356:
929:. Her response was, "What do you mean? ... I made a mistake, no... The mistake was that it was a concentration camp, but I had to go to it—otherwise I would have been put into it myself, that was my mistake." Though Bothe claimed that refusal of the position of guard would have seen her placed in the camp herself – an explanation given by many female ex-guards – it was unlikely to have been true, as records from the time showed some new recruits leaving their positions at Ravensbrück, facing no recorded negative consequences for doing so.
338:
139:
720:, while Erika Boeddeker (1942), Edith Fräde (1942), Sophie Gode, and Wilhelmine Pielen (1942–1943) served as Blockführerinnen and/or Stellvertretende Blockführerinnen. With the creation of Abteilung IIIa, the Labor Department in Ravensbrück, several SS officers were placed in command there, along with SS-Arbeitsdienstführerin Rosel Laurenzen (later married Dürichen) and her assistant, SS-Arbeitseinsatzführerin Gertrud Schöber (later married Steisslinger); during 1943 Laurenzen was relieved from her post and Gertrud
883:
124:
95:
110:
784:(spring 1945), Martha Krüger (of Barrack 23), Rosalie Leimböck (until autumn 1944), Margarete Steigüber, Emmi Steinbeck, and Frieda Wötzel-Drehmann (1944). Else Grabner was also the head of the female Ravensbrück subcamp as Oberaufseherin (Chief Wardress), then Lagerleiterin (Camp Leader). Binz and Boesel were convicted of war crimes and hanged on 2 May 1947.
937:
1959 seeking a better life, and had omitted
Ravensbrück from the list of residences supplied on her visa application. In Germany, Rinkel did not face criminal charges, with the expiry of the statute of limitations meaning that only murder allegations could be tried after such a length of time. The case continued to be examined until Rinkel's death in 2018.
712:
SS-Hundeführerin and SS-Kommandoführerin. After
Langefeld was assigned to Auschwitz I during March 1942, Maria Mandl became SS-Oberaufseherin (March 1942–October 1942), followed by Johanna Langefeld, who once again served at Ravensbrück until the summer of 1943. During this period SS-Rapportführerinnen included Else Ehrich (1942) and
531:(Bernartice), Maria Mühl was Kommandofuehrerin under Lagerfuehrerin Else Hawlik, who commanded all of the Trautenau Ring labor camps. At the Gross-Rosen annex camp at Breslau-Hundsfeld (Wroclaw Psie Pole) the Kommandofuehrerin was Emilie Kowa and another high female ranking officer-Margarete Schueller.
1374:
Twenty to thirty SS-Aufseherinnen accompanied a transport of over 2,000 women and children from
Ravensbrück to Mauthausen during March 1945; most of the prisoners died during the journey or were killed or died shortly after arrival. David Wingeate Pike, Professor of Contemporary History and Politics
711:
also served during this period as an SS-Kommandoführerin (1939–1940) and Ober-Arrestführerin. of the camp bunker (1940–March 1942) while
Gertrud Rabestein served as SS-Blockführerin of the Punishment Barrack and SS-Leiterin of the SS-Hundeführerinnen (1939–1941) and Gertrud Ida Schreiter served as an
154:
Female guards were generally from the lower to middle classes and had no relevant work experience. Their occupational backgrounds varied: one source mentions former prison matrons, hairdressers, tramcar-conductors, or retired teachers. Volunteers were recruited via advertisements in German newspapers
936:
was deported by the US Justice
Department to Germany; Rinkel had worked at Ravensbrück from June 1944 to April 1945, and had used an SS-trained dog in the camp. She had hidden her secret for more than 60 years from her family, friends and Jewish-German husband Fred. Rinkel immigrated to the US in
771:
and
Hollevaed-were around 144 SS-Aufseherinnen (SS-Overseers), including Report Overseers (Rapportführerinnen) Knack, Olga Nickel (who began service prior to the summer of 1942) and Hildegard Knop. The Kommandoführerinnen during 1944/1945 included Elisabeth Kammer, Emma Lankes, Helene Massar, and
897:
In 1996, a story broke in
Germany about Margot Pietzner (married name Kunz), a former Aufseherin from Ravensbrück, the Belzig subcamp and a subcamp at Wittenberg. She was originally sentenced to death by a Soviet court, but it was commuted to a life sentence, and she was released in 1956. In the
614:
At Gräben (Grabina/Strzegom (PL), Kommandofuehrerin
Katharina Reimann was head woman guard and Margarete Hentschel was her assistant as a Rapportfuehrerin; in Graeflish-Roehrsdorf, Silesia, Kommandoführerin Gertrud Sauer was in charge of the women's camp; and at the Gruschwitz-Neusalz subcamp of
1861:
Jane (Gerda) Bernigau was an SS-Aufseherin in
Lichtenburg, Ravensbrück, St. Lambrecht/Mauthausen, and Ravensbrück once again before becoming SS-Oberaufseherin at the Gross-Rosen central camp during the summer of 1944 and lastly at the Reichenau subcamp in early 1945 until the spring. Bella
766:
was installed as Chef
Oberaufseherin at Ravensbrück. Under Brunner were Oberaufseherin Binz, Arbeitsdienstführerin Schreiter, Arbeitsdienstführerin Ilse Vettermann, Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Else Krippner, SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Wilhelmine Pielen (after her return from
324:
and its subcamp at Dresden-Universelle. The head wardress at the camp pointed out that she was too polite and too kind towards the inmates, resulting in her subsequent dismissal from camp duty in January 1945. Her fate has been unknown since 13 February 1945, the date of the allied
753:
and became assistant to Leader Binz until her transfer to Konigsberg-Neumark during October 1944. During this time, Arbeitsdienstführerin Gertrud Ida Schreiter (born Kaufmann) was the female Leader of the Labor Department, and her second-in-commands were Arbeitseinsatzführerinnen
1313:"Eight German women and twenty female Dutch nationals served as SS-Aufseherinnen at the Vught/S Herzogenbusch concentration between May 1943 and September 1944; four of the German women, along with being Aufseherinnen also worked in the Kommandant's headquarters as secretaries"
2301:"She is mentioned in 'Staffs of the German Concentration Camps, No. VII Ravensbrück (Women's Concentration Camp and Uckermark Sub-Camp)' as, 'GALINAT: S.S. woman. Deputy Supervisor since January, 1943. Accused of ill-treatment, causing death of prisoners, torture and murder.'"
