1260:
31:
969:
2995:
479:
1138:: A speaker is told to repeat a given sentence slowly, allowing for pauses. The speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. However, this method is not foolproof: the speaker could easily break up polysyllabic words, or fail to separate two or more closely linked words (e.g. "to a" in "He went to a house").
728:
may serve a criterion for a phonological word. In languages with a fixed stress, it is possible to ascertain word boundaries from its location. Although it is impossible to predict word boundaries from stress alone in languages with phonemic stress, there will be just one syllable with primary stress
1618:
In ancient Greek and Roman grammatical tradition, the word was the basic unit of analysis. Different grammatical forms of a given lexeme were studied; however, there was no attempt to decompose them into morphemes. This may have been the result of the synthetic nature of these languages, where the
1453:
wrote that the use of words "is to be sensible marks of ideas", though they are chosen "not by any natural connexion that there is between particular articulate sounds and certain ideas, for then there would be but one language amongst all men; but by a voluntary imposition, whereby such a word is
535:
on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial. Different standards have been proposed, depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context; these do not converge on a single definition. Some specific definitions of the term "word"
1148:
out loud, and then is told to say the sentence again with extra words added to it. Thus, "I have lived in this village for ten years." might become "My family and I have lived in this little village for about ten or so years." These extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the
610:
Since the beginning of the study of linguistics, numerous attempts at defining what a word is have been made, with many different criteria. However, no satisfying definition has yet been found to apply to all languages and at all levels of linguistic analysis. It is, however, possible to find
602:, the letter sequences "rock", "god", "write", "with", "the", and "not" are considered to be single-morpheme words, whereas "rocks", "ungodliness", "typewriter", and "cannot" are words composed of two or more morphemes ("rock"+"s", "un"+"god"+"li"+"ness", "type"+"writ"+"er", and "can"+"not").
654:
In some languages, these different types of words coincide and one can analyze, for example, a "phonological word" as essentially the same as "grammatical word". However, in other languages they may correspond to elements of different size. Much of the difficulty stems from the
1094:
with few inflectional affixes, making it unnecessary to delimit words orthographically. However, there are many multiple-morpheme compounds in
Mandarin, as well as a variety of bound morphemes that make it difficult to clearly determine what constitutes a word.
920:, indefinable words representing fundamental concepts that are intuitively meaningful. According to this theory, semantic primes serve as the basis for describing the meaning, without circularity, of other words and their associated conceptual denotations.
1476:
properties. Typically, a language's lexicon may be classified into several such groups of words. The total number of categories as well as their types are not universal and vary among languages. For example, English has a group of words called
1591:('eleven') were not made separate in those classifications due to their morphological similarity to nouns in Latin and Ancient Greek. They were recognized as distinct categories only when scholars started studying later European languages.
849:
Grammatical words are proposed to consist of a number of grammatical elements which occur together (not in separate places within a clause) in a fixed order and have a set meaning. However, there are exceptions to all of these criteria.
1619:
internal structure of words may be harder to decode than in analytic languages. There was also no concept of different kinds of words, such as grammatical or phonological – the word was considered a unitary construct. The word (
841:'from your houses', formed through regular suffixation. There are also lexemes such as "black and white" or "do-it-yourself", which, although consisting of multiple words, still form a single collocation with a set meaning.
39:
877:("two other women") but changing the suffix order also changes their meaning. Speakers of a language also usually associate a specific meaning with a word and not a single morpheme. For example, when asked to talk about
1489:(the indefinite article), which mark definiteness or identifiability. This class is not present in Japanese, which depends on context to indicate this difference. On the other hand, Japanese has a class of words called
1318:). However, for some purposes these are not usually considered to be different words, but rather different forms of the same word. In these languages, words may be considered to be constructed from a number of
555:, which is the smallest unit of language that has a meaning, even if it cannot stand on its own. Words are made out of at least one morpheme. Morphemes can also be joined to create other words in a process of
1206:, so a word boundary is likely to occur whenever the vowel quality changes. Nevertheless, not all languages have such convenient phonetic rules, and even those that do present the occasional exceptions.
659:
bias, as languages from outside of Europe may not follow the intuitions of
European scholars. Some of the criteria developed for "word" can only be applicable to languages of broadly European
821:. There is also the question to what extent should inflected or compounded words be included in a lexeme, especially in agglutinative languages. For example, there is little doubt that in
1449:
analyzed words in terms of their origins and the sounds making them up, concluding that there was some connection between sound and meaning, though words change a great deal over time.
