180:; according to Kodock, South Korea and Cameroon had similar GDPs in the 1960s, but South Korea had since then made vast strides, developing a prosperous and modern economy, while Cameroon, still deeply impoverished, was no longer even remotely comparable. He stressed the importance of unity and cooperation among Cameroonians and the need for "a new spirit to build this country". Recalling that the UPC had been founded with three goals—independence, national unity, and the achievement of a high standard of living—Kodock noted that the last of those goals was still distant, while emphasizing the importance of national unity in achieving it. He also bemoaned Cameroon's reliance on imports and its failure to take advantage of its own resources, and he said that Cameroon needed to find the will to develop its economy.
204:
level that it was no longer politically useful to include him; his age may have also been a factor (he was then 74 years old). In the re-vote held in Nyong-et-Kelle on
September 30, the UPC list headed by Kodock was defeated by the RDPC list, receiving about 40% of the vote against 55% for the RDPC, according to provisional results. UPC factionalism was considered a factor contributing to the defeat, with Kodock's rival Henri Hogbé Nlend calling for people to vote for the RDPC; additionally, some in the UPC reportedly declined to vote for Kodock because they felt it was time for new leadership in the party. Kodock appealed to the Supreme Court for the RDPC list to be disqualified and for the revote to be annulled, but the Supreme Court rejected his request on October 10.
110:, the UPC Parliamentary Group signed an agreement to support Biya on 28 September 1992. Kodock's decision to support Biya was an important development, as it gave Biya a political boost at a crucial moment and buttressed his precarious parliamentary majority. By drawing Kodock over to his side, Biya may have also hoped to fuel factionalism within the UPC and thereby weaken the party as a political force. Ultimately, Biya narrowly won the presidential election with a plurality of the vote, according to the controversial official results; subsequently he appointed Kodock to the government as Minister of State for Planning and Regional Development on 27 November 1992.
165:, Kodock was again re-elected to the National Assembly from Nyong-et-Kelle constituency; the UPC list of three candidates in Nyong-et-Kelle received a narrow majority over the RDPC, with 50.80% of the vote. Following the election, Kodock briefly presided over the National Assembly prior to the election of its bureau due to his status as the oldest member of the National Assembly at age 69. He was then appointed as Minister of State for Agriculture in the government named on August 24, 2002, thus returning to the government after five years of absence from it. He and the UPC-K supported Biya in the
200:, saying that he believed it was important that a minister in the government obtain popular legitimacy through election to a parliamentary seat. However, Kodock was defeated according to initial results. He filed a request for the election in his district, Nyong-et-Kelle (which he described as his party's "natural stronghold"), to be cancelled, alleging fraud on the part of RDPC candidates. In August, the Supreme Court accordingly cancelled the election in Nyong-et-Kelle, giving Kodock another opportunity to win the seat when the election was held again.
125:, which was favored by some Anglophone Cameroonians; in 1993, he said that "linguistic fractioning brought about by colonisation cannot determine the future course of our country. The return of Anglophone Cameroon and the unification are the greatest achievements of Cameroon since independence." At around the same time, he filed a defamation suit against staff at two newspapers,
42:, he was appointed to the government as Minister of State for Planning and Regional Development from 1992 to 1994 and then as Minister of State for Agriculture from 1994 to 1997. Subsequently, he was again Minister of State for Agriculture from 2002 to 2004 and Minister of State for Planning from 2004 to 2007.
228:
that he was insulted by the family's decision to exclude him. Ntumazah's family, on the other hand, argued that the decision was appropriate because Kodock had ignored
Ntumazah during the years of illness that preceded his death; they claimed that Kodock had never phoned to inquire about Ntumazah's health.