667:
the head overseer was Kommandoführerin Käthe Jenesch and SS-Aufseherinnen Philomena Locker (reportedly sentenced after the War to seven years' imprisonment), Charlotte Neugebauer, and a Fraulein Schneider, (first name unknown). At Merzdorf Erna Rinke was Chief Overseer
633:, Germany. Originally, Erstaufseherin Martha Dell' Antonia (Summer 1944–?) served there as head female guard over 22 female guards. In late 1944 she was replaced by the Commandant's (Doerr's) mistress, Herta Haase-Breitmann, who was originally a Kommandofuehrerin.
484:(1944–of Hungarian Jewish women's compound under Mandl, Dreschel and Hasse), Mandl herself commanded all the SS women within Auschwitz-Birkenau. Grese and Volkenrath were convicted of war crimes and hanged on 13 December 1945; Mandl was hanged on 24 January 1948.
694:
Ravensbrück was the central and largest training ground for female guards. The first Oberaufseherin was Margarete Stollberg who organized construction operations at the camp in a very minor capacity until May 1939. Immediately after the camp was opened
902:(32,902 Euros). Many historians argued that she had lied and did not deserve the money. She had, in fact, served time in a German prison which was overseen by the Soviets, but she was imprisoned because she had served at three concentration camps.
853:
In researching his maternal German kin, American historian James L. Cabot found that two of his distant relations were overseers – Maria Kleinschmidt, an operative at Neuengamme, and Charlotte Kleinschmidt (née Peters), whose exact camp service is
1351:
Ten female prisoners were selected from Ravensbrück and sent to the Dachau brothel along with one SS-Aufseherin. Four of those women were later selected by SS Dr. Rascher to aid in his medical experiments there. Rascher later wrote to SS Chief
1421:
According to SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer Fritz Suhren, a leading SS officer at Ravensbruck, some 3,500 German women served as SS-Aufseherinnen at one time or another in the camp and/or in its complex of satellite camps. Daniel Patrick Brown,
740:
and Langefeld was arrested by the SS. Camp authorities promoted longtime Aufseherin Anne Klein-Plaubel to Chief Senior Overseer (Chef Oberaufseherin) of Ravensbrck during August 1943, assisted by Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin
1358:
There ensued an enumeration of very curious conditions in the Ravensbrück camp. The conditions described were for the most part confirmed by the three other brothel girls and the woman overseer who accompanied them from
980:
Petzold, Elfriede, appeared on a 1 November 1947 list of female war criminals held in U.S. custody at Augsburg-Goegingen, Central Komitet, Juridisze Optejlung, Krigsfarbrecher Referat, as a guard in, Grüneberg-Vaivara
758:(born Müller)–in 1944 and a certain Helevead (or Hollevaed) also served in Department IIIa; additionally, Helene Massar was a Kommandoführerin of the sewing shop at the camp until 1945. In the late autumn of 1944,
561:, a Gross-Rosen satellite in Silesia, Emilie Harms was in charge of the camp; her assistant was Stellvertretende Kommandofuehrerin Lina Pohl. In the Danzig Holm subcamp Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin
623:, Oberaufseherin Annemie von der Huelst was in charge, followed by her second-in-command, Kommandoführerin Loni Gutzeit. At Hamburg-Sasel, Kommandofuehrerin Ida Roemer was the head female guard.
403:. Most of these women came from the regions around the camps. In 1944, the first female overseers were stationed at the satellite camps belonging to Neuengamme, Dachau, Mauthausen, a very few at
2842:
611:) satellite, Lagerführerin Anna Fiebeg (June 1944–January 1945) served as chief overseer, while Stellvetretende Lagerführerinnen Anna Jahn and Hela Milefski were replacement camp overseers.
2565:
Erwerbsbeteiligung von deutschen und ausländischen Frauen 1933–1945 in Deutschland: Entwicklungslinien und Aspekte politischer Steuerung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Nationalsozialismus
1259:
were trained at the camp between early August and the middle of November 1944 and following their entry sixty remained in the main camp while the rest were assigned to its subcamps.
1763:
Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume I, Part B, Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
1261:
Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume I, Part B, Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
588:
subcamp at Dresden-Goehle, this rank was given to several women, including Erstaufseherin Gertrud Schaefer and Margarethe de Hueber (1944); Erstaufseherin Gertrud Becker oversaw the
1239:
Marie Larisch was enlisted by the Lorenz Company during August 1944 and subsequently trained and served at the factory and Gross-Rosen sub-camp in Ober Hohenelbe until April 1945.
1114:
955:
456:
was SS-Oberaufseherin/Erstaufseherin Kaethe Hoern (September 1944–March 1945) while her assistant was SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Hildegard K.; in Auschwitz Oberaufseherin
379:
Near the end of the war, women were forced from factories in the German Labour Exchange and sent to training centres. Women were also trained on a smaller scale at the camps of
652:
and Lublin-Alterflughafen camps were headed by Oberaufsherin Else Ehrich (October 1942–June 1944), her immediate assistant, Rapportführerin and Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin
313:. Both were rumored to have embezzled millions of Reichsmark, for which Karl Koch was convicted and executed by the Nazis a few weeks before Buchenwald was liberated by the
175:
Herta Haase-Breitmann-Schmidt, head female overseer, claimed that her female guards were not full-fledged SS women. Consequently, at some tribunals it was disputed whether
53:. Of the 50,000 guards who served in the concentration camps, training records indicate that approximately 3,500 were women. In 1942, the first female guards arrived at
844:(or Vuterluss) (September 1944–April 1945). Oberaufseherin Fraulein Schneider, and later Anneliese Unger oversaw the Flossenbürg subcamp at Zwodau (June 1944–May 1945).