1279:. Derivation is a process in which a new word is created from existing ones, with an adjustment to its meaning and often with a change of word class. For example, in English the verb
1131:
The task of defining what constitutes a word involves determining where one word ends and another begins. There are several methods for identifying word boundaries present in speech:
693:
One distinguishable meaning of the term "word" can be defined on phonological grounds. It is a unit larger or equal to a syllable, which can be distinguished based on segmental or
701:, an Australian language, roots or suffixes may have only one syllable but a phonologic word must have at least two syllables. A disyllabic verb root may take a zero suffix, e.g.
1220:
can be used to distinguish single words. However, this depends on a specific language. East Asian writing systems often do not separate their characters. This is the case with
40:
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu
736:, dental consonants /d/, /t/, /l/ or /n/ assimilate to a following semi-vowel /j/, yielding the corresponding palatal sound, but only within one word. Conversely, external
531:, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consensus among
1575:. Later Latin authors, Apollonius Dyscolus and Priscian, applied his framework to their own language; since Latin has no articles, they replaced this class with
1681:
The convention also depends on the tense or mood—the examples given here are in the infinitive, whereas French imperatives, for example, are hyphenated, e.g.
677:. These can be taken as an indication of what constitutes a "word" in the opinion of the writers of that language. This written form of a word constitutes a
1532:
it is not clear whether the distinction is applicable and all words can be best described as interjections which can perform the roles of other categories.
1496:
It is not clear if any categories other than interjection are universal parts of human language. The basic bipartite division that is ubiquitous in
1493:
which are used to mark noun phrases according to their grammatical function or thematic relation, which
English marks using word order or prosody.
1194:
the last syllable of a word, a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable. Another example can be seen in a language that has
2552:
2337:
663:. Because of this unclear status, some linguists propose avoiding the term "word" altogether, instead focusing on better defined terms such as
944:
that are united into a structure with form and meaning. For example, the word "koalas" has semantic features (it denotes real-world objects,
586:
In many languages, the notion of what constitutes a "word" may be learned as part of learning the writing system. This is the case for the
809:. However, this may be different from the meaning in everyday speech of "word", since one lexeme includes all inflected forms. The lexeme
1520:, a Salish language, all words with 'noun-like' meanings can be used predicatively, where they function like verb. For example, the word
1036:
each are generally considered to consist of more than one word (as each of the components are free forms, with the possible exception of
789:
within words. Conversely, a single phonological word may be made up of more than one syntactical elements, such as in the
English phrase
2352:
721:, another language form Australia, a word-medial syllable can end with a consonant but a word-final syllable must end with a vowel.
1598:
introduced a similar fundamental classification into a nominal (nāma, suP) and a verbal (ākhyāta, tiN) class, based on the set of
853:
Single grammatical words have a fixed internal structure; when the structure is changed, the meaning of the word also changes. In
619:
level, that it is the smallest segment of sound that can be theoretically isolated by word accent and boundary markers; on the
2609:
2454:
2395:
2264:
2116:
2001:
1724:
1271:
and structure. Words may undergo different morphological processes which are traditionally classified into two broad groups:
908:(units of meaning). However, some written words are not minimal free forms as they make no sense by themselves (for example,
685:
or morphemes. When a word has multiple definitions or multiple senses, it may result in confusion in a debate or discussion.
506:
2762:
396:
2957:
2952:
1441:
Philosophers have found words to be objects of fascination since at least the 5th century BC, with the foundation of the
1055:
Sometimes, languages which are close grammatically will consider the same order of words in different ways. For example,
1458:'s thought transitioned from a word as representation of meaning to "the meaning of a word is its use in the language."
1528:
all content words can be analyzed as nominal, with agentive nouns serving the role closest to verbs. Finally, in some
2709:
2681:
2652:
2581:
2528:
2313:
2227:
2178:
2143:
2073:
1865:
1812:
1766:
1291:
through affixation. Inflection adds grammatical information to a word, such as indicating case, tense, or gender.
356:
900:
introduced the concept of "Minimal Free Forms" in 1928. Words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of
2967:
416:
361:
134:
763:
It is often the case that a phonological word does not correspond to our intuitive conception of a word. The
391:
82:
1646:
732:
Many phonological rules operate only within a phonological word or specifically across word boundaries. In
336:
202:
3042:
2704:. J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner, Oxford University Press (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989.
456:
162:
559:. In English and many other languages, the morphemes that make up a word generally include at least one
3022:
2733:
2633:
2419:
2288:
2202:
1889:
1525:
1009:
536:
are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description, for example based on
611:
consistent definitions of "word" at different levels of description. These include definitions on the
1190:
that make it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. For example, in a language that regularly
499:
446:
346:
172:
2369:
2982:
2977:
2755:
1584:
1272:
1254:
632:
556:
351:
294:
109:
2446:
3037:
2972:
1572:
1326:
451:
289:
266:
3027:
2880:
1540:
1529:
1442:
1145:
1021:
956:
features (it is plural and must agree with verbs, pronouns, and demonstratives in its domain),
714:
580:
568:
401:
368:
321:
237:
217:
197:
99:
77:
72:
567:("-s", "un-", "-ly", "-ness"). Words with more than one root ("er", "s", "ically") are called
2947:
2885:
1588:
1013:
941:
694:
177:
24:
2476:
2875:
1657:
1517:
1490:
757:
725:
548:
basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations.