157:
On
January 13, 2001, Kodock and various other party leaders participated in an unauthorized protest in Yaoundé against the National Election Observatory, believing that it would not be an impartial body. The protest was dispersed by security forces, and Kodock, along with the other party leaders, was
62:
for about six months as
Director of External Economic Relations and subsequently was Director of Economic Orientation. He also coordinated the preparation of Cameroon's first five-year plan, and from 1963 to 1965 he served in the government as Secretary of State for Finance; he was then appointed as
136:
The UPC was divided by internal disagreements during the 1990s. Kodock's moderate faction, which was allied to the RDPC, emerged from the intraparty struggles as the dominant faction, although it was opposed by the party's more radical members. In 1996, the UPC split into different factions, one of
227:
Following the death of veteran UPC leader Ndeh
Ntumazah in early 2010, Ntumazah's family refused to allow Kodock to speak at his funeral. Although Kodock and Ntumazah had once been rivals within the UPC, Kodock described Ntumazah as "a long-time friend" and "a comrade of the struggle", and he said
211:
Although summoned to appear before State
Counsel at the Mfoudi High Court on June 17, 2008, as part of an investigation regarding embezzlement of public funds, Kodock refused to appear, denouncing the investigation as a smear campaign against him. At a press conference on January 30, 2009, Kodock
203:
Kodock remained
Minister of State for Planning until he was dismissed from the government in a cabinet reshuffle on September 7, 2007. Kodock then denounced Biya for allegedly killing democracy. It was believed that Kodock was excluded from the government because his support had fallen to such a
223:
On April 10, 2009, at a celebration marking the 61st anniversary of the UPC's founding, Kodock called for party unity; he described the UPC as "the immortal soul of the
Cameroonian people" and warned that those dividing it were "cursed". On the same occasion, he stressed the need for political
212:
said that 2008 had been a disappointing year for the economy, which he attributed to poor governance. He criticized the country's leaders for allegedly enriching themselves at the expense of the general population and failing to make productive use of money made available through
224:
dialogue and said that patriots should mobilize and work for the improvement of living standards in
Cameroon. He also said that "the only way of honoring the sacrifices of the founding fathers of the UPC is to make Cameroon a model in the Central African Sub-region".
207:
Kodock criticized the
National Elections Observatory's generally positive report on the 2007 election, which was published on July 31, 2008; according to Kodock, the election in Nyong-et-Kelle had been blatantly rigged through vote-buying, intimidation, and violence.
187:
on December 5–7, 2006, Kodock said that he saw no real hope that Cameroon could meet the goals by 2015. He was re-elected as Secretary-General of the UPC-Kodock faction at a congress on December 30–31, 2006; he also gained stronger powers at the congress.
952:
242:
Shortly after the rejection of his presidential candidacy, Kodock, who was still Secretary-General of the UPC, died on 24 October 2011 at the age of 78. He was buried at Mom village, his birthplace, on 17 December 2011.
133:, for reporting that an official at his ministry was embezzling money. Continuing to serve in the government, he was moved to the position of Minister of State for Agriculture on July 21, 1994.
141:. Kodock's faction held a congress at Makak in 1996, at which he was re-elected as secretary-general. He was also re-elected to the National Assembly from Nyong-et-Kelle constituency in the
310:"Cameroon: Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (Union des populations du Cameroun, UPC), particularly its structure, membership card and the treatment of its members by government authorities"
216:. He also accused the government of assisting Hogbé Nlend's UPC faction as a means of weakening the party. However, he refrained from denouncing the composition of the newly appointed
973:
169:, citing Biya's accomplishments as President. After that election, he was moved to the position of Minister of State for Planning in the government named on December 8, 2004.
477:
145:
and was the only UPC candidate to win a seat. After the election, he was excluded from the government that was formed on December 7, 1997, in which a rival UPC leader,
38:
in the mid-1980s, he participated in the beginnings of multiparty politics in the early 1990s, becoming Secretary-General of the UPC. Allying himself with President
1003:
927:
322:
58:
of Cameroon, in 1933. Following independence in 1960, he became Deputy Director of Economic Affairs at the Ministry of Finance in 1961; he was then posted in
1049:
121:
in 1972; he believed that national unity, facilitated by a strong central government, was crucial to the development of Cameroon. He denounced the notion of
279:
1044:
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436:
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detained for five hours. According to Kodock, the Observatory's neutrality was doubtful because its members were all appointed by President Biya.
524:
239:
to be treated for illness. Kodock was ultimately unable to stand as a presidential candidate because the authorities rejected his application.
