2022:(himself known as "FDR"). Business and industry also coin acronyms prolifically. The rapid advance of science and technology also drives the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more pronounceable names. One representative example, from the U.S. Navy, is "COMCRUDESPAC", which stands for "commander, cruisers destroyers Pacific"; it is also seen as "ComCruDesPac". Inventors are encouraged to anticipate the formation of acronyms by making new terms "YABA-compatible" ("yet another bloody acronym"), meaning the term's acronym can be pronounced and is not an offensive word: "When choosing a new name, be sure it is 'YABA-compatible'."
2840:") is in general disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals. This is not the case, however, when the abbreviation is understood to describe a plural noun already: For example, "U.S." is short for "United States", but not "United State". In this case, the options for making a possessive form of an abbreviation that is already in its plural form without a final "s" may seem awkward: for example, "U.S.", "U.S.'s", etc. In such instances, possessive abbreviations are often forgone in favor of simple
4067:
3395:
2283:
1545:
248:
4125:
4026:
3461:
3354:
33:
3719:
1667:), and some others, would be abbreviated by their first and last letters, marked with an overline. This was just one of many kinds of conventional scribal abbreviation, used to reduce the time-consuming workload of the scribe and save on valuable writing materials. The same convention is still commonly used in the inscriptions on religious
2041:, and argue that acronyms should be embraced as inevitable, or as innovation that adapts the language to changing circumstances. In this view, the modern practice is just the "proper" English of the current generation of speakers, much like the earlier abbreviation of corporation names on ticker tape or newspapers.
3918:
and forgettable string, albeit faithful to the matching of letters. However, other reasonable critiques have been (1) that it is irresponsible to mention trial acronyms without explaining them at least once by providing the long names somewhere in the document, and (2) that the proliferation of trial
2972:
Where an acronym has linguistically taken on an identity as regular word, the acronym may use normal case rules, e.g. it would appear generally in lower case, but with an initial capital when starting a sentence or when in a title. Once knowledge of the words underlying such an acronym has faded from
9250:
Use all capitals if an abbreviation is pronounced as the individual letters (an initialism): BBC, CEO, US, VAT, etc; if it is an acronym (pronounced as a word) spell out with initial capital, eg Nasa, Nato, Unicef, unless it can be considered to have entered the language as an everyday word, such as
3042:
typically edits to this style (though its official style guide, dating from 2003, still recommends all-caps). The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme. However, it conflicts with conventional
English usage of first-letter upper-casing as
4327:
operational vertical sounder"; and TIROS is "Television infrared observational satellite". Fully expanded, "RARS" might thus become "Regional
Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service", which would produce the much more unwieldy acronym
2820:
A particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than the final word if spelled out in full. A classic example is "Member of
Parliament", which in plural is "Members of Parliament". It is possible then to abbreviate this as "M's
2816:
Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex: for example, "the C.D.'s' labels" (the labels of the compact discs). In some instances, however, an apostrophe may increase clarity: for example, if the final letter of an abbreviation is
2044:
Exact pronunciation of "word acronyms" (those pronounced as words rather than sounded out as individual letters) often vary by speaker population. These may be regional, occupational, or generational differences, or simply personal preference. For instance, there have been decades of online debate
3872:
and other scientific studies constitute a large class of acronyms that includes many contrived examples, as well as many with a partial rather than complete correspondence of letters to expansion components. These trials tend to have full names that are accurately descriptive of what the trial is
2339:
Another text aid is an abbreviation key which lists and expands all acronyms used, a reference for readers who skipped past the first use. (This is especially important for paper media, where no search utility is available to find the first use.) It also gives students a convenient review list to
3910:. It is useful for the short name to give a reminder of the long name, which supports the reasonable censure of "cutesy" examples that provide little to no hint of it. But beyond that reasonably close correspondence, the short name's chief utility is in functioning cognitively as a
9589:"Originally referred to as Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, the term RAID was first published in the late 1980s by Patterson, Gibson, and Katz of the University of California at Berkeley. (The RAID Advisory Board has since substituted the term Inexpensive with Independent.)"
941:
acknowledges the complexity ("Furthermore, an acronym and initialism are occasionally combined (JPEG), and the line between initialism and acronym is not always clear") but still defines the terms as mutually exclusive. Other guides outright deny any legitimacy to the usage:
2799:, writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". Turabian would therefore prefer "DVDs" and "URLs" but "Ph.D.'s". The style guides of the
3029:
Some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms, reserving all-caps styling for initialisms, writing the pronounced acronyms "Nato" and "Aids" in mixed case, but the initialisms "USA" and "FBI" in all caps. For example, this is the style used in
7637: A number of commentators (as Copperud 1970, Janis 1984, Howard 1984) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not:
3980:"). Two Irish institutes of technology (Galway and Tralee) chose different acronyms from other institutes when they were upgraded from regional technical colleges. Tralee RTC became the Institute of Technology Tralee (ITT), as opposed to Tralee Institute of Technology (
3233:" is another example of this; in that case, the organization changed its name three times, with the long-form of the name always corresponding to the letters "NARAL", before eventually opting to simply be known by the short-form, without being connected to a long-form.
6938:
if they like', he thought, 'but that's the only difference. Pee-gee-enn; what's the word for words like that, made out of initials? My memory is beginning to fail me. Just the other day there was a technical expression I couldn't remember. I must be growing old.
9022:"Libraries Australia – T.H. McWilliam, Charles Kingsford Smith, Prime Minister of New Zealand Joseph Coates, Charles Ulm and H.A. Litchfield in front row with Members of Parliament on steps of Parliament House, Wellington, New Zealand, September 1928"
2825:. This usage is less common than forms with "s" at the end, such as "MPs", and may appear dated or pedantic. In common usage, therefore, "weapons of mass destruction" becomes "WMDs", "prisoners of war" becomes "POWs", and "runs batted in" becomes "RBIs".
1862:
claims that "forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth- (and now twenty-first-) century phenomenon. There is only one known pre-twentieth-century word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue for only a short time in 1886. The word is
2851:
Abbreviations that come from single, rather than multiple, words – such as "TV" ("television") – are usually pluralized without apostrophes ("two TVs"); most writers feel that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive ("the TV's antenna").
2769:" "a11y". In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters, the more general "x" can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters. Examples include "Crxn" for "crystallization" and the series familiar to physicians for
4614:
There are also cases where some longer phrases are abbreviated drastically, especially in
Chinese politics, where proper nouns were initially translated from Soviet Leninist terms. For instance, the full name of China's highest ruling council, the
3919:
acronyms has resulted in ambiguity, such as three different trials all called ASPECT, which is another reason why failing to explain them somewhere in the document is irresponsible in scientific communication. At least one study has evaluated the
3704:
Backronyms are oftentimes used for comedic effect. An example of creating a backronym for comedic effect would be in naming a group or organization, the name "A.C.R.O.N.Y.M." stands for (among other things) "a clever regiment of nerdy young men".
3278:" went partway, re-branding itself with its initialism "KFC" to de-emphasize the role of frying in the preparation of its signature dishes, though they have since returned to using both interchangeably. The East Coast Hockey League became the
1832:
is relatively new in most languages, becoming increasingly evident since the mid-twentieth century. As literacy spread and technology produced a constant stream of new and complex terms, abbreviations became increasingly convenient. The
6067:
are disyllabic, it would be less convenient to pronounce an initialism by its individual letters. Acronyms pronounced as words are rare in
Vietnamese, occurring when an acronym itself is borrowed from another language. Examples include
2615:, all such punctuation marking acronyms and other capitalized abbreviations is now uncommon and considered either unnecessary or incorrect. The presence of all-capital letters is now thought sufficient to indicate the nature of the
3309:
has replaced the long name
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. Some companies which have a name giving a clear indication of their place of origin will choose to use acronyms when expanding to foreign markets: for example,
4411:), and TP1 (telomerase-associated protein) – but is not syntactically reducible to them. The name is thus itself more symbol than acronym, and its expansion cannot replace it while preserving its function in natural syntax as a
2761:", a computer-science term for adapting software for worldwide use; the "18" represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in "internationalization". Similarly, "localization" can be abbreviated "l10n"; "
9942:
Chưa kể cách viết này còn dễ bị cho là lười biếng hoặc tỏ ra quan trọng, vì đây là cách chép nguyên xi, máy móc các cụm từ viết tắt từ văn bản pháp quy của chính quyền, như TTLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC, khá phổ biến ở Việt Nam hiện
7349:
An acronym is a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase, especially when this is used as a name. An example of an acronym is 'NATO', which is made up of the first letters of the 'North
Atlantic Treaty
3885:
include the ALLHAT trial (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering
Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) and the CHARM trial (Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity). The fact that
347:
which is pronounced as each letter since it's unpronounceable as a word. In its narrow sense, acronym is an initialism that is pronounced as a word – contains sufficient vowels to be pronounceable as a word. For example,
5106:
To a greater degree than
English does, German tends toward acronyms that use initial syllables rather than initial single letters, although it uses many of the latter type as well. Some examples of the syllabic type are
5238:
is always written between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym, even if by this it separates letters of the same original word. Examples (keep in mind Hebrew reads right-to-left):
4358:
than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are. The latter are fully reducible in an attempt to "spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations", but the former are irreducible in that respect; they can be
3221:) for "canine". Pseudo-acronyms also frequently develop as "orphan initialisms": an existing acronym is redefined as a non-acronymous name, severing its link to its previous meaning. For example, the letters of the "
2335:
In writing for a broad audience, the words of an acronym are typically written out in full at its first occurrence within a given text. Expansion At First Use (EAFU) benefits readers unfamiliar with the acronym.
6947:, it's six of one and half a dozen of the other. ... Pee-gee-enn. It's an acronym, that's what it is. That's what they call words made up of initials. So I remember it after all; that's at least something.
3772:, that is, deliberately designed to be especially apt for the thing being named (by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word). Some examples of contrived acronyms are
2255:, along with variant capitalization like "IPSEC" and "Ipsec". Pronunciation may even vary within a single speaker's vocabulary, depending on narrow contexts. As an example, the database programming language
2781:("hx", "dx", "tx"). Terms relating to a command structure may also sometimes use this formatting, for example gold, silver, and bronze levels of command in UK policing being referred to as Gx, Sx, and Bx.
3195:
ailure (CHF)"). Capitalization like this, however, conflicts with the convention of
English orthography, which generally reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for proper nouns; when following the
3072:" (from "United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund") because it is more than four letters, and to style it in caps might look ungainly (flirting with the appearance of "shouting capitals").
2033:(IM). To fit messages into the 160-character SMS limit, and to save time, acronyms such as "GF" ("girlfriend"), "LOL" ("laughing out loud"), and "DL" ("download" or "down low") have become popular. Some
5685:
Rules in writing initialisms in Malay differ based on its script. In its Latin form, the initialism would be spelt much like in English, using capitals written without any spacing, such as TNB for
6755:
4/2 The author hit on the idea of the name 'oracle'..and it was not long before it was made into an acronym for 'Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics'.
3551:
companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme: for example, ISM Information Systems Management Corp. and SHL Systemhouse Ltd. Examples in entertainment include the television shows
3578:
memory", which is redundant because "RAM" ("random-access memory") includes the initial of the word "memory". "PIN" stands for "personal identification number", obviating the second word in "
2359:. This may be intentional, to exclude readers without domain-specific knowledge. New acronyms may also confuse when they coincide with an already existing acronym having a different meaning.
3666:
was originally an acronym for "World Wildlife Fund", but now stands for "World Wide Fund for Nature" (although the organization's branches in the U.S. and Canada still use the original name)
1638:, meaning "son", a very common part of memorial inscriptions mentioning people. Grammatical markers were abbreviated or left out entirely if they could be inferred from the rest of the text.
432:
Occasionally, some letter other than the first is chosen, most often when the pronunciation of the name of the letter coincides with the pronunciation of the beginning of the word (example:
3334:
of companies is another example of the original name (Jindal South West Group) being re-branded into a pseudo-acronym while expanding into other geographical areas in and outside of India.
3563:("Navy" was dropped in the second season), where the redundancy was likely designed to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for. The same reasoning was in evidence when the
6665:
A word formed from the initial letters of other words or (occasionally) from the initial parts of syllables taken from other words, the whole being pronounced as a single word (such as
9681:
4812:, literally 'great learning' although 'big school' is an acceptable alternate). They can be interpreted similarly to American university appellations, such as "UPenn" or "Texas Tech".
8853:
2795:
5697:
In Jawi, however, the way initialisms are different depending on the source language. For Malay initialisms, the initial Jawi letters would be written separated by a period such as
5645:. This, however, has been less prevalent in the modern era, in contrary to Indonesian. It is still often for names such as organisation names, among the most famous being MARA from
2723:
When a multiple-letter abbreviation is formed from a single word, periods are in general not used, although they may be common in informal usage. "TV", for example, may stand for a
2596:
in place of "fifty-two" and "1/4." or "1./4." to indicate "one-fourth"). Both conventions have fallen out of common use in all dialects of English, except in places where an Arabic
3697:
once proposed that the word "book" ought to stand for "box of organized knowledge". A classic real-world example of this is the name of the predecessor to the Apple Macintosh, the
7675:
Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into "initialisms", which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names, and "word acronyms", which are pronounced as words.
1758:
period saw Hebrew acronymy expand to a lexicon of many hundreds, including every type of word and extending to proper nouns: almost all Medieval rabbis are known by acronyms like
7235:, whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables. While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision, it may be lost on many people, for whom the term
4323:, a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all: RARS is the "Regional ATOVS Retransmission Service"; ATOVS is "Advanced TOVS"; TOVS is "
3804:, standing for "French Connection United Kingdom". The company then created T-shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym's similarity to the taboo word "
3213:
Some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for anything and cannot be expanded to some meaning. Such pseudo-acronyms may be pronunciation-based, such as "BBQ" (
11596:
8376:
Your correspondent who asks about words made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words may be interested in knowing that I have seen such words called by the name
2727:
word ("television" or "transvestite", for instance), and is in general spelled without punctuation (except in the plural). Although "PS" stands for the single English word "
3890:
is often involved, as well as that the letters often do not entirely match, have sometimes been pointed out by annoyed researchers preoccupied by the idea that because the
8922:
6271:(initial consonant mutation) is commonplace, acronyms must also be modified in situations where case and context dictate it. In the case of Scottish Gaelic, a lower-case
1786:
and newspaper stock listings (e.g. American Telephone and Telegraph Company → AT&T). Some well-known commercial examples dating from the 1890s through 1920s include "
5849:('Institute for Swahili Research'). Multiple initial letters (often the initial syllable of words) are often drawn together, as seen more in some languages than others.
1805:
Another field for the adoption of acronyms was modern warfare, with its many highly technical terms. While there is no recorded use of military acronyms dating from the
51:
consisting of a phrase whose only pronounced elements are the initial letters or initial sounds of words inside that phrase. Acronyms are often spelled with the initial
9852:
9820:
6768:
2/2 Turning tea into an acronym for Taxed Enough Already, demonstrators were expected to attend more than 750 rallies to protest government spending.
4788:
Many aspects of academics in Korea follow similar acronym patterns as Chinese, owing to the two languages' commonalities, like using the word for 'big' or 'great' i.e.
9429:
1282:
3009:
Words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case, so the root acronym is clear. For example, "pre-WWII politics", "post-NATO world", "
7905:
7449:
a word made up from the first letters of the name of something such as an organization. For example, NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
712:
for those that are not. Some sources acknowledge the usage, but vary in whether they criticize or forbid it, allow it without comment, or explicitly advocate it.
4625:). The term then reduced the 'Communist Party of China' part of its name through acronyms, then the 'Standing Committee' part, again through acronyms, to create
9096:
5982:, that is, one syllable. When the first letter of a syllable has a tone mark or other diacritic, the diacritic may be omitted from the initialism, for example
4317:
Some macronyms can be multiply nested: the second-order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy. In an informal competition run by the magazine
2037:
disdain texting acronyms and abbreviations as decreasing clarity, or as failure to use "pure" or "proper" English. Others point out that languages have always
3660:). The English expansion of its name has since been changed to "Union for International Cancer Control" so that it would also correspond to the UICC acronym.