492:
421:
331:
212:
157:
54:
1115:
for effect, though if done extensively spaces are typically added to maintain legibility.
8:
3032:
2962:
2795:
2748:
1213:
1116:
1068:
1017:
989:
698:
660:
599:
262:
192:
167:
139:
2434:
2259:. Ralph W. Fasold, Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2006.
2026:
1524:
can be understood as '(is a) coyote' rather than simply 'coyote'. On the other hand, in
3047:
2998:
2831:
2727:
2627:
2546:
2413:
2331:
2282:
2196:
2044:
1972:
1937:
1883:
1509:
1334:
1295:
1005:
1001:
953:
933:
929:
897:
745:
733:
674:
560:
482:
461:
431:
386:
341:
309:
299:
187:
182:
43:
805:
A word can be thought of as an item in a speaker's internal lexicon; this is called a
2994:
2895:
2715:
2705:
2687:
2677:
2658:
2648:
2615:
2605:
2587:
2577:
2534:
2524:
2496:
2450:
2401:
2391:
2319:
2309:
2270:
2260:
2233:
2223:
2184:
2174:
2149:
2139:
2112:
2079:
2069:
2007:
1997:
1929:
1871:
1861:
1860:. Robert M. W. Dixon, A. Y. Aikhenvald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002.
1818:
1808:
1772:
1762:
1730:
1720:
1556:
1478:
1096:
1091:
997:
478:
326:
304:
247:
19:
This article is about the unit of speech and writing. For the computer software, see
2098:
1941:
857:, which can use many derivational affixes with its nouns, there are the dual suffix
2900:
2851:
2488:
2442:
2104:
2034:
2031:
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual
Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
1964:
1921:
1513:
1497:
1467:
1225:
1217:
1199:
1087:
1076:
993:
949:
916:). Some semanticists have put forward a theory of so-called semantic primitives or
854:
822:
764:
749:
740:
rules act across word boundaries. The prototypical example of this rule comes from
587:
426:
257:
252:
227:
222:
207:
2048:
729:
per word, which allows for determining the total number of words in an utterance.
681:. The most appropriate means of measuring the length of a word is by counting its
590:, and for most languages that are written with alphabets derived from the ancient
2097:
Fleming, Michael; Hardman, Frank; Stevens, David; Williamson, John (2003-09-02).
1606:
in formal contexts; misnomers, due to them not meaning what they would imply; or
1536:
1407:
1221:
1158:
1154:
1060:
917:
1910:"The indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax"
1259:
647:
as the smallest and relatively independent carrier of meaning in a lexicon; and
3017:
1268:
1191:
1120:
1056:
985:
595:
591:
271:
20:
2492:
2475:
De Soto, Clinton B.; Hamilton, Margaret M.; Taylor, Ralph B. (December 1985).
1822:
3011:
2926:
2619:
2500:
2405:
2188:
2011:
1933:
1734:
1636:
1421:
1195:
1187:
786:
718:
2719:
2691:
2662:
2591:
2538:
2274:
2237:
2153:
2083:
1875:
1776:
1595:
2785:
2323:
2173:. Cliff Goddard, Anna Wierzbicka. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. 2002.
1802:
1576:
1455:
1108:
904:
that can stand by themselves. This correlates phonemes (units of sound) to
670:
656:
314:
104:
2599:
2385:
2168:
2108:
2039:
1991:
1925:
1714:
713:'go!', thus conforming to a segmental pattern of Walmatjari words. In the
571:. In turn, words are combined to form other elements of language, such as
2699:
2671:
2642:
2571:
2518:
2435:"Unidirectional flexibility and the noun–verb distinction in Lushootseed"
2254:
2217:
2133:
2063:
2033:. Chicago, Illinois: Association for Computational Linguistics: 299–304.
1855:
1756:
1564:
1535:
The current classification of words into classes is based on the work of
1233:
1229:
981:
620:
545:
532:
466:
441:
62:
35:
30:
2604:. E. K. Brown, Anne Anderson (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2006.
2303:
563:(such as "rock", "god", "type", "writ", "can", "not") and possibly some
2771:
2170:
Meaning and universal grammar. Volume II: theory and empirical findings
1651:
1607:
1580:
1552:
1450:
1373:
1276:
1237:
968:
640:
436:
119:
2374:(Winter 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1976:
673:
categorize a language's lexicon into individually listed forms called
2910:
2816:
2390:. Adrian Akmajian (6th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2010.
