34:
733:. The report stated that "Of the 37 occurrences, 18 were made during the Bush Administration, and 19 have been made during the Obama Administration." The countries that were mentioned in the report included Afghanistan, Cuba (Guantanamo Bay), Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, the Philippines, Somalia, Syria and Yemen.
701:, said that âWhat the Biden team is doing is consistent with what weâve seen now in three prior administrations, but itâs, to me, inconsistent with the intent of Congressâ and called on the administration to "submit a new authorization for the use of military force". Some Republicans supported the strikes, with Senator
717:
The AUMF has also been cited by a wide variety of US officials as justification for continuing US military actions all over the world. Often the phrase "Al-Qaeda and associated forces" has been used by these officials. However, that phrase does not appear in the AUMF, but is instead an interpretation
483:
included language granting the power "to deter and preempt any future acts of terrorism or aggression against the United States." Members were concerned that this would provide "a blank check to go anywhere, anytime, against anyone the Bush administration or any subsequent administration deemed
280:
on
September 18, 2001. Since its passage in 2001, U.S. Presidents have interpreted their authority under the AUMF to extend beyond al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan to apply to numerous other groups as well as other geographic locales, due to the act's omission of any specific
523:, D-CA. Lee was the only member of either house of Congress to vote against the bill. Lee opposed the wording of the AUMF, not the action it represented. She believed that a response was necessary but feared the vagueness of the document was similar to the 1964
566:
as constituted and thus illegal. The Court held that
President George W. Bush did not have the authority to set up the war crimes tribunals and finding the special military commissions illegal under both military justice law and the Geneva Conventions.
2020:
271:
the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the
September 11 attacks, or who harbored said persons or groups. The AUMF was passed by the
2876:
2013:
2409:
1348:
416:
attacks that occurred on
September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or
764:
criticized the Biden
Administration's unilateral strikes as setting a "very dangerous precedent", urging Biden to first seek separate Congressional Authorization rather than using the AUMF. Republican Senators
736:
An updated
Congressional Research Service report, published February 16, 2018, documented 2 additional citations of the AUMF by the Obama Administration and 2 citations of the AUMF by the Trump Administration.
1525:
1439:
1397:
625:
of the AUMF to that point had overstepped the authorized powers of the final, enacted version of the bill so as to more closely resemble the capabilities named in this draft text rejected by
Congress.
1543:
412:(a) IN GENERAL- That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the
352:
to unilaterally launch military operations across the world without any congressional oversight or transparency for more than two decades. Between 2018-20 alone, US forces initiated what it labelled "
1611:
2275:
807:
637:
approved
Barbara Lee's amendment to end the 2001 authorization within 240 days. This would have forced debate on a replacement authorization, but the amendment was removed from the bill by the
729:
According to a report by the
Congressional Research Service, published May 11, 2016, at that time the 2001 AUMF had been cited 37 times in connection with actions in 14 countries and on the
2542:
381:
Whereas, such acts render it both necessary and appropriate that the United States exercise its rights to self-defense and to protect United States citizens both at home and abroad; and
1911:
709:, saying "I donât think the president needs a law passed by Congress in order to target terrorists who are posing a threat to the United States, no matter where they are in the world".
1152:
2993:
1903:
2687:
2006:
390:
Whereas, the
President has authority under the Constitution to take action to deter and prevent acts of international terrorism against the United States: Now, therefore, be it
682:
2940:
2604:
2970:
1063:
2078:
492:
On September 14, 2001, Senate Joint Resolution 23 passed in the Senate by roll call vote. The totals in the Senate were: 98 Ayes, 0 Nays, 2 Present/Not Voting (Senators
2926:
2721:
2643:
2588:
1746:
433:, the Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution.
289:
and other militant groups. Today, the full list of actors the U.S. military is fighting or believes itself authorized to fight under the 2001 AUMF is classified.
20:
1862:
1529:
1443:
1401:
819:
723:
606:, in which Congress "affirms" presidential authority for indefinite detention under the AUMF and makes specific provisions as to the exercise of that authority.