2762:
3877:
within the syntax of a sentence, so a short name is also developed, which can serve as a syntactically useful handle and also provide at least a degree of
2924:
are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader. For example, the style of some American publications, including the
815:
8826:
8609:
Patel, C. B.; Rashid, R. M. (February 2009). "Averting the proliferation of acronymophilia in dermatology: effectively avoiding ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC".
5827:, as a group nickname for themselves, built from the first letter of each girl's name in the order of their births: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.
1616:
Acronyms were used in Rome before the Christian era. For example, the official name for the Roman Empire, and the Republic before it, was abbreviated as
9523:
8005:
4512:
writing systems (such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), "acronyms" describe the short forms that take selected characters from a multi-character word.
3084:(such as "and", "or", "of", or "to"), this is not always the case. Sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym, such as CORE (
2848:
making the possessive (for example, "the United States' economy"). On the other hand, in speech, the pronunciation "United States's" is sometimes used.
5718:
4387:; if they are purged, the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule, but it cannot be described as remaining natural. Similarly,
9907:
8587:
6560:
A group of initial letters used as an abbreviation for a name or expression, each letter or part being pronounced separately; an initialism (such as
1272:
8995:
11045:
9060:
3993:
3976:
was quickly renamed to the "Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance" when its opponents pointed out that its initials spelled CCRAP (pronounced "see
2817:"S", as in "SOS's" (although abbreviations ending with S can also take "-es", e.g. "SOSes"), or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods.
965:
9929:
5711:. If the initialism is from a different language, however, it would be written by transliterating each letter from the original language, such as
4485:
stands for "HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons", where HIRD itself stands for "HURD of interfaces representing depth" (a "mutually recursive" acronym)
10713:
10636:
8038:
3894:
form of acronyms originated with one-to-one letter matching, there must be some impropriety in their ever deviating from that form. However, the
818:
from 1994 is one of the earliest publications to advocate for the expansive sense, and all the major dictionary editions that include a sense of
731:
3293:
are legally incorporated with "IBM" in their names (for example, IBM Canada) to avoid translating the full name into local languages. Likewise,
10925:
10457:
9499:
9162:
8097:
7667:"... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms—words formed from the first letters of other words"—Bernard Weinraub,
5231:
It is common to take more than just one initial letter from each of the words composing the acronym; regardless of this, the abbreviation sign
4643:). The PSC's members full designations are 'Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China' (
915:
9671:
9403:
6424:
10535:
9376:
5354:
9780:
7403:
7259:
3614:
In some cases, while the initials in an acronym may stay the same, for what those letters stand may change. Examples include the following:
1628:). Inscriptions dating from antiquity, both on stone and on coins, use many abbreviations and acronyms to save space and work. For example,
8950:
8789:
8240:
3923:
and other traits of acronym-named trials compared with others, finding both good aspects (mnemonic help, name recall) and potential flaws (
3643:
was originally an acronym for "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks" but has since been redefined as "Redundant Array of Independent Disks"
2809:
2703:
2362:
Medical literature has been struggling to control the proliferation of acronyms, including efforts by the American Academy of Dermatology.
956:
7336:
954:
says "An acronym is made from the first letters or parts of a compound term. It's read or spoken as a single word, not letter by letter."
11176:
8279:
7370:
3701:, which was said to refer to "Local Integrated Software Architecture", but was actually named after Steve Jobs's daughter, born in 1978.
2807:
prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods (so "compact discs" would be "CDs" or "C.D.s"), whereas
944:
4363:
with parenthetical explanations, but they cannot be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way. Just as the words
2821:
P", which was fairly common in mid-twentieth-century Australian news writing (or similar), and used by former Australian Prime Minister
10641:
8060:
7775:
7700:
4300:
3634:
1632:, of which there was only a small set, were almost always abbreviated. Common terms were abbreviated too, such as writing just "F" for
1253:
836:
785:
773:
3068:, for example, keeps "NATO" in all capitals (while several guides in the British press may render it "Nato"), but uses lower case in "
1389:"Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time", helps detect and enhance responsiveness to the needs of a person having a
826:
were first published in the twenty-first century. The trend among dictionary editors appears to be towards including a sense defining
4950:
3857:
for "Biochronicity and Temporal Mechanisms Arising in Nature" and "Robustness of Biologically-Inspired Networks", a reference to the
3809:
9743:
Stanbrook, M. B.; Austin, P. C.; Redelmeier, D. A. (2006). "Acronym-named randomized trials in medicine—the ART in medicine study".
2855:
In some languages, the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words: for example, the Spanish
2789:
There is a question about how to pluralize acronyms. Often a writer will add an 's' following an apostrophe, as in "PC's". However,
9988:
8969:
7416:
an abbreviation consisting of letters that form a word. For example, NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
1296:
5861:, which has an abundance of compound words, initialisms are very commonly used for both proper and common nouns. Examples include
3225:", a US college entrance test originally dubbed "Scholastic Aptitude Test", no longer officially stand for anything. The US-based
312:, which includes acronym, is any shortened form of a word or phrase. This includes letters removed from the end of a word such as
3849:
magazine reported that DARPA announced programs to "transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science" named
3582:
number"; in this case its retention may be motivated to avoid ambiguity with the homophonous word "pin". Other examples include "
162:, ignoring pronunciation, is its original meaning and in common use. Dictionary and style-guide editors dispute whether the term
9291:
6684:
Feb. 167/1 Words made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words..I have seen..called by the name
6631:
24 July 9/1 The puns on the acronym, 'CIA', were spawned by recent disclosures about the intelligence agency.
6600:
xlvii. 518 Pee-gee-enn. It's an acronym , that's what it is. That's what they call words made up of initials.
5163:, 'detective division police'). The extension of such contraction to a pervasive or whimsical degree has been mockingly labeled
2750:) is sometimes used to separate the letters in an acronym, as in "N/A" ("not applicable, not available") and "c/o" ("care of").
8779:. "Globe & Mail (Toronto) 22 May 10/4 Americanization has also largely done away with periods in acronyms and initialisms."
6243:
The process above is similar to the way that hyphens are used for clarity in English when prefixes are added to acronyms: thus
4844:
3647:
9842:
8751:
8722:
8401:
1609:
until relatively recent times. Like retronymy, it became much more common in the twentieth century than it had formerly been.
9891:
9806:
9598:
9420:
9340:
9224:
9198:
8866:
8695:
8673:
8566:
8443:
8314:
8254:
8215:
8170:
8140:
8110:
7473:
6970:
6400:
7655:
make no distinction between those pronounced as words ... and those pronounced as a series of characters" —Jean Praninskas,
7436:
1738:
has a millennia-long history of acronyms pronounced as words. Along with theophoric parallels to the Greek described above,
1716:: 'Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior'). This interpretation dates from the second and third centuries and is preserved in the
9636:
9091:
7110:
7085:
2. a set of initials representing a name, organization, or the like, with each letter pronounced separately; an initialism.
6844:
5824:
5728:
5423:'), and many others. Some acronyms are considered formal (or officially adopted), while many more are considered informal,
4713:(literally 'man/people big'), only the first characters from the second and the fourth parts are selected; the first part (
3989:
1678:
The early Christians in Rome, most of whom were Greek rather than Latin speakers, used the image of a fish as a symbol for
7584:
6993:
6791:
6730:
1 Sept. 22/3 New words which are constructed out of initial letters are called, I understand, acronyms.
3737:
3729:
1774:
During the mid- to late nineteenth century, acronyms became a trend among American and European businessmen: abbreviating
11462:
11309:
9706:
Cheng, Tsung O (2003), "No more unexplained trial acronyms please. Trial Acronyms: Better Obvious than Obscure (TABOO)",
4276:
3824:
767:
397:
6064:
4207:, is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms (or abbreviations) themselves. The word "macronym" is a
10981:
10883:
8927:
8907:
8334:
4407:), C2TA (major histocompatibility complex class II transcription activator), HET-E (incompatibility locus protein from
2804:
1189:
2753:
Inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count as a
9215:
9189:
8198:
7914:
7792:
7713:
7628:
7072:
6919:
4186:
4168:
4106:
4053:
3869:
3755:
3522:
3504:
3442:
3381:
3167:, such as "i18n" ("internationalization"; "18" represents the 18 letters between the initial "i" and the final "n").
3069:
2813:
requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods (preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's").
2322:
1584:
950:
948:
says "Abbreviations that are not pronounced as words (IBM, ABC, NFL) are not acronyms; they are just abbreviations."
797:
656:
626:
547:
495:
295:
9472:
9086:
8338:
7543:
5321:
remains between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. 'report', singular:
4150:
3486:
3424:
935:
is often applied to abbreviations that are technically initialisms, since they are pronounced as separate letters."
277:
90:
with a narrower definition: an initialism pronounced as a word rather than as a sequence of letters. In this sense,
11591:
11467:
11314:
9611:
9033:
3628:
2171:). Similarly, some letter-by-letter initialisms may become word acronyms over time, especially in combining forms:
2006:
and government agencies frequently employ acronyms; some well-known examples from the United States are among the "
1994:, a term of disputed origin, dates back at least to the early nineteenth century and is now used around the world.
1888:
1366:) "Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance"
991:
848:
7219:. The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word, in the manner of
4732:, whose full name is literally read as 'China Central Television Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala' (
4583:). In some cases, however, other characters than the first can be selected. For example, the local short form of '
11383:
9745:
7661:"It is not J.C.B.'s fault that its name, let alone its acronym, is not a household word among European scholars"—
6449:
3792:
3290:
1782:(e.g., "Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad" → "RF&P"); on the sides of barrels and crates; and on
1241:
166:
can be legitimately applied to abbreviations which are not pronounced as words, and they do not agree on acronym
4303:
has a number of nested acronyms for its certifications, e.g. "GSEC" is an acronym for "GIAC Security Essentials"
2867:('United States'). This old convention is still followed for a limited number of English abbreviations, such as
8816:
7826:) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term;
7747:) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term—
6130:, many compound words can be shortened to the first syllable when forming a longer word. For example, the term
5505:, many acronyms come from the governmental use, particularly in the military and law enforcement services. The
4354:
misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description; the true nature of such a term is closer to
4135:
4088:
3984:). Galway RTC became Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), as opposed to Galway Institute of Technology (
3579:
3553:
3471:
3420:
2304:
2002:
Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The
1872:
1566:
1525:
791:
273:
8243:: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative News Organization
7997:
7878:
7683:, seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with
7040:) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term
1398:"Don't repeat yourself", A principle of software development aimed at reducing repetition of software patterns
11601:
11030:
11017:
10598:
9520:
9029:
8999:
7462:
6613:
May 8/2 The acronym DDT..trips pleasantly on the tongue and is already a household byword.
4680:
3088:). Sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case, such as in the cases of "TfL" ("
696:
to describe forms that use initials but are not pronounced as a word. While there is plenty of evidence that
606:
4631:. Alternatively, it omitted the 'Communist Party' part altogether, creating 'Politburo Standing Committee' (
457:
to mean pronounced as a word, but is useful for those who consider acronym and initialism to be synonymous.
429:
Sometimes it uses a letter from the middle or end of a word, or from only a few key words in a long phrase.
230:
appearing as early as 1921. Citations in English date to a 1940 translation of a novel by the German writer
10734:
10361:
10313:
9981:
7605:
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word (e.g. ASCII, NASA).
7383:
an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word
6489:
4616:
3797:
3693:
that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word. For example, the novelist and critic
2429:
1513:
1383:"Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, Time-related", A principle of setting of goals and objectives
1264:
923:"denotes abbreviations formed from initial letters of other words and pronounced as a single word, such as
737:
387:
8583:
5621:
Although not as common as in Indonesian, a number of Malay words are formed by merging two words, such as
4441:, has letters whose expansion refers back to the macronym itself. One of the earliest examples appears in
2355:
While acronyms provide convenience and succinctness for specialists, they often degenerate into confusing
2343:
Expansion at first use and abbreviation keys originated in the print era, but they are equally useful for
593:
Some acronyms are pronounced as letters or as a word based on speaker preference or context. For example,
10839:
10039:
8889:
8858:
8033:
6057:
5660:(Malay in Arabic script) spelling of the name and may not reflect its Latin counterpart such as PAS from
3271:
3085:
2800:
2715:". The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme.
2432:". With some of these specious expansions, the "belief" that the etymology is acronymic has clearly been
2378:(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). They are also used as mental checklists: in aviation
2011:
1829:
937:
890:
339:
An acronym in its general sense, a.k.a. initialism, is the first letter of each word of a phrase such as
9921:
9056:
6063:
Initialisms are purely a written convenience, being pronounced the same way as their expansions. As the
4346:
However, to say that "RARS" stands directly for that string of words, or can be interchanged with it in
3631:
changed the full form of its name from "General Accounting Office" to "Government Accountability Office"
2542:
for "all right", "captain", and "forecastle"). By the early twentieth century, it was standard to use a
906:
structures the senses in order of chronological development, it now gives the "initialism" sense first.
11128:
10389:
10110:
8366:
7251:
6151:
4443:
3663:
3118:
765:
criticizes it with the label "usage problem". However, many English language dictionaries, such as the
564:
and acronym. These are usually pronounced as words and considered to be acronyms overall. For example,
8028:
6643:(ed. 2) i. 75 Called by the acronym SCSD (Schools Construction System Development).
5738:
Acronyms that use parts of words (not necessarily syllables) are commonplace in Russian as well, e.g.
4673:) used increasingly for officials destined for a future seat on the PSC. In another example, the word
3262:
has simply rebranded itself as AMC. Genzyme Transgenics Corporation became GTC Biotherapeutics, Inc.;
11571:
11440:
8772:
8065:
7873:
4396:
4290:
4236:
4009:
3899:
3637:
changed the full form of its name from "Government Printing Office" to "Government Publishing Office"
3298:
3226:
2707:
recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually, as in "
2511:
1958:
1835:
1810:
1245:
877:
842:
743:
9495:
9158:
963:
In contrast, some style guides do support it, whether explicitly or implicitly. The 1994 edition of
460:
Some acronyms are partially pronounced as a word and otherwise pronounced as letters. For example,
11542:
11398:
10935:
10224:
9883:
9400:
5706:
5574:
4963:
4403:, which reflects the symbols of some proteins that contain the domain – NAIP (NLR family apoptosis
4310:
4084:
4039:
3650:
was founded as the "International Union Against Cancer", and its initials originally came from the
3583:
3416:
3405:
3367:
3230:
2638:
2300:
1601:, is a linguistic process that has existed throughout history but for which there was little to no
1562:
1507:
1458:: "HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons", where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of interfaces representing depth"
1395:
869:
598:
269:
258:
9366:
5674:, with the same pronunciation, since the first letter of the word 'Islam' in Jawi uses the letter
4865:(교원대, 'Big Ed.' or 'Ed.-U'). Other schools use a Koreanized version of their English acronym. The
11742:
11711:
11281:
9974:
9792:
9788:
9496:"KFC shuns 'fried' image with new name – Kentucky Fried Chicken has changed its name to KFC"
9328:
8558:
8203:
7395:
5663:
4729:
4351:
4146:
4077:
3997:
3895:
3621:
was originally an acronym for the unofficial term "digital video disc", but is now stated by the
3482:
3409:
3323:
3259:
3138:
2293:
2034:
1903:
has been pan-European and pre-dates modern English. Some examples of acronyms in this class are:
1555:
1249:
814:
through the twentieth century did not explicitly acknowledge or support the expansive sense. The
560:
262:
10613:
9332:
8793:
4843:, 'Hong, the big ' or 'Hong-U') Other acronyms can refer to the university's main subject, e.g.
4619:(PSC), is 'Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China' (
4350:(in the same way that "CHF" can be usefully interchanged with "congestive heart failure"), is a
11732:
11299:
11208:
10975:
10846:
10703:
10332:
9546:
9276:
8435:
7328:
4380:
4306:
3587:
3544:
3302:
3282:
when it expanded to include cities in the western United States prior to the 2003–2004 season.
3183:
emphasis (for example, writing: "the onset of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)" or "the onset of
2646:
2413:
1519:
24:
8955:
8271:
7497:
an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word (e.g.
7362:
6960:
6739:
21 Apr. 51/2 Colidar, an acronym from coherent light detecting and ranging.
6390:
5975:. It is also common for a writer to coin an ad hoc initialism for repeated use in an article.