1662:
1641:
1299:
957:
753:
644:
616:
612:
537:
528:
411:
406:
242:
232:
124:
114:
1761:. Gregory Trauth, Kerstin Kazzazi. London: Routledge. p. 1285.
1719:. J. E. Miller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 473.
1610:
words, due to the potential confusion between their various senses.
980:, the question of what is considered a single word is influenced by
2931:
2866:
2841:
2826:
1968:
1909:
1599:
1319:
1112:
1099:
uses orthographic cues to delimit words, such as switching between
741:
682:
664:
651:, as the smallest permutable and substitutable unit of a sentence.
628:
552:
524:
697:
features, or through its interactions with phonological rules. In
2905:
2846:
2790:
2351:
2027:"Extracting semantic hierarchies from a large on-line dictionary"
1996:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1685:, whereas the Spanish present tense is completely separate, e.g.
1560:
1473:
1241:
977:
760:
English dialects can also be used to illustrate word boundaries.
636:
624:
541:
1539:, who, in the 1st century BC, distinguished eight categories of
1306:) may inflect to have a number of different forms (for example,
837:. However, it is not clear if it should also encompass the word
2856:
2836:
2433:
Beck, David (2013-08-29), Rijkhoff, Jan; van Lier, Eva (eds.),
2096:
1568:
1346:
905:
901:
806:
737:
678:
648:
576:
572:
129:
2025:
Chodorow, Martin S.; Byrd, Roy J.; Heidorn, George E. (1985).
1516:, all content words may be understood as verbal in nature. In
2890:
2821:
2740:
2167:"The search for the shared semantic core of all languages.".
1603:
1446:
1340:
1150:
1100:
1063:
infinitive are separate from their respective particle, e.g.
945:
564:
2573:
Literacy: an introduction to the ecology of written language
1602:
taken by the word. Some words can be controversial, such as
1548:
1544:
1505:
1501:
1104:
785:'city') because it does not conform to Finnish patterns of
2387:
Linguistics: an introduction to language and communication
707:'hit!', but a monosyllabic root must take a suffix, e.g.
1955:
Harris, Zellig S. (1946). "From morpheme to utterance".
1395:(diachronically a suffix), resulting in a complex root
1103:(characters borrowed from Chinese writing) and the two
1000:, but these are a relatively modern development in the
2357:. Vol. III (1st ed.). London: Thomas Basset.
1654:, the number of words in a document or passage of text
881:
they rarely focus on the meaning of morphemes such as
551:
The concept of "word" is distinguished from that of a
2474:
1263:
A morphology tree of the
English word "independently"
1123:, delimits monosyllabic morphemes rather than words.
1426:
1411:
1397:
1389:
1378:
1366:
1355:
1153:, which are put inside a root. Similarly, some have
996:
are common in modern orthography of languages using
2024:
1623:) was defined as the minimal unit of an utterance (
2644:The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language
1472:Each word belongs to a category, based on shared
1202:): the vowels within a given word share the same
1107:syllabaries. This is a fairly soft rule, because
940:in the literature) are construed as "bundles" of
3009:
2477:"Words, People, and Implicit Personality Theory"
1903:
1901:
1899:
1758:Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics
1329:in particular, the morphemes distinguished are:
1149:original sentence. However, some languages have
960:features (it is pronounced a certain way), etc.
708:
702:
623:level as a segment indicated by blank spaces in
1804:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics: V1-14
2601:The encyclopedia of language & linguistics
2125:
1989:
2756:
2512:
2510:
2441:, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–220,
2367:
2249:
2247:
1896:
780:
774:
768:
500:
2378:
2361:
1454:made arbitrarily the mark of such an idea".
1287:through stress shift and into the adjective
1175:
1162:
972:Words made out of letters, divided by spaces
2256:An introduction to language and linguistics
2160:
2090:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1086:Not all languages delimit words expressly.
38:hill with an unusually long one-word name:
2763:
2749:
2647:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
2551:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2507:
2468:
2336:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2244:
2131:
2100:Meeting the Standards in Secondary English
2055:
1907:
1186:: Some languages have particular rules of
507:
493:
2676:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2447:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668441.003.0007
2344:
2295:
2038:
1627:), the expression of a complete thought.
1424:nominative or accusative singular suffix
2065:English words: structure, history, usage
1783:
1754:
1258:
967:
29:
2640:
2354:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
2061:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1716:The Cambridge dictionary of linguistics
773:'capital' is phonologically two words (
3010:
2569:
2516:
2135:Semantics : primes and universals
1954:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
2744:
2576:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. 96.
2350:
2301:
2215:
1800:
1712:
1708:
1706:
2669:
2432:
2368:Biletzki, Anar; Matar, Anat (2021).
