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Two views of the Auger process. (a) illustrates sequentially the steps involved in Auger deexcitation. An incident electron (or photon) creates a core hole in the 1s level. An electron from the 2s level fills in the 1s hole and the transition energy is imparted to a 2p electron which is emitted. The
204:
of energy from a radiationless transition. Further investigation, and theoretical work using elementary quantum mechanics and transition rate/transition probability calculations, showed that the effect was a radiationless effect more than an internal conversion effect.
142:
or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons that result as a function of the Auger electron energy. The resulting spectra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment.
168:
The Auger effect can impact biological molecules such as DNA. Following the K-shell ionization of the component atoms of DNA, Auger electrons are ejected leading to damage of its sugar-phosphate backbone.
719:
348:
Akinari Yokoya & Takashi Ito (2017) Photon-induced Auger effect in biological systems: a review,International
Journal of Radiation Biology, 93:8, 743–756, DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1312670
756:
200:
electrons. The observation of electron tracks that were independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused from an
100:. For light atoms (Z<12), this energy is most often transferred to a valence electron which is subsequently ejected from the atom. This second ejected electron is called an
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from which the Auger electron was ejected. These energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located.
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181:, an Austrian-Swedish physicist, as a side effect in her competitive search for the nuclear beta electrons with the British physicist
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final atomic state thus has two holes, one in the 2s orbital and the other in the 2p orbital. (b) illustrates the same process using
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experiment and it became the central part of his PhD work. High-energy X-rays were applied to ionize gas particles and observe
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is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of
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Duparc, Olivier
Hardouin (2009). "Pierre Auger – Lise Meitner: Comparative contributions to the Auger effect".
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L. Meitner (1922). "Über die
Entstehung der β-Strahl-Spektren radioaktiver Substanzen".
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of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial
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104:. For heavier atomic nuclei, the release of the energy in the form of an emitted
72:
157:(electron-hole pair) can recombine giving up their energy to an electron in the
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117:
25:
469:"The Theory of Auger Transitions". Chattarji, D., Academic Press, London, 1976
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1503:
1447:
1107:
699:
328:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
266:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
214:
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involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either
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Sur les rayons β secondaires produits dans un gaz par des rayons X
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The Auger emission process was observed and published in 1922 by
474:
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19:
1533:
544:
105:
97:
192:
independently discovered it in 1923 upon analysis of a Wilson
56:
519:
505:
139:
1518:
85:
59:
50:
456:"The Auger Effect and Other Radiationless Transitions".
161:, increasing its energy. The reverse effect is known as
80:
is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an
53:
1638:
1380:Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
1083:Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
280:
966:
490:
416:International Journal of Materials Research
220:Charge carrier generation and recombination
973:
959:
497:
483:
357:
149:is a similar Auger effect which occurs in
18:
980:
460:, Cambridge Monographs on Physics, 1952
1639:
413:
954:
478:
286:
88:is accompanied by the emission of an
71:
1619:
13:
325:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
297:10.1016/B978-0-12-091650-4.50011-6
263:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
14:
1668:
1016:Timeline of microscope technology
504:
108:becomes gradually more probable.
1618:
1607:
1606:
46:
1375:Precession electron diffraction
291:. Academic Press. p. 156.
463:
450:
407:
404:, C.R.A.S. 177 (1923) 169–171.
394:
351:
342:
313:
251:
1:
245:
1652:Foundational quantum physics
172:
7:
208:
136:Auger electron spectroscopy
92:from the same atom. When a
10:
1673:
1360:Immune electron microscopy
1278:Annular dark-field imaging
1093:Everhart–Thornley detector
769:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
657:Anomalous X-ray scattering
1602:
1547:
1514:Hitachi High-Technologies
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1405:
1398:
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124:into the vacancy and the
111:
1539:Thermo Fisher Scientific
1365:Geometric phase analysis
1253:Aberration-Corrected TEM
596:Synchrotron light source
230:Coster–Kronig transition
1288:Charge contrast imaging
1098:Field electron emission
615:Interaction with matter
574:Sources and instruments
338:10.1351/goldbook.A00521
276:10.1351/goldbook.A00520
1478:Thomas Eugene Everhart
747:Diffraction tomography
240:Radiative Auger effect
183:Charles Drummond Ellis
37:
1657:Electron spectroscopy
1483:Vernon Ellis Cosslett
1303:Dark-field microscopy
858:X-ray crystallography
727:Soft x-ray microscopy
695:Panoramic radiography
535:Synchrotron radiation
188:The French physicist
122:electronic transition
69:French pronunciation:
22:
1488:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1138:Correlative light EM
1047:Electron diffraction
627:Photoelectric effect
560:Characteristic X-ray
225:Characteristic X-ray
78:Auger−Meitner effect
1453:Manfred von Ardenne
1438:Gerasimos Danilatos
1345:Electron tomography
1340:Electron holography
1283:Cathodoluminescence
1062:Secondary electrons
1052:Electron scattering
996:Electron microscopy
982:Electron microscopy
647:Photodisintegration
622:Rayleigh scattering
601:Free-electron laser
428:2009IJMR..100.1162H
372:1922ZPhy....9..131M
202:internal conversion
190:Pierre Victor Auger
147:Auger recombination
116:Upon ejection, the
16:Physical phenomenon
1575:Digital Micrograph
1181:Environmental SEM
1103:Field emission gun
1067:X-ray fluorescence
888:X-ray reflectivity
667:X-ray fluorescence
632:Compton scattering
565:High-energy X-rays
436:10.3139/146.110163
380:10.1007/BF01326962
153:. An electron and
38:
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1598:
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1468:Nestor J. Zaluzec
1463:Maximilian Haider
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943:
936:X-ray lithography
868:Backscatter X-ray
863:X-ray diffraction
690:X-ray radiography
662:X-ray diffraction
555:Siegbahn notation
306:978-0-12-091650-4
163:impact ionization
126:ionization energy
73:[ˈ/o.ʒe/]
1664:
1622:
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1610:
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1418:Bodo von Borries
1403:
1402:
1163:Photoemission EM
1126:
1125:
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968:
961:
952:
951:
774:X-ray holography
680:
679:
652:Radiation damage
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422:(9): 1162–1166.