603:
785:
introduced the "End Endless Wars Act" Bill in June 2023, seeking the repeal of the 2001 AUMF. According to Rand Paul, the 2001 AUMF has been used to justify a "
2947:
2890:
2574:
2224:
1638:
1479:
1457:
285:. In December 2016, the Office of the President published a brief interpreting the AUMF as providing Congressional authorization for the use of force against
3088:
2728:
1547:
1226:
585:
448:
3068:
2698:
2402:
2351:
2340:
1990:
2099:
1783:
1253:
44:
Joint Resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States
3048:
2157:
1818:
656:
622:
1502:
1416:
1374:
2493:
2113:
2106:
2050:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
19:
This article is about a joint resolution of the United States Congress passed in September 2001. For other similarly titled joint resolutions, see
718:
of the 2001 AUMF by U.S. Presidents Bush, Obama, and Trump. The U.S. government has formally used the term in litigation, including a March 2009
2071:
1755:
2825:
2795:
2444:
2085:
2057:
1855:
387:
Whereas, such acts continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States; and
2486:
2217:
2150:
2029:
1144:
384:
Whereas, in light of the threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States posed by these grave acts of violence; and
3083:
2853:
2832:
2765:
2472:
2231:
2120:
2064:
3063:
3058:
2779:
2680:
2388:
2092:
1848:
1584:
745:
The 2001 AUMF has been widely perceived as a bill that grants the President powers to unilaterally wage perpetual "worldwide wars". Both
476:
2818:
2360:
1631:
1576:
986:
374:
To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States.
1040:
356:" activities in 85 countries. Of these, the 2001 AUMF has been used to launch classified military campaigns in at least 22 countries.
2908:
2772:
2395:
1827:
1690:
1669:
1656:
904:"Report on the Legal and Policy Frameworks Guiding the United States' Use of Military Force and Related National Security Operations"
3078:
2296:
2173:
1869:
512:
1074:
678:, testified in June 2021 that "2001 AUMF is the one we need to hang on toâŠit is the critical one for us to continue operations".
3000:
2977:
2737:
1885:
1790:
1762:
790:
2897:
2650:
2507:
1876:
1804:
1797:
638:
1174:
2869:
2437:
2196:
1811:
1683:
1624:
1606:
842:
460:
442:(2) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER REQUIREMENTS- Nothing in this resolution supersedes any requirement of the War Powers Resolution.
378:
Whereas, on September 11, 2001, acts of treacherous violence were committed against the United States and its citizens; and
2245:
1676:
1834:
1254:"Trump approves wider Syria oil-protection mission, raising questions on whether U.S. troops can launch strikes in region"
2659:
2458:
2136:
571:
454:
850:, United States Constitution Art. 1, Sect. 8, Clause 11, which vests in the Congress the exclusive power to declare war.
2811:
2707:
2268:
1769:
698:
551:
188:
128:
3053:
2595:
2381:
1841:
1594:
1201:
1104:
903:
1487:
1465:
1267:
2430:
750:
746:
147:
3073:
2984:
2802:
2744:
2666:
2129:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1776:
244:
116:
108:
2956:
2839:
2673:
2636:
2558:
2465:
2374:
2289:
634:
555:
349:
268:
1012:
519:. The totals in the House of Representatives were 420 ayes, 1 nay and 10 not voting. The sole nay vote was by
2860:
2751:
2479:
706:
559:
541:
2567:
2521:
2319:
2164:
1647:
929:
273:
66:
1064:"The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: A Comprehensive Look at Where and How it Has Been Used"
1041:"The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: A Comprehensive Look at Where and How it Has Been Used"
394:
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
2535:
2326:
1926:
1510:
1424:
1382:
690:
240:
101:
3025:
3016:
2963:
2514:
958:
260:
228:
89:
2919:
2758:
2627:
524:
2620:
2333:
1564:
1568:
2933:
237:
98:
1589:
1544:"Senators Continue Efforts to Return War Powers to Congress, Introduce the End Endless Wars Act"
2883:
2423:
890:
256:
1526:"Republican Senators Introduce Bill to Repeal 2001 Law, Ending Authorization for Endless Wars"
1440:"Republican Senators Introduce Bill to Repeal 2001 Law, Ending Authorization for Endless Wars"
1398:"Republican Senators Introduce Bill to Repeal 2001 Law, Ending Authorization for Endless Wars"
1291:
1013:"Congress may repeal the post-9/11 act the US military used to justify the fight against ISIS"
473:
2551:
2312:
2305:
834:
719:
675:
662:, as the Trump administration sought legal authorization to maintain a presence in the area.