2138:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
1829:
643:, different from word-forms; within
397:Conservative and innovative language
2958:International scientific vocabulary
2953:English lexicology and lexicography
2222:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2068:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
1741:
1361:would be analyzed as consisting of
829:should include nominative singular
13:
2219:Core syntax: a minimalist approach
1703:
1126:
14:
3059:
1857:Word: a cross-linguistic typology
1594:In Indian grammatical tradition,
1024:may contain spaces. For example,
1016:are defined as word dividers. In
865:meaning "another". With the noun
2993:
1119:orthography, although using the
1067:("to wash oneself"), whereas in
583:("I threw a rock, but missed").
477:
2563:
2426:
2209:
1993:The Oxford handbook of the word
1675:
1044:, but the similarly compounded
575:("a red rock", "put up with"),
2968:Lexicographic information cost
2770:
2520:A short history of linguistics
2018:
1983:
1948:
1807:. Keith Brown (2nd ed.).
1353:Thus, the Proto-Indo-European
1283:may be modified into the noun
963:
605:
1:
2701:The Oxford English Dictionary
1696:
1436:
1248:
1144:: A speaker is told to say a
1052:are considered single words.
797:forms one phonological word.
1990:John R. Taylor, ed. (2015).
1647:Word (computer architecture)
892:
688:
337:Functional discourse grammar
203:Ethnography of communication
7:
2103:(1st ed.). Routledge.
1908:Haspelmath, Martin (2011).
1630:
1267:Morphology is the study of
1212:: Word separators, such as
923:
457:Second-language acquisition
10:
3064:
1755:Bussmann, Hadumod (1998).
1613:
1485:(the definite article) or
1465:
1461:
1427:
1412:
1398:
1390:
1379:
1367:
1356:
1252:
1071:they are hyphenated, e.g.
869:they can be arranged into
844:
800:
135:Syntax–semantics interface
18:
2991:
2940:
2919:
2865:
2809:
2778:
2673:Word-formation in English
2493:10.1521/soco.1985.3.4.369
2132:Wierzbicka, Anna (1996).
2062:Katamba, Francis (2005).
952:features (it is a noun),
873:("another two women") or
447:Philosophy of linguistics
347:Interactional linguistics
16:Basic element of language
2983:Specialized lexicography
2523:(4th ed.). London.
1668:
1255:Morphology (linguistics)
635:as the basic element of
579:("I threw a rock"), and
557:morphological derivation
2973:Linguistic prescription
2641:Crystal, David (1995).
1327:Indo-European languages
1232:characters, as well as
1210:Orthographic boundaries
1111:can also be written in
813:refers to the singular
709:
703:
2881:Hypernymy and hyponymy
2732:: CS1 maint: others (
2632:: CS1 maint: others (
2570:Barton, David (1994).
2517:Robins, R. H. (1997).
2418:: CS1 maint: others (
2305:English word-formation
2302:Bauer, Laurie (1983).
2287:: CS1 maint: others (
2201:: CS1 maint: others (
1888:: CS1 maint: others (
1530:Austronesian languages
1526:Eskimo–Aleut languages
1443:philosophy of language
1264:
1176:
1163:
1079:they are joined, e.g.
973:
817:as well as the plural
781:
775:
769:
715:Pitjantjatjara dialect
523:is a basic element of
284:Theoretical frameworks
238:Philosophy of language
218:History of linguistics
47:
23:. For other uses, see
2948:Controlled vocabulary
2886:Meronymy and holonymy
2439:Flexible Word Classes
2216:Adger, David (2003).
2109:10.4324/9780203165553
2040:10.3115/981210.981247
1926:10.1515/flin.2011.002
1801:Brown, Keith (2005).
1713:Brown, E. K. (2013).
1262:
971:
936:, words (also called
178:Conversation analysis
33:
25:Word (disambiguation)
1022:compound expressions
976:In languages with a
422:Internet linguistics
332:Construction grammar
2963:Lexicographic error
2670:Plag, Ingo (2003).