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235:Electron capture
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1473:Ondrej Krivanek
1394:
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1167:
1153:Liquid-Phase EM
1117:
1076:Instrumentation
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1029:
1020:
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924:X-ray astronomy
912:
844:
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779:X-ray telescope
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642:Photoionization
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606:X-ray nanoprobe
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525:Absorption edge
513:Characteristics
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159:conduction band
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1580:Direct methods
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1428:Ernst G. Bauer
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458:Burhop, E.H.S.
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366:(1): 131–144.
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330:Auger electron
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151:semiconductors
130:electron shell
118:kinetic energy
113:
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102:Auger electron
84:vacancy of an
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29:
26:X-ray notation
15:
9:
6:
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1504:Carl Zeiss AG
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1448:James Hillier
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1201:Ultrafast SEM
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1189:
1187:
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1174:
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1158:Low-energy EM
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1108:Magnetic lens
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1060:
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1057:Kikuchi lines
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700:Tomosynthesis
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530:Moseley's law
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506:X-ray science
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215:Auger therapy
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198:photoelectric
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194:cloud chamber
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155:electron hole
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94:core electron
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43:
27:
21:
1623:
1611:
1565:EM Data Bank
1529:Nion Company
1423:Dennis Gabor
1413:Albert Crewe
1191:Confocal SEM
1088:Electron gun
1037:Auger effect
1036:
798:Spectroscopy
742:Ptychography
676:Applications
637:Auger effect
636:
540:Water window
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268:Auger effect
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187:
179:Lise Meitner
176:
167:
145:
134:
115:
101:
77:
42:Auger effect
41:
39:
1509:FEI Company
1443:Harald Rose
1433:Ernst Ruska
1122:Microscopes
1030:with matter
1028:interaction
591:Synchrotron
287:Berkowitz.
82:inner-shell
1641:Categories
1590:Multislice
1406:Developers
1266:Techniques
1011:Microscope
1006:Micrograph
850:Scattering
715:Helical CT
581:X-ray tube
400:P. Auger:
246:References
1458:Max Knoll
1113:Stigmator
444:229164774
388:121637546
173:Discovery
1613:Category
1560:CrysTBox
1548:Software
1219:Cryo-TEM
1026:Electron
586:Betatron
209:See also
128:for the
90:electron
1625:Commons
1273:4D STEM
1246:4D STEM
1224:Cryo-ET
1196:SEM-XRF
1186:CryoSEM
1143:Cryo-EM
1001:History
929:History
683:Imaging
424:Bibcode
368:Bibcode
360:Z. Phys
1570:EMsoft
1555:CASINO
1534:TESCAN
1399:Others
1298:cryoEM
989:Basics
917:Others
878:GISAXS
550:L-edge
545:K-edge
442:
386:
303:
140:X-rays
112:Effect
106:photon
98:energy
1524:Leica
1370:PINEM
1236:HRTEM
1231:EFTEM
908:EDXRD
830:XANES
825:EXAFS
815:ARPES
762:3DXRD
520:X-ray
440:S2CID
384:S2CID
320:IUPAC
258:IUPAC
76:) or
1585:IUCr
1519:JEOL
1390:WBDF
1385:WDXS
1335:EBIC
1330:EELS
1325:ECCI
1313:EBSD
1293:CBED
1241:STEM
893:RIXS
883:WAXS
873:SAXS
784:DFXM
752:XDCT
737:STXM
732:XPCI
720:XACT
301:ISBN
86:atom
40:The
28:, KL
1355:FEM
1350:FIB
1318:TKD
1308:EDS
1211:TEM
1173:SEM
1148:EMP
898:XRS
840:XFH
835:EDS
820:AES
810:XPS
805:XAS
789:DXA
757:DCT
705:CDI
432:doi
420:100
376:doi
334:doi
332:".
293:doi
272:doi
270:".
34:2,3
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1130:EM
903:XS
710:CT
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