925:. She received ten years' imprisonment and was released in the mid-1950s. In a rare interview recorded in 1999, Bothe was asked if she regretted being a guard in a
2047:
While SS-Rapportfuhrerin/Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Braunsteiner was on leave from Majdanek/Lublin, Knoblich filled in as Report Overseer. Elissa Mailänder,
1285:
Thea Therese Miesl, married Wallner, was trained at Ravensbrück for four weeks beginning on October 15, 1944 and afterwards assigned to a Dachau sub-camp in
1462:
Kaethe Hoern began her training at Ravensbrück on July 26, 1944 while Hildegard K. became an SS-Aufseherin at the camp during June 1944. Bernd Klewitz,
2591:
Staffs of the German Concentration Camps (Officials Mentioned in UNWCC Records) No. VII Ravensbrück (Women's Concentration Camp and Uckermarck Sub-Camp)
1874:
Angelika Königseder, Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Natzweiler, Groß-Rosen, Stutthof, Volume 6, p. 328
190:
While training records suggest that as many as 3,500 women were employed as camp guards, some sources estimate a much lower number, between 50 and 190.
2960:
2755:
65:. The year after, the Nazis began conscripting women because of a shortage of male guards. In the context of these camps, the German position title of
2852:
1088:
745:
and under them were SS-Scharführerin Christel Jankowsky, SS-Ober-arrestführerin Margarete Mewes, and SS-Blockführerinnen Henny Gottwitz (Block 3) and
2013:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder, Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Volume 6, p. 367
1883:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder, Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Volume 6, p. 320
165:(SS) support and service organisation for women). Additionally, some were conscripted based on data in their SS files. Adolescent enrollment in the
1241:
355:
1141:
584:
subcamp at Dresden Universelle, Erstaufseherin Ida Guhl and Erstaufseherin Charlotte Hanakam were chief wardresses (1944–April 1945), and in
1272:
Elisabeth König went to the Mauthausen concentration camp on January 5, 1945 and was presumably admitted to her duties as an SS-Aufseherin.
990:
There were, however, some exceptions. At least four overseers were of aristocratic origin: Annemie von der Huelst and Gertrud von Lonski at
2965:
1527:
1244:, Volume I, Part A, Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
1207:
Hedwig Burkl, an SS-Aufseherin at Holleischen, Plauen, Mehltheuer and Venusberg-Gelenau, began her training at Zwodau on October 5, 1944.
1630:
2035:
While SS-Oberaufseherin Ehrich was on leave from Majdanek/Lublin, Weber filled in as Replacement Senior Overseer. Elissa Mailänder,
1649:
1594:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder, Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen ..., Volume 4, p. 529
847:
724:
became SS-Arbeitsdienstführerin. After deputy Leader Emma Zimmer was called to Auschwitz II in October 1942, along with Mandl and
619:
Helene Obuch (1943 – June 1944), then Kommandoführerin Elisabeth Gersch (June 1944 – January 1945) were in charge, and at Hamburg-
1965:
Zwangsarbeit und weibliche Überlebensstrategien: die Geschichte der Frauenaussenlager des Konzentrationslagers Neuengamme 1944/45
1559:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder, Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen, Volume 4, p. 529
179:
employed at the camps were official members of the SS, thus leading to conflicting court decisions. Many of them belonged to the
2171:
und dennoch blühten Blumen: Frauen-KZ Ravensbrück : Dokumente, Berichte, Gedichte und Zeichnungen vom Lageralltag 1939–1945
862:, wrote that selections in the women’s camp were made by SS Aufseherin Elisabeth Hasse and Irma Grese. Other survivors accused
2589:‘STEINBECK, Emmi,’ was referenced as, ‘Wardress of Block 21 or 22. Very cruel.’ United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC),
2329:"Mensen, macht en mentaliteiten achter prikkeldraad: een historischsociologische studie van concentratiekamp Vught (1943-1944)"
642:
II in Czechoslovakia were overseen by Kommandofuehrerin Elsa Hennrich while a certain Denner (or Dinner) commanded Kratzau I;
2926:
2877:
1151:
1124:
965:
1049:
596:(October 1944–April 1945), Erstaufseherin Dora Lange and later Erstaufseherin Gertrud Weniger (1944–1945) commanded Oederan.
2074:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Natzweiler, Groß-Rosen, Stutthof, Volume 6
436:
and its subcamps, 158 trained at Neuengamme, 47 trained at Stutthof, compared to 958 who served in Ravensbrück, 561 in the
1668:
1453:
Daniel Patrick Brown, The Camp Women, The Female Auxiliaries who assisted the SS in Running the Concentration Camp System
400:
1907:
1837:
Frauen im KZ: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der historischen Forschung am Beispiel des KZ Flossenbürg und seiner Aussenlager
732:
became deputy Oberaufseherin under Langefeld. During the summer of 1943, Gallinat was moved as SS-Oberaufseherin to the
2909:
2463:
1059:
1032:
1007:
810:
656:, and further deputies Else Weber and Elisabeth Knoblich. Knoblich was nicknamed "Halt die Klappe!" ("Shut up!") and
589:
585:
581:
437:
384:
317:; however, Ilse was cleared of the charge. Convicted of war crimes, she was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1951.