3179:
will sometimes capitalize or otherwise distinctively format the initials of the expansion for
11050:
10095:
8302:
8102:
6866:
6338:
5820:
5310:
5142:
4266:
3311:
3098:
2937:
2026:
2019:
1979:
1612:
Ancient examples of acronymy (before the term "acronym" was invented) include the following:
1416:
669:
217:
8684:
8246:
8207:
8160:
8127:
8070:
7784:
2456:" from "for unlawful carnal knowledge", or "fornication under consent/command of the king".
11338:
11070:
10805:
9143:
8538:
Vol. 84, No. 6., "Literary Metaphors and Other Linguistic Innovations in Computer Language"
6320:
5648:
4584:
4448:
3934:
Some acronyms are chosen deliberately to avoid a name considered undesirable: For example,
3575:
3564:
3540:
3319:
3286:
3263:
3160:
3134:
3089:
2844:
usage (for example, "the U.S. economy") or expanding the abbreviation to its full form and
2758:
2612:
2425:
2382:
stands for gas-undercarriage-mixture-propeller-seat belts. Other mnemonic acronyms include
2260:
1672:
969:
defends the usage on the basis of a claim that dictionaries do not make a distinction. The
779:
749:
700:
is used widely in this way, some sources do not acknowledge this usage, reserving the term
5291:, the school). An example that takes only the initial letters from its component words is
3606:(The Nashville/National Network) also renamed itself "The New TNN" for a brief interlude.
8:
11698:
11435:
11425:
11348:
11323:
10646:
10380:
10356:
9532:
9123:
8945:
8235:
7556:
a word formed from the first (or first few) letters of a series of words, as radar, from
6167:
6119:
6100:
6079:
5858:
5506:
3285:
Pseudo-acronyms may have advantages in international markets: for example, some national
3241:
3197:
2743:
2547:
2483:
2475:
1975:
723:
which does not require being pronounced as a word. American English dictionaries such as
672:
it is always pronounced as letters. Speakers may use different pronunciation as a way to
167:
8973:
4893:) in both English and Korean. The 3 most prestigious schools in Korea are known as SKY (
3314:
continues to operate under the full name in Canada, but its U.S. subsidiary is known as
11561:
11504:
11268:
10948:
10741:
10623:
10303:
10277:
10153:
10044:
9957:
9424:
8821:
8553:
8469:
8428:
8361:
7158:
rganization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as
6874:
5940:
4360:
3937:
3603:
3176:
3064:
2897:
2424:" is commonly cited as being derived, it is presumed, from "constable on patrol", and "
2412:, for a word. Such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no factual basis in
1806:
1438:
377:
9719:
9138:
7102:
3013:". In some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case. For example, "
1875:
held in London in that year." However, although acronymic words seem not to have been
11737:
11647:
11413:
10902:
10782:
10176:
10142:
10137:
9887:
9762:
9723:
9594:
9453:
9336:
9306:
9220:
9194:
8862:
8691:
8669:
8626:
8562:
8439:
8310:
8250:
8211:
8166:
8136:
8106:
7920:
7910:
7798:
7788:
7719:
7709:
7624:
7479:
7469:
6966:
6915:
6899:
6396:
5516:
4956:
4816:
4550:
4438:
4432:
4404:
3973:
3651:
3237:
2774:
2177:
2030:
2007:
1649:('sacred names') were used in many Greek biblical manuscripts. The common words God (
982:
913:
generally criticize the usage that refers to forms that are not pronounceable words.
715:
Some mainstream English dictionaries from across the English-speaking world affirm a
231:
52:
9568:
3962:. Likewise, the Computer Literacy and Internet Technology qualification is known as
3915:
3906:
short name to complement the long name that is often syntactically unusable and not
3151:
3126:
11532:
11408:
11403:
11304:
11225:
11122:
10790:
10759:
10666:
10525:
10246:
9754:
9715:
9676:
8848:
8718:
8618:
6326:
6201:
6188:
6155:
6105:
5872:
5836:
5196:
5035:
5004:
4384:
3845:
3568:
3559:
3200:, this would instead be rendered as "the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF)".
2926:
2790:
2698:
2642:
2503:
2229:
2194:
2148:
2122:
2096:
2072:
2052:
1198:
1165:
1132:
1103:
636:
612:
512:
469:
129:
98:
9966:
9118:
8644:
5965:
Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
3240:
while moving away from an outdated image: American Telephone and Telegraph became
2828:
The argument that acronyms should have no different plural form (for example, "If
2649:. Even within those dialects, such punctuation is becoming increasingly uncommon.
2546:, especially in the cases of initialisms and acronyms. Previously, especially for
1847:
as occurring in 1899, but it did not come into general use until 1965, well after
1821:
they were widespread even in the slang of soldiers, who referred to themselves as
810:
Most of the dictionary entries and style guide recommendations regarding the term
11537:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11378:
11343:
11294:
11252:
11218:
11146:
11023:
10930:
10772:
10749:
10708:
10462:
10422:
10234:
9811:
9527:
9407:
8941:
8661:
8231:
7780:
7705:
7428:
6622:
May 43/1 DDD, an acronym that sounds more like a cattle brand.
6332:
6260:
5688:
5404:
5226:
5166:
5158:
5042:
transcriptions of foreign words, but is also found with native words (written in
4476:
4142:
3920:
3903:
3774:
3769:
3694:
3478:
3250:
3141:"). Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions, such as "
3114:
3106:
2770:
2682:
2608:
2585:
2433:
2405:
2038:
2025:
Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with
1967:
1884:
1822:
1735:
1449:
861:
725:
221:
7211:
refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words, such as
7064:
6816:
should be used if the individual letters are all pronounced distinctly, as with
2936:, is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters; thus "U.S." and "
11430:
11393:
11272:
11264:
11203:
11195:
11171:
11161:
11093:
11037:
11002:
10878:
10860:
10810:
10550:
10485:
10429:
10105:
10030:
8970:"Writer's Block – Writing Tips – Plural and Possessive Abbreviations"
8622:
7592:
6264:
6021:
6001:
5610:
5540:
5439:
5076:
4222:
4005:
3862:
3820:(SPecial Executive for Counterintelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion).
3110:
2913:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2421:
2409:
1983:
1406:
1380:
1374:
9672:"Holy Acronym, Darpa! 'Batman & Robin' to Master Biology, Outdo Evolution"
4999:
4379:
without a need to focus on their acronymic origins, terms such as "RARS" and "
2994:
2452:" from "ship/store high in transit" or "special high-intensity training" and "
2441:
1828:
The widespread, frequent use of acronyms across the whole range of linguistic
11726:
11420:
11328:
11247:
11136:
11117:
11102:
11007:
10970:
10853:
10820:
10800:
10723:
10698:
10693:
10680:
10651:
10608:
10545:
10452:
10437:
10408:
10321:
10115:
9997:
9847:
9362:
9358:
8548:
7953:
orps, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as
7641:"The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym 'P/M Parts
7483:
6170:
still requires each component word to be written as more than one character.
5657:
5420:
5276:
4319:
3315:
3102:); this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi-word proper noun.
3081:
3014:
2949:
2766:
2676:
2601:
2491:
1949:
1920:
1908:
1386:
1009:
438:
123:
7924:
7802:
7723:
7138:
A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name, such as
1750:
to דצ"ך עד"ש באח"ב, the order of blessings to יקנה"ז, etc., for the sake of
189:
of an acronym includes both its expansion and the meaning of its expansion.
39:
is an acronym that expands to National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
11686:
11674:
11624:
11618:
11613:
11472:
11166:
11112:
11107:
11060:
10994:
10920:
10910:
10889:
10833:
10767:
10718:
10580:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10530:
10505:
10495:
10402:
10183:
10001:
9908:"Report for Malaysia's Internationalized Domain Name: Jawi Language Issues"
9766:
9727:
9371:
9244:
9184:
9139:"Prime Minister Asserts M's.P. Have No Immunity from 'Official Approaches'"
9082:
8883:
8630:
8193:
8092:
6276:
5795:) combines two initials and three letters of the final word: it stands for
5200:
4959:
makes extensive use of abbreviations, but only some of these are acronyms.
4738:) was first shortened to 'Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala' (
4400:
4045:
3907:
3887:
3779:
3536:
3373:
3343:
3032:
3018:
2474:
In English, abbreviations have previously been marked by a wide variety of
2417:
1818:
1795:
1779:
1743:
1644:
1602:
1501:
1354:"18" stands in for the word's middle eighteen letters, "nternationalizatio"
685:
673:
309:
48:
4000:
was planning to name their law school the "Antonin Scalia School of Law" (
11659:
11581:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11151:
11065:
11055:
10915:
10873:
10868:
10685:
10661:
10603:
10570:
10540:
10520:
10515:
10490:
10480:
10447:
10442:
10258:
10239:
10193:
10188:
10069:
9925:
9468:
9451:
Komarek, Dan (July 29, 2003). "Changes to SAT Make Test More Coachable".
9239:
9021:
8330:
8156:
7535:
6521:
Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a German lexical item.
6425:"What is the Difference Between an Acronym, Alphabetism, and Initialism?"
6159:
5445:
5038:, rather than acronyms, using several initial sounds. This is visible in
4728:
Many proper nouns become shorter and shorter over time. For example, the
4509:
4208:
3924:
3831:) is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects, including
3180:
3122:
3059:
2945:
2822:
2694:
2670:
2658:
2569:
1939:
1891:", which includes the contrived acronym "P.R.E.T.T.Y.B.L.U.E.B.A.T.C.H."
1814:
1783:
1775:
1747:
1606:
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This article is about linguistic abbreviation. For the HTML element, see
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onsei Universities). In addition, the College Scholastic Ability Test (
4332:
4091: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3947:
3813:
3698:
3595:
2921:
2728:
2507:
2494:
is still common in many dialects for some fixed expressions—such as in
2445:
2375:
2307: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1900:
1766:
1569: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1489:
1479:
960:
says "Unless pronounced as a word, an abbreviation is not an acronym."
881:
716:
202:
8513:
6482:
5048:
2588:
to indicate their use in place of the full names of each number (e.g.
1883:
is treated as effortlessly understood (and evidently not novel) in an
11664:
11551:
11527:
11289:
11181:
10941:
10656:
10339:
10273:
10219:
10166:
10161:
10034:
6133:
5964:
5502:
5360:
5316:
5232:
4505:
4376:
4283:" itself was an acronym: "simultaneous peripheral operations on-line"
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2978:
2932:
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2543:
2399:
1971:
1956:
The earliest example of a word derived from an acronym listed by the
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1629:
1469:
1463:
1032:
7868:
5206:
5072:
4239:
stands for "Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC", in which "
4153:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4066:
3489:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3394:
2282:
1544:
247:
11681:
11669:
11630:
11608:
11499:
11388:
11333:
11156:
10955:
10415:
10368:
10327:
10298:
10286:
10229:
10209:
10171:
10132:
9268:
8851:; Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M. (2007).
7468:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 15.
6314:
6268:
5979:
5668:('Malaysian Islamic Party') which originated from the Jawi acronym
5606:
5590:
5528:
5043:
5039:
5031:
4482:
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3968:
3882:
3878:
3327:
3203:
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2526:
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among many citers, as with "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden" for "
2383:
2371:
2015:
2003:
1755:
1751:
1598:
1455:
970:
405:
60:
8854:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
7290:
a word formed from the initial letters of a sequence of words, as
6323: – Name formed by combining several previously existing names
3985:
3133:" for "Year 2000". Exceptions using initials for numbers include "
2796:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
2735:, it is often spelled with periods ("P.S.") as if parsed as Latin
2506:"—while only infrequently being used to abbreviate new terms. The
2340:
memorize the important acronyms introduced in a textbook chapter.
1377:"Keep it simple, stupid", a design principle preferring simplicity
852:
added such senses in their 2011 editions. The 1989 edition of the
11494:
10962:
10590:
10345:
10251:
10100:
10074:
10025:
6836:
6191:, where a colon is used to separate inflection from the letters:
5968:
5967:'). Long initialisms have become widespread in legal contexts in
5817:
5747:
5558:
5546:
5435:
5110:
4815:
Some acronyms are shortened forms of the school's name, like how
4420:
4388:
4293:" (where VHF = very high frequency radio) and "TAC" is short for
4001:
3956:('All for Love'), but was changed to avoid the resultant acronym
3817:
3786:
2778:
2479:
1787:
1689:
1359:
1063:
860:
and its earliest citation was from 1943. In early December 2010,
79:
10292:
3571:
rebranded their retail banking subsidiary BMO Bank of Montreal.
2550:, this was done with a full space between every full word (e.g.
1858:
may be a twentieth-century phenomenon. Linguist David Wilton in
11691:
11566:
10676:
10122:
9961:
9880:
Malay Language Word Directory: Rumi-Pronunciation-Jawi (Book 1)
8380:, which is useful and clear to anyone who knows a little Greek.
6329: – Handshape sign for finger spelling in the sign language
5366:
5052:
media franchise's name originally stood for "pocket monsters" (
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4372:
4347:
4286:
3981:
3858:
3690:
3294:
2573:
2387:
2356:
2344:
2265:
1799:
1739:
1390:
1094:
909:
English language usage and style guides which have entries for
803:
505:
87:
5071:), which is still the long-form of the name in Japanese, and "
2209:
1720:
of Rome. Another ancient acronym for Jesus is the inscription
1293:) "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"
807:
from Oxford University Press do not acknowledge such a sense.
11641:
11370:
11356:
11352:
9256:
6965:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 109.
6395:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 110.
5844:
5790:
5675:
5653:('People's Trust Council'), a government agency in Malaysia.
5573:; 'Military District Command' – one of the Indonesian army's
5424:
5380:
5010:
4866:
4324:
4294:
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3977:
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3010:
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1963:
1760:
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1679:
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1123:
1083:
1077:
1038:
973:
style guide describes CBS and PBS as "acronyms ending in S".
840:
added such a sense in its 11th edition in 2003, and both the
566:
211:
205:
135:
8923:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
8904:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
7909:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. p. 16.
7109:(Fifth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. November 2011.
4249:
stands for "VHSIC Hardware Description Language", in which "
3567:'s Canadian operations rebranded to RBC Royal Bank, or when
3080:
While abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short
2688:
2685:, "this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete."
2530:) and for contractions marking unusual pronunciations (e.g.
1813:" post-date the war itself), they became somewhat common in
1452:: "Wine is not an emulator" (originally, "Windows emulator")
615:
32:
9910:. MYNIC Berhad. December 3, 2009 – via FDocuments.in.
9260:
9252:
9193:. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. p. 638.
9147:. October 14, 1948. p. 2 – via Trove.NLA.gov.au.
9127:. December 2, 1948. p. 1 – via Trove.NLA.gov.au.
8847:
6930:
told Wiesener that this new paper was nothing like the old
6701:) Acronym Talk, or 'Tomorrow's English'.
6218:
6196:
6110:
6088:
5812:
5722:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5686:
5669:
5661:
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5456:. Many highways are also named by the acronym method; e.g.
4998:. In some cases alternative pronunciations are used, as in
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2701:, still require periods in certain instances. For example,
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2200:
2157:
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2105:
2090:
1990:
1944:, 'in the year of our Lord'), whose complement in English,
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1207:
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1156:
1041:: "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"
1026:
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642:
524:
518:
484:
478:
462:
410:
147:
138:
113:
92:
56:
36:
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A word formed from the initial letters of a name, such as
6488:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2011.
6275:
is often added after the initial consonant; for example, '
6027:
4569:'north-great') by also only taking the first character of
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2075:
1109:
536:
475:
9816:
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9302:
9272:
8996:"EditFast Grammar Resource: Apostrophes: Forming Plurals"
7227:. Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like
6824:
is commonly used to refer to both types of abbreviations.
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163 Acronyms or telescoped names like
5525:) are known for heavy acronyms use. Examples include the
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4458:
4270:
4260:
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about but are thus also too long to serve practically as
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It is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of
2256:
2235:
2078:
2058:
2055:
2046:
1879:
before the twentieth century (as Wilton points out), the
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1430:
1410:
1329:
1326:) originally "Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company"
1174:
1138:
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1015:
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997:
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408:
is used instead of a first letter of a word. For example
132:
107:
7906:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
7107:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
4549:('great') when used with the name of the institute. So '
4504:
With English terminology, discussions of languages with
3270:
dropped the name Music Television out of its brand; and
8002:
American Dialect Society E-Mail Discussion List Archive
7367:
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus
7000:. Merriam-Webster Inc. January 22, 2020. Archived from
6343:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5839:, acronyms are common for naming organizations such as
5764:, 'gas industry'). There are also initialisms, such as
3881:
reminder as to the full name. Examples widely known in
3245:
2784:
1966:"), formed from the original first four letters of the
1496:
for "canine", used to designate police units using dogs
1319:
884:
then mentioned this citation in his December 16, 2010 "
9876:
Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu: Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi (Jilid 1)
9874:
bin Dahaman, Ismail; Ahmad, Manshoor bin Haji (2001).
