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control. This was frustrating for the animators, who, in many cases, wanted faster movements. Compliance improves this situation by allowing limbs to continue past the points where they are programmed to stop; they then return quickly to the "intended" position, much as real organic body parts do. The various elements also slow to a stop at their various positions, instead of using the immediate stops that caused the unwanted shaking. This absorbs shock, much like the
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hand as one actuator. It could wave its hand but it could not grasp or point at something. With modern digital computers controlling the device, the number of channels is virtually unlimited, allowing more complex, realistic motion. The current versions (series A-100) now have individual actuators for each finger. Disney also introduced a brand new figure that is used in
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320:. Because the neck is so much narrower than the rest of the skull, the skull skin cover has a zipper up the back to permit easy removal. The facial appearance is painted onto the rubber, and standard cosmetic makeup is also used. Over time, the flexing causes the paint to loosen and fall off, so occasional makeup work and repainting are required.
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The wig on each human is made from natural human hair for the highest degree of realism, although using real hair creates its own problems, since the changing humidity and constant rapid motions of the moving AA carriage hardware throughout the day cause the hair to slowly lose its styling, requiring
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Because each individual cylinder requires its own control channel, the original Audio-Animatronic figures were relatively simple in design, to reduce the number of channels required. For example, the first human designs (referred to internally by Disney as series A-1) included all four fingers of the
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To permit a high degree of freedom, the control cylinders resemble typical miniature pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, but mount the back of the cylinder on a ball joint and threaded rod. This ball joint permits the cylinders to float freely inside the frame, such as when the wrist joint rotates and
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The original Audio-Animatrons used hydraulics to operate robotic figures to present a pre-programmed show. This more sophisticated technology can include cameras and other sensors feeding signals to a computer, which processes the information and makes choices about what to say and do. In
September
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The movements of the attraction's birds, flowers, and tiki idols are triggered by sound. Figures' movements have a neutral "natural resting position" that the limb or part returns to when there is no electric pulse present. Other than this, the animation is a binary system, with only on/off moves,
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Generally as the rubber skin flexes, the stress causes it to dry and begin to crack. Figures that do not have a high degree of motion flexibility, such as the older A-1 series for
President Lincoln, may only need to have their skin replaced every ten years. The most recent A-100 series human AAs,
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The machines are usually fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand but cannot produce any form of locomotion. An Audio-Animatronic significantly deviates from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009,
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In June 2018, it was revealed that Disney
Imagineering had created autonomous, self-correcting aerial stunt robots called stuntronics. This new extension of animatronics utilizes onboard sensors for precision control of advanced robotics to create animatronic human stunt doubles that can perform
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Compliance is a new technology that allows faster, more realistic movements without sacrificing control. In the older figures, a fast limb movement would cause the entire figure to shake in an unnatural way. The
Imagineers thus had to program slower movements, sacrificing speed in order to gain
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are used more for large figures. On/off type movement would cause an arm to be lifted (for example) either up over an animatronic’s head or down next to its body, but with no halting or change of speed in between. To create more realistic movement in large figures, an
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Society has a large effect on how animatronics evolve over time in theme parks. At parks like Disney animatronics are constantly being pulled out and put in based on popular movies and the changing of generations. Some attractions like
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uses a robotic arm that is connected to a puppet to control realistic swimming movements of the animatronic to make the effect that the anglerfish is actually swimming. Robotic arms have also appeared in other attractions such as
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are affected greatly when it comes to events in society because every time there is a new president they are added to the hall. Disney is prepared because they make both presidential candidates to add the right one in after the
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The Roz figure is able to "interact" with guests with help from an unseen ride operator who chooses pre-recorded messages for Roz to "speak", thereby seeming to "react" to individual guests' unique appearances and clothing.
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means. The Audio-Animatronic cast of the musical revue uses tones recorded on tape to vibrate a metal reed that closes a circuit to trigger a relay, which sends a pulse of electricity to a mechanism that causes a
77:, and subsequently expanded on and used by other companies. The robots move and often synchronise with audio by the assistance of an external sound system on the stage (generally a recorded speech or song).
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in the 1970s showing a guitar playing animatronic programmed to music. His first project was the creation of the animated show "50 Glorious Years" for
Tussaud's "Royalty and Empire Exhibition" at Windsor.
143:. The system of the animatronics relies on a combination of electric motors, solenoids, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, and cables to produce repeatable puppet movements that syncs to sound.
328:, also include flexion actuators that move the cheeks and eyebrows to permit more realistic expressions; however, the skin wears out more quickly and needs replacement at least every five years.
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The oil-filled cylinders occasionally drip or leak, so it is sometimes necessary to do makeup touch-up work, or to strip the clothing off a figure due to leaking fluids inside.