62:
1436:
922:
733:
504:
433:
421:
320:
One apparent exception to the brutal female overseer prototype was Klara Kunig, a camp guard in 1944 who served at
99:
496:, (March 1945–May 1945), Stellvertretende Lagerfuehrerin Gerda Langner, and Kommandoführerin Gertrud Herrmann, in
1751:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Natzweiler, Groß-Rosen, Stutthof
1722:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Natzweiler, Groß-Rosen, Stutthof
1700:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Natzweiler, Groß-Rosen, Stutthof
1687:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Natzweiler, Groß-Rosen, Stutthof
664:
550:, even though the camp had very few female prisoners. Koch was convicted of war crimes; she committed suicide in
2601:
2391:"ICC - Legal Tools record: Staffs of the German Concentration Camps (Officials Mentioned in UNWCC [...]"
2370:"ICC - Legal Tools record: Staffs of the German Concentration Camps (Officials Mentioned in UNWCC [...]"
1100:
850:
SS Aufseherin Sydonia Bayer {b. 12 December 1903–tried 6 September 1945; executed Lodz Poland 12 November 1945]
626:
287:
1499:
The Union Kommando in Auschwitz: the Auschwitz Munition Factory through the Eyes of its Former Slave Laborers
991:
547:
528:
380:
306:
76:
1222:
1286:
1181:"Hamburg-Sasel Aufseherin U. E. undertook training courses in Neuengamme for 10 days during September 1944"
825:
54:
1255:
According to the 1945 testimony of former Stutthof prisoner Zofia Jackowska, 150 German women from around
444:. Many female supervisors were trained and/or worked at subcamps in Germany, Poland, France, Austria, and
2658:
Zwischen Vernichtung und Befreiung: das Frauen-Konzentrationslager Ravensbrück in der letzten Kriegsphase
914:
805:
there was Oberaufseherin Anna Scharbert promoted to chief female overseer after her time in Ravensbruck,
802:
649:
429:
396:
364:
345:
58:
2898:
The Camp Women. The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
2276:
2024:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1978:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1952:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1939:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1894:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1850:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1735:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1617:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1605:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1291:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1000:
The Camp Women. The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
2814:
84:
17:
2921:
G. Álvarez, Mónica. "Guardianas Nazis. El lado femenino del mal" (Spanish). Madrid: Grupo Edaf, 2012.
1302:
Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit: Neue Studien Zur Nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik, p. 38
890:
565:
was second-in-command of all the female overseers and prisoners (October 1944–December 1944); in the
425:
91:(1943–1944), and at Nazi concentration camps, subcamps, work camps, detention camps and other posts.
2485:
298:, openly pursued a sexual relationship with the head female overseer Herta Haase-Breitmann-Schmidt.
50:
39:
898:
early 1990s, at the age of 74, Pietzner was awarded the title "Stalinist victim" and given 64,350
1546:
286:
had told the SS men to regard the female guards as equals and comrades. At the relatively small
184:
767:
Konigsberg-Neumark in February/March 1945-she replaced Krippner) and Arbeitseinsatzführerinnen
600:
326:
166:
2453:
295:
282:
Relations between SS men and female guards are said to have existed in many of the camps, and
2288:
Im Gefolge der SS: Aufseherinnen des Frauen-KZ Ravensbrück : Begleitband zur Ausstellung
169:
acted as a vehicle of indoctrination for many of the women. At one of the post-war hearings,
1990:
1168:
Women and Nazis: Perpetrators of Genocide and Other Crimes During Hitler's Regime, 1933-1945
2156:
Stefan Hördler, Dokumentations-und Gedenkort KZ Lichtenburg: Konzeption einer neuen, p. 132
867:
836:(Maria) (1943–1944) and later Oberaufseherin Gertrud Weiniger (summer–autumn 1944) oversaw
657:
653:
508:
477:
341:
142:
2639:
8:
2901:
2847:
404:
71:
translates to (female) "overseer" or "attendant". Later female guards were dispersed to
2473:
1274:
Im Gefolge der SS: Aufseherinnen des Frauen-KZ Ravensbrück: Begleitband zur Ausstellung
926:
833:
759:
729:
636:
In Holleischen Anna Schmidt, Dora Lange was senior overseer along with Elfriede Tribus.
314:
1583:
Nichts ist vergessen und niemand: aus der Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers in Barth
1570:
Nichts ist vergessen und niemand: aus der Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers in Barth
2922:
2905:
2459:
1147:
1120:
1096:
1055:
1028:
1021:
1003:
961:
829:
814:
781:
696:
593:
457:
2945:
2695:
2328:
1312:
368:
2933:
Female SS Guards and Workaday Violence: The Majdanek Concentration Camp, 1942-1944.
2795:
1475:
Franciszek Piper, Teresa Świebocka, Danuta Czech, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, p. 49
1353:
1051:
Inside the Concentration Camps: Eyewitness Accounts of Life in Hitler's Death Camps
603:, Kommandoführerin Charlotte Ressel was chief, and at the main camp Oberaufseherin
283:
607:
was chief among all of the subcamps women guard personnel (800); in the Grünberg (
428:
overseeing the brothel, more than 30 in Mauthausen (January 1945–May 1945), 30 at
337:
138:
2683:
Sinti und Roma im KZ Flossenbürg und in seinen Aussenlagern Wolkenburg und Zwodau
2166:
1340:
Der Buchenwald-Report: Bericht über das Konzentrationslager Buchenwald bei Weimar
933:
871:
725:
713:
562:
539:
473:
469:
608:
2061:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
1075:
899:
773:
750:
749:(1943–1944). During March 1944 Wilhelmine Pielen returned to Ravensbrück from
746:
688:
570:
566:
558:
453:
445:
408:
310:
2916:
Return to Auschwitz: The Remarkable Story of a Girl Who Survived the Holocaust
2729:
2614:
2300:
995:
910:
768:
755:
577:
321:
2954:
2539:"Bestien" und "Befehlsempfänger": Frauen und Männer in NS-Prozessen nach 1945
1116:
The Mark of Cain: Guilt and Denial in the Post-War Lives of Nazi Perpetrators
957:
The Mark of Cain: Guilt and Denial in the Post-War Lives of Nazi Perpetrators
863:
798:
794:
763:
742:
721:
717:
676:
604:
520:
161:
2640:"Theresienstadt Lexikon: Rundgang durch das Gestapogefängnis Kleine Festung"
1180:
2819:
2262:
The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbrück Concentration Camp for Women
2212:
The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbrück Concentration Camp for Women
2115:
Die Frauen von Obernheide: jüdische Zwangsarbeiterinnen in Bremen 1944/1945
1926:
A Polish Doctor in the Nazi Camps: My Mother's Memories of Imprisonment...,
1711:
Isabell Sprenger, Gross-Rosen: ein Konzentrationslager in Schlesien, p. 271
1486:
The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbrück Concentration Camp for Women
918:
821:
777:
630:
535:
512:
493:
392:
291:
156:
679:
was chief over seven (known) SS women (September 1944–April 1945), and in
2390:
2369:
906:
737:
708:
700:
684:
616:
524:
465:
461:
441:
388:
127:
113:
660:
was deported from the United States to Germany in 1973 and died in 1999.