430:
33:
2210:
2187:
2180:
1616:
1048:
754:
264:
868:
789:, all the time, everywhere, forever." Mike Braun criticized the 2001 AUMF for authorizing
8:
509:
2846:
2143:
2043:
610:
563:
546:
282:
197:
2581:
2203:
2036:
1110:
1100:
847:
403:
This joint resolution may be cited as the 'Authorization for Use of Military Force'.
317:
1017:
987:"House panel votes to repeal war authorization for fight against ISIS and al Qaeda"
824:
659:
353:
304:
252:
2611:
2416:
1572:
1179:
813:
618:
598:
516:
480:
209:
1480:"'A very dangerous precedent': Democrats take aim at Biden's Somalia airstrikes"
1458:"'A very dangerous precedent': Democrats take aim at Biden's Somalia airstrikes"
1268:"'A very dangerous precedent': Democrats take aim at Biden's Somalia airstrikes"
1227:"Senators Propose Legislation To Update Authorities Used To Fight Terror Abroad"
2786:
1322:
614:
277:
177:
1126:
3042:
2714:
2254:
1999:
1601:
1114:
686:
429:(1) SPECIFIC STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION- Consistent with section 8(a)(1) of the
655:
In November 2019, the AUMF was supposed to be grounds for the occupation of
2238:
1919:
1231:
761:
581:
151:
1595:
White House - President Signs Authorization for Use of Military Force bill
1308:
633:
On June 29, 2017, a group of libertarian Republicans and Democrats on the
2528:
2500:
2451:
2367:
830:
782:
702:
671:
576:
520:
497:
493:
313:
309:
308:
has reported that the AUMF has been used to allow military deployment in
297:
293:
203:
167:
143:
248:
120:
1096:
808:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002
786:
778:
694:
649:
1145:"2001 AUMF: The Controversial Truth Behind America's Never-Ending War"
292:
The only representative to vote against the Authorization in 2001 was
1579:
794:
766:
730:
645:
413:
793:
to unilaterally wage foreign wars without any consultation with the
2282:
1304:
774:
770:
333:
325:
300:
giving the government unlimited powers to wage war without debate.
286:
259:
which became law on September 18, 2001, authorizing the use of the
2994:
Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
527:. Lee has initiated several attempts to repeal the authorization.
753:
senators have led calls to repeal the AUMF, especially after the
484:
capable of carrying out an attack" and the language was removed.
345:
337:
49:
1175:"House Committee Approves Repeal of 2001 Military Authorization"
2688:
White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
407:
Section 2 â Authorization For Use of United States Armed Forces
2941:
Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration
869:"S.J.Res. 23 (107th): Authorization for Use of Military Force"
329:
321:
1646:
1311:" In collaboration with Buzzfeed. Reporter, Gregory Johnsen.
1256:. The Globe and Mail Inc. Associated Press. 5 November 2019.
757:'s escalation of military campaigns in Somalia since 2021.
341:
2722:
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
276:
on September 18, 2001, and signed into law by President
820:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012
681:
After the Biden administration conducted airstrikes in
604:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012
296:, who has consistently criticized it since for being a
2891:
Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005
2644:
President's Council on Service and Civic Participation
2575:
Higher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act
1202:"UMF repeal stripped from defense appropriations bill"
2729:
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
2341:
Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007
1599:
596:
In 2012, journalists and activists brought a suit (
229:
90:
3040:
2494:National Security Entry-Exit Registration System
1912:Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)
1503:"GOP Senators Introduce 'End Endless Wars Act'"
1417:"GOP Senators Introduce 'End Endless Wars Act'"
1375:"GOP Senators Introduce 'End Endless Wars Act'"
2826:Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002
2796:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
166:as the H.J.Res.64 on Sept. 14, 2001 (420-
1632:
1090:
985:Herb, Jeremy; Walsh, Deirdre (29 June 2017).
