaceae
6042:Solanaceae
6019:Vahliaceae
5945:Garryaceae
5891:Icacinales
5801:Sapotaceae
5655:Opiliaceae
5642:Santalales
5617:Talinaceae
5597:Montiaceae
5349:Kirkiaceae
5331:Sapindales
5303:Penaeaceae
5273:Onagraceae
5268:Lythraceae
5200:Cytinaceae
5159:Huerteales
5136:Geraniales
5073:Cleomaceae
5063:Resedaceae
5013:Caricaceae
4998:Akaniaceae
4927:Oxalidales
4882:Salicaceae
4867:Goupiaceae
4777:Clusiaceae
4678:Urticaceae
4658:Rhamnaceae
4620:Betulaceae
4600:Myricaceae
4322:Gunnerales
4228:Proteaceae
4108:Cyperaceae
4093:Mayacaceae
4083:Xyridaceae
3813:Corsiaceae
3762:Pandanales
3701:Ruppiaceae
3656:Butomaceae
3507:Annonaceae
3464:Piperaceae
3423:Canellales
3202:Alismatids
3114:Icacinales
3091:Dipsacales
3016:Santalales
2969:Huerteales
2964:Sapindales
2944:Geraniales
2906:Oxalidales
2822:Gunnerales
2705:Pandanales
2644:Canellales
2636:Magnoliids
2511:Orders of
2370:(5): R48.
2167:11336/2616
1977:2013-06-22
1902:2017-12-21
1371:10125/2455
1309:2016-10-21
1111:References
1059:change sex
1031:understory
1007:lacks the
878:magnoliids
419:apocarpous
356:staminodes
213:understory
115:A.V.Bobrov
7448:100352497
6864:126024907
6534:Amborella
6519:Q13418082
6504:Amborella
6400:Adoxaceae
6369:Bruniales
6301:Asterales
6170:Lamiaceae
6029:Solanales
6011:Vahliales
5963:Rubiaceae
5932:Garryales
5861:Ericaceae
5806:Ebenaceae
5743:Cornaceae
5728:Loasaceae
5713:Nyssaceae
5650:Olacaceae
5632:Cactaceae
5567:Aizoaceae
5542:Limeaceae
5379:Meliaceae
5283:Myrtaceae
5235:Cistaceae
5215:Malvaceae
4862:Violaceae
4767:Ochnaceae
4742:Pandaceae
4213:Sabiaceae
4205:Proteales
4103:Juncaceae
4068:Typhaceae
4045:Costaceae
4035:Cannaceae
4020:Lowiaceae
3959:Arecaceae
3916:Iridaceae
3876:Boryaceae
3853:Liliaceae
3623:Acoraceae
3555:Lauraceae
3446:Piperales
3284:Bryophyta
3149:Vahliales
3144:Solanales
3124:Garryales
3081:Bruniales
3071:Asterales
2788:Proteales
2649:Piperales
2536:Bryophyta
2300:Amborella
2253:240346942
2134:Amborella
2087:BioEssays
1590:Amborella
1305:: 143–155
1196:Libraries
1175:Amborella
1148:Libraries
1090:Amborella
1075:Amborella
1063:Amborella
1055:Amborella
1043:Amborella
1039:Amborella
1027:Amborella
1017:Amborella
1005:Amborella
987:Amborella
976:Amborella
961:Amborella
953:Amborella
792:Amborella
742:cladogram
710:Amborella
687:primitive
682:lineage.
680:Amborella
676:Amborella
672:Amborella
650:Phylogeny
644:phylogeny
634:systems,
620:Amborella
455:lignified
427:micropyle
352:Amborella
340:dioecious
333:primitive
325:tracheids
321:Amborella
309:Amborella
299:evergreen
292:alternate
286:or small
280:Amborella
253:Amborella
218:or small
206:monotypic
201:Amborella
160:Species:
147:Amborella
66:Kingdom:
32:Amborella
21:Ambarella
7443:Tropicos
7260:Wikidata
7226:amborell
7216:42000010
7211:Tropicos
7005:Q1142499
6999:Wikidata
6952:21200356
6947:Tropicos
6913:kew-7867
6897:PalDat:
6851:581745-1
6725:Wikidata
6691:40011664
6686:Tropicos
6513:Wikidata
6479:Category
6253:Apiaceae
6175:Mazaceae
6085:Oleaceae
6067:Lamiales
5816:Theaceae
5753:Ericales
5705:Cornales
5695:Asterids
5552:Kewaceae
5369:Rutaceae
5255:Myrtales
5230:Bixaceae
5192:Malvales
5033:Bataceae
4902:Linaceae
4887:Peraceae
4673:Moraceae
4663:Ulmaceae
4638:Rosaceae
4595:Fagaceae
4562:Fabaceae
4471:Vitaceae
4398:Iteaceae
4195:Buxaceae
4178:Eudicots
4030:Musaceae
3946:Arecales
3800:Liliales
3615:Acorales
3605:Monocots
3517:Laurales
3218:Category
3208:Lilioids
3139:Lamiales
3048:Ericales
3043:Cornales
3031:Asterids
2979:Malvales
2949:Myrtales
2770:Eudicots
2736:Arecales
2711:Liliales
2681:Acorales
2669:Monocots
2654:Laurales
2447:Archived
2436:Archived
2425:Archived
2413:Archived
2396:21619600
2338:18341710
2296:(2008).