2049:
Female SS Guards and Workaday Violence: The Majdanek Concentration Camp
2037:
Female SS Guards and Workaday Violence: The Majdanek Concentration Camp
1395:
Female SS Guards and Workaday Violence: The Majdanek Concentration Camp
841:
672:
538:(Bydgoszcz East) from June 1944 until January/February 1945 along with
516:
481:
103:
1424:
The Beautiful Beast: the Life & Crimes of SS-Aufseherin Irma Grese
511:(February 1945–April 1945), Rapportführerin Hildegard Gollasch, while
886:
543:
302:
180:
117:
2272:
2270:
2197:
Ravensbruck: Life and Death in Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women
1547:
Auschwitz, 1940–1945: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp
372:
349:
2249:
Ravensbrück: Everyday Life in a Women's Concentration Camp, 1939–45
2145:
Dokumentations-und Gedenkort KZ Lichtenburg: Konzeption einer neuen
806:
787:
646:
by Oberaufseherin Margarete Freinberg(er) (November 1944–May 1945).
620:
80:
882:
817:
and Oberaufseherin Elisabeth Schmidt in the 'Small Fortress' camp.
519:(January/February 1945–April 1945) was Kommandoführerin alongside
2267:
680:
643:
639:
551:
72:
2796:"Nazi Ravensbrück camp: How ordinary women became SS torturers"
1821:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen ...
1808:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen ...
1792:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen ...
1256:
497:
202:(German: "SS Helper women"). The supervisory levels within the
109:
2513:"Das Herz schlägt in Ravensbrück": die Gedenkkultur der Frauen
569:
satellite in Gross-Werther, this was handled by Lagerfuhrerin
500:
head female guard was Hedwig Ullrich (Summer 1944–April 1945).
123:
837:
828:
along with her assistant, SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin
464:(October 1942–November 1944), Stellvertetende Oberaufseherin
131:
94:
88:
1831:
1829:
1377:
Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube
487:
At Barth Lagerfuehrerin Irmgard Reissner (1944-April 1945),
1776:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen
360:
301:
Corruption was another aspect of the female guard culture.
2815:"Shameful secret of the Nazi camp guard who married a Jew"
2784:(TV mini-series). Germany: MPR Film und Fernsehproduktion.
994:
and Euphemia von Wielen and Ellen Freifrau von Kettler at
905:
The only female guard to tell her story to the public was
840:, Kommandofehrerin Susanne Hille was head female guard at
2184:
Nationalsozialistische Zwangslager im Raum Neubrandenburg
1826:
687:, Anna Gerwing (as Rapportführerin) and Kommandoführerin
2935:
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2015.
2139:
2137:
2135:
2756:"Aufseherinnen im KZ Ravensbrück: "Ich bin unschuldig""
2260:
Nanda Herbermann, Hester Baer, Elizabeth Roberts Baer,
1786:
1784:
1745:
1743:
1002:, pp. 226, 242. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Publishing Ltd.;
2084:
2082:
1802:
1800:
1437:"Dachau KZ: GROSS-ROSEN CONCENTRATION CAMP - PART 4/6"
1404:
1402:
1365:(Westport, CT: Arlington House Publishers, 1978) p. 58
348:
war crimes trial between 25 April and 31 May 1946, in
2843:"Six German women investigated over Auschwitz crimes"
2132:
1521:
1519:
387:(as well as Dresden-Goehle, Holleischen and Zwodau);
2422:
Das KZ Ravensbrück: Geschichte eines Lagerkomplexes-
2102:
Filie obozu koncentracyjnego Gross-Rosen: informator
2059:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1819:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1806:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1790:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1781:
1774:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1749:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1740:
1720:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1698:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
1685:
Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder,
2552:
Das KZ Ravensbrück: Geschichte eines Lagerkomplexes
2526:
Das KZ Ravensbrück: Geschichte eines Lagerkomplexes
2435:
Das KZ Ravensbrück: Geschichte eines Lagerkomplexes
2079:
1797:
1399:
699:became SS-Oberaufseherin (May 1939–March 1942) and
480:(November 1944–January 1945), and Rapportfuehrerin
432:, around 200 at Auschwitz and its subcamps, 140 at
1765:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, p. 1440
1516:
1263:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, p. 1476
1020:
546:was appointed (unofficially) head female guard at
472:(late 1943–November 1944), Arbeitsdienstfuehrerin
2878:SS-Totenkopfverbände Concentration camp personnel
1361:Bruce L. Danto, John Bruhns, Austin H. Kutscher,
27:Role of female guards in Nazi concentration camps
2952:
1246:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum p. 776
2893:Trans. Thomas Whissen. New York: Praeger, 1996.
1093:Hitler's Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS.
193:
49:) was the position title for a female guard in
2931:Mailänder, Elissa & Patricia Szobar, eds.
2447:
2445:
2443:
2323:
2321:
790:was headed by Erstaufseherin Marianne Essmann.