2371:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1508:. However, in some
1296:synthetic languages
1184:Phonetic boundaries
1018:English orthography
942:linguistic features
756:phenomenon in some
744:; however, initial
724:In most languages,
661:synthetic structure
600:English orthography
357:Systemic functional
152:Applied linguistics
94:General linguistics
3043:Syntactic entities
2999:Linguistics portal
1339:multiple possible
1265:
1006:character encoding
1002:history of writing
998:alphabetic scripts
978:literary tradition
974:
934:theoretical syntax
898:Leonard Bloomfield
746:consonant mutation
631:; on the basis of
462:Theory of language
432:Origin of language
387:Autonomy of syntax
342:Grammaticalization
188:Discourse analysis
183:Corpus linguistics
48:
3023:Autological words
3005:
3004:
2896:Lexical semantics
2611:978-0-08-044854-1
2456:978-0-19-966844-1
2397:978-0-262-01375-8
2266:978-0-521-84768-1
2118:978-1-134-56851-2
2003:978-0-19-175669-6
1914:Folia Linguistica
1726:978-0-521-76675-3
1498:natural languages
1387:A root-extension
1218:punctuation marks
1155:separable affixes
1092:analytic language
1012:depends on which
1010:word segmentation
994:punctuation marks
875:yibi-gabun-jarran
871:yibi-jarran-gabun
517:
516:
305:Distributionalism
248:Psycholinguistics
3055:
2997:
2901:Semantic network
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2695:
2666:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2595:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2481:Social Cognition
2472:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1852:
1827:
1826:
1798:
1781:
1780:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1690:
1679:
1514:Salish languages
1468:Lexical category
1430:
1429:
1415:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1345:an inflectional
1226:Japanese writing
1179:
1173:
1088:Mandarin Chinese
1030:air raid shelter
828:
812:
784:
778:
772:
750:Celtic languages
748:in contemporary
712:
706:
588:English language
509:
502:
495:
481:
427:LGBT linguistics
417:Internationalism
392:Compositionality
253:Sociolinguistics
228:Neurolinguistics
223:Interlinguistics
208:Ethnomethodology
50:
49:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2987:
2936:
2915:
2861:
2805:
2774:
2769:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2698:
2684:
2655:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2598:
2584:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2515:
2508:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2431:
2427:
2411:
2410:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2366:
2362:
2349:
2345:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2095:
2091:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2023:
2019:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1953:
1949:
1906:
1897:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1854:
1853:
1830:
1815:
1799:
1784:
1769:
1753:
1742:
1727:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1633:
1616:
1537:Dionysius Thrax
1470:
1464:
1439:
1408:thematic suffix
1257:
1251:
1136:Potential pause
1129:
1127:Word boundaries
1057:reflexive verbs
986:Word separators
966:
926:
918:semantic primes
895:
861:and the suffix
847:
826:
825:the lexeme for
810:
803:
691:
639:paradigms like
608:
596:Greek alphabets
513:
472:
471:
382:
374:
373:
285:
277:
276:
272:Writing systems
163:Anthropological
153:
145:
144:
95:
87:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Semantic units
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2696:
2682:
2667:
2653:
2638:
2610:
2596:
2582:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2529:
2506:
2487:(4): 369–382.
2467:
2455:
2425:
2396:
2377:
2360:
2343:
2314:
2308:. Cambridge .
2294:
2265:
2243:
2228:
2208:
2179:
2159:
2144:
2124:
2117:
2089:
2074:
2054:
2017:
2002:
1982:
1969:10.2307/410205
1963:(3): 161–183.
1947:
1895:
1866:
1828:
1813:
1782:
1767:
1740:
1725:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1615:
1612:
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1418:
1404:
1385:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1302:(for example,
1269:word formation
1253:Main article:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1207:
1205:
1181:
1142:Indivisibility
1139:
1128:
1125:
1121:Latin alphabet
965:
962:
925:
922:
894:
891:
879:untruthfulness
846:
843:
802:
799:
767:compound word
690:
687:
607:
604:
569:compound words
515:
514:
512:
511:
504:
497:
489:
486:
485:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
452:Prescriptivism
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
75:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:
21:Microsoft Word
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Lexical units
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Function word
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2711:0-19-861186-2
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:0-511-07843-9
2679:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:0-521-40179-8
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2583:0-631-19089-9
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:0-582-24994-5
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2315:0-521-24167-7
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2229:0-19-924370-0
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:1-58811-264-0
2176:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2145:0-19-870002-4
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:0-415-29892-X
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:0-511-06149-8
1863:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:1-322-06910-7
1810:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1768:0-415-02225-8
1764:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Longest words
1635:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1587:('few'), and
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Ancient Greek
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1423:
1422:neuter gender
1419:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:vowel harmony
1193:
1189:
1188:pronunciation
1185:
1182:
1180:is separated.