9421:"Insisting It's Nothing, Creator Says SAT, Not S.A.T."
7891:
A word formed from the initial letters of other words.
7542:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2014.
6361:
This change was also applied to other languages, with
4905:), combining the first letter of their English names (
4343:
Libraries" (a total of 15 words when fully expanded).
4279:
stood for "Houston Automatic Spooling Priority", but "
3902:, is simply to have a syntactically usable and easily
3337:
2259:
is usually said as three letters, but in reference to
16:
Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
7540:
Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition
6296:
6290:
6280:
6173:
5802:
5776:
5759:
5501:
In some languages, especially those that use certain
4649:); this was eventually drastically reduced to simply
2448:
in particular commonly have such false etymologies: "
2247:
2241:
2218:
2212:
2197:
2163:
2137:
2111:
2081:
2061:
1671:
and the stamps used to mark the eucharistic bread in
1279:) "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"
1153:) "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry"
1141:
894:. By 2011, the publication of the 3rd edition of the
880:
English language usage of the word to 1940. Linguist
864:
researcher Stephen Goranson published a citation for
657:
627:
548:
539:
527:
515:
496:
181:
The phrase that the acronym stands for is called its
141:
110:
104:
8470:"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Language (Acronyms)"
8135:(16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010.
6104:), a literal reading of the English initialism for '
3808:". Contrived acronyms find frequent use as names of
3137:" ("three-letter acronym/abbreviation") and "GoF" ("
2238:
2206:
2154:
2128:
2102:
1168:
1135:
1106:
645:
618:
533:
481:
320:, letters removed from the middle of a word such as
9996:
9807:"Unfortunate Acronym Forces Law School Name Change"
6776:
2374:devices: for example the colors of the rainbow are
2232:
2203:
2151:
2125:
2099:
1423:
stands for "Association of Southeast Asian Nations"
1210:
1204:
1201:
1112:
639:
530:
521:
472:
144:
101:
8742:
8740:
8683:
8666:Port Out, Starboard Home: And Other Language Myths
8427:
8224:
8126:
7528:
7461:
6450:"Acronyms vs. Initialisms: What's the Difference?"
5816:was an acronym sometimes used by the daughters of
5195:, 'short in the front, long in the back', i.e., a
4966:) uses similar acronym formation to Chinese, like
4867:Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
3236:This is common with companies that want to retain
2469:
2393:
9733:
9696:
8101:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
6859:
6812:, which is pronounced as a single word, and that
6166:rather than acronyms or initialisms, because the
5363:in every aspect of social life. For example, the
4253:" stands for "Very High Speed Integrated Circuit"
3994:Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences
3075:
1978:witticism arranging the names of some members of
1035:: "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"
445:An acronym that is pronounced as a word, such as
11724:
9873:
9773:
9738:
9736:
9701:
9699:
8602:
6887:Agfa (Aktien-Gesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation)
6145:
6139:
6131:
6069:
6051:
6045:
6025:
6015:
6009:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5978:Each letter in an initialism corresponds to one
5958:
5948:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5866:
5600:
5594:
5584:
5578:
5568:
5562:
5552:
5544:
5534:
5526:
5520:
5510:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5443:
5414:
5408:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5364:
5177:, 'strange habit of abbreviating'). Examples of
3204:Changes to (or wordplay on) the expanded meaning
1982:'s Committee for Foreign Affairs to produce the
9219:(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007,
8737:
8457:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends.
6986:
6952:
6382:
6123:), borrowed directly from the English acronym.
4991:
4243:" stands for "reduced instruction set computer"
2652:
1528:number: "personal identification number number"
704:only for forms pronounced as a word, and using
679:
453:. This term is over qualified to those who use
8940:
8914:
8611:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
8430:Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends
7057:
6959:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010).
6958:
6652:June 104/2 The acronym TSS—
6578:is used for this phenomenon. (See sense 2 for
6389:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010).
6388:
6317: – Text formed from parts of another text
5359:There is also a widespread use of acronyms in
5093:
5080:
5066:
5053:
5016:
4985:
4972:
4309:stands for "REM Behavior Disorder", in which "
4269:stands for "AOL Instant Messenger", in which "
4259:stands for "XML Schema Definition", in which "
3827:'s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
2952:" are often smallcapped as well, as in: "From
2580:"). This even included punctuation after both
2444:) people have uncritically taken it for fact.
1860:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends
1476:for "seek you", a code used by radio operators
1091:Pronounced as combination of word and letters
1052:Pronounced as word; initials and non-initials
9982:
9057:"Chapter III. — The House is in Session"
8230:
7779:(11th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts:
7704:(10th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts:
7621:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
6871:Brockhaus Handbuch des Wissens in vier Bänden
6234:
6225:
6212:
6206:
5960:Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam
5796:
5788:
5782:
5771:
5765:
5753:
5745:
5739:
5355:List of Indonesian acronyms and abbreviations
5313:). In inflected forms, the abbreviation sign
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4637:), and eventually just 'Standing Committee' (
4632:
4626:
4620:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4560:
4554:
4544:
4522:
4516:
3974:Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance (Party)
3043:a marker of proper names in many cases; e.g.
2967:
2862:
2856:
2711:", but not when pronounced as a word, as in "
2386:in finance, PAVPANIC in English grammar, and
1534:
966:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
816:Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
354:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8951:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
8331:"Acronyms (and other forms of abbreviation)"
8245:(5th ed.). Three Rivers Press. p.
8241:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
6898:
6892:
6150:('communist'). This mechanism is limited to
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5314:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5212:
5204:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5146:
5136:
5126:
5120:
5108:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4297:, which stands for "tactical air navigation"
4015:
3951:
3935:
3655:
3157:Trends, Tips & Tools for Everyday Living
3145:" ("Advanced Audio Distribution Profile"), "
2973:common recall, the acronym may be termed an
2916:scheme seen with acronyms is all-uppercase (
2810:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
2704:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
1894:
1843:) records the first printed use of the word
1311:) "National Collegiate Athletic Association"
1069:
1061:
957:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
732:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
225:
9323:Iverson, Cheryl; et al., eds. (2007),
9159:"The Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne"
8608:
8098:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
7333:Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary
6914:. New York: Viking Press. pp. 665–66.
6279:' in the genitive case would be written as
6224:An acronym is pronounced as letters: EU –
6053:Ủy ban Trung ương Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam
4528:
4289:stands for "VOR+TACAN", in which "VOR" is "
4054:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3423:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3382:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3117:rather than initial letters, as in "4GL" ("
2993:nym" should not be confused with the word "
2880:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2490:of letters following the initial part. The
1937:
1925:
1913:
1727:
1642:
1633:
1623:
1516:virus: "human immunodeficiency virus virus"
1510:machine: "automated teller machine machine"
916:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
898:added the expansive sense to its entry for
276:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
9989:
9975:
8815:Kristoff, Nicholas D. (February 7, 2004).
8186:
8149:
8128:"10.2 Acronyms, initialisms, contractions"
8095:(June 1, 2015). Jeremy Butterfield (ed.).
8085:
7863:
7861:
7433:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
6962:The Linguistic Structure of Modern English
6392:The Linguistic Structure of Modern English
6341: – Shortened form of a word or phrase
6233:An acronym is interpreted as words: EU –
6187:, various methods are used. An example is
4301:Global Information Assurance Certification
3058:Some style manuals also base the letters'
2263:is traditionally pronounced like the word
786:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
609:) are pronounced as letters or as a word:
9924:[Abbreviations] (in Vietnamese).
9658:99 Novels: The Best in English Since 1939
9418:
9316:
8421:
8419:
8359:
8353:
7591:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
7388:
7355:
7244:
6829:
6790:. Merriam-Webster Inc. January 22, 2020.
5682:when in such position as in the acronym.
4951:Japanese abbreviated and contracted words
4454:Some examples of recursive acronyms are:
4451:, which stands for "MUNG Until No Good".
4399:, includes such terms as the name of the
4263:" stands for "Extensible Markup Language"
4225:stands for "XML HTTP Request", in which "
4187:Learn how and when to remove this message
4169:Learn how and when to remove this message
4107:Learn how and when to remove this message
3756:Learn how and when to remove this message
3602:test", now simply "SAT Reasoning Test").
3523:Learn how and when to remove this message
3505:Learn how and when to remove this message
3443:Learn how and when to remove this message
2689:Pronunciation-dependent style and periods
2323:Learn how and when to remove this message
2272:
1732:('Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews').
1585:Learn how and when to remove this message
1522:display: "liquid-crystal display display"
1230:Pronounced as shortcut phrase of letters
753:all include a sense in their entries for
692:whether it is legitimate to use the word
296:Learn how and when to remove this message
9669:
9396:
9394:
9353:
9351:
8814:
8808:
8792:. Informatics.Susx.ac.uk. Archived from
8434:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
8300:
8263:
8162:Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words
7995:
7615:
7613:
5723:
5713:
5705:
5699:
5670:
5034:) are instead frequently abbreviated as
4744:), but eventually referred to as simply
4489:
4473:stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"
4233:stands for "HyperText Transfer Protocol"
3625:as standing for "Digital Versatile Disc"
3598:Technology, and the formerly redundant "
2977:. Examples of anacronyms are the words "
2665:, no longer require punctuation to show
1899:The use of Latin and Neo-Latin terms in
945:Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words
224:, with attestations for the German form
210:, meaning 'height, summit, or tip', and
31:
23:. For the political advocacy group, see
9855:from the original on September 14, 2010
9549:. U.S. Government Accountability Office
9450:
9322:
8841:
8681:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8547:
8534:K. D. Nilsen & A. P. Nilsen (1995)
8269:
7858:
7776:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
7701:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
7421:
7321:
7097:
7095:
7093:
6422:
6138:is derived from the first syllables of
6036:in initialisms to avoid confusion with
5953:, 'Socialist Republic of Vietnam') and
4707:= 'conference'. Yet, in its short form
4515:For example, in Chinese, 'university' (
4273:" originally stood for "America Online"
4229:" is "Extensible Markup Language", and
3812:, with a famous example being frequent
3170:
2459:
2416:, and are examples of language-related
1413:" originally stood for "America Online"
1346:) "Advanced Audio Distribution Profile"
902:and included the 1940 citation. As the
872:e-mail discussion list which refers to
837:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
774:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
684:It is an unsettled question in English
11725:
9932:from the original on November 20, 2017
9823:from the original on December 19, 2018
9494:Keegan, Peter O. (February 21, 1991).
9493:
9357:
9327:(10th ed.), Oxford, Oxfordshire:
9183:
9081:
8425:
8416:
8192:
8155:
8119:
8091:
8026:
7996:Goranson, Stephen (December 5, 2010).
7577:
7239:refers to both kinds of abbreviations.
6902:(1940). "Chapter 47: Beasts of Prey".
6083:), a respelling of the French acronym
5678:, which is pronounced like the letter
5450:, is another acronym. This stands for
4845:Korea National University of Education
4467:stands for "LAME Ain't an MP3 Encoder"
3654:versions of that name (such as French
3209:Pseudo-acronyms and orphan initialisms
3025:Pronunciation-dependent style and case
2181:is generally said as two letters, but
1225:) "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"
1029:: "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"
856:only included the exclusive sense for
574:, consisting of syllabic abbreviation
9970:
9705:
9502:from the original on November 4, 2007
9391:
9348:
7834:) formed from initial letters :
7610:
7373:from the original on February 8, 2020
7339:from the original on February 8, 2020
7304:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
7113:from the original on January 22, 2020
7075:from the original on January 22, 2020
7049:) formed from initial letters :
6847:from the original on January 17, 2020
6794:from the original on January 22, 2020
6492:from the original on January 22, 2020
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6200:
6118:
6099:
6078:
5656:Some acronyms are developed from the
5613:, units, divisions, procedures, etc.
4494:
4426:
3996:, however, is still known as "TITS".
3708:
3657:Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
3609:
3326:), but its U.S. subsidiary is called
3149:" ("World Wide Web Consortium"), and
3004:
1970:in the late eighteenth century. Some
1409:: "AOL Instant Messenger", in which "
1254:Asistencia, Asesoría y Administración
356:, is generally pronounced as a word.
9843:"Very deep multiply nested acronyms"
9612:"History of UICC (up to late 1960s)"
9099:from the original on August 22, 2010
8651:
8374:: 167 – via Internet Archive.
8307:Dictionary of international security
7896:
7767:
7692:
7454:
7090:
6348:
6195:An acronym is pronounced as a word:
5807:, 'Chief Administration of Camps').
5453:Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi
4479:stands for "WINE Is Not an Emulator"
4118:
4089:adding citations to reliable sources
4060:
4019:
3898:of clinical trial acronyms, as with
3712:
3454:
3421:adding citations to reliable sources
3388:
3347:
3113:) in names are often represented by
2785:Representing plurals and possessives
2718:
2305:adding citations to reliable sources
2276:
1974:pre-date this, however, such as the
1700:), which was construed to stand for
1567:adding citations to reliable sources
1538:
1316:Shortcut incorporated into spelling
1186:) "Joint Photographic Experts Group"
994:: "British Broadcasting Corporation"
931:)" but adds later "In everyday use,
558:Some abbreviations are a mixture of
274:adding citations to reliable sources
241:
9571:. U.S. Government Publishing Office
9432:from the original on April 17, 2017
9119:"M's.P. Suffer Loss and Insecurity"
9063:from the original on April 30, 2011
8896:
8875:
8754:from the original on April 17, 2022
8645:"Does Cop = 'Constable on Patrol'?"
8404:from the original on April 17, 2022
8270:Favilla, Emmy (December 27, 2019).
7881:from the original on March 25, 2019
6873:(in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig:
6808:should only be used for terms like
6423:McMahon, Mary (December 30, 2023).
6289:. Likewise, the Gaelic acronym for
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5305:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5217:, 'Greatest General of all Time').
4543:) is usually abbreviated simply as
4355:
3988:). The charity sports organization
3338:Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome
3049:acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
2757:. For example, "i18n" abbreviates "
1006:: "original equipment manufacturer"
768:Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary
13:
9475:from the original on June 15, 2010
9419:Applebome, Peter (April 2, 1997).
9379:from the original on June 21, 2010
9165:from the original on July 15, 2012
9036:from the original on June 22, 2008
8928:American Psychological Association
8908:American Psychological Association
8391:
8360:Davenport, Basil (February 1943).
8341:from the original on July 14, 2014
8335:US Department of Homeland Security
8282:from the original on April 5, 2020
8041:from the original on April 5, 2020
8008:from the original on April 5, 2020
7546:from the original on April 5, 2020
7439:from the original on April 5, 2020
7406:from the original on April 5, 2020
7262:from the original on March 3, 2020
7258:. Macmillan Publishers Australia.
7217:so(und) na(vigation and) r(anging)
6998:The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
6788:The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
6516:Brit. /ˈakrənɪm/, U.S. /ˈækrəˌnɪm/
6468:
6174:General grammatical considerations
5950:Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
5927:, a general form of address), and
5609:), and many other terms regarding
4683:') can be broken into four parts:
3728:tone or style may not reflect the
3051:which is not a proper name, while
2805:American Psychological Association
2478:. Obsolete forms include using an
1682:in part because of an acronym (or
1023:Pronounced as word; initials only
416:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
14:
11754:
9951:
9684:from the original on July 2, 2013
9591:Storage Area Network Fundamentals
9216:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
9173:– via ElectricScotland.com.
8972:. WritersBlock.ca. Archived from
8829:from the original on May 28, 2015
8721:. Snopes.com. February 20, 2002.
8590:from the original on June 3, 2020
8027:Zimmer, Ben (December 16, 2010).