712:
3089:American involvement in the Syrian civil war
2854:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
2833:Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007
2766:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
1346:
1320:
1224:
980:
978:
3069:United States foreign relations legislation
2780:Financial Literacy and Education Commission
2403:Government response to September 11 attacks
2389:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
503:
2819:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
2361:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
1639:
1625:
2773:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
2396:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
2030:JordanâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
1172:
984:
975:
540:The AUMF was unsuccessfully cited by the
3049:Acts of the 107th United States Congress
1610:) is being considered for deletion. See
956:
580:as authority for engaging in electronic
508:On September 14, 2001, the House passed
3001:Water Resources Development Act of 2007
2738:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
1763:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
1565:Authorization for Use of Military Force
1523:
1437:
1395:
1349:"Congressional Research Service Report"
1323:"Congressional Research Service Report"
1199:
724:2012 National Defense Authorization Act
665:
628:
591:
449:Speaker of the House of Representatives
422:(b) War Powers Resolution Requirements-
221:Authorization for Use of Military Force
27:Authorization for Use of Military Force
21:Authorization for Use of Military Force
3041:
2898:Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006
2508:Secondary Security Screening Selection
1062:Savell, Stephanie (14 December 2021).
1061:
1039:Savell, Stephanie (14 December 2021).
1038:
835:Title II of the Patriot Act, entitled
652:proposed several updates to the AUMF.
535:
467:
2438:National Construction Safety Team Act
2197:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
1620:
1091:Erik, Luna; McCormack, Wayne (2015),
740:
2971:MagnusonâStevens Reauthorization Act
2870:Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule
2487:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
1500:
1414:
1372:
1246:
1225:Friedersdorf, Conor (12 June 2018).
1142:
1127:Final Vote Results for Roll Call 342
1004:
952:
950:
927:
921:
3084:Terrorism laws in the United States
2660:Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
2137:Darfur Peace and Accountability Act
641:, and the AUMF remained in effect.
584:without obtaining a warrant of the
570:In 2007, the AUMF was cited by the
455:Vice President of the United States
359:
13:
3059:Causes and prelude of the Iraq War
2812:Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004
2708:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
2079:Dominican RepublicâCentral America
1347:Matthew Weed (February 16, 2018).
1093:Understanding the Law of Terrorism
959:"Putting AUMF Repeal Into Context"
699:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
263:against those responsible for the
234:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
95:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3100:
2382:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
1614:to help reach a consensus. âș
1558:
1010:
947:
588:as required by the Constitution.
2589:Criticism of government response
2568:Higher Education Opportunity Act
2459:President's Surveillance Program
1354:. Congressional Research Service
1328:. Congressional Research Service
1294:, 42 Yale J. Int'l Law 67 (2017)
1173:Desiderio, Andrew (2017-06-29).
930:"GOP: Obama war request is dead"
837:Enhanced Surveillance Procedures
554:ruled that the administration's
348:. The 2001 AUMF has enabled the
267:. The authorization granted the
32:
3079:2001 in international relations
2985:Renewable Identification Number
2803:Forest Land Enhancement Program
2745:Credit Rating Agency Reform Act
2667:Public Service Loan Forgiveness
2445:NIST WTC Disaster Investigation
1580:Statute Compilations collection
1536:
1524:Tasleem, Rafia (10 June 2023).
1517:
1494:
1472:
1450:
1438:Tasleem, Rafia (10 June 2023).
1431:
1408:
1396:Tasleem, Rafia (10 June 2023).