2206:
2204:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1209:KZ Mehltheuer: Lippenstift statt Lebensmittel
507:the three head overseers were Oberaufseherin
2455:Rezension zu: B. Strebel: Das KZ Ravensbrück
1242:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
932:In 2006, 84-year-old San Francisco resident
488:
415:
170:
155:asking for women to show their love for the
66:
44:
31:
2604:, fold3.com; accessed 22 December 22, 2014.
2440:
2318:
2090:Niemieckie obozy koncentracyjne i ich filie
1023:Hitler's Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness
468:(1942–43), Stellvertretende Lagerfuehrerin
420:served in Vught, some at Buchenwald, 60 in
2201:
1382:
1112:
953:
858:Prisoner Olga Lengyel, who in her memoir,
832:(January 1945–March 1945); Oberaufseherin
460:(March 1942–October 1942), Lagerfuehrerin
2961:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
2670:Täterinnen: Frauen im Nationalsozialismus
2602:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
2224:Täterinnen: Frauen im Nationalsozialismus
1068:
515:served an additional deputy wardress and
332:
198:Female guards were collectively known as
159:and join the SS-Gefolge ("SS-Retinue", a
2451:
1143:Female Administrators of the Third Reich
1113:Kellenbach, Katharina von (2013-05-01).
1047:
960:. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
954:Kellenbach, Katharina von (2013-05-01).
881:
772:Hildegard Z while Blockfuhrerinnen were
354:
336:
137:
122:
108:
93:
75:(1944–1945), Kaiserwald-Riga (1943–44),
2840:
2812:
2385:
2383:
1139:
629:was a subcamp of Floßenbürg built near
534:Johanna Wisotzki was Oberaufseherin in
309:", was married to the camp commandant,
14:
2953:
1544:Wacław Długoborski, Franciszek Piper,
1081:
1078:Royal Holloway, University of London.
1041:
1012:
38:
2946:Article on female Nazi war criminals
2380:
1464:Die Arbeitssklaven der Dynamit Nobel
1342:, edited by David A. Hackett, p. 272
1018:
2966:Nazi concentration camp occupations
2813:Harding, Luke (21 September 2006).
554:women's prison on 1 September 1967.
359:The execution of guards and Polish
24:
2730:"SS Female Overseers in Auschwitz"
1289:, Bavaria. Daniel Patrick Brown,
705:SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin
395:, Ober Hohenelbe and Parschnitz);
25:
2977:
2939:
2841:Vasagar, Jeevan (9 August 2013).
1905:
1666:
1647:
1628:
1525:
1220:
1166:Sarti, Wendy Adele Marie (2011).
889:at the U.S. Military Tribunal in
2834:
2806:
2788:
2773:
2747:
2722:
2713:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2650:
2632:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
1650:"1st Belsen Trial, Affidavit 88"
1631:"1st Belsen Trial, Affidavit 87"
1528:"1st Belsen Trial, Affidavit 92"
998:. Brown, Daniel Patrick (2002),
294:, Germany, the camp commandant,
2883:
2753:
2492:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2362:
2349:
2293:
2280:
2254:
2241:
2229:
2216:
2189:
2176:
2159:
2150:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2066:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2016:
2007:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1899:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1813:
1768:
1756:
1727:
1714:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1660:
1641:
1622:
1609:
1597:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1538:
1512:The Case Against Adolf Eichmann
1504:
1491:
1478:
1469:
1456:
1447:
1429:
1415:
1368:
1345:
1333:
1305:
1296:
1279:
1266:
1249:
1233:
1214:
1201:
1173:
1160:
877:
665:Mittelsteine concentration camp
2891:Inside the Concentration Camps
2780:Dreykluft, Friederike (2004).
2537:Ulrike Weckel, Edgar Wolfrum,
1140:Century, Rachel (2017-08-10).
1133:
1106:
1089:The SS Female Assistance Corps
1054:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
984:
974:
947:
599:At the Gross-Rosen subcamp in
391:(as well as its satellites in
149:
13:
1:
940:
440:complex, and over 800 in the
277:
1410:Auschwitz: The Nazi Solution
848:Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship
691:among another unknown women.
383:; Auschwitz I, II, and III;
194:Supervision levels and ranks
7:
2918:. New York: Atheneum, 1983.
2871:
2696:"Female Nazi war criminals"
2452:Johannes, Schwartz (2003).
1119:. Oxford University Press.
909:, who served as a guard at
707:) (May 1939–October 1942);
365:Stutthof concentration camp
346:Stutthof concentration camp
134:awaiting trial, August 1945
10:
2982:
2644:Ghetto-theresienstadt.info
1363:The Human Side of Homicide
1019:Feig, Konnilyn G. (1981).
716:, and Ober-arrestführerin
411:complex until March 1945.
213:, "chief senior overseer"
2619:Kz-rochlitz.jimdofree.com
1048:Aroneanu, Eugene (1996).
344:, back row right, at the
305:, known as "The Witch of
243:, "work recording leader"
1211:, Pascal Cziborra, p. 84
1188:Media.offenses-archiv.de
1170:. Academica Press, p. 35
1146:. Springer. p. 68.
921:subcamp, and finally in
870:, Elisabeth Ruppert and
809:and Auschwitz, while at
734:Vught concentration camp
51:Nazi concentration camps
2896:Brown, Daniel Patrick,
2700:Capitalpunishmentuk.org
2247:Jack Gaylord Morrison,
1864:A Narrow Bridge to Life
1095:UNC Press Books, 1989.
1076:Das SS-Helferinnenkorps
249:, "work input overseer"
40:[ˈaʊ̯fˌzeːəʁɪn]
2889:Aroneanu, Eugene, ed.
2576:Daniel Patrick Brown,
2498:Daniel Patrick Brown,
2407:Daniel Patrick Brown,
2355:Daniel Patrick Brown,
2022:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1976:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1950:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1937:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1906:Leech, Colin Russell.