220:(ELECAM) electoral commission, unlike some opposition leaders, saying that ELECAM should be given a chance and judged on its performance.
106:, who was facing strong opposition in 1992, sought to improve his position by dividing and weakening the opposition. Two weeks before the
67:
from 1968 to 1980 and was appointed as Technical Adviser to Cameroon's Ministry of Finance in 1982. He was President Director-General of
1054:
475:"U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2001 - Cameroon", United States Department of State, March 4, 2002.
87:
In 1991, Kodock was elected as Secretary-General of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) at its Nkongsamba congress, and in the
715:
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542:
72:
810:
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At Nyong-et-Kelle on 30 April 2011, amidst continued UPC factionalism, Kodock was designated as his faction's candidate for the
232:
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107:
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30:(UPC-K faction) from 1991 to 2011. He worked in Cameroon's state administration during the 1960s and then worked at the
1007:
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27:
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Director of Litigation and Studies at the Ministry of Territorial Administration in 1965. Later, he worked at the
283:
478:"UNHCR | Refworld | U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2001 - Cameroon"
501:
92:
176:
on 1 September 2006, Kodock discussed the lack of economic development in Cameroon. He described a visit to
95:
as a UPC candidate in Nyong-et-Kelle constituency. In the National Assembly, he became President of the UPC
184:
432:
51:
379:
Negotiating an Anglophone Identity: A Study of the Politics of Recognition and Representation in Cameroon
520:
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31:
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71:(CAMAIR) from May 1984 to September 1985, and he participated in the founding congress of the
993:
Jean De Dieu Bidias, "Obsèques : Augustin Fréderic Kodock quitte définitivement l'Upc",
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Kodock ran again as a UPC candidate for re-election to the National Assembly in the
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377:, June 9–16, 1993, page 6, cited in Piet Konings and Francis B. Nyamnjoh,
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808:"Contentieux post-électoral des législatives partielles : sans surprise"
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749:"Cameroon: Despite Cabinet Reshuffle Northerners Still Gun for Inoni's Job"
236:
540:"Augustin Frédéric Kodock, Président provisoire de l'Assemblée nationale"
177:
405:
African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads
365:(1997), eds. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 171–172.
122:
597:"Le gouvernement camerounais inquiet par rapport à l'atteinte des OMD"
103:
39:
113:
As Secretary-General of the UPC, Kodock was a firm supporter of the
23:
76:
59:
502:"Les membres de l'ONEL prêtent serment devant la cour suprême"
361:
Joseph Takougang, "Cameroon: Biya and Incremental Reform", in
953:"Présidentielle 2011: Les caïmans ne tombent pas les masques"
738:, British Border & Immigration Agency, January 16, 2008.
693:"Cameroun: Augustin Frédéric Kodock - Il sacoche au serpent"
641:"More than 1200 candidates vie for 180 MP seats in Cameroon"
870:"Late Marthe Moumie Was No Longer a UPC Militant - Kodock"
183:
At a workshop held to assess progress towards meeting the
974:"Cameroun : les grands absents de la présidentielle"
50:
Kodock was born at Mom village in the Makak District of
887:"Kodock promet la malédiction aux détracteurs de l'Upc"
656:"Deux ministres camerounais candidats aux législatives"
45:
766:"Elections partielles: Le Rdpc confirme sa suprématie"
312:, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, May 2005.
82:
925:"Les enfants Ntumazah accusent Kodock de blasphème"
787:"Nyong et Kellé : Le glas a sonné pour Kodock"
191:
79:in 1985, as a member of its Transport Commission.
673:"Cameroun: Aujourd'hui, dernier délai de recours"
1026:
736:"Country of Origin Information Report: Cameroon"
614:"partis politiques: Ils s'éternisent au pouvoir"
22:(March 1, 1933 – October 24, 2011) was a
908:"UPC Advocates Political Dialogue in Cameroon"
564:"Election 2004: CPDM Patiently Awaits Results"
581:"Cameroon Lacks The Will To Develop - Kodock"
149:, was named Minister of Scientific Research.