7830: : an abbreviation (such as
7045: : an abbreviation (such as
5846:Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili
5434:The capital's metropolitan area (
4566:
4313:" stands for "rapid eye movement"
4035:This section has multiple issues.
3992:is known as "TNT" and not "TIT".
3363:This section has multiple issues.
2907:
2879:for the Latin plural of 'pages',
2641:" are now considered to indicate
1790:" ("National Biscuit Company"), "
1726:over the crucifix, for the Latin
1713:Iesous Christos Theou huios Soter
1419:: "ASEAN Free Trade Area", where
1120:) "compact disc read-only memory"
10637:Democratic Republic of the Congo
9882:] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur:
9670:Drummond, Katie (July 6, 2010).
9054:
8725:from the original on May 6, 2022
6211:'into Nato'; another example is
6065:names of many Vietnamese letters
5333:; 'squad commander', masculine:
5030:Non-Chinese foreign borrowings (
4437:A special type of macronym, the
4218:Some examples of macronyms are:
4123:
4065:
4024:
3738:guide to writing better articles
3717:
3459:
3393:
3352:
3322:used its full name in Canada (a
3163:" ("business to business"); and
3001:", which is a type of misnomer.
2681:, states categorically that, in
2281:
2228:
2193:
2147:
2121:
2095:
2071:
2051:
1889:How to Write a Blackwood Article
1543:
1197:
1164:
1131:
1102:
876:being pronounced "pee-gee-enn",
849:The American Heritage Dictionary
763:The American Heritage Dictionary
635:
611:
511:
468:
404:Sometimes the first letter of a
246:
128:
97:
9914:
9900:
9867:
9835:
9799:
9746:New England Journal of Medicine
9663:
9660:(New York: Summit Books, 1984).
9651:
9629:
9604:
9583:
9561:
9539:
9514:
9487:
9461:
9444:
9412:
9284:
9232:
9207:
9177:
9151:
9131:
9111:
9075:
9048:
9014:
8988:
8962:
8934:
8782:
8766:
8711:
8637:
8581:
8575:
8541:
8528:
8506:
8484:
8462:
8385:
8323:
8294:
8053:
8020:
7989:
7402:. Macmillan Education Limited.
6804:Some people feel strongly that
6355:
4926:Daehak Suhang Neungryeok Siheom
4423:by human readers or listeners.
4076:needs additional citations for
4043:or discuss these issues on the
3371:or discuss these issues on the
3291:International Business Machines
2944:" in small caps. The acronyms "
2693:Nevertheless, some influential
2470:Showing the ellipsis of letters
2394:Acronyms as legendary etymology
2365:
2292:needs additional citations for
1778:names, such as on the sides of
1554:needs additional citations for
1242:American Automobile Association
1086:: "light detection and ranging"
1080:: "radio detection and ranging"
1058:: "alpha-methyl-phenethylamine"
1047:: "graphics interchange format"
359:Less significant words such as
237:
9375:. University of Pennsylvania.
9190:Garner's Modern American Usage
8998:. Editfast.com. Archived from
8954:. Three Rivers Press. p.
8886:for Writers of Research Papers
8817:"Secret Obsessions at the Top"
8199:Garner's Modern American Usage
8069:(3rd ed.). Archived from
7814:(1943) : a word (such as
7805:– via Internet Archive.
7464:New Oxford American dictionary
7369:. Cambridge University Press.
6442:
6416:
6285:, with the acronym pronounced
5094:
5081:
5067:
5054:
4937:
4919:
4883:
4871:
4849:
4839:
4821:
4802:
4796:
4759:Zhongguo Zhongyang Dianshi Tai
4601:
4589:
4579:
4555:
4523:
4517:
4397:which uses symbols extensively
3554:CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
3076:Numerals and constituent words
2464:
1997:
1877:employed in general vocabulary
1873:Colonial and Indian Exposition
1705:Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Θεοῦ Υἱός Σωτήρ
951:Garner's Modern American Usage
798:Webster's New World Dictionary
792:New Oxford American Dictionary
220:appears to have originated in
1:
9720:10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00411-4
9248:. London. December 19, 2008.
9030:National Library of Australia
8707:– via Internet Archive.
8686:Ballyhoo, Buckaroo, and Spuds
6376:
6183:In languages where nouns are
6178:
5852:
5781:, 'means of mass informing';
5778:sredstva massovoy informatsii
5522:Kepolisian Republik Indonesia
5348:
5214:Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten
4800:), to refer to universities (
4756:). In the same vein, CCTV or
3800:began referring to itself as
3670:
3274:became simply known as ADT. "
3217:), for "barbecue", and "K9" (
2440:", although many other (more
2370:Acronyms are often taught as
1809:(acronyms such as "ANV" for "
1729:Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum
1336:) "World Wide Web Consortium"
607:individual retirement account
82:this general meaning, and an
9637:"World Wide Fund for Nature"
9593:; Meeta Gupta; Cisco Press;
9498:. Nation's Restaurant News.
7335:. HarperCollins Publishers.
6335: – A single-letter word
6154:. Unlike with Chinese, such
6127:
5943:'). Longer examples include
5773:средства массовой информации
5405:'city public transportation'
5397:public transport stands for
5199:haircut) and the mocking of
4617:Politburo Standing Committee
4461:stands for "GNU's Not Unix!"
4008:, only to change it to the "
3021:" become "mRNA" and "tRNA".
2653:Ellipsis-is-understood style
2430:port outward, starboard home
2010:" (jokingly referred to as "
1712:
1688:
1265:Amateur Athletic Association
1012:: "United States of America"
738:American Heritage Dictionary
680:Pronounceability controversy
388:Department of Motor Vehicles
212:
206:
192:
7:
9639:. World Wildlife Fund. 2018
9107:– via Middlemiss.org.
8890:Modern Language Association
8859:University of Chicago Press
8398:Online Etymology Dictionary
8133:The Chicago Manual of Style
8034:The New York Times Magazine
7998:"acronym antedated to 1940"
7296:radio detection and ranging
6906:(in German). Translated by
6308:
6254:
6058:Vietnamese Fatherland Front
6056:('Central Committee of the
5803:
5789:
5777:
5760:
5746:
5671:ڤاس from ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا
5483:Purwakarta-Bandung-Cileunyi
5391:('National Monument'), the
5371:political party stands for
5315:
5299:
4992:
4944:
4931:
4925:
4901:
4889:
4881:) is referred to as KAIST (
4877:
4861:
4855:
4833:
4827:
4808:
4790:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4663:
4651:
4607:
4595:
4559:) is commonly shortened to
4149:the claims made and adding
3950:, was first intended to be
3574:Another common example is "
3485:the claims made and adding
3272:American District Telegraph
3159:); pronunciation, such as "
3086:Congress of Racial Equality
2801:Modern Language Association
1433:image manipulation program"
976:
938:The Chicago Manual of Style
891:The New York Times Magazine
888:" column about acronyms in
572:radio detection and ranging
10:
11759:
11300:Imperial, royal, and noble
9406:November 18, 2012, at the
8623:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.10.035
8367:American Notes and Queries
7519:'name,' on the pattern of
7207:In strict usage, the term
7021:ac·ro·nym | \ˈa-krə-ˌnim\
6885:– via Google Books.
6820:. Our research shows that
6152:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
5830:
5804:Glavnoe upravlenie lagerey
5798:Главное управление лагерей
5733:
5605:; 'Military Academy' – in
5512:Tentara Nasional Indonesia
5352:
5224:
5125:, 'Secret State Police');
4948:
4725:) are completely dropped.
4681:National People's Congress
4573:, the "northern capital" (
4499:
4430:
3825:U.S. Department of Defense
3674:
3547:became REA Express. A few
3537:redundant acronym syndrome
3341:
3297:is the name of the merged
3125:"). Large numbers may use
3119:fourth generation language
2968:Normal case and anacronyms
2895:
2669:; some even proscribe it.
2397:
2261:Microsoft's implementation
2189:Internet Protocol Security
1881:concept of their formation
1704:
1702:
1696:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1625:Senatus Populusque Romanus
1605:, conscious attention, or
1535:Historical and current use
980:
676:overloaded abbreviations.
328:and a contraction such as
18:
11707:
11515:
11487:
11384:Imperial, royal and noble
11369:
11280:
11261:
11194:
11083:
10993:
10901:
10819:
10781:
10758:
10675:
10622:
10589:
10504:
10471:
10388:
10377:
10272:
10202:
10083:
10057:
10008:
9521:UBS means RIP for Warburg
9401:What Does "BP" Stand For?
9124:Townsville Daily Bulletin
8958:– via Google Books.
8773:Oxford English Dictionary
8682:Quinion, Michael (2006).
8680:; published in the US as
8522:Oxford English Dictionary
8500:Oxford English Dictionary
8066:Oxford English Dictionary
7874:Oxford English Dictionary
7735:(1943) : a word (as
6682:Amer. Notes & Queries
6656:('Anything But Sarkozy').
6641:Mod. Movements in Archit.
6546:comb. form, after German
6486:Oxford English Dictionary
5936:các Thánh tử đạo Việt Nam
5797:
5783:
5772:
5766:
5754:
5740:
5630:taman didikan kanak-kanak
5220:
5101:
5017:
4986:
4973:
4895:
4783:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4734:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4675:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4574:
4561:
4545:
4291:VHF omnidirectional range
4016:Macronyms/nested acronyms
4010:Antonin Scalia Law School
3543:became TSB Bank, or when
3299:Union Bank of Switzerland
2350:
2191:is usually pronounced as
1895:Early examples in English
1836:Oxford English Dictionary
1811:Army of Northern Virginia
1246:abdominal aortic aneurysm
904:Oxford English Dictionary
896:Oxford English Dictionary
854:Oxford English Dictionary
843:Oxford English Dictionary
744:Oxford English Dictionary
10225:Maiden and married names
9884:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
6934:. 'They can call it the
6926:His first glance at the
6719:National Biscuit Company
5616:
5575:administrative divisions
4964:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
3900:gene and protein symbols
3870:names of clinical trials
3865:comic-book superheroes.
3816:antagonist organization
3254:has rebranded itself as
3055:is in the style of one.
2836:, it can also stand for
2639:United States of America
2512:grammatical contractions
1356:) "Internationalization"
870:American Dialect Society
599:uniform resource locator
449:, is sometimes called a
345:Internal Revenue Service
11712:Category:Lists of names
9789:University of Cambridge
9329:Oxford University Press
8892:. 2009. § 3.2.7.g.
8719:"See article at Snopes"
8559:Oxford University Press
8301:Robinson, Paul (2008).
8204:Oxford University Press
7647:Precision Metal Molding
6764:(National ed.) 16 Apr.
5761:Gazovaya promyshlennost
5664:Parti Islam Se-Malaysia
5570:Komando Distrik Militer
5192:vorne kurz, hinten lang
4856:Hanguk Gyowon Daehakgyo
4444:The Hacker's Dictionary
4004:) in honor of the late
3998:George Mason University
3796:. The clothing company
3768:Acronyms are sometimes
3535:Rebranding can lead to
3324:constitutional monarchy
3260:American Movie Classics
2940:" in normal caps, but "
2902:
2045:about how to pronounce
1802:" ("Sun Oil Company").
1250:anti-aircraft artillery
1074:('secret state police')
1018:: "very high frequency"
741:as well as the British
10642:Eritrean and Ethiopian
9292:"BBC News Style Guide"
9087:"Under the party plan"
8584:"An Abbreviations FAQ"
8426:Wilton, David (2004).
8309:. Polity. p. 31.
8272:"BuzzFeed Style Guide"
8159:(September 17, 2002).
8029:"On Language: Acronym"
7981:y·mous (ə-krŏn′ə-məs)
7877:(3rd ed.). 1989.
7689:
7673:
7619:Merriam-Webster, Inc.
7525:
7318:
7241:
7197:y·mous (ə-krŏn′ə-məs)
7054:
6773:
6297:
6291:
6281:
6235:
6226:
6213:
6207:
6146:
6140:
6132:
6070:
6052:
6046:
6026:
6016:
6010:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5959:
5949:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5867:
5845:
5755:Газовая промышленность
5687:
5662:
5647:
5642:panggung wayang gambar
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5601:
5595:
5585:
5579:
5569:
5563:
5553:
5545:
5536:Komando Pasukan Khusus
5535:
5527:
5521:
5511:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5444:
5415:
5409:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5379:
5373:
5365:
5251:, the United States);
5213:
5205:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5147:
5137:
5127:
5121:
5109:
4878:Hanguk Gwahak Gisulwon
4719:) and the third part (
4689:= 'the whole nation',
3952:
3936:
3914:, rather than being a
3656:
3545:Railway Express Agency
3303:Swiss Bank Corporation
3276:Kentucky Fried Chicken
2881:
2863:
2857:
2661:, such as that of the
2647:North American English
2564:
2558:
2552:
2544:full stop/period/point
2414:historical linguistics
2273:Expansion at first use
1938:
1926:
1914:
1794:" (from "S.O.", from "
1728:
1686:): 'fish' in Greek is
1643:
1634:
1624:
1371:Mnemonic (memory-aid)
1070:
1062:
1000:: "Digital Video Disc"
988:Pronounced as letters
588:detection and ranging.
226:
40:
25:Acronym (organization)
11572:Galton–Watson process
11177:Ancient Tamil country
10599:Australian Aboriginal
9781:"CLAiT–International"
9361:(September 7, 2006).
8362:"Initials into Words"
8337:. November 12, 2008.
7679:, an older word than
7639:
7632:
7488:
7272:
7123:
7014:
6591:W. Muir & E. Muir
6502:
6339:Syllabic abbreviation
6259:In languages such as
6158:are considered to be
6032:is often replaced by
5868:Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
5821:Nicholas II of Russia
5707:ديوان بهاس دان ڤوستاک
5633:('kindergarten') and
5554:Komando Pasukan Katak
5374:Partai Golongan Karya
5311:Israel Defense Forces
5263:, the Soviet Union);
5122:Geheime Staatspolizei
4962:Chinese-based words (
4701:= 'representatives',
4490:Non-English languages
4383:" are irreducible in
4371:function as words in
3312:Toronto-Dominion Bank
3099:The Lord of the Rings
2896:Further information:
2673:, American author of
2027:short message service
2020:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2014:") created under the
1952:), is English-sourced
1918:, 'before noon') and
1887:story of the 1830s, "
1871:, an acronym for the
1854:In English, acronyms
1071:Geheime Staatspolizei
670:Irish Republican Army
664:, respectively. When
561:syllabic abbreviation
398:Department of Justice
371:are usually dropped (
218:neoclassical compound
158:The broader sense of
35:
11339:Post-nominal letters
10458:Indigenous Taiwanese
9795:on January 14, 2012.
9526:May 4, 2018, at the
9367:"Orphan Initialisms"
9259:and, more recently,
9085:(January 18, 1912).
8946:Connolly, William G.
8930:. 2010. § 4.29.
8910:. 2001. § 3.28.
8165:. Crown. p. 9.
8093:Fowler, Henry Watson
7708:. 1993. p. 11.
7663:Times Literary Supp.
7595:on December 22, 2019
7400:Macmillan Dictionary
7256:Macquarie Dictionary
7071:. January 22, 2020.
6593:tr. L. Feuchtwanger
6363:Poulet Frit Kentucky
6321:Amalgamation (names)
5825:Alexandra Feodorovna
5649:Majlis Amanah Rakyat
5438:and its surrounding
5046:). For example, the
4780:) in the mid-2000s.
4730:CCTV New Year's Gala
4585:Hong Kong University
4401:NACHT protein domain
4335:, which expands to "
4085:improve this article
3594:virus", Microsoft's
3565:Royal Bank of Canada
3541:Trustee Savings Bank
3417:improve this section
3320:Royal Bank of Canada
3264:The Learning Channel
3171:Casing of expansions
3090:Transport for London
2759:internationalization
2679:Guide to Punctuation
2613:Commonwealth English
2460:Orthographic styling
2301:improve this article
1563:improve this article
780:Macmillan Dictionary
750:Macquarie Dictionary
270:improve this section
11699:Surnames by country
11324:Pre-nominal letters
10381:Surnames by country
9759:10.1056/NEJMc053420
9536:, November 13, 2002
9533:The Daily Telegraph
9325:AMA Manual of Style
9187:(August 27, 2009).
9002:on October 27, 2010
8536:The English Journal
8236:Connoly, William G.