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:gut zu Hause
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:content words
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:), and so is
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
970:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:lexical items
935:
931:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
824:
820:
816:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
787:vowel harmony
783:
777:
771:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
727:
722:
720:
719:Wati language
716:
711:
705:
700:
696:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
652:
650:
649:syntactically
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
527:that carries
526:
522:
510:
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
490:
488:
487:
484:
480:
476:
475:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Descriptivism
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
370:
369:Structuralism
367:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Prague circle
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
198:Documentation
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:Computational
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2800:
2786:Lexical item
2700:
2672:
2643:
2600:
2572:
2564:Bibliography
2519:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2460:, retrieved
2438:
2428:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2363:
2353:
2346:
2304:
2297:
2255:
2218:
2211:
2169:
2162:
2134:
2127:
2099:
2092:
2064:
2057:
2030:
2020:
1992:
1985:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1917:
1913:
1856:
1803:
1757:
1715:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1593:
1577:interjection
1534:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1456:Wittgenstein
1440:
1425:
1410:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1376:of the root
1365:
1354:
1352:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1266:
1240:, which are
1228:, which use
1209:
1183:
1169:
1165:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1090:is a highly
1085:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
988:, typically
975:
958:phonological
937:
927:
913:
909:
896:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
852:
848:
839:evlerinizden
838:
834:
830:
818:
814:
804:
794:
790:
762:
731:
723:
692:
671:Dictionaries
669:
653:
621:orthographic
617:phonological
609:
585:
550:
546:orthographic
538:phonological
520:
518:
315:Glossematics
295:Constituency
267:interpreting
105:Lexicography
2779:Major terms
1585:quantifiers
1583:('happy'),
1573:conjunction
1565:preposition
1518:Lushootseed
1500:is that of
1474:grammatical
1298:, a single
1289:convertible
1230:logographic
1174:, the verb
982:orthography
964:Orthography
833:and plural
779:'head' and
770:pääkaupunki
657:eurocentric
637:grammatical
606:Definitions
542:grammatical
467:Terminology
442:Orthography
362:Usage-based
263:Translating
158:Acquisition
63:Linguistics
36:New Zealand
3033:Pragmatics
3012:Categories
2978:Morphology
2772:Lexicology
2462:2022-08-25
1823:1097103078
1697:References
1683:lavez-vous
1652:Word count
1608:polysemous
1581:Adjectives
1553:participle
1481:, such as
1451:John Locke
1437:Philosophy
1374:zero grade
1281:to convert
1277:inflection
1273:derivation
1249:Morphology
1117:Vietnamese
1069:Portuguese
1014:characters
932:school of
930:Minimalist
758:non-rhotic
699:Walmatjari
641:inflection
633:morphology
437:Orismology
322:Functional
310:Generative
300:Dependency
120:Pragmatics
110:Morphology
100:Diachronic
44:characters
34:Sign of a
3048:Morphemes
2920:Functions
2911:Troponymy
2869:relations
2728:cite book
2628:cite book
2620:771916896
2547:cite book
2501:0278-016X
2414:cite book
2406:424454992
2332:cite book
2283:cite book
2197:cite book
2189:752499720
2012:945582776
1934:0165-4004
1884:cite book
1735:801681536
1663:Etymology
1642:Utterance
1491:particles
1320:morphemes
1300:word stem
1285:a convert
1161:sentence
1157:: in the
1075:, and in
1026:ice cream
893:Semantics
791:I'll come
754:linking r
734:Hungarian
689:Phonology
683:syllables
665:morphemes
645:semantics
581:sentences
533:linguists
412:Iconicity
407:Etymology
327:Cognitive
290:Formalist
243:Phonetics
233:Philology
125:Semantics
115:Phonology
2932:Headword
2876:Antonymy
2867:Semantic
2842:Morpheme
2827:Grapheme
2810:Elements
2720:17648714
2692:57545191
2663:31518847
2592:28722223
2539:35178602
2275:62532880
2238:50768042
2154:33012927
2084:54001244
1957:Language
1942:62789916
1876:57123416
1777:41252822
1631:See also
1600:suffixes
1589:numerals
1510:Wakashan
1479:articles
1357:*wr̥dhom
1242:abugidas
1192:stresses
1177:ankommen
1146:sentence
1113:hiragana
1097:Japanese
1073:lavar-se
1065:se laver
950:category
924:Features
793:, where
782:kaupunki
742:Sanskrit
695:prosodic
613:phonetic
553:morpheme
525:language
213:Forensic
193:Distance
140:Typology
55:a series
53:Part of
2906:Synonym
2847:Phoneme
2817:Chereme
2791:Lexicon
2324:8728300
1687:me lavo
1658:Wording
1614:History
1561:pronoun
1557:article
1543:words:
1462:Classes
1399:*wr̥dh-
1341:adfixes
1222:Chinese
1204:quality
1200:Turkish
1151:infixes
1081:lavarse
1077:Spanish
1059:in the
1046:someone
928:In the
906:lexemes
859:-jarran
855:Dyirbal
845:Grammar
823:Turkish
819:teapots
801:Lexemes
765:Finnish
752:or the
717:of the
625:writing
577:clauses
573:phrases
565:affixes
529:meaning
168:Applied
78:History
73:Outline
2941:Fields
2857:Sememe
2837:Lexeme
2822:Glyphs
2718:
2708:
2690:
2680:
2661:
2651:
2618:
2608:
2590:
2580:
2537:
2527:
2499:
2453:
2404:
2394:
2322:
2312:
2273:
2263:
2236:
2226:
2187:
2177:
2152:
2142:
2115:
2082:
2072:
2049:657749
2047:
2010:
2000:
1977:410205
1975:
1940:
1932:
1874:
1864:
1821:
1811:
1775:
1765:
1733:
1723:
1625:ōrātiō
1621:dictiō
1596:Pāṇini
1571:, and
1569:adverb
1372:, the
1347:suffix
1314:, and
1312:loving
1214:spaces
1198:(like
1159:German
1061:French
1050:nobody
1042:no one
1034:get up
990:spaces
954:number
946:koalas
902:speech
863:-gabun
815:teapot
811:teapot
807:lexeme
738:sandhi
726:stress
710:ya-nta
704:luwa-ø
679:lexeme
675:lemmas
483:Portal
381:Topics
130:Syntax
3018:Words
2891:Idiom
2832:Lemma
2796:Lexis
2045:S2CID
1973:JSTOR
1938:S2CID
1920:(1).