2282:84820330
2245:43781302
2176:24357311
2107:17041880
2062:21628174
2027:24391149
1999:(2014).
1878:15799777
1758:85738663
1717:40348158
1598:Illicium
1575:84820330
1499:84793812
1380:35832198
1079:Tertiary
1037:between
893:eudicots
863:monocots
840:Illicium
726:monocots
721:Illicium
692:Magnolia
524:Taxonomy
451:pericarp
384:perianth
303:stipules
259:because
126:Family:
119:Zaytzeva
117:, &
111:Melikyan
7347:7941101
7321:6003628
7266:Q689001
7086:3667900
7060:2497097
6973:ZooBank
6812:3667902
6786:5403756
6731:Q310470
6639:1294247
6626:27047-1
6587:3667901
6561:5403754
6215:Apiales
5881:Lamiids
4980:Malvids
4935:Huaceae
4630:Rosales
4582:Fagales
4549:Fabales
4463:Vitales
4187:Buxales
4133:Poaceae
3641:Araceae
3600:Lilidae
3106:Lamiids
3086:Apiales
2936:Malvids
2926:Fagales
2916:Rosales
2911:Fabales
2873:Vitales
2798:Buxales
2387:3219971
2329:2397498
2184:2499045
2146:Bibcode
2138:Science
1869:1083416
1697:Bibcode
1630:2142920
1610:Bibcode
1449:3298537
1103:ex situ
1050:Ecology
1009:vessels
955:as the
658:accept
636:APG III
529:History
412:⁄
402:⁄
392:whorled
348:carpels
344:stamens
243:species
223:endemic
142:Genus:
102:Order:
70:Plantae
7474:886389
7435:182968
7422:927960
7406:NZOR:
7399:261009
7386:846604
7360:152141
7295:216171
7177:295910
7138:112153
7034:413498
6890:303950
6838:129826
6825:450322
6755:ARKive
6665:303952
4486:Fabids
4453:Rosids
4060:Poales
3265:APG IV
2883:Fabids
2861:Rosids
2741:Poales
2517:APG IV
2462:Hawaii
2394:
2384:
2336:
2326:
2280:
2251:
2243:
2182:
2174:
2105:
2060:
2025:
1942:
1922:&
1876:
1866:
1756:
1715:
1655:
1628:
1594:Nuphar
1573:
1497:
1469:&
1447:
1409:p. 98.
1401:
1378:
1334:p. 186
1194:&
1184:(IPNI)
1146:&
1136:(IPNI)
1098:relict
816:Nuphar
732:using
724:, the
715:Nuphar
640:APG IV
447:stigma
388:tepals
380:bracts
360:pollen
296:simple
216:shrubs
191:Baill.
153:Baill.
135:Pichon
7469:WoRMS
7373:12564
7368:IRMNG
7334:1AMBO
7308:924HW
7190:55385
7164:22097
7151:18132
7133:IRMNG
7112:71436
7073:1AMBF
6921:Plazi
6877:13333
6799:BMBTR
6773:65ZQY
6652:13332
6634:IRMNG
6613:71271
6574:1BMBG
6548:628VH
3278:Plant
2530:Plant
2298:"The
2278:S2CID
2249:S2CID
2241:JSTOR
2180:S2CID
1971:(PDF)
1852:: 5.
1754:S2CID
1736:Aliso
1713:S2CID
1626:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1445:JSTOR
1376:S2CID
697:parts
668:clade
664:basal
443:drupe
439:fruit
423:style
376:cymes
372:axils
313:xylem
284:shrub
229:, of
220:trees
209:genus
204:is a
90:Clade
77:Clade
7394:NCBI
7381:ITIS
7342:GBIF
7329:EPPO
7290:APNI
7198:POWO
7159:NCBI
7146:ITIS
7120:IPNI
7094:GRIN
7081:GBIF
7068:EPPO
7029:BOLD
6934:POWO
6872:NCBI
6859:IUCN
6846:IPNI
6820:GRIN
6807:GBIF
6794:EPPO
6673:POWO
6647:NCBI
6621:IPNI
6595:GRIN
6582:GBIF
6569:EPPO
2442:via
2392:PMID
2334:PMID
2172:PMID
2103:PMID
2058:PMID
2023:PMID
1940:ISBN
1874:PMID
1653:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1207:2023
1159:2023
995:base
736:and
734:cDNA
638:and
587:The
560:The
533:The
459:seed
311:has
288:tree
7456:WFO
7316:EoL
7303:CoL
7234:WFO
7055:EoL
7047:69G
7042:CoL
6960:WFO
6781:EoL
6768:CoL
6699:WFO
6600:501
6556:EoL
6543:CoL
2431:in
2382:PMC
2372:doi
2324:PMC
2314:doi
2270:doi
2231:doi
2162:hdl
2154:doi
2142:342
2136:".
2095:doi
2050:doi
2013:doi
1932:doi
1864:PMC
1854:doi
1811:doi
1807:181
1781:doi
1744:doi
1705:doi
1618:doi
1606:228
1563:doi
1559:161
1533:doi
1487:doi
1483:165
1437:doi
1366:hdl
1358:doi
1248:hdl
1238:doi
1234:161
1015:of
632:APG
453:is
407:to
211:of
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