7848:ac·ro·nym·i·c·al·ly
7757:ac·ro·nym·i·c·al·ly
7671:, 11 December 1978.
7657:Trade Name Creation
7651:"Users of the term
7435:. Pearson Longman.
7004:on January 22, 2020
6168:Vietnamese alphabet
6080:[s̪i˧ˀɗaː˧]
5973:TTLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC
5882:trung học phổ thông
5843:, which stands for
5507:Indonesian military
5495:Jogja-Solo-Semarang
5471:Jakarta-Bogor-Ciawi
5138:Fliegerabwehrkanone
4339:Initiative Towards
4331:Another example is
3953:Alles nur aus Liebe
3198:AMA Manual of Style
2763:multilingualization
2548:Latin abbreviations
2039:continually changed
1856:pronounced as words
1851:had become common.
1607:systematic analysis
1446:: "GNU's not Unix!"
747:and the Australian
729:, Dictionary.com's
391:), but not always (
201:is formed from the
11562:Endonym and exonym
11505:Calendar of saints
11488:Related traditions
11262:Manners of address
10624:Sub-Saharan Africa
10045:Nobiliary particle
9547:"100 Years of GAO"
9425:The New York Times
8822:The New York Times
8750:. Etymonline.com.
8554:Txtng: The Gr8 Db8
7973:anging. —ac′ro·nym
7687:in a narrow sense.
7511:1940s: from Greek
7028:: a word (such as
6900:Feuchtwanger, Lion
6877:. 1921. p. 37
6875:F. A. Brockhaus AG
6550:(1921 or earlier).
6429:LanguageHumanities
6120:[naː˧zaː˧]
5941:Vietnamese Martyrs
5885:, 'high school'),
4929:) is shortened to
4859:) is shortened to
4831:) is shortened to
4495:Specific languages
4427:Recursive acronyms
4409:Podospora anserine
4381:CHA2DS2–VASc score
4134:possibly contains
3938:Verliebt in Berlin
3810:fictional agencies
3709:Contrived acronyms
3610:Redefined acronyms
3470:possibly contains
3330:. The India-based
3177:expository writing
3065:The New York Times
3005:Mixed-case variant
2898:English possessive
2600:includes a medial
1807:American Civil War
1742:sages as early as
1466:, pseudo-acronyms
927:(as distinct from
378:The New York Times
121:is an acronym but
41:
11720:
11719:
11648:Personal identity
11483:
11482:
11190:
11189:
11131:
11079:
11078:
11040:
11033:
11026:
10984:
10965:
10958:
10951:
10944:
10892:
10863:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10744:
10737:
10432:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10203:By life situation
10156:
9893:978-983-62-4672-1
9819:. April 7, 2016.
9599:978-1-58705-065-7
9454:Daily Californian
9342:978-0-19-517633-9
9226:978-0-19-920687-2
9200:978-0-19-538275-4
8868:978-0-226-82337-9
8861:. § 20.1.2.
8849:Turabian, Kate L.
8796:on April 10, 2007
8697:978-0-06-085153-8
8690:. HarperCollins.
8675:978-0-14-101223-0
8668:. Penguin Books.
8568:978-0-19-954490-5
8445:978-0-19-517284-3
8392:Harper, Douglas.
8316:978-0-7456-4028-0
8256:978-1-101-90544-9
8217:978-0-19-987462-0
8196:(July 28, 2009).
8172:978-0-7679-1047-7
8142:978-0-226-10420-1
8112:978-0-19-966135-0
8073:on March 27, 2020
8061:"OED terminology"
7475:978-0-19-539288-3
6972:978-90-272-8824-0
6928:Paris German News
6841:en.wiktionary.org
6654:Tout Sauf Sarkozy
6582:use of the word.)
6402:978-90-272-8824-0
6369:in French Canada.
6349:Explanatory notes
6305:, as in English.
6156:clipped compounds
6017:Liên minh châu Âu
5924:ông bà anh chị em
5823:and his consort,
5517:Indonesian police
5440:satellite regions
5236:⟨״⟩
5036:clipped compounds
5023:, rather than Sai
4957:Japanese language
4817:Hongik University
4768:) was reduced to
4661:), with the term
4646:中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员
4551:Peking University
4439:recursive acronym
4433:Recursive acronym
4405:inhibitor protein
4215:" and "acronym".
4197:
4196:
4189:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4136:original research
4117:
4116:
4109:
4058:
3972:. In Canada, the
3798:French Connection
3766:
3765:
3758:
3732:used on Knowledge
3730:encyclopedic tone
3533:
3532:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3472:original research
3453:
3452:
3445:
3386:
3246:British Petroleum
3238:brand recognition
3062:on their number.
2719:Other conventions
2333:
2332:
2325:
2178:Internet Protocol
2031:instant messenger
2008:alphabet agencies
1962:is "abjud" (now "
1630:Roman first names
1595:
1594:
1587:
983:Lists of acronyms
822:equating it with
757:equating it with
424:immuno-deficiency
306:
305:
298:
232:Lion Feuchtwanger
11750:
11533:Anthropomorphism
11278:
11277:
11226:Buddhist surname
11127:
11036:
11029:
11022:
10982:Hispanic America
10980:
10961:
10954:
10947:
10940:
10888:
10859:
10852:
10847:African-American
10845:
10838:
10756:
10755:
10740:
10733:
10704:Ashkenazi Jewish
10509:and Western Asia
10474:and Central Asia
10428:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10386:
10385:
10247:Placeholder name
10152:
10096:Double-barrelled
9991:
9984:
9977:
9968:
9967:
9946:
9945:
9939:
9937:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9851:. July 7, 2010.
9839:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9791:. Archived from
9777:
9771:
9770:
9740:
9731:
9730:
9703:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9667:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9616:
9608:
9602:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9543:
9537:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9480:
9469:"BP plc History"
9465:
9459:
9458:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9416:
9410:
9398:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9384:
9355:
9346:
9345:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9312:on July 7, 2011.
9311:
9305:. Archived from
9296:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9211:
9205:
9204:
9181:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9170:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9007:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8976:on July 26, 2010
8966:
8960:
8959:
8942:Siegal, Allan M.
8938:
8932:
8931:
8926:(6th ed.).
8918:
8912:
8911:
8906:(5th ed.).
8900:
8894:
8893:
8888:(7th ed.).
8879:
8873:
8872:
8857:(7th ed.).
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8786:
8780:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8748:"Etymonline.com"
8744:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8689:
8679:
8662:Quinion, Michael
8658:
8649:
8648:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8606:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8545:
8539:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8510:
8504:
8502:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8452:
8433:
8423:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8232:Siegal, Allan M.
8228:
8222:
8221:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8130:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8089:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7886:
7865:
7856:
7855:
7837:
7783:. 2003. p.
7771:
7765:
7764:
7696:
7690:
7665:5 February 1970.
7644:
7617:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7600:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7553:
7551:
7532:
7526:
7510:
7487:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7444:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7411:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7378:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7325:
7319:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7248:
7242:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7099:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7080:
7061:
7055:
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6979:
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6950:
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6890:
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6863:
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6852:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6801:
6799:
6780:
6774:
6767:
6754:
6747:
6709:
6650:Atlantic Monthly
6639:
6608:
6599:
6592:
6545:
6541:
6532:
6528:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6479:
6466:
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6439:
6437:
6435:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6386:
6370:
6359:
6344:
6327:Initialized sign
6300:
6295:'television' is
6294:
6284:
6238:
6229:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6149:
6144:('Vietnam') and
6143:
6137:
6122:
6117:
6106:Voice of America
6103:
6098:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6055:
6049:
6031:
6019:
6013:
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5962:
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5932:
5926:
5920:
5915:, 'publisher'),
5914:
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5884:
5873:Ho Chi Minh City
5870:
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5479:
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5467:
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5418:
5412:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5388:Monumen Nasional
5384:
5376:
5370:
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5343:
5338:
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5332:
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5325:
5320:
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5307:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5284:
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5274:
5273:
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5267:
5262:
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5255:
5250:
5249:
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5243:
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5216:
5210:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5174:Abkürzungsfimmel
5170:
5162:
5150:
5140:
5130:
5124:
5114:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5070:
5069:
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5063:
5022:
5020:
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4997:
4995:
4993:Tokyo University
4989:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4921:
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4824:
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4805:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4793:
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4778:
4773:
4767:
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4642:
4641:
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4635:
4630:
4629:
4624:
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4548:
4547:
4542:
4539:
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4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4385:natural language
4192:
4185:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4151:inline citations
4127:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4069:
4061:
4050:
4028:
4027:
4020:
3990:Team in Training
3955:
3941:
3843:. In July 2010,
3761:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3740:for suggestions.
3736:See Knowledge's
3721:
3720:
3713:
3659:
3652:Romance-language
3569:Bank of Montreal
3528:
3521:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3487:inline citations
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3397:
3389:
3378:
3356:
3355:
3348:
2989:". The word "an
2963:
2961:
2957:
2943:
2927:Atlantic Monthly
2912:The most common
2884:
2866:
2860:
2791:Kate L. Turabian
2633:. Forms such as
2607:Particularly in
2567:
2561:
2555:
2504:air conditioning
2420:. For example, "
2390:in mathematics.
2328:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2285:
2277:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
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2060:
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1943:
1929:
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1673:Eastern Churches
1666:
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1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
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1590:
1583:
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1223:ess-ef-em-o-em-a
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
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1177:
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1137:
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1067:
668:is used to mean
660:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
644:
641:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
552:
546:
545:
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538:
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529:
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523:
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490:
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486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
301:
294:
290:
287:
281:
250:
242:
229:
215:
209:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
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106:
103:
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11753:
11752:
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11748:
11747:
11723:
11722:
11721:
11716:
11703:
11538:Personification
11511:
11479:
11365:
11267:
11263:
11257:
11253:Theophoric name
11186:
11091:
11075:
10989:
10897:
10815:
10777:
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10618:
10585:
10508:
10500:
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10467:
10379:
10373:
10268:
10235:Posthumous name
10198:
10079:
10053:
10004:
9995:
9954:
9949:
9935:
9933:
9920:
9919:
9915:
9906:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9886:. p. 129.
9872:
9868:
9858:
9856:
9841:
9840:
9836:
9826:
9824:
9812:Morning Edition
9805:
9804:
9800:
9779:
9778:
9774:
9741:
9734:
9704:
9697:
9687:
9685:
9668:
9664:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9635:
9634:
9630:
9620:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9588:
9584:
9574:
9572:
9567:
9566:
9562:
9552:
9550:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9528:Wayback Machine
9519:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9492:
9488:
9478:
9476:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9449:
9445:
9435:
9433:
9417:
9413:
9408:Wayback Machine
9399:
9392:
9382:
9380:
9356:
9349:
9343:
9321:
9317:
9309:
9299:BBCTraining.com
9294:
9290:
9289:
9285:
9238:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9213:
9212:
9208:
9201:
9182:
9178:
9168:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9152:
9137:
9136:
9132:
9117:
9116:
9112:
9102:
9100:
9080:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9053:
9049:
9039:
9037:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9005:
9003:
8994:
8993:
8989:
8979:
8977:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8939:
8935:
8920:
8919:
8915:
8902:
8901:
8897:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8869:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8830:
8813:
8809:
8799:
8797:
8790:"Abbreviations"
8788:
8787:
8783:
8771:
8767:
8757:
8755:
8746:
8745:
8738:
8728:
8726:
8717:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8676:
8659:
8652:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8607:
8603:
8593:
8591:
8580:
8576:
8569:
8546:
8542:
8533:
8529:
8512:
8511:
8507:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8475:
8473:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8424:
8417:
8407:
8405:
8390:
8386:
8358:
8354:
8344:
8342:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8299:
8295:
8285:
8283:
8268:
8264:
8257:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8191:
8187:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8125:
8124:
8120:
8113:
8090:
8086:
8076:
8074:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8044:
8042:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
7994:
7990:
7917:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7884:
7882:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7842:ˌa-krə-ˈni-mik
7835:
7795:
7781:Merriam-Webster
7773:
7772:
7768:
7751:ˌa-krə-ˈni-mik
7716:
7706:Merriam-Webster
7698:
7697:
7693:
7666:
7660:
7650:
7649:, January 1966.
7642:
7618:
7611:
7598:
7596:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7549:
7547:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7508:
7506:
7476:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7442:
7440:
7427:
7426:
7422:
7409:
7407:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7376:
7374:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7342:
7340:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7311:
7283:
7277:
7265:
7263:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7201:
7188:
7187:
7179:
7134:
7130:
7116:
7114:
7101:
7100:
7091:
7078:
7076:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7050:
7041:
7027:
7022:
7020:
7007:
7005:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6957:
6953:
6922:
6897:
6893:
6880:
6878:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6797:
6795:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6756:
6752:
6750:IBA Techn. Rev.
6745:
6740:
6731:
6722:
6707:
6702:
6689:
6674:
6660:
6657:
6644:
6637:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6569:
6556:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6495:
6493:
6481:
6480:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6456:. April 3, 2022
6448:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6431:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6342:
6333:One-letter word
6311:
6261:Scottish Gaelic
6257:
6245:pre-NATO policy
6202:[ˈnɑto]
6181:
6176:
6115:
6101:[vwaː˧]
6096:
6075:
6024:'). The letter
5905:, 'database'),
5855:
5833:
5736:
5689:Tenaga Nasional
5619:
5602:Akademi Militer
5416:warung internet
5357:
5351:
5306:צבא הגנה לישראל
5235:
5229:
5227:Hebrew acronyms
5223:
5159:Kriminalpolizei
5104:
5014:
4983:
4970:
4953:
4947:
4909:eoul National,
4786:
4622:中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4435:
4429:
4328:"RATIOSOVSRS".
4193:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4140:
4128:
4124:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4082:
4070:
4029:
4025:
4018:
3921:citation impact
3868:The short-form
3762:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3735:
3726:This section's
3722:
3718:
3711:
3695:Anthony Burgess
3679:
3673:
3612:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3476:
3464:
3460:
3449:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3414:
3398:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3227:abortion-rights
3211:
3206:
3173:
3127:metric prefixes
3078:
3027:
3007:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2941:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2787:
2765:" "m17n"; and "
2731:" or the Latin
2721:
2697:, many of them
2691:
2683:British English
2655:
2586:Arabic numerals
2472:
2467:
2462:
2434:tongue-in-cheek
2406:false etymology
2402:
2396:
2368:
2353:
2345:electronic text
2329:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2298:
2286:
2275:
2231:
2227:
2196:
2192:
2150:
2146:
2124:
2120:
2098:
2094:
2074:
2070:
2054:
2050:
2035:prescriptivists
2000:
1968:Arabic alphabet
1930:, 'after noon')
1897:
1885:Edgar Allan Poe
1597:Acronymy, like
1591:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1548:
1537:
1486:for "I owe you"
1200:
1196:
1167:
1163:
1134:
1130:
1105:
1101:
985:
979:
862:Duke University
726:Merriam-Webster
682:
658:
638:
634:
628:
614:
610:
550:
514:
510:
497:
471:
467:
302:
291:
285:
282:
267:
251:
240:
216:, 'name'. This
195:
131:
127:
100:
96:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11756:
11746:
11745:
11743:Types of words
11740:
11735:
11718:
11717:
11715:
11714:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11662:
11657:
11656:
11655:
11645:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11605:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11530:
11525:
11519:
11517:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11508:
11507:
11497:
11491:
11489:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11468:Ecclesiastical
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11417:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11381:
11375:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11346:
11336:
11326:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11318:
11317:
11315:Ecclesiastical
11307:
11302:
11297:
11286:
11284:
11275:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11204:Christian name
11200:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11099:
11097:
11094:Southeast Asia
11081:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11042:
11041:
11034:
11027:
11018:Eastern Slavic
11015:
11010:
11005:
10999:
10997:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10985:
10973:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10907:
10905:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10831:
10825:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10764:
10762:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10738:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10690:
10688:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10628:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10595:
10593:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10512:
10510:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10477:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10412:
10400:
10394:
10392:
10383:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10371:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10349:
10342:
10337:
10336:
10335:
10325:
10318:
10317:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10296:
10289:
10283:
10281:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10119:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10098:
10093:
10087:
10085:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10037:
10023:
10018:
10012:
10010:
10006:
10005:
9998:Personal names
9994:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9953:
9952:External links
9950:
9948:
9947:
9913:
9899:
9892:
9866:
9834:
9798:
9772:
9753:(1): 101–102.