1669:Notes
1604:slang
1522:sbiaw
1506:verbs
1502:nouns
1447:Plato
1391:*-dh-
1380:*wer-
1368:*wr̥-
1316:loved
1308:loves
1166:komme
1101:kanji
1004:. In
887:-ness
835:evler
827:house
629:print
598:. In
592:Latin
83:Index
2852:Seme
2801:Word
2734:link
2716:OCLC
2706:ISBN
2688:OCLC
2678:ISBN
2659:OCLC
2649:ISBN
2634:link
2616:OCLC
2606:ISBN
2588:OCLC
2578:ISBN
2553:link
2535:OCLC
2525:ISBN
2497:ISSN
2451:ISBN
2420:link
2402:OCLC
2392:ISBN
2338:link
2320:OCLC
2310:ISBN
2289:link
2271:OCLC
2261:ISBN
2234:OCLC
2224:ISBN
2203:link
2185:OCLC
2175:ISBN
2150:OCLC
2140:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2080:OCLC
2070:ISBN
2008:OCLC
1998:ISBN
1930:ISSN
1890:link
1872:OCLC
1862:ISBN
1819:OCLC
1809:ISBN
1773:OCLC
1763:ISBN
1731:OCLC
1721:ISBN
1549:verb
1545:noun
1512:and
1420:The
1413:*-o-
1406:The
1335:root
1333:the
1304:love
1275:and
1236:and
1234:Thai
1216:and
1164:Ich
1105:kana
1048:and
1032:and
992:and
912:and
867:yibi
795:I'll
615:and
561:root
521:word
265:and
258:Text
42:(85
2489:doi
2443:doi
2105:doi
2035:doi
1965:doi
1922:doi
1504:vs
1483:the
1428:*-m
1325:In
1294:In
1238:Lao
1038:get
948:),
910:the
885:or
883:-th
776:pää
627:or
594:or
544:or
3014::
2730:}}
2726:{{
2714:.
2686:.
2657:.
2630:}}
2626:{{
2614:.
2586:.
2549:}}
2545:{{
2533:.
2509:^
2495:.
2483:.
2479:.
2449:,
2437:,
2416:}}
2412:{{
2400:.
2334:}}
2330:{{
2318:.
2285:}}
2281:{{
2269:.
2246:^
2232:.
2199:}}
2195:{{
2183:.
2148:.
2111:.
2078:.
2043:.
2029:.
2006:.
1971:.
1961:22
1959:.
1936:.
1928:.
1918:45
1916:.
1912:.
1898:^
1886:}}
1882:{{
1870:.
1831:^
1817:.
1785:^
1771:.
1743:^
1729:.
1705:^
1579:.
1567:,
1563:,
1559:,
1555:,
1551:,
1547:,
1445:.
1322:.
1310:,
1224:,
1170:an
1083:.
1028:,
1020:,
1008:,
984:.
914:of
889:.
831:ev
667:.
540:,
519:A
57:on
2764:e
2757:t
2750:v
2736:)
2722:.
2694:.
2665:.
2636:)
2622:.
2594:.
2555:)
2541:.
2503:.
2491::
2485:3
2445::
2422:)
2408:.
2340:)
2326:.
2291:)
2277:.
2240:.
2205:)
2191:.
2156:.
2121:.
2107::
2086:.
2051:.
2037::
2014:.
1979:.
1967::
1944:.
1924::
1892:)
1878:.
1825:.
1779:.
1737:.
1689:.
1487:a
1432:.
1417:.
1403:.
1384:.
1349:.
1244:.
508:e
501:t
494:v
46:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