1389:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1297:
1284:
1260:
1218:
1193:
1166:
1155:from the original on 2016-10-12
1136:
1120:
1084:
893:, Just Security, March 15, 2021
142:in the Senate as S.J.Res.23 by
16:Law authorizing military action
3064:War in Afghanistan (2001â2021)
2957:Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
2877:SAFE Transportation Equity Act
2840:Pension Protection Act of 2006
2674:Unborn Victims of Violence Act
2637:Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act
2559:Election Assistance Commission
2466:Terrorist Surveillance Program
2375:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
1870:State funeral of Ronald Reagan
1590:Full text of the law (FindLaw)
1486:. 27 July 2021. Archived from
1464:. 27 July 2021. Archived from
1095:, New Providence, New Jersey:
1055:
1032:
957:Finucane, Brian (2021-06-24).
896:
883:
861:
693:militants, Democratic Senator
635:House Appropriations Committee
1:
2861:Troubled Asset Relief Program
2752:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
2480:Homeland Security Act of 2002
1546:. 8 June 2023. Archived from
1321:Matthew Weed (May 11, 2016).
1131:U.S. House of Representatives
928:Wong, Scott (13 April 2015).
854:
707:Senate Intelligence Committee
542:George W. Bush administration
160:on Sept. 14, 2001 (98-0)
2522:Terrorist Screening Database
2473:NSA warrantless surveillance
2320:H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004
2165:Vision for Space Exploration
1877:State funeral of Gerald Ford
1648:Presidency of George W. Bush
1607:Presidency of George W. Bush
1200:Bertuca, Tony (2017-07-19).
67:107th United States Congress
7:
2543:FISA Amendments Act of 2008
2536:Protect America Act of 2007
2327:L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004
1143:Mian, Rashed (2016-09-14).
800:
189:United States Supreme Court
10:
3105:
2964:Healthy Forests Initiative
2605:Medicare Modernization Act
2515:Terrorist Screening Center
2410:Rescue and recovery effort
2246:August 2001 daily briefing
1863:Presidential proclamations
1501:Snow, Jen (12 June 2023).
1415:Snow, Jen (12 June 2023).
1373:Snow, Jen (12 June 2023).
843:Operation Enduring Freedom
713:Use by the U.S. government
623:Obama Administration's use
530:
474:Senate Joint Resolution 23
261:United States Armed Forces
18:
3010:
2920:Clean Boating Act of 2008
2907:
2759:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2697:
2628:Highly qualified teachers
2350:
2044:Trade promotion authority
1989:
1904:Joint session of Congress
1895:
1664:
1655:
1151:. Morey Publishing, LLC.
697:, a senior member of the
525:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
510:House Joint Resolution 64
487:
195:
187:
135:
126:
107:
85:
80:
72:
61:
48:
40:
31:
3054:2001 in military history
3017:â Clinton administration
2621:No Child Left Behind Act
2334:Secure Fence Act of 2006
1791:Supreme Court candidates
1756:Legislation and programs
1612:templates for discussion
1133:. Accessed 7 April 2007.
891:Legally Sliding into War
504:House of Representatives
2978:Renewable Fuel Standard
2232:Pre-attack intelligence
461:President of the Senate
399:Section 1 â Short Title
3074:Telecommunications law
3026:Obama administration â
2934:Clear Skies Initiative
465:
257:United States Congress
2948:Executive Order 13432
2927:Climate change policy
2552:Help America Vote Act
2313:Executive Order 13470
2306:Executive Order 13355
1784:Judicial appointments
722:brief as well as the
720:Department of Justice
676:Joint Chiefs of Staff
674:, as chairman of the
613:specialist professor
572:Department of Justice
550:(2006), in which the
431:War Powers Resolution
363:
2218:Communication issues
2211:September 11 attacks
1927:Mission Accomplished
1490:on 10 December 2021.
1468:on 10 December 2021.
1011:Woody, Christopher.