9732:
9695:
9662:
9650:
9628:
9603:
9582:
9560:
9538:
9513:
9486:
9460:
9443:
9411:
9390:
9363:Liberman, Mark
9359:Zwicky, Arnold
9347:
9341:
9315:
9283:
9279:are lowercase.
9231:
9225:
9206:
9199:
9176:
9150:
9130:
9110:
9095:. p. 43.
9074:
9047:
9013:
8987:
8961:
8933:
8913:
8895:
8874:
8867:
8840:
8807:
8781:
8765:
8736:
8710:
8696:
8674:
8650:
8647:. May 3, 2007.
8636:
8617:(2): 340–344.
8601:
8582:Lee, Chelsea.
8574:
8567:
8549:Crystal, David
8540:
8527:
8505:
8483:
8461:
8444:
8415:
8384:
8352:
8322:
8315:
8293:
8262:
8255:
8223:
8216:
8185:
8171:
8148:
8141:
8118:
8111:
8084:
8052:
8019:
7988:
7915:
7895:
7857:
7793:
7766:
7714:
7691:
7609:
7576:
7527:
7493:/ˈakrəˌnim/ ▸
7474:
7453:
7420:
7387:
7354:
7350:Organization'.
7320:
7315:an initialism.
7243:
7186:An initialism.
7089:
7069:Dictionary.com
7056:
7023:Definition of
6985:
6971:
6951:
6920:
6891:
6858:
6828:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6759:
6757:
6743:
6741:
6734:
6732:
6725:
6723:
6705:
6703:
6692:
6690:
6679:
6676:
6659:
6658:
6647:
6645:
6635:
6633:
6626:
6624:
6617:
6615:
6604:
6602:
6588:
6585:
6514:Pronunciation:
6467:
6441:
6415:
6401:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6310:
6307:
6256:
6253:
6241:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6040:, for example
6022:European Union
6002:Southeast Asia
5971:, for example
5854:
5851:
5832:
5829:
5810:Historically,
5735:
5732:
5714:عيم.سي.عيم.سي.
5618:
5615:
5541:Special Forces
5462:('Toll Road')
5350:
5347:
5225:Main article:
5222:
5219:
5103:
5100:
5077:word processor
5075:" stands for "
4949:Main article:
4946:
4943:
4785:
4782:
4605:) rather than
4538:great learning
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4431:Main article:
4428:
4425:
4395:nomenclature,
4315:
4314:
4304:
4298:
4284:
4274:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4234:
4205:nested acronym
4195:
4194:
4177:
4176:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4059:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4006:Antonin Scalia
3966:, rather than
3764:
3763:
3725:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3675:Main article:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3611:
3608:
3531:
3530:
3513:
3512:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3342:Main article:
3339:
3336:
3229:organization "
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3172:
3169:
3121:") or "G77" ("
3105:Numbers (both
3082:function words
3077:
3074:
3026:
3023:
3006:
3003:
2969:
2966:
2914:capitalization
2909:
2908:All-caps style
2906:
2904:
2901:
2864:Estados Unidos
2832:can stand for
2786:
2783:
2720:
2717:
2690:
2687:
2654:
2651:
2578:exempli gratia
2510:is common for
2498:for "with" or
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2410:folk etymology
2395:
2392:
2367:
2364:
2352:
2349:
2331:
2330:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2271:
1999:
1996:
1954:
1953:
1931:
1896:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1857:
1772:
1771:
1733:
1676:
1639:
1593:
1592:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1403:Multi-layered
1401:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1294:
1287:N double-A C P
1280:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1187:
1154:
1121:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
981:Main article:
978:
975:
681:
678:
422:from the word
304:
303:
254:
252:
245:
239:
236:
194:
191:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11755:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11733:Abbreviations
11731:
11730:
11728:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11676:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11643:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11626:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11486:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11292:
11291:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11260:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11248:Mandaean name
11246:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11209:Biblical name
11207:
11206:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11130:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
11000:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10983:
10979:
10978:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10964:
10960:
10957:
10953:
10950:
10946:
10943:
10939:
10938:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10900:
10891:
10887:
10886:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10862:
10858:
10855:
10851:
10848:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10818:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10757:
10751:
10748:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10735:Ancient Greek
10732:
10731:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10682:
10681:North America
10678:
10674:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10472:Northern Asia
10470:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10427:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10413:
10410:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10376:
10370:
10367:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10347:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10334:
10331:
10330:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10322:Nom de guerre
10319:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10301:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10275:
10271:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10009:Personal name
10007:
10003:
9999:
9992:
9987:
9985:
9980:
9978:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9963:
9959:
9956:
9955:
9944:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9922:"Từ viết tắt"
9917:
9909:
9903:
9895:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9870:
9859:September 16,
9854:
9850:
9849:
9848:New Scientist
9844:
9838:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9808:
9802:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9776:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9747:
9739:
9737:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9708:Int J Cardiol
9702:
9700:
9683:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9666:
9659:
9654:
9638:
9632:
9613:
9607:
9601:; Appendix A.
9600:
9596:
9592:
9586:
9570:
9564:
9548:
9542:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9517:
9501:
9497:
9490:
9479:September 29,
9474:
9470:
9464:
9456:
9455:
9447:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9409:
9405:
9402:
9397:
9395:
9383:September 27,
9378:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9354:
9352:
9344:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9293:
9287:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9247:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9228:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9210:
9202:
9196:
9192:
9191:
9186:
9185:Garner, Bryan
9180:
9164:
9160:
9154:
9146:
9145:
9140:
9134:
9126:
9125:
9120:
9114:
9103:September 16,
9098:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9084:
9083:Dennis, C. J.
9078:
9067:September 16,
9062:
9058:
9055:Hyde, Robin.
9051:
9040:September 16,
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9006:September 16,
9001:
8997:
8991:
8980:September 16,
8975:
8971:
8965:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8917:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8891:
8887:
8885:
8878:
8870:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8844:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8811:
8800:September 16,
8795:
8791:
8785:
8778:
8774:
8769:
8758:September 16,
8753:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8729:September 16,
8724:
8720:
8714:
8699:
8693:
8688:
8687:
8677:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8655:
8646:
8640:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8605:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8550:
8544:
8537:
8531:
8523:
8519:
8517:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8495:
8487:
8476:September 16,
8471:
8465:
8458:
8451:September 16,
8447:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8431:
8422:
8420:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8363:
8356:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8318:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8237:
8233:
8227:
8219:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8200:
8195:
8194:Garner, Bryan
8189:
8174:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8152:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8114:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8088:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8056:
8040:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7929:ac·ro·nym (ăk
7926:
7922:
7918:
7916:0-395-82517-2
7912:
7908:
7907:
7899:
7892:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7864:
7862:
7854:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7794:0-87779-809-5
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7715:0-87779-708-0
7711:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7638:
7636:
7631:. pp. 21–22:
7630:
7629:0-87779-132-5
7626:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7515:'end, tip' +
7514:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7466:
7465:
7457:
7450:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7417:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7384:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7351:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7317:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7281:
7278:/ˈækrənɪm/ ('
7276:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7184:Usage Problem
7182:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7125:ac·ro·nym (ăk
7112:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7018:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6974:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6955:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6921:1-135-37010-9
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6904:Paris Gazette
6901:
6895:
6888:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6763:
6758:
6751:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6603:
6596:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6542:comb. form +
6537:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:"acronym, n."
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6301:, pronounced
6299:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6247:(rather than
6246:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6129:
6124:
6121:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6072:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5902:cơ sở dữ liệu
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5793:
5792:
5779:
5762:
5750:
5749:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5708:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5666:
5665:
5659:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5586:Sersan Kepala
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5421:internet cafe
5417:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5400:Angkutan Kota
5395:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5346:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5301:
5278:
5277:Rishon LeZion
5234:
5228:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5143:anti-aircraft
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5099:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5002:for 埼京, from
5001:
4994:
4982:
4981:Tōkyō Daigaku
4969:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4835:
4829:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4792:
4781:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4735:中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会
4731:
4726:
4682:
4665:
4653:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4597:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4552:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
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4450:
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4440:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4320:New Scientist
4312:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4191:
4188:
4173:
4170:
4162:
4159:February 2020
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4132:This section
4130:
4121:
4120:
4111:
4108:
4100:
4097:February 2020
4090:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4074:This section
4072:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:connotatively
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3896:raison d'être
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3760:
3757:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3639:
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3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
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3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3527:
3524:
3509:
3506:
3498:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3468:This section
3466:
3457:
3456:
3447:
3444:
3436:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3402:This section
3400:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:messenger RNA
3012:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:accessibility
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2737:post scriptum
2734:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:decimal point
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:forward slash
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:urban legends
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2316:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:This section
2288:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2223:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2142:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2066:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:alphabet soup
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1950:Before Christ
1947:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:post meridiem
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:ante meridiem
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:railroad cars
1777:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:This section
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:jay-pee-e-gee
1179:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:i-u-pee-a-cee
1146:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
987:
986:
984:
974:
972:
968:
967:
961:
959:
958:
953:
952:
947:
946:
940:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
845:
844:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
653:
632:
631:
623:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:
556:
554:
553:
544:
508:
507:
502:
501:
492:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
440:
439:base exchange
435:
430:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
402:
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
300:
297:
289:
279:
275:
271:
265:
264:
260:
255:This section
253:
249:
244:
243:
235:
233:
228:
223:
219:
214:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
126:
125:
118:
95:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:For some, an
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:is a type of
46:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
11687:Signum manus
11675:Royal cypher
11640:
11625:Nomen nescio
11623:
11619:Nomenclature
11614:Naming taboo
11522:
11426:Professional
11269:of authority
11219:Saint's name
10884:Scandinavian
10506:Muslim world
10344:
10320:
10291:
10143:Occupational
10002:anthroponymy
9941:
9936:September 4,
9934:. Retrieved
9916:
9902:
9879:
9875:
9869:
9857:. Retrieved
9846:
9837:
9825:. Retrieved
9810:
9801:
9793:the original
9784:
9775:
9750:
9744:
9714:(2–3): 303,
9711:
9707:
9686:. Retrieved
9675:
9665:
9657:
9653:
9641:. Retrieved
9631:
9619:. Retrieved
9606:
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9585:
9573:. Retrieved
9563:
9551:. Retrieved
9541:
9531:
9516:
9504:. Retrieved
9489:
9477:. Retrieved
9463:
9452:
9446:
9436:February 14,
9434:. Retrieved
9423:
9414:
9381:. Retrieved
9372:Language Log
9370:
9324:
9318:
9307:the original
9298:
9286:
9271:. Note that
9249:
9245:The Guardian
9243:
9240:"Styleguide"
9234:
9214:
9209:
9188:
9179:
9167:. Retrieved
9153:
9142:
9133:
9122:
9113:
9101:. Retrieved
9092:The Bulletin
9090:
9077:
9065:. Retrieved
9050:
9038:. Retrieved
9025:
9016:
9004:. Retrieved
9000:the original
8990:
8978:. Retrieved
8974:the original
8964:
8949:
8936:
8921:
8916:
8903:
8898:
8884:MLA Handbook
8882:
8877:
8852:
8843:
8831:. Retrieved
8820:
8810:
8798:. Retrieved
8794:the original
8784:
8776:
8768:
8756:. Retrieved
8727:. Retrieved
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8685:
8665:
8639:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8592:. Retrieved
8577:
8552:
8543:
8535:
8530:
8521:
8515:
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8499:
8493:
8486:
8474:. Retrieved
8472:. Snopes.com
8464:
8456:
8449:. Retrieved
8429:
8406:. Retrieved
8397:
8387:
8377:
8375:
8371:
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8355:
8343:. Retrieved
8325:
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8278:. BuzzFeed.
8276:BuzzFeed.com
8275:
8265:
8239:
8226:
8197:
8188:
8176:. Retrieved
8161:
8157:Bryson, Bill
8151:
8132:
8121:
8096:
8087:
8075:. Retrieved
8071:the original
8064:
8055:
8043:. Retrieved
8032:
8022:
8010:. Retrieved
8001:
7991:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
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7930:
7928:
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7890:
7883:. Retrieved
7872:
7851:
7850:-mi-k(ə-)lē
7847:
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7840:ac·ro·nym·ic
7839:
7831:
7827:
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7810:ˈa-krə-ˌnim
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7728:
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7640:
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7620:
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7597:. Retrieved
7593:the original
7588:
7579:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7548:. Retrieved
7539:
7530:
7520:
7516:
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7502:
7498:
7494:
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7441:. Retrieved
7432:
7423:
7415:
7408:. Retrieved
7399:
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7375:. Retrieved
7366:
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7332:
7323:
7312:
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7299:
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7284:
7279:
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7273:
7264:. Retrieved
7255:
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7139:
7135:
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7124:
7115:. Retrieved
7106:
7084:
7077:. Retrieved
7068:
7059:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
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7015:
7006:. Retrieved
7002:the original
6997:
6988:
6976:. Retrieved
6961:
6954:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6903:
6894:
6886:
6881:February 22,
6879:. Retrieved
6870:
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6840:
6831:
6821:
6817:
6813:
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6805:
6803:
6796:. Retrieved
6787:
6778:
6761:
6749:
6736:
6727:
6718:
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6698:
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6685:
6681:
6670:
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6662:
6661:
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6649:
6640:
6628:
6619:
6610:
6607:T. M. Pearce
6594:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6535:
6529:comb. form,
6523:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6494:. Retrieved
6485:
6458:. Retrieved
6453:
6444:
6432:. Retrieved
6428:
6418:
6406:. Retrieved
6391:
6384:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6302:
6286:
6277:BBC Scotland
6272:
6258:
6248:
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6125:
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6092:
6084:
6062:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6005:
5977:
5972:
5954:
5944:
5912:nhà xuất bản
5906:
5896:
5886:
5876:
5862:
5856:
5840:
5834:
5811:
5809:
5770:('SMI', for
5737:
5724:الفا.ڤي.ثيتا
5696:
5684:
5679:
5655:
5620:
5500:
5433:
5358:
5339:, feminine:
5260:ברית המועצות
5230:
5203:'s title as
5201:Adolf Hitler
5152:
5151:rather than
5132:
5131:rather than
5116:
5115:rather than
5105:
5086:
5082:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5029:
5024:
5009:
5003:
4980:
4967:
4961:
4954:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4814:
4787:
4727:
4695:= 'people',
4613:
4578:
4570:
4514:
4503:
4453:
4442:
4436:
4408:
4368:
4364:
4352:prescriptive
4345:
4330:
4318:
4316:
4217:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4183:
4165:
4156:
4133:
4103:
4094:
4083:Please help
4078:verification
4075:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4037:Please help
4034:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3946:), a German
3943:
3933:
3888:RAS syndrome
3867:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3801:
3791:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3767:
3752:
3746:January 2024
3743:
3727:
3703:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3613:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3534:
3519:
3501:
3495:October 2017
3492:
3469:
3439:
3433:October 2017
3430:
3415:Please help
3403:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3365:Please help
3362:
3344:RAS syndrome
3284:
3266:became TLC;
3255:
3251:Russia Today
3249:
3235:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3156:
3150:
3139:Gang of Four
3104:
3097:
3093:
3079:
3063:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3033:The Guardian
3031:
3028:
3019:transfer RNA
3008:
2996:
2990:
2974:
2971:
2931:
2925:
2911:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2794:
2788:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2733:postscriptum
2732:
2724:
2722:
2702:
2695:style guides
2692:
2674:
2659:style guides
2656:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2486:to show the
2473:
2403:
2369:
2366:As mnemonics
2361:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2319:
2313:January 2015
2310:
2299:Please help
2294:verification
2291:
2264:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2043:
2024:
2004:armed forces
2001:
1989:
1988:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1936:(from Latin
1933:
1924:(from Latin
1919:
1912:(from Latin
1907:
1898:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1819:World War II
1804:
1796:Standard Oil
1773:
1765:
1759:
1746:shorten the
1744:Rabbi Yehuda
1721:
1645:nomina sacra
1617:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1575:January 2015
1572:
1561:Please help
1556:verification
1553:
1502:RAS syndrome
1493:
1483:
1473:
1364:C-four Istar
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1301:N C double-A
1300:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1260:
1237:
1222:
1193:
1183:
1160:
1150:
1127:
1098:
964:
962:
955:
949:
943:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
914:
910:
908:
903:
899:
895:
889:
873:
865:
857:
853:
847:
841:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
809:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
720:
714:
710:abbreviation
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:style guides
686:lexicography
683:
674:disambiguate
665:
602:
594:
592:
587:
583:
582:and acronym
579:
575:
571:
565:
559:
557:
504:
461:
459:
454:
451:word acronym
450:
446:
444:
437:
433:
431:
428:
423:
419:
415:
409:
403:
396:
392:
386:
382:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
353:
349:
344:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:abbreviation
308:In general,
307:
292:
283:
268:Please help
256:
238:Nomenclature
198:
196:
186:
182:
180:
163:
159:
157:
122:
91:
83:
75:
71:
69:
49:abbreviation
44:
42:
29:
11660:Proper name
11582:Name change
11436:Educational
11414:Substantive
11353:decorations
11236:Jewish name
11231:Dharma name
11196:By religion
10861:Hongkongese
10686:Australasia
10526:Azerbaijani
10259:Regnal name
10240:Temple name
10070:Middle name
10058:By sequence
10035:Matrilineal
10031:Patrilineal
9926:BBC Academy
9169:January 21,
9144:The Mercury
8833:October 10,
8286:January 22,
8077:January 28,
7903:"acronym".