1892:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1848:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1733:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1669:"1st Belsen Trial, 31"
1667:Leech, Colin Russell.
1648:Leech, Colin Russell.
1629:Leech, Colin Russell.
1615:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1603:Daniel Patrick Brown,
1526:Leech, Colin Russell.
1276:, Simone Erpel, p. 177
1221:Leech, Colin Russell.
1027:. Holmes & Meier.
894:
801:(1942–1944), while at
780:(summer-autumn 1944),
489:
416:
399:, as well as a few at
376:
352:
333:Camps, names and ranks
327:firebombing of Dresden
267:, "Dog Guide Overseer"
261:, "Work Squad Leader"
247:Arbeitseinsatzführerin
171:
167:League of German Girls
146:
135:
120:
106:
67:
45:
32:
2719:Brown (2002), p. 140.
2237:As The Lilacs Bloomed
2235:Anna Molnar Hegedus,
2072:Angelika Königseder,
1924:Barbara Rylko-Bauer,
1778:..., Volume 7, p. 308
1441:Dachaukz.blogspot.com
1375:David Wingeate Pike,
885:
874:for the same crimes.
776:{until autumn 1944},
452:The head overseer at
358:
340:
241:Arbeitsdienstführerin
141:
126:
112:
97:
868:Elisabeth Volkenrath
703:became her deputy, (
658:Hermine Braunsteiner
654:Hermine Braunsteiner
509:Elisabeth Volkenrath
478:Elisabeth Volkenrath
342:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
185:SS-Helferinnen Corps
143:Hermine Braunsteiner
79:(March – May 1945),
2902:Schiffer Publishing
2848:The Daily Telegraph
2127:And Yet, I Am Here!
1443:. 14 February 2014.
675:, Kommandoführerin
405:Natzweiler-Struthof
225:, "senior overseer"
211:Chef Oberaufseherin
2802:. 18 January 2021.
2668:Kathrin Kompisch,
2550:Bernhard Strebel,
2524:Bernhard Strebel,
2433:Bernhard Strebel,
2420:Bernhard Strebel,
2222:Kathrin Kompisch,
2210:Nanda Herbermann,
2063:, Volume 6, p. 393
1912:Bergenbelsen.co.uk
1908:"1st Belsen Trial"
1823:, Volume 4, p. 133
1794:, Volume 4, p. 100
1753:, Volume 6, p. 271
1724:, Volume 6, p. 254
1702:, Volume 6, p. 411
1689:, Volume 6, p. 234
1673:Bergenbelsen.co.uk
1654:Bergenbelsen.co.uk
1635:Bergenbelsen.co.uk
1532:Bergenbelsen.co.uk
1484:Nanda Herbermann,
1393:Elissa Mailänder,
1227:Bergenbelsen.co.uk
1223:"1st Belsen Trial"
927:concentration camp
895:
834:Margarete Gallinat
813:this was given to
760:Auschwitz-Birkenau
730:Margarete Gallinat
407:, and none at the
377:
353:
206:were as follows:
147:
136:
121:
107:
2927:978-84-414-3240-6
2855:on 12 August 2013
1835:Pascal Cziborra,
1810:, Volume 4, p. 90
1510:Henry A. Zeiger,
1153:978-1-137-54893-1
1126:978-0-19-932375-3
967:978-0-19-932375-3
913:in 1942, then at
830:Elfriede Mohnecke
815:Hildegard Neumann
782:Elfriede Mohnecke
697:Johanna Langefeld
683:, Oberaufseherin
668:(Oberaufseherin).
476:, Oberaufseherin
458:Johanna Langefeld
237:, "Report Leader"
16:(Redirected from
2973:
2934:
2917:
2892:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2851:. Archived from
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:
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2767:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2711:
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2706:
2692:
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2673:
2666:
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2654:
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2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
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2431:
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2412:
2405:
2399:
2398:
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2378:
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2366:
2360:
2353:
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2333:
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2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2182:Rainer Szczesiak
2180:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2143:Stefan Hördler,
2141:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2113:Hartmut Müller,
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1354:Heinrich Himmler
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1087:Gerhard Rempel,
1085:
1079:
1074:Rachel Century,
1072:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1016:
1010:
988:
982:
978:
972:
971:
951:
492:
419:
284:Heinrich Himmler
259:Kommandoführerin
255:, "Block Leader"
231:, "First Guard"
174:
70:
48:
42:
35:
21:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2932:
2915:
2900:. Atglen, Pa.:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2794:
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2765:
2763:
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2748:
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2728:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2663:
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2651:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2511:Barbara Degen,
2510:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2395:Legal-tools.org
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:Legal-tools.org
2368:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2305:Legal-tools.org
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2167:Gerda Szepansky
2165:Helga Schwarz,
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2125:Halina Nelken,
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1732:
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934:Elfriede Rinkel
880:
872:Margot Dreschel
820:Erstaufseherin
726:Margot Dreschel
714:Margot Dreschel
563:Gerda Steinhoff
540:Gerda Steinhoff
474:Elisabeth Hasse
470:Margot Dreschel
335:
280:
235:Rapportführerin
219:, "camp leader"
196:
152:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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567:Dora Mittelbau
559:Christianstadt
555:
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527:annex camp at
501:
490:Oberaufseherin
485:
446:Czechoslovakia
409:Mittelbau-Dora
375:on 4 July 1946
369:Biskupia Górka
334:
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172:Oberaufseherin
151:
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145:of KZ Majdanek
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923:Bergen-Belsen
920:
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864:Juana Bormann
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860:Five Chimneys
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761:
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518:
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505:Bergen-Belsen
502:
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422:Bergen-Belsen
418:
417:Aufseherinnen
414:Twenty-eight
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162:Schutzstaffel
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133:
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100:Bergen-Belsen
96:
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87:(1943–1944),
86:
83:(1942–1945),
82:
78:
74:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
46:Aufseherinnen
41:
36:
34:
19:
2904:Ltd., 2002.