755:Biden Administration
705:, vice-chair of the
666:Biden administration
629:Trump administration
592:Obama administration
556:military commissions
472:An initial draft of
265:September 11 attacks
2681:2006 VRA Amendments
2021:by Condoleezza Rice
2007:International trips
1842:Impeachment efforts
564:competent tribunals
536:Bush administration
468:Congressional votes
154:) on Sept. 14, 2001
129:Legislative history
28:
2884:SarbanesâOxley Act
2847:Public Law 110-343
2144:Mexico City policy
1507:Armed Forces Press
1421:Armed Forces Press
1379:Armed Forces Press
741:Efforts for repeal
657:Kurdish-controlled
644:In 2018, Senators
611:constitutional law
552:U.S. Supreme Court
547:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
515:2008-09-16 at the
479:2008-09-16 at the
283:area of operations
198:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
76:September 18, 2001
26:
3036:
3035:
2582:Hurricane Katrina
2225:Military response
2204:USA Freedom Corps
2130:2002 steel tariff
2037:Trade Act of 2002
1985:
1984:
1976:2008 SOTU Address
1969:2007 SOTU Address
1962:2006 SOTU Address
1955:2005 SOTU Address
1948:2004 SOTU Address
1941:2003 SOTU Address
1934:2002 SOTU Address
1849:Executive actions
1770:Email controversy
1149:Long Island Press
1080:on 30 March 2023.
909:. The White House
871:. www.govtrack.us
848:War Powers Clause
773:, voted for it),
370:Joint Resolution
217:
216:
180:on Sept. 18, 2001
158:Passed the Senate
110:Statutes at Large
3096:
3029:
3020:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2623:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2545:
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2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
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2475:
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2454:
2447:
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2405:
2398:
2391:
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2377:
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2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
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2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2116:
2109:
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2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1888:
1886:Obama transition
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1856:Executive orders
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1777:Shoeing incident
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1684:2nd inauguration
1679:
1677:1st inauguration
1672:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1552:
1551:
1550:on 11 June 2023.
1540:
1534:
1533:
1532:on 20 June 2023.
1528:. Archived from
1521:
1515:
1514:
1513:on 12 June 2023.
1509:. Archived from
1498:
1492:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1446:on 20 June 2023.
1442:. Archived from
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:on 12 June 2023.
1423:. Archived from
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:on 20 June 2023.
1400:. Archived from
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:on 12 June 2023.
1381:. Archived from
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1290:Rebecca Ingber,
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1258:
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1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1222:
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1190:
1188:
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1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1073:. Archived from
1068:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:. Archived from
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1018:Business Insider
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
973:
972:
970:
969:
954:
945:
944:
942:
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925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
908:
900:
894:
889:Rebecca Ingber,
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
865:
825:Targeted killing
660:Syrian oilfields
360:Text of the AUMF
305:Business Insider
253:joint resolution
235:
231:
164:Passed the House
131:
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96:
92:
54:
36:
29:
25:
3104:
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2778:
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2764:
2757:
2750:
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2720:
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2699:Economic policy
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
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2642:
2635:
2626:
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2612:Medicare Part D
2610:
2603:
2596:Disaster relief
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2541:
2534:
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2417:9/11 Commission
2415:
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2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
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2352:Domestic policy
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2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2269:Afghanistan War
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:Slovakia summit
2186:
2181:Slovenia summit
2179:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2014:by Colin Powell
2012:
2005:
1998:
1981:
1974:
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1953:
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1939:
1932:
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1803:
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1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
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1302:
1298:
1292:Co-Belligerency
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1266:
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1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1223:
1219:
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1185:
1183:
1180:The Daily Beast
1171:
1167:
1158:
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1137:
1125:
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1107:
1099:, p. 413,
1089:
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1077:
1066:
1060:
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1005:
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857:
814:Hedges v. Obama
803:
795:American public
769:(whose father,
743:
715:
685:to support the
668:
639:Rules Committee
631:
619:Yale Law School
599:Hedges v. Obama
594:
538:
533:
517:Wayback Machine
506:
490:
481:Wayback Machine
470:
362:
233:
210:Hedges v. Obama
183:
174:Signed into law
127:
109:
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62:Enacted by
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3102:
3092:
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2787:Red Flags Rule
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2297:2008 Iraq SOFA
2293:
2290:financial cost
2286:
2279:
2276:2002 Iraq AUMF
2272:
2265:
2251:
2250:
2249:
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2174:Russia summits
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1991:Foreign policy
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615:Bruce Ackerman
602:) against the
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