7885:January 28,
7599:January 22,
7550:January 22,
7443:January 22,
7410:January 22,
7377:January 22,
7343:January 22,
7306:). Compare
7266:January 22,
7204:Usage Note:
7117:January 22,
7079:January 22,
7008:January 22,
6912:Muir, Edwin
6908:Muir, Willa
6851:January 28,
6798:January 22,
6737:Electronics
6552:Originally
6533:comb. form.
6496:January 22,
6460:January 24,
6434:February 9,
6292:telebhisean
6164:blend words
6160:portmanteau
5895:, 'club'),
5561:Command'),
5543:Command'),
5489:Joglo Semar
5477:Purbaleunyi
5446:Jabodetabek
5413:stands for
5385:stands for
5272:ראשון לציון
5248:ארצות הברית
4941:, 'S.A.').
4510:logographic
4356:anacronymic
4209:portmanteau
3775:USA PATRIOT
3586:machine", "
3248:became BP.
3215:bee-bee-cue
3181:pedagogical
3175:Authors of
3129:, as with "
3123:Group of 77
3047:stands for
2891:manuscripts
2842:attributive
2823:Ben Chifley
2671:Larry Trask
2570:Anno Domini
2476:punctuation
2465:Punctuation
2446:Taboo words
2408:, called a
2029:(SMS), and
1998:Current use
1976:Restoration
1940:Anno Domini
1901:vernaculars
1865:colinderies
1815:World War I
1784:ticker tape
1776:corporation
1748:ten plagues
1661:), Christ (
1056:Amphetamine
886:On Language
761:, although
418:, uses the
286:August 2024
203:Greek roots
176:punctuation
76:alphabetism
65:punctuation
21:ACRONYM tag
11727:Categories
11653:Identifier
11636:Onomastics
11577:Legal name
11557:Deadnaming
11453:Diplomatic
11409:Subsidiary
11404:Hereditary
11295:Diplomatic
11214:Papal name
11123:Indonesian
11089:South Asia
11085:Indosphere
11051:Macedonian
11024:Belarusian
10931:Portuguese
10773:Lithuanian
10667:Zimbabwean
10463:Vietnamese
10423:Generation
10390:East Asian
10378:By culture
10352:Stage name
10309:Hypocorism
10274:Pseudonyms
10264:Slave name
10215:Birth name
10167:Teknonymic
10148:Patronymic
10128:Matronymic
10091:Diminutive
10065:First name
10021:Given name
10016:Birth name
9506:August 24,
9331:, p.
9265:pin number
9026:NLA.gov.au
8777:initialism
8408:August 31,
8206:. p.
7977:ic, a·cron
7836:initialism
7677:Initialism
7669:N.Y. Times
7308:initialism
7282:'akruhnim)
7193:ic, a·cron
7051:initialism
6814:initialism
6762:N.Y. Times
6746:P. R. Hutt
6695:Word Study
6611:Word Study
6595:Paris Gaz.
6576:initialism
6536:Etymology:
6377:References
6239:'into EU'
6230:'into EU'
6179:Declension
6116:pronounced
6097:pronounced
6076:pronounced
6047:UBTƯMTTQVN
6042:UBTWMTTQVN
5997:Đông Nam Á
5955:MTDTGPMNVN
5892:câu lạc bộ
5859:Vietnamese
5853:Vietnamese
5429:colloquial
5353:See also:
5349:Indonesian
5327:, plural:
4913:orea, and
4143:improve it
4040:improve it
3948:telenovela
3892:archetypal
3814:James Bond
3699:Apple Lisa
3671:Backronyms
3560:Navy: NCIS
3539:, as when
3479:improve it
3368:improve it
3318:, just as
3287:affiliates
3187:ongestive
3165:numeronyms
2922:Small caps
2729:postscript
2635:the U.S.A.
2627:, and the
2508:apostrophe
2398:See also:
2376:ROY G. BIV
1980:Charles II
1845:initialism
1655:), Jesus (
1641:So-called
1464:Gramograms
1277:I triple-E
919:says that
882:Ben Zimmer
878:antedating
832:initialism
824:initialism
759:initialism
706:initialism
72:initialism
11665:Signature
11552:Call sign
11528:Anonymity
11463:Religious
11389:Chivalric
11310:Religious
11305:Judiciary
11290:Honorific
11273:of honour
11172:Sinhalese
11162:Pakistani
11147:Malaysian
11142:Cambodian
11046:Kashubian
11038:Ukrainian
11003:Bulgarian
10942:Praenomen
10879:Icelandic
10750:Hungarian
10551:Pakistani
10486:Mongolian
10340:Ring name
10333:Heteronym
10299:Nicknames
10220:Code name
10172:Toponymic
10162:Sobriquet
10138:Mononymic
10133:Metonymic
10075:Last name
9643:August 7,
9621:August 7,
9575:August 7,
9569:"History"
9553:August 7,
9059:. NZETC.
9032:. Notes.
8394:"Baloney"
8178:March 11,
7965:etecting
7933:rə-nĭm′)
7869:"acronym"
7808:ac·ro·nym
7729:ac·ro·nym
7585:"acronym"
7564:etecting
7536:"acronym"
7491:ac·ro·nym
7484:614990378
7429:"acronym"
7396:"acronym"
7363:"acronym"
7329:"acronym"
7252:"acronym"
7189:ac′ro·nym
7170:etecting
7103:"Acronym"
7065:"Acronym"
6994:"Acronym"
6867:"Akronym"
6837:"acronym"
6784:"Acronym"
6711:Our Lang.
6708:S. Potter
6638:C. Jencks
6574:the term
6505:acronym,
6365:becoming
6282:BhBC Alba
6162:words or
6134:Việt Cộng
5519:(POLRI –
5503:alphabets
5459:Jalan Tol
5361:Indonesia
5317:gershayim
5233:gershayim
4890:Kaiseuteu
4862:Gyowondae
4628:中共中央政治局常委
4415:within a
4377:cognition
4361:annotated
4147:verifying
4046:talk page
4012:" later.
3908:memorized
3833:RESURRECT
3770:contrived
3683:backronym
3677:Backronym
3623:DVD Forum
3549:high-tech
3483:verifying
3404:does not
3374:talk page
3332:JSW Group
2975:anacronym
2933:USA Today
2779:treatment
2775:diagnosis
2755:numeronym
2746:('/', or
2739:instead.
2637:for "the
2442:credulous
2400:Backronym
1972:acrostics
1830:registers
1817:, and by
1798:"), and "
1718:catacombs
1684:backronym
1599:retronymy
1439:Recursive
1344:A-two D P
1334:W-three C
1305:N C two-A
1291:N A A C P
1068:: German
318:professor
257:does not
197:The word
193:Etymology
183:expansion
11738:Acronyms
11682:Khelrtva
11670:Monogram
11631:Misnomer
11609:Namesake
11543:National
11500:Name day
11458:Judicial
11448:Business
11441:Honorary
11431:Academic
11421:Military
11394:Courtesy
11379:Academic
11344:Academic
11334:Emeritus
11137:Javanese
11118:Filipino
11103:Balinese
11071:Suffixes
11008:Croatian
10971:Romanian
10956:Cognomen
10854:Canadian
10840:American
10821:Germanic
10806:Scottish
10724:Georgian
10714:Estonian
10699:Armenian
10694:Albanian
10652:Ghanaian
10609:Hawaiian
10546:Mandaean
10453:Okinawan
10438:Japanese
10409:Courtesy
10369:Username
10362:Mononyms
10328:Pen name
10314:Monarchs
10287:Art name
10230:Necronym
10210:Aptronym
10123:Eponymic
10084:By trait
9958:Acronyms
9930:Archived
9853:Archived
9827:April 4,
9821:Archived
9767:16823008
9728:12767559
9688:March 5,
9682:Archived
9524:Archived
9500:Archived
9473:Archived
9430:Archived
9404:Archived
9377:Archived
9269:sim card
9163:Archived
9097:Archived
9061:Archived
9034:Archived
8948:(1999).
8827:Archived
8752:Archived
8723:Archived
8703:March 4,
8664:(2005).
8631:19150279
8588:Archived
8551:(2008).
8514:"cabal,
8492:"abjad,
8402:Archived
8345:June 10,
8339:Archived
8280:Archived
8238:(2015).
8045:March 4,
8039:Archived
8012:March 5,
8006:Archived
7925:43499541
7879:Archived
7803:51764057
7724:27432416
7635:acronyms
7623:, 1994.
7544:Archived
7437:Archived
7404:Archived
7371:Archived
7337:Archived
7260:Archived
7150:tlantic
7129:rə-nĭm′)
7111:Archived
7073:Archived
6978:April 3,
6845:Archived
6792:Archived
6620:Rotarian
6524:Etymons:
6490:Archived
6408:April 3,
6315:Acrostic
6309:See also
6269:lenition
6267:, where
6255:Lenition
6199:or Nato
6185:declined
6147:Cộng sản
6141:Việt Nam
5980:morpheme
5945:CHXHCNVN
5607:Magelang
5591:Sergeant
5589:; 'Head
5529:Kopassus
5465:Jagorawi
5288:בית הספר
5186:Vokuhila
5183:include
5044:hiragana
5040:katakana
5032:gairaigo
4945:Japanese
4920:대학수학능력시험
4676:全国人民代表大会
4652:Changwei
4506:syllabic
4421:parsable
4419:clearly
4281:spooling
4201:macronym
3904:recalled
3883:medicine
3879:mnemonic
3781:CAN SPAM
3687:bacronym
3590:bank", "
3328:RBC Bank
3242:AT&T
3219:kay-nine
3107:cardinal
3039:BBC News
2985:", and "
2918:all caps
2699:American
2667:ellipsis
2643:American
2576:", and "
2540:fo'c'sle
2488:ellipsis
2428:" from "
2384:CAN SLIM
2372:mnemonic
2016:New Deal
1756:rishonic
1752:mnemonic
1740:Talmudic
1504:phrases
1494:kay-nine
1261:Three-As
1238:Triple-A
1099:cee-dee-
977:Examples
971:BuzzFeed
735:and the
406:morpheme
155:is not.
80:connotes
63:with no
61:all caps
55:of each
11602:Surname
11523:Acronym
11516:Related
11495:Baptism
11129:Chinese
11113:Burmese
11108:Bengali
11061:Serbian
11031:Russian
10976:Spanish
10963:Agnomen
10926:Occitan
10921:Italian
10911:Catalan
10903:Romance
10890:Swedish
10834:English
10791:Cornish
10768:Latvian
10742:Cypriot
10719:Finnish
10632:Ashanti
10591:Oceania
10581:Turkish
10561:Persian
10556:Pashtun
10531:Bengali
10496:Tibetan
10403:Chinese
10346:Shikona
10252:Notname
10184:Patrial
10177:Surname
10154:Surname
10101:Epithet
10040:Affixes
10026:Surname
9785:CIE.org
9365:(ed.).
8594:June 3,
8378:acronym
8303:"C4ISR"
7945:omen's
7685:acronym
7681:acronym
7659:, 1968.
7653:acronym
7521:homonym
7275:acronym
7237:acronym
7209:acronym
7178:anging.
7025:acronym
7017:acronym
6822:acronym
6806:acronym
6715:nabisco
6686:acronym
6570:In the
6548:Akronym
6519:Origin:
6454:Proofed
6249:preNATO
6214:Nasalta
6189:Finnish
6128:Chinese
6108:'; and
6004:') and
5969:Vietnam
5837:Swahili
5831:Swahili
5818:Emperor
5752:), for
5748:Gazprom
5741:Газпром
5734:Russian
5636:pawagam
5559:Frogmen
5547:Kopaska
5509:(TNI –
5486:), and
5436:Jakarta
5145:gun');
5111:Gestapo
5049:Pokémon
5005:Saitama
4932:Suneung
4872:한국과학기술원
4850:한국교원대학교
4834:Hongdae
4771:Yangshi
4765:中国中央电视台
4747:Chunwan
4664:Ruchang
4593:) uses
4580:Beijing
4532:
4500:Chinese
4389:protein
4141:Please
3927:driven
3916:cryptic
3837:NIRVANA
3818:SPECTRE
3787:CAPTCHA
3689:) is a
3477:Please
3425:removed
3410:sources
3316:TD Bank
3111:ordinal
3092:") and
3017:" and "
2948:" and "
2882:paginae
2771:history
2748:solidus
2677:Penguin
2609:British
2598:decimal
2480:overbar
1869:colinda
1849:acronym
1788:Nabisco
1690:ichthys
1664:Χριστός
1474:cee-cue
1360:C4ISTAR
1324:three M
1309:N C A A
1194:ess-ef-
1064:Gestapo
933:acronym
921:acronym
911:acronym
900:acronym
868:to the
866:acronym
858:acronym
828:acronym
820:acronym
812:acronym
755:acronym
721:acronym
702:acronym
698:acronym
694:acronym
549:em-ess-
455:acronym
278:removed
263:sources
227:Akronym
199:acronym
187:meaning
168:spacing
164:acronym
160:acronym
84:acronym
45:acronym
11692:Tughra
11597:Middle
11567:Family
11371:Titles
11357:medals
11355:, and
11349:Orders
11329:Suffix
11282:Styles
11241:Hebrew
11167:Sindhi
11152:Indian
11066:Slovak
11056:Polish
10995:Slavic
10916:French
10874:Gothic
10869:German
10783:Celtic
10760:Baltic
10709:Basque
10677:Europe
10662:Yoruba
10604:Fijian
10571:Somali
10566:Sindhi
10541:Coptic
10536:Berber
10521:Arabic
10516:Afghan
10481:Kalmyk
10448:Manchu
10443:Korean
10430:Titles
10194:Virtue
10189:Unisex
10111:Common
10106:Animal
9962:Curlie
9890:
9765:
9726:
9617:. UICC
9597:
9339:
9223:
9197:
8865:
8694:
8672:
8629:
8565:
8442:
8313:
8253:
8214:
8169:
8139:
8109:
7923:
7913:
7801:
7791:
7722:
7712:
7627:
7589:Lexico
7572:anging
7509:origin
7482:
7472:
7302:(from
7294:(from
7154:reaty
6969:
6945:P.G.N.
6936:P.G.N.
6918:
6580:O.E.D.
6572:O.E.D.
6399:
6236:EU:iin
6227:EU:hun
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1116:/
1113:m
1110:ɒ
1107:r
1104:/
652:/
649:ə
646:r
640:ˈ
637:/
622:/
619:l
613:/
605:(
597:(
543:/
540:s
537:ɒ
534:d
531:ˈ
528:s
525:ɛ
522:m
519:ɛ
516:ˌ
513:/
509:(
491:/
488:ɡ
485:ɛ
482:p
473:ˈ
470:/
466:(
420:d
299:)
293:(
288:)
284:(
280:.
266:.
151:/
145:ˈ
142:s
139:ɛ
133:j
130:/
117:/
114:ə
111:s
108:æ
105:n
102:ˈ
99:/
27:.
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