2897:
2884:Bibliography
2857:. Retrieved
2853:the original
2846:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:The Guardian
2818:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2764:. Retrieved
2759:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2724:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:
2609:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2563:Pia Gerber,
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
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2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2454:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2195:Sarah Helm,
2191:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2144:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1879:
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1863:
1862:Guttermann,
1857:
1849:
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1807:
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1409:
1394:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1359:Ravensbrück.
1357:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1092:
1083:
1070:
1050:
1043:
1022:
1014:
999:
986:
976:
956:
949:
931:
919:Bromberg-Ost
904:
896:
878:Later events
859:
857:
822:Ruth Closius
778:Ruth Neudeck
704:
609:Zielona Góra
536:Bromberg-Ost
513:Herta Ehlert
494:Ruth Neudeck
413:
393:Langenbielau
378:
319:
300:
296:Wilhelm Dörr
281:
273:, "Overseer"
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
203:
199:
197:
189:
176:
160:
153:
30:
29:
2762:(in German)
2615:"Die Täter"
2336:Pure.uva.nl
1996:(in German)
1928:pp. 162–163
1839:, pp. 87–88
1320:Pure.uva.nl
996:Ravensbrück
911:Ravensbrück
907:Herta Bothe
769:Greta Bösel
762:Aufseherin
756:Greta Bösel
738:Netherlands
709:Maria Mandl
701:Emma Zimmer
685:Elsa Ehrich
627:Helmbrechts
617:Gross Rosen
590:Flossenbürg
586:Flossenbürg
582:Flossenbürg
578:Ravensbrück
525:Gross-Rosen
466:Emma Zimmer
462:Maria Mandl
442:Gross Rosen
438:Flossenbürg
389:Gross Rosen
385:Flossenbürg
322:Ravensbrück
288:Helmbrechts
204:SS-Helferin
200:SS-Helferin
183:and to the
150:Recruitment
128:Herta Bothe
114:Maria Mandl
98:Mugshot of
63:Ravensbrück
2955:Categories
2766:2022-09-08
2760:www.ndr.de
2000:2017-05-20
1101:0807842990
992:Neuengamme
981:(Estland).
941:References
842:Unterluess
673:Obernheide
601:Gabersdorf
548:Buchenwald
523:. At the
517:Irma Grese
482:Irma Grese
401:Mauthausen
381:Neuengamme
371:Hill near
307:Buchenwald
278:Daily life
271:Aufseherin
104:Irma Grese
77:Mauthausen
68:Aufseherin
33:Aufseherin
18:Aufseherin
2859:April 22,
2826:April 22,
2782:Holokaust
2734:Degob.org
2484:ignored (
2474:cite book
1287:Kaufering
887:Ilse Koch
826:Uckermark
774:Ulla Jürß
747:Ulla Jürß
594:Hainichen
544:Ilse Koch
529:Bernsdorf
454:Allendorf
424:, one at
315:U.S. Army
311:Karl Koch
303:Ilse Koch
181:Waffen-SS
118:Auschwitz
55:Auschwitz
2872:See also
2800:BBC News
2739:19 March
2705:19 March
2672:, p. 188
2624:19 March
2580:, p. 220
2541:, p. 127
2528:, p. 205
2515:, p. 169
2359:, p. 127
2341:19 March
2310:19 March
2264:, p. 141
2226:, p. 201
2186:, p. 217
2147:, p. 132
2129:, p. 216
2092:, p. 313
2076:, p. 342
1991:"Gründe"
1967:, p. 340
1896:, p. 111
1852:, p. 195
1737:, p. 231
1550:, p. 286
1501:, p. 365
1488:, p. 195
1466:, p. 298
1379:, p. 189
1325:19 March
1293:, p. 177
1193:19 March
915:Stutthof
854:unknown.
807:Majdanek
803:Stutthof
788:Rochlitz
650:Majdanek
621:Wandsbek
542:, while
430:Majdanek
397:Stutthof
81:Stutthof
59:Majdanek
2685:, p. 58
2567:, p. 44
2502:, p.133
2437:, p. 72
2411:, p. 46
2290:, p. 62
2251:, p. 92
2173:, p. 62
2104:, p. 53
2026:, p. 77
1980:, p. 58
1954:, p. 99
1941:, p.226
1619:, p. 90
1585:, p. 27
1572:, p. 34
1412:, p. 57
824:headed
797:it was
736:in the
681:Plaszow
663:At the
644:Lenzing
640:Kratzau
576:At the
552:Aichach
363:of the
85:Vaivara
73:Bolzano
2925:
2908:
2554:p. 469
2462:
2424:p. 205
1426:, p. 3
1257:Danzig
1150:
1123:
1099:
1058:
1031:
1006:
964:
893:, 1947
891:Dachau
498:Belzig
426:Dachau
373:Gdańsk
350:Gdańsk
102:guard
43:, pl.
2754:NDR.
2332:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
1091:(in)
838:Vught
361:kapos
157:Reich
132:Celle
130:, in
89:Vught
61:from
2923:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2861:2014
2828:2014
2741:2022
2707:2022
2626:2022
2486:help
2460:ISBN
2343:2022
2312:2022
1327:2022
1195:2022
1148:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1004:ISBN
962:ISBN
57:and
793:In
671:In
631:Hof
557:At
503:In
367:on
292:Hof
116:of
2957::
2845:.
2817:.
2798:.
2758:.
2732:.
2698:.
2642:.
2617:.
2478::
2476:}}
2472:{{
2442:^
2393:.
2382:^
2372:.
2334:.
2320:^
2303:.
2269:^
2203:^
2169:,
2134:^
2081:^
1910:.
1828:^
1799:^
1783:^
1742:^
1671:.
1652:.
1633:.
1530:.
1518:^
1439:.
1401:^
1384:^
1356::
1318:.
1225:.
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