1050:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon politicians
456:"Coalition: Antar Gassagay quitte le navire"
34:through the 1970s. After a stint as head of
26:politician who was Secretary-General of the
1045:Members of the National Assembly (Cameroon)
152:
836:"Opposition Says NEO Report is Fallacious"
516:
514:
599:, African Press Agency, December 7, 2006
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403:Milton H. Krieger and Joseph Takougang,
355:
722:, cameroon-info.net, September 7, 2007
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649:
511:
428:
426:
137:which was led by Kodock and another by
1027:
658:, African Press Agency, July 15, 2007
363:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
235:. A few months later, he was taken to
643:, African Press Agency, June 1, 2007.
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108:11 October 1992 presidential election
73:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
646:
549:, Cameroon-info.net, August 1, 2007
423:
46:Background and administrative career
747:Kini Nsom and Nformi Sonde Kinsai,
13:
296:at Cameroonian government website
253:
233:October 2011 presidential election
167:October 2004 presidential election
14:
1066:
1055:Agriculture ministers of Cameroon
407:(2000), Westview Press, page 160.
117:, which was created by President
89:March 1992 parliamentary election
83:Political career during the 1990s
198:July 2007 parliamentary election
163:June 2002 parliamentary election
28:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
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418:Communism in History and Theory
192:Political activities after 2006
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1:
504:, Panapress, 26 October 2001
342:"Etre ou ne pas être du RDPC"
280:"Curriculum vitae for Kodock"
246:
185:Millennium Development Goals
172:Speaking at a conference in
7:
143:1997 parliamentary election
10:
1071:
439:February 14, 2010, at the
340:Jean-Pierre Biyiti Essam,
853:"Kodock Woos State Anger"
52:Nyong-et-Kellé Department
153:Return to the government
65:African Development Bank
32:African Development Bank
20:Augustin Frédéric Kodock
713:"Remaniement: La Vidéo"
527:August 2, 2005, at the
324:Kamerun in der Ära Biya
951:Georges Alain Boyomo,
764:Aimé-Francis Amougou,
697:Le Quotidien Mutations
671:Aimé-Francis Amougou,
460:La Nouvelle Expression
390:George B. N. Ayittey,
127:La Nouvelle Expression
91:he was elected to the
16:Cameroonian politician
885:Pierre-Marie Djongo,
785:Jean Francis Belibi,
755:, September 13, 2007.
521:2002 election results
433:1997 election results
286:on September 27, 2007
923:Rodrigue N. Tongue,
462:, December 11, 2004
997:, 19 December 2011
906:Emmanuel Kendemeh,
876:, February 6, 2009.
821:, October 11, 2007
627:, January 26, 2007
587:, 4 September 2006.
570:, October 18, 2004.
562:Emmanuel Kendemeh,
348:, January 16, 2009
97:Parliamentary Group
972:Clarisse Juompan,
930:2010-04-08 at the
868:Daniel Gwarbarah,
813:2007-10-13 at the
793:, October 2, 2007
772:, October 2, 2007
718:2007-09-28 at the
699:, August 10, 2007
619:2007-02-05 at the
579:Francis Tim Mbom,
545:2002-08-06 at the
484:on October 9, 2012
218:Elections Cameroon
980:, 3 October 2011
914:, April 14, 2009.
893:, April 13, 2009
420:(2002), page 115.
416:Donald F. Busky,
394:(1999), page 233.
381:(2003), page 159.
327:(1993), page 269
214:debt cancellation
147:Henri Hogbé Nlend
93:National Assembly
69:Cameroon Airlines
54:, located in the
36:Cameroon Airlines
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75:(RDPC), held in
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1040:2011 deaths
1035:1933 births
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895:(in French)
891:Le Messager
851:Kini Nsom,
834:Kini Nsom,
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178:South Korea
24:Cameroonian
1029:Categories
1014:2012-01-04
1004:"Cameroun"
488:2009-09-20
375:The Herald
247:References
123:federalism
102:President
995:Mutations
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290:August 3,
104:Paul Biya
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174:Limbe
292:2012
129:and
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