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Audio-Animatronics were originally a creation of Walt Disney employee Lee Adams, who worked as an electrician at the
Burbank studio and was one of Disney's original Imagineers.
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The technology of the AA figures at Disney's theme parks around the world vary in their sophistication. They range from the blinking and mouth movements from the figures at
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One of the newest figures comes with changes to the classic
Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom, both now featuring characters from the
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2009, Disney debuted "Otto", the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room. Otto can hold conversations and react to the audience.
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567:. In 2010, some of the Audio-Animatronic figures at the Disneyland version were replaced with more technically advanced figures that also look more like Ford.
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at Magic
Kingdom use projections for their faces to make the dwarfs' mouths move and their eyes blink. The projected face technology is also used in
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attraction. These new figures, known as A-1000 Animatronics, have a fully functional face, featuring a full range of motion in the eyes and mouth.
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474:(though the latter has been non-functional since 2008, using a strobe light to simulate movement of the still figure), or the Roz figure inside
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at
Disneyland. Lincoln can move his lips to form words, can make dramatic movements, and can portray emotions to match the words he is saying.
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Development of the first audio animatronic technology began in 1949 with the work of the giant squid for 20,000 leagues under the sea (1954).
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and
Creative Engineering, who also made other animatronic characters and arcade redemption games. They are also used in film and television
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remains a pneumatic theatrical set, primarily due to the leakage concerns, as the Audio-Animatronic figures are above the audience's heads.
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The term "Audio-Animatronics" was first used commercially by Disney in 1961, was filed as a trademark in 1964, and was registered in 1967.
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to the United Kingdom, utilizing a concept called Ramped Movement, which allowed for smoother movements of the figures. John appeared on
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1167:"It's Not Easy Being Orange: Animatronic Presidents, Patriotic Muppets, and the Configuration of Citizenship in Disney's Liberty Square"
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Autonomatronics is a registered trademark for a more advanced Audio-Animatronic technology, also created by Walt Disney Imagineers.
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Current technologies have paved the way for more elaborate AA figures, such as "Ursula head" inside the Mermaid Lagoon Theater at
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such as an open or closed eye. The same kind of technology was used for the head of Mary Poppins robin cane in the 1964 movie.
666:. Neatly dressed in the proper style of first class passengers of their era, one remarks upon the casual dress of the visitors.
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system was used. This gave the figures' body parts a fully fluid range of motion, rather than only two positions.
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to full body movement, from the mouth to the tip of the fingers from the figures at the former
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named Gus (who refers to himself as the "second-most-famous groundhog in Pennsylvania", after
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used the likeness of the actors that portrayed the characters. Audio-Animatronics found in
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also gained popularity in the 1980s through use at family entertainment centers such as
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1024:"Disneyland's Mr. Lincoln debuts Disney's next generation of animatronic storytelling"
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uses the Audio-Animatronics word as a term for their sophisticated android characters.
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actuators are powerful enough to move heavier objects like simulated limbs, while
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animatronic Lincoln is one of the malfunctioning robots at the robot asylum in the
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724:) as the mascot for television commercials for their instant scratch-off games.
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at Epcot. These Audio-Animatronics were succeeded by the figures in use in the
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An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms
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1144:"Hondo Animatronic Revealed for Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge at Disney Parks"
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lands at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2019, such as
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and Wathel Rogers, and modeled after a tap dancing routine by actor
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returned to Disneyland using the new Autonomatronics technology.
1046:"Disney Imagineering has created autonomous robot stunt doubles"
923:"DizTech Vol. 5 - Real-Life Canvas: Animating with Animatronics"
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Disney debuted an interactive version of the technology called
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named herself after animatronics, as a homage to her love of
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Audio-Animatronic of Father John, the main character of the
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at Tokyo DisneySea, the "Na'vi Shaman of Songs" inside the
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on a car or the natural shock absorption in a living body.
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Can-can dancer doll, an audio-animatronic doll, represents
1005:"Disney Autonomatronics Figure Can Sense If You're Happy"
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are represented in a display of this historic train at
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figures inside the Indiana Jones attractions at both
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advanced aerial movements, such as flips and twists.
85:, and in 2018, announced aerial stunt figures called
901:(3rd ed.). Santa Monica Press. pp. 63–65.
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Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull
879:
List of Disney attractions using Audio-Animatronics
494:attractions at the Disney California Adventure and
941:Kroon, Richard, ed. (2014). "Audio-Animatronics".
1973:
570:The Audio-Animatronics formerly featured in the
512:figure is based on the actor that portrays him,
476:Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!
982:"Disney's First autonomous Audio-Animatronics"
316:The skin of an Audio-Animatronic is made from
109:, the first attraction with Audio-Animatronics
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1205:"Pennsylvania Lottery's 'Gus the Groundhog'"
403:AA in Pirates of the Caribbean at Disneyland
231:An Audio-Animatronic robin sang a duet with
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671:George Washington Masonic National Memorial
204:exhibit at the State of Illinois Pavilion,
196:Other early Audio-Animatronics were at the
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1090:"Expedition Everest effects status watch"
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120:, the first walking Audio-Animatronic at
16:Trademark for a form of robotic animation
1248:Masters of Puppets: Rock-afire Explosion
1117:"Disney fans dismayed with 'Disco Yeti'"
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945:. Jefferson North Carolina: McFarland.
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1146:. Laughingplace.com. February 28, 2019
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810:in 2007, before the 2015 refurbishment
1689:Simultaneous localization and mapping
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654:Several passengers and the crew of a
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332:touch-ups before each day's showing.
1044:Panzarino, Matthew (June 28, 2018).
936:
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1233:DizTech: The Disney Technology Blog
1003:Smith, Thomas (28 September 2009).
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1022:Niles, Robert (17 December 2009).
627:Less-sophisticated forms of audio-
559:at Tokyo DisneySea resemble actor
448:Journey to the Center of the Earth
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253:The former bride auction scene in
169:valve to move part of the figure.
36:Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress
14:
2003:
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409:Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
295:and is referred to as the A1000.
103:Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
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202:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
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965:: CS1 maint: date and year (
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21:Animatronics (disambiguation)
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101:Pierre, a talking parrot in
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1165:Bringardner, Chase (2020).
899:The Disneyland Encyclopedia
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565:Temple of the Forbidden Eye
480:Disney California Adventure
381:Disney California Adventure
152:The Audio-Animatronic show
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1211:. The Character Shop, Inc
897:Strodder, Chris (2017).
673:features an animatronic
641:The Rock-afire Explosion
504:Pirates of the Caribbean
440:Pirates of the Caribbean
383:, featuring a Stuntronic
255:Pirates of the Caribbean
200:. They were used in the
184:in the indoor boat ride
71:Walt Disney Imagineering
1755:Human–robot interaction
1070:. Disney Research. 2018
864:Disney's Animal Kingdom
832:Studios, featuring two
748:Insane in the Mainframe
576:Seven Dwarfs Mine Train
472:Disney's Animal Kingdom
444:Disneyland Park (Paris)
282:The Enchanted Tiki Room
154:The Enchanted Tiki Room
122:Disney's Animal Kingdom
862:Lucky the Dinosaur in
787:The Hall of Presidents
770:The Hall of Presidents
611:The Hall of Presidents
551:The Audio-Animatronic
542:The Sum of All Thrills
527:The Audio-Animatronic
413:Stitch's Great Escape!
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48:(also known as simply
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1861:Starship Technologies
1239:How Animatronics Work
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727:The 2015 Disney film
498:parks does the same.
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1811:Energid Technologies
716:uses an animatronic
714:Pennsylvania Lottery
643:'' band was made by
222:Carousel of Progress
214:"it's a small world"
58:) is the registered
19:For other uses, see
1902:Powered exoskeleton
808:Matterhorn Bobsleds
633:ShowBiz Pizza Place
452:Na'vi River Journey
228:'s "Magic Skyway."
25:AA (disambiguation)
1982:Audio-Animatronics
1871:Universal Robotics
1846:Intuitive Surgical
1836:Harvest Automation
1801:Barrett Technology
1583:Robotic spacecraft
1429:Audio-Animatronics
1253:2011-07-16 at the
1209:character-shop.com
804:Abominable Snowman
622:In popular culture
468:Expedition Everest
415:attraction at the
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347:In December 2009,
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226:Ford Motor Company
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186:It's a Small World
156:opened in 1963 at
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118:Lucky the Dinosaur
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75:Disney theme parks
46:Audio-Animatronics
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1992:Disney technology
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1912:Robotic tech vest
1841:Honeybee Robotics
1657:Electric unicycle
1610:remotely-operated
1243:HowStuffWorks.com
1235:at DizFanatic.com
1171:Theatre Symposium
1009:Disney Parks Blog
980:Hoque, M. Ehsan.
826:Muppet Mobile Lab
789:from 2001 to 2008
722:Punxsutawney Phil
675:George Washington
637:Chuck E. Cheese's
596:Millennium Falcon
580:Frozen Ever After
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235:in the 1964 film
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639:. At ShowBiz, ''
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587:: Galaxy's Edge
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488:Mr. Potato Head
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873:See also
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460:DINOSAUR
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1960:Outline
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1